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Institute for Public Sector Transformation IPST - Digital Sustainability Lab DSL 19

Nancy Friday

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<mask> (August 27, 1933 – November 5, 2017) was an American author who wrote on the topics of female sexuality and liberation. Her writings argue that women have often been reared under an ideal of womanhood, which was outdated and restrictive, and largely unrepresentative of many women's true inner lives, and that openness about women's hidden lives could help free women to truly feel able to enjoy being themselves. She asserts that this is not due to deliberate malice, but due to social expectation, and that for women's and men's benefit alike it is healthier that both be able to be equally open, participatory and free to be accepted for who and what they are. Biography <mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Walter F. <mask> and <mask> (later Scott). She grew up in Charleston, South Carolina, and attended the only local girls' college-preparatory school, Ashley Hall, where she graduated in 1951. She then attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts, where she graduated in 1955. She worked briefly as a reporter for the San Juan Island Times and subsequently established herself as a magazine journalist in New York, England, and France before turning to writing full-time.Her first book, published in 1973, was My Secret Garden, a compilation of her interviews with women discussing their sexuality and fantasies, which became a bestseller. Friday regularly returned to the interview format in her subsequent books on themes ranging from mothers and daughters to sexual fantasies, relationships, jealousy, envy, feminism, BDSM, and beauty. After the publication of The Power of Beauty (released in 1996, and then renamed and re-released in paperback form in 1999), she wrote little, contributing an interview of porn star Nina Hartley to XXX: 30 Porn Star Portraits, a book published in 2004 by photographer Timothy Greenfield-Sanders, with her final book being Beyond My Control: Forbidden Fantasies in an Uncensored Age, published in 2009. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s she was a frequent guest on television and radio programs such as Politically Incorrect, Oprah, Larry King Live, Good Morning America, and NPR's Talk of the Nation. She also created a website in the mid-1990s, to complement the publication of The Power of Beauty. Initially conceived as a forum for the development of new work and interaction with her diverse audience, it was not updated in later years. Despite the judgment of Ms. magazine ("This woman is not a feminist"), she predicated her career on the belief that feminism and the appreciation of men are not mutually exclusive concepts.Literary motivation Friday explained how "in the late 1960s I chose to write about women's sexual fantasies because the subject was unbroken ground, a missing piece of the puzzle ... at a time in history when the world was suddenly curious about sex and women's sexuality." The backdrop was a widespread belief that "women do not have sexual fantasies ... are by and large destitute of sexual fantasy." Friday considered that "more than any other emotion, guilt determined the story lines of the fantasies in My Secret Garden . . . women inventing ploys to get past their fear that wanting to reach orgasm made them Bad Girls." Her later book, My Mother/My Self, 'grew immediately out of My Secret Garden 's questioning of the source of women's terrible guilt about sex." When she returned 20 years later to her original topic of women's fantasies in Women on Top, it was in the belief that "the sexual revolution" had stalled: "it was the greed of the 1980s that dealt the death blow . . . the demise of healthy sexual curiosity."Friday, like other feminists, was especially concerned with the controlling role of the images of "Nice Woman . . . Nice Girl"—of being "bombarded from birth with messages about what a 'good woman' is . . . focused so hard and so long on never giving in to 'selfishness.'" However, as feminism itself developed "a stunning array of customs, opinions, moral values, and beliefs about how the world of women . . . should conduct itself," so too it ran into the difficulty of moralism versus human nature—the fact that "feminism—any political philosophy—does not adequately address sexual psychology" eventually sparking the 'feminist "sex wars" . . . from the early 1980s" onwards. Against that backdrop, Friday's evidential and empirical concerns continue to address the "open question of how many of their sexual freedoms the young women .. . will retain, how deeply they have incorporated them." Criticism "Critics have labeled Friday's books unscientific, because the author solicited responses," thus potentially biasing the contributor pool. My Secret Garden was greeted by a "salvo from the media accusing me of inventing the whole book, having made up all the fantasies"; My Mother/My Self was "initially . . . violently rejected by both publishers and readers"; while Women on Top "was heavily criticized for its graphic and sensational content." Friday was also criticized for her reaction to the Bill Clinton/Monica Lewinsky affair, which critics interpreted as sexist. The journalist Jon Ronson wrote "In February 1998, the feminist writer <mask> was asked by the New York Observer to speculate on Lewinsky's future. 'I want to rent out my mouth for two bits an hour wink wink,' she replied."Personal life <mask> married novelist Bill Manville in 1967, separated from him in 1980, and divorced him in 1986. Her second husband was Norman Pearlstine, formerly the editor in chief of Time Inc. They were married at the Rainbow Room in New York City on July 11, 1988, and divorced in 2005. In 2011, <mask> sold her home in Key West and moved to New York City. <mask> died at her home in Manhattan on November 5, 2017 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. She was 84. Bibliography My Secret Garden: Women's Sexual Fantasies, Simon & Schuster, 1973 Forbidden Flowers: More Women's Sexual Fantasies, Simon & Schuster, 1975 My Mother, My Self: The Daughter's Search for Identity, Delacorte Press, 1977 Men in Love, Men's Sexual Fantasies: The Triumph of Love Over Rage, Dell Publishing, 1980 Jealousy, M. Evans & Co., 1985 Women on Top: How Real Life Has Changed Women's Sexual Fantasies, Simon & Schuster, 1991 The Power of Beauty, HarperCollins Publishers, 1996.Republished as Our Looks, Our Lives: Sex, Beauty, Power and the Need to be Seen, HarperCollins Publishers, 1999 Beyond My Control: Forbidden Fantasies in an Uncensored Age, Sourcebooks, Inc., 2009 See also References Keith, June (November 7, 2017). "<mask> Friday's Saturday Sale (blog)". juneinparadise.blogspot.com. June Keith via Blogspot. [self-published source] External links Official site A series of chats with <mask> Friday 1933 births 2017 deaths American feminist writers American relationships and sexuality writers American sex educators Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Feminism and history Wellesley College alumni Writers from Charleston, South Carolina Writers from Pittsburgh Neurological disease deaths in New York (state) Sex-positive feminists American women non-fiction writers Educators from Pennsylvania American women educators 21st-century American women

Aaron Woods

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<mask> (born 13 March 1991) is an Australian rugby league forward who plays for the St George Illawarra Dragons in the NRL. He previously captained Wests Tigers and played for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs and Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in the National Rugby League. He has played at representative level for the Prime Minister's XIII, NSW City Origin and New South Wales in the State of Origin series. Early life <mask> was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and was raised by his mother in an apartment above a newsagent on Norton Street, Leichhardt. He has spoken of the influence of the women in his life. He said, "My dog is female, I was a mummy's boy and a nanna's boy, my aunties would bash me and pick on me like a young brother, my missus is strong and stable, my youngest sister is my biggest fan. They’ve all been great for me."<mask> played junior rugby league with Leichhardt Juniors and participated in the Balmain Tigers Development Program. He based his game on players Jason Ryles and Ben Kennedy. He attended Holy Cross College, Ryde, and represented NSW Catholic Colleges when he was 17. In 2008, he played for the Australian schoolboys team. In 2009, <mask> played for Wests Tigers' Toyota Cup (Under-20s) team in their run to the Grand Final, but 2010 was mired by injury, with his hamstring coming close to being torn completely off the bone. However, before the start of the 2011 season, Ricky Stuart named him in a "Blues in Waiting" squad, for potential future NSW State of Origin players. He was described as one of, "the State's best crop of young talent."Playing career 2011-12 <mask> made his NRL debut for the Wests Tigers at the start of the 2011 season, the day after his 20th birthday. He came off the bench with 20 minutes remaining in the game against Canterbury. <mask> later said, "It was a Monday night against a pretty handy side. It was unreal. I’ll never forget running at Andrew Ryan and Corey Payne, thinking gee this is the NRL. I got up thinking far out, that was a good hit. But after that the nerves were gone."<mask> scored a try in his 4th appearance. He was a regular in the first-grade team throughout the year, mostly starting from the bench. His first season form was described as, "impressive," and, "one of the few constants in an erratic Wests Tigers' NRL season." He was named the club's rookie of the year. With the departure of Bryce Gibbs and Todd Payten, <mask> became a starting prop at the start of 2012 season. After seven weeks, <mask> made his senior representative debut with City Origin. Coach Brad Fittler said of his performance, "I thought he was the best prop on the field.I'm sure he'll build from this, and whether it's this year or next year, he looks like someone who can make the step up." <mask> was named as a standby player for NSW in the first two State of Origin matches of 2012, to cover for any late injuries. It was commented in the press that he had, "arguably been the form front-rower of the competition so far." Over the season he made 377 runs for 3455 metres and made 808 tackles, placing him near the best in the NRL in yardage, and in the top twenty in tackles made. He was one only 3 Wests Tigers players to appear in every game throughout the season, and was named the club's Player of the Year. At the end of the year he was nominated for Prop of the Year at the Dally M awards. Steve Roach later said, "He virtually carried them [the Tigers] last year, when Galloway was injured.I reckon, along with James Tamou, he's the best ball-running front-rower in the comp." 2013-14 In 2013, <mask> made his State of Origin debut in game two after James Tamou was suspended for a drink-driving offence. He also played in the third game of the series, but saw limited time on the field in both matches. Playing for the Wests Tigers, <mask> was averaging a high 60 minutes per game in an inexperienced front row, before succumbing to injury late in the season. <mask> later signed a contract to remain with the Wests Tigers for a further three seasons. Despite a lucrative offer from the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, <mask> say he was unable to leave Wests Tigers. "It was a mental thing.I love to be in the comfort zone, so I stayed here. Also, the Wests Tigers looked after me. I had a few injuries and they stuck by me; guess I was ready to give back what they gave to me." Thought by some to be the form prop during the early NRL rounds, he was considered unlucky not to be selected in the 2014 ANZAC Test. <mask> went on to be named as a starting prop for New South Wales in the 2014 State of Origin series. He was one of three NSW players to carry the ball 100 metres in game one, and then contributed to the team winning its first series in nine years. <mask> finished 2014 as the Tigers' leader in offloads and hitups, scoring a personal best 4 tries.In round 9, he co-captained the team for the first time with Chris Lawrence. At the end of the season, <mask> was again chosen to play for Prime Minister's XIII, scoring two tries, and was described as "the dominant player up the middle." 2015 In May, <mask> was chosen as one of Australia's starting props in the Anzac Test. Despite <mask> making, "plenty of metres" and having, "a strong work rate", the team suffered a comprehensive defeat. A third of the way through the season, <mask> was averaging 215 metres a game, 50 more than the next best prop in the competition. <mask> was again chosen as a starting prop for NSW in the 2015 State of Origin series. Playing in a losing team in game one, he ran for 141 metres with the ball and made 41 tackles without a miss, with the Herald Sun asking, "Is there any doubting now he's the game's new top prop?"In the second game, he ran for a game-high 150 metres and brushed past opponent Matt Scott to score a try in the second half that saw NSW take a match-winning lead. Although not awarded the Man of the Match, he was given 3 Dally M points for being rated the best player on the field, momentarily placing him first on the Dally M leader-board. However, in the third match, <mask> was criticised for conceding too many penalties in the Blues series-deciding loss. Despite missing games due to State of Origin and injury, <mask> was in the competition's top 20 players for hit-ups and yardage and was named at prop in the NRL website's team of the year. In the absence of Robbie Farah, <mask> captained Wests Tigers in 4 matches, all of which were losses. <mask> capped off the season with the Dally M Prop of the Year award and finished runner up in the Dally M Player of the Year to Johnathan Thurston. 2016 <mask> succeeded Farah as Wests Tigers captain from 2016.He claimed his leadership technique was to, "just remain calm. People ask how the captaincy has changed things for me but I'll never change my role in the side no matter what I have next to my name. We're all equal... I just do a little bit more talking at press conferences, man." A "near certain" selection for the Anzac Test, <mask> was unable to play after suffering ligament damage and bone bruising in his ankle in round 6. At the time, he was the competition's leader for metres gained with the ball. He returned in round 10 and was chosen for New South Wales.The Blues lost the first 2 games with <mask> being very blunt when asked by Channel 9 commentators how he felt seeing Queensland win another series <mask> said "It's shithouse," <mask> told Channel Nine. "It's probably the best way to put it. We just let them off the hook again tonight like game one". <mask> was described as, "The best prop on the ground in the first half with several strong carries. The only NSW forward to run 100 metres," in game 2. He had the most metres for any forward on the ground when NSW won the third game of the series. Making 19 appearances for Wests Tigers, he was the club's leader in hit ups, and had a club-high average of 160 metres per game in attack.At year's end, he was chosen in the Australian squad for the Four Nations, but was absent from the test against New Zealand due to his wedding. Coach Mal Meninga said, "The timing is not perfect but family comes first and you’ve got to keep the wives happy don’t you?" He was the starting prop in all four Four Nations matches, which were all victories. 2017 With <mask> linked to the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, the Wests Tigers imposed a deadline for <mask> to re-sign by 21 April. When <mask>' manager did not respond by the cut-off, the Wests Tigers contract offer was withdrawn. Wests Tigers CEO Justin Pascoe said, "We're really comfortable with the fact that we afforded the players every opportunity that we could to stay at the club." Before the Wests Tigers' next match, which was against the Canterbury-Bankstown, <mask> was booed by sections of the crowd before the game, but was awarded the man of the match for his performance.Soon after he signed a four-year deal with the Canterbury-Bankstown club. <mask> later said, "I’m not proud of how things went down. At the time I thought what I was doing was right, but looking back I should’ve handled things differently. I was the captain of the Wests Tigers. I grew up around the corner from Leichhardt Oval. I lost sight of what that meant and the responsibility I had continuing the legacy of the guys that came before me." On 30 July, <mask> scored his first try of the year as Wests defeated Gold Coast 26–4.2018 <mask> made his debut for Canterbury in their round 1 loss against Melbourne. Following the game, <mask> was mocked on social media and by current players for his new haircut. His trademark flowing locks were replaced by a bob hairstyle which prompted some cutting remarks. <mask> was initially surprised by all the attention and told the media "I copped a bit of flack during the week, There was Dora The Explorer, that Lord Farquaad bloke (from Shrek). It was a haircut gone wrong ... but I have to move on; the best way was to shave it off. Everyone is worrying about the hair. I am worrying about playing good footy for the Bulldogs".<mask> was not selected by NSW coach Brad Fittler for the 2018 State of Origin series, ending a run of 14 straight games. <mask> learned of his non-selection while sitting next to teammate David Klemmer who had received a phone call from Fittler telling him he was in the team but <mask> received none. On 26 June, <mask> left the Canterbury-Bankstown club, through a mid year switch, to join the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. Later that day, his name was listed to face the New Zealand Warriors on his Cronulla debut. He had played 14 games for Canterbury-Bankstown for just 3 wins, with no points scored. <mask> would go on to make a total of 12 appearances for Cronulla in 2018 as the club reached the preliminary final but fell short of a grand final appearance losing to Melbourne. 2019 On 8 April, <mask> was ruled out for three months after suffering a fractured foot in Cronulla's round 4 loss against the Parramatta Eels.He made his return in round 15 against his former club Canterbury-Bankstown, playing from the bench as Cronulla lost the match 14–12. At the end of the season, Cronulla finished in 7th spot and qualified for the finals. <mask> played in the club's elimination final defeat against Manly. 2020 <mask> played 21 games for Cronulla-Sutherland in the 2020 NRL season as the club finished 8th and qualified for the finals. He played in Cronulla's elimination final loss against Canberra. 2021 On 3 June, <mask> was informed by Cronulla-Sutherland that his services would not be required beyond the 2021 NRL season. In October, he joined Cronulla's arch-rivals St. George Illawarra for the 2022 NRL season.References External links Cronulla Sharks profile Canterbury Bulldogs profile Wests Tigers profile NRL profile 2017 RLWC profile 1991 births Australian rugby league players Wests Tigers players Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players Prime Minister's XIII captains Prime Minister's XIII players Rugby league props Living people Australia national rugby league team players

Shah Nawaz Bhutto

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<mask> (; ) (8 March 1888 – 19 November 1957), was a politician and a member of <mask> family hailing from Larkana in Sindh province of British India, which is now part of Pakistan. Early life and education <mask>, the son of <mask>, was born in a Sindhi family of Bhutto of Sindh as the youngest brother of Nawab <mask>. The <mask> family owned 250,000 acres of land spread over Larkana, Sukkur and Jacobabad. <mask> got his early education at Sindh Madressa in Karachi and later at St. Patrick's High School in Karachi. Career and dewan of Junagadh <mask> entered the Legislative Council of the Bombay Province, of which Sindh was a part, in 1921 at the age of 33. He continued till 1936. During this time, he received the honours of CIE followed by knighthood.In 1934, he became a minister in the Bombay government. <mask> attended the Round Table Conference in 1931 as a leader of Sindhi Muslims demanding separation of Sind from the Bombay province. This was eventually granted in the Government of India Act 1935, with Sind becoming a separate province on 1 April 1936. <mask> was appointed as a chief advisor to the Governor of Sind. In preparation for the provincial elections in 1937, the Sind United Party was formed by Haji Abdullah Haroon and <mask> joined it as the vice-chairman of the party. It was modeled after the Punjab Unionist Party and claimed to represent all Sindhis irrespective of religion. Nevertheless, Bhutto brought leading pirs (Sufi saints) to influence the voters 'religiously' to cast their votes in his favour.The Sind United Party emerged as the largest party in the elections, winning 21 out of 60 seats. However, both Harron and <mask> failed to get elected. The Larkana seat, which <mask> had contested, was won by Sheikh Abdul Majid Sindhi. The Governor invited Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah, the leader of the Sind Muslim Party and a political rival of <mask> in Sind, to form a government. Large scale defections took place in the Assembly, <mask> resigned from the party and Haroon eventually merged his party into the All-India Muslim League. <mask> returned to Bombay to become the Chairman of the Bombay-Sind Public Service Commission. Early in 1947, <mask> joined the council of ministers of Muhammad Mahabat Khan III the Nawab of Junagadh in the modern-day province of Gujarat, becoming its Dewan, or prime minister in May.At the time of the independence of India in 1947, the princely states were asked by the British to decide whether to join the newly independent states of India or Pakistan or to remain autonomous and outside them. The Constitutional Advisor to the Nawab, Nabi Baksh, indicated to Lord Mountbatten that he was recommending that the State should join India. However, the Nawab did not make a decision. Early in 1947, <mask> was invited to join the Council of Ministers of the Nawab. In May, when the Dewan Abdul Khadir Muhammad Hussain went abroad for medical treatment, <mask> was appointed as the Dewan. On 15 August 1947, the State announced that it had acceded to Pakistan. On 13 September 1947, the Government of Pakistan accepted the accession.However, the Hindu citizens of the State revolted, leading to several events and also a plebiscite, resulting in the integration of Junagadh into India. Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III of Junagadh (erstwhile Babi Nawab dynasty of Junagadh) fled to Sindh, Pakistan. As Dewan of Junagarh; it was <mask> <mask> who wrote and signed the letter addressed to Indian Government to come and take over the administration of the Junagadh state. <mask> <mask> moved to Larkana District, where his land-ownership made him among the wealthiest and most influential people in Sindh. <mask> was a good friend of Governor General (later President) Iskander Mirza, who was a regular guest for the annual hunt in Larkana, staying at the Bhutto family home called Al-Murtaza. In the winter of 1955-1956, Mirza brought General Ayub Khan with him to Larkana for the hunt. Personal life <mask> was a first cousin once removed of Wahid Baksh <mask>, who in 1924 was made a sardar and in 1926 was elected to the Imperial Legislative Assembly from Sindh, a constituency of the Bombay Presidency, becoming the first member of the <mask> family to be elected to public office.<mask> <mask> was married to Khursheed Begum (born as Lakhi Bai), who was of a modest Hindu family. She converted from Hinduism to Islam before her marriage. Her brothers remained Hindu and eventually migrated to India. Their children included their first son, Sikandar, who died from pneumonia at the age of seven in 1914, their second child, Imdad Ali, died of cirrhosis at the age of thirty-nine in 1953. Their third son, Zulfikar <mask>, was born in his parents residence near Larkana, and later became the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Their fourth child, a daughter, Mumtaz Sahiba <mask>, was married to Brigadier Muhammad Mustafa Khan Bahadur of the Sidi clan. Honours and legacy The British imperial government awarded <mask> the title of Khan Sahib, subsequently raising it to Khan Bahadur.<mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, Civil Division (OBE) in the 1920 New Year Honours list, with a further appointment as a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the 1925 New Year Honours list. In the 1930 New Year Honours, <mask> was knighted, and was invested with his knighthood on 27 February 1930 at Viceroy's House in New Delhi by the Viceroy of India, the Lord Irwin. He was a Delegate to the Round Table Conference in London in 1930-31 as a leader of Sindhi Muslims demanding separation of Sindh from the Bombay Province Pakistan Postal Services issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honor in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series. See also <mask> family <mask>waz Bhutto References Sources 1888 births 1957 deaths Pakistani politicians Sindhi people Shah Nawaz Knights Bachelor Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire Officers of the Order of the British Empire Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India Indian knights Lawyers awarded knighthoods Prime Ministers of Junagadh State

Jake Ryan

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<mask> (born February 27, 1992) is an American football inside linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Michigan. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the fourth round of the 2015 NFL Draft. High school career In high school, <mask> was rated as the 30th best high school football inside linebacker in the country by Rivals.com. He was rated as the 60th and 81st best outside linebacker in the national class of 2010 by ESPN.com and Scout.com, respectively. He was regarded as the 34th best player in the state of Ohio by Rivals. <mask> was a participant in the Ohio North–South All-Star game.He recovered the onside kick to secure the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) championship as a junior. <mask> had offers from Ball State, Toledo and a number of other Mid-American Conference, but he grew and prior to his senior year. Since Saint Ignatius High School has many Michigan Wolverine alumni, <mask> suspects that sudden late interest from Michigan was prompted by one of them. College career <mask> redshirted his freshman year for the 2010 Michigan Wolverines football team. As a redshirt freshman, he started in the September 3 opener for the 2011 team against Western Michigan as a result of a back injury to Cam Gordon. In the game, <mask> deflected a pass that was intercepted and returned for a touchdown. He went on to start 11 games and play in all 13.On September 24, 2011 against new head coach Brady Hoke's former team, San Diego State, <mask> had two fumble recoveries. His first career quarterback sack came on October 1 in the Little Brown Jug rivalry game against Minnesota. It was his only sack that year until the final game of the season. In the January 3, 2012 Sugar Bowl 23–20 overtime victory against Virginia Tech, <mask> had 4 tackles for a loss, including one sack and one 22-yard loss by David Wilson. During the game, he had his season-high 7 tackles (6 solo). For the season, he earned 2011 Big Ten All-Freshman team recognition from both ESPN.com and BTN.com as well as 2011 Rivals.com 2nd team All-Freshman and College Football News All-Freshman honorable mention honors. <mask> finished among the conference leaders in tackles for a loss/game (.85, t-15th).Prior to the second game of the 2012 season against Air Force, <mask>'s number was changed from 90 to 47 following a ceremony for Bennie Oosterbaan in which his retired number was placed back into circulation as a Michigan Football Legend jersey. On October 13, <mask> was selected as Big Ten Defensive player of the week when he posted a career-high 11 tackles (3.5 for a loss and 1.5 sacks). <mask> was named an All-Big Ten second team selection by the media and an honorable mention selection by the coaches. During Spring practice in 2013, <mask> tore his anterior cruciate ligament. When <mask> was initially injured in the spring, there was no official diagnosis of his expected return to football, but ACL injuries typically require a year to fully heal. By August <mask> was expected to return to the field in mid October. On August 25, 2013, he was named one of four team co-captains along with Taylor Lewan, Courtney Avery, and Cam Gordon.<mask> was cleared to play by doctors on October 7, ahead of the October 12 contest against Penn State. <mask> entered the 2014 season on the preseason watchlists for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy, Butkus Award, Lombardi Award, and Bednarik Award. <mask> was a late addition to the Lott IMPACT Trophy watch list. In the offseason, Michigan announced that <mask> would be moving to middle linebacker. In the September 6 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game, <mask> tied his career high with 11 tackles against Notre Dame. On October 13, <mask> was recognized as Big Ten co-Defensive Player of the Week (along with Damien Wilson) after recording 10 tackles (3 for a loss) against Penn State on October 11. On October 27, <mask> became one of 15 semifinalists for the Butkus Award.On November 3, <mask> was again recognized as Big Ten co-Defensive Player of the Week (along with Louis Trinca-Pasat) after recording 11 tackles (2.5 for a loss and 2 forced fumbles) against Indiana on November 1. On November 24, <mask> was named one of five finalist for the Butkus Award. Following the regular season, he was named first team All-Big Ten by both the coaches and the media. He was an honorable mention selection to the 2014 College Football All-America Team by Sports Illustrated. He won The Roger Zatkoff Award as the team's top linebacker in 2012, 2013, and 2014. College statistics Professional career On December 13, 2014, it was announced that <mask> had accepted his invitation to play in the 2015 East–West Shrine Game. On January 17, 2015, <mask> attended the East–West Shrine Game and recorded five combined tackles, a tackle for a loss, and one sack as part of Mike Singletary's East team that defeated the North 19–3.He was one of 34 collegiate linebackers to attend the 2015 NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. <mask> completed all of the combine drills and finished fifth among all participating linebackers in the three-cone drill, tied for sixth in the short shuttle, and finished eighth in the 40-yard dash. On March 12, 2015, <mask> attended Michigan's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only perform positional drills for scouts and team representatives from 18 NFL teams. During the pre-draft process, <mask> attended a private visit with the Miami Dolphins. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, <mask> was projected to be a fourth or fifth round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the 12th best outside linebacker prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and was ranked the 15th best outside linebacker by ESPN. Green Bay Packers 2015 The Green Bay Packers selected <mask> in the fourth round (129th overall) of the 2015 NFL Draft.He was the 15th linebacker drafted in 2015. On May 7, 2015, the Green Bay Packers signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.73 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $456,678. Throughout training camp, <mask> competed for a job as a starting inside linebacker after they were left vacant after the release of A. J. Hawk and Brad Jones. He competed against Clay Matthews III, Sam Barrington, Nate Palmer, Joe Thomas, and Carl Bradford. Head coach Mike McCarthy named <mask> the fourth inside linebacker on the depth chart behind Clay Matthews, Sam Barrington, and Nate Palmer to begin the regular season. He made his professional regular season debut in the Green Bay Packers' season-opener at the Chicago Bears and recorded one solo tackle during their 31–23 victory. <mask> was promoted to the third inside linebacker after Sam Barrington suffered a season-ending foot injury during the game.In Week 3, <mask> recorded a solo tackle on special teams as the Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 38–28. He left the game in the third quarter after sustaining a hamstring injury and was sidelined for the next two games (Weeks 4–5). On November 8, 2015, <mask> recorded a season-high ten combined tackles during a 37–29 loss at the Carolina Panthers. In Week 10, <mask> made his first career start after defensive coordinator Dom Capers elected to start him at inside linebacker over Nate Palmer. He recorded a season-high tying ten combined tackles in the Packers' 27–23 win at the Detroit Lions. He remained the starting inside linebacker with Clay Matthews for the last five games of the season. <mask> finished his rookie season in with 50 combined tackles (35 solo) and a fumble recovery in 14 games and five starts.Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 42.5 for his rookie season. His overall grade was poor due to his issues with pass coverage. The Green Bay Packers finished second in the NFC North with a 10–6 record and received a playoff berth. On January 10, 2016, <mask> started his first career playoff games and recorded five combined tackles in a 35–18 victory at the Washington Redskins in the NFC Wildcard game. They were eliminated after being defeated 26–20 in overtime by the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Divisional round. 2016 During open practices and organized team activities, <mask> and rookie Blake Martinez impressed coaches by developing a rapport and chemistry while they both received first team at inside linebacker. They were dubbed by "<mask> and Blake" by fans, a play on "Shake and Bake", a catchphrase of popularized by the film Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby.<mask> was named the starting inside linebacker with Blake Martinez to start the regular season, with Clay Matthews moving back to starting outside linebacker with Nick Perry. He started the Green Bay Packers' season-opener at the Jacksonville Jaguars and made seven combined tackles and his first career pass deflection during their 27–23 victory. In Week 9, <mask> recorded a season-high 12 combined tackles and broke up a pass as the Packers lost to the Indianapolis Colts 31–26. On November 13, <mask> suffered an ankle injury during a 47–25 loss at the Tennessee Titans missed the next two games. <mask> finished the season with a career-high 82 combined tackles (57 solo) and three pass deflections in 14 games and ten starts. He received an overall grade of 76.4 from Pro Football Focus and was ranked their third most improved second year Player. The Green Bay Packers finished atop their division with a 10–6 record and received a playoff berth.On January 8, 2017, <mask> recorded 12 combined tackles and a career-high three pass break ups in the Packers' 38–13 win against the New York Giants in the NFC Wildcard game. After defeating the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Divisional round, the Green Bay Packers lost 44–21 at the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship. In the loss to the Falcons, <mask> had four total tackles. 2017 <mask> and Martinez returned as the starting inside linebackers to begin the 2017 regular season. He was sidelined for a Week 3 win against the Cincinnati Bengals after sustaining a hamstring injury and concussion the previous week. December 3, 2017, <mask> recorded ten combined tackles and made his first career sack on Tampa Bay Buccaneers' quarterback Jameis Winston during a 26–20 victory. In Week 16, <mask> collected a season-high 11 combined tackles in the Packers' 16–0 loss to the Minnesota Vikings.He finished the season with 81 combined tackles (52 solo) and a sack in 15 games and 12 starts. Pro Football Focus gave <mask> an overall grade of 82.1, which ranked 19th among all qualified linebackers in 2017. The Green Bay Packers did not qualify for the playoffs after they finished third in the NFC North with a 7–9 record. Offensive coordinator Edgar Bennett and defensive coordinator Dom Capers were both fired at the end of the season. 2018 On July 30, 2018, <mask> suffered a knee injury in training camp and was carted off the field. On August 1, an MRI revealed that he suffered a torn ACL, keeping him out the rest of the year. Jacksonville Jaguars On March 19, 2019, <mask> signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars.He was placed on the reserve/non-football injury list on August 31, 2019 to start the season. He was activated on November 30, 2019. He was placed back on injured reserve on December 10, 2019. On February 24, 2020, the Jaguars declined the option on <mask>'s contract, making him a free agent. Baltimore Ravens <mask> signed with the Baltimore Ravens on May 4, 2020. He was released on June 11 with a non-football injury designation. Career statistics Regular season Postseason Personal life <mask> comes from a family of football players: older brother Connor (wide receiver) and younger brother Zack (linebacker) played for Ball State; father, Tim, was a wide receiver at Wake Forest (1980–84); maternal grandfather, Francis E. Sweeney, an Ohio Supreme Court justice, played defensive tackle for Xavier as well as in the Canadian Football League.<mask> is Catholic. References External links Green Bay Packers bio Michigan Wolverines bio <mask> at NCAA <mask> at CBS Sports <mask> at ESPN.com <mask> archive at Michigan Daily Ryan archive at AnnArbor.com 1992 births Living people American football linebackers Baltimore Ravens players Green Bay Packers players Jacksonville Jaguars players Michigan Wolverines football players People from Fairview, Ohio People from Westlake, Ohio Players of American football from Ohio Sportspeople from Cuyahoga County, Ohio

Richard Skinner (broadcaster)

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<mask> (born circa 1951/1952) is a British radio and television presenter. He was the opening announcer and TV anchor at the Live Aid concert in 1985, and is the only presenter to have fronted all three of the BBC's leading pop music programmes, The Old Grey Whistle Test and Top of the Pops on television and the Radio One Top 40 show. Early career <mask> grew up in Portsmouth where he attended Portsmouth Grammar School. In 1970, while still at school, he co-founded Portsmouth Hospital Broadcasting, a radio station serving the Royal Portsmouth Hospital. He later became a newspaper reporter for The News in Portsmouth and a newspaper in Kent before joining BBC Radio Medway as a music presenter. Later in 1971, <mask> joined BBC Radio Solent as a station assistant; he would later present weekly pop show Beat 'n Track on Solent. Radio 1 In October 1973, <mask> joined BBC Radio 1 as one of the original presenters of Newsbeat.He continued in this role until 1980, when he became a regular presenter of music programmes for Radio 1, taking over the Monday-Thursday evening show from Mike Read in December 1980. At the same time <mask> continued with Newsbeat as a studio producer and also worked as an in-vision continuity announcer for Thames Television. According to <mask>, during his time working on Newsbeat he broke the news of the death of John Lennon to Paul McCartney's household by phone in the early hours of 9 December 1980. In late 1981, <mask> became presenter of Radio 1's Rock On magazine show on Saturday afternoons and Roundtable on Friday evenings, on which he and guests would review the week's new releases. He continued with the programme until late 1985. In addition to Roundtable, from 1983 <mask> presented the Saturday Live show from 4 to 6:30pm alongside Andy Batten-Foster. On 30 September 1984, 17 years to the day after Radio 1 began, <mask> took over the Sunday afternoon Top 40 show, also broadcast on FM.That same day David Jensen, who had just left Radio 1, started presenting The Network Chart Show on commercial radio in competition. On BBC television, <mask> presented Top of the Pops from 1980 to 1985 and The Old Grey Whistle Test from 1984 to 1986. He also played two roles in the Band Aid and Live Aid phenomenon of the 1980s. Instead of publicising a new Boomtown Rats release as planned, Bob Geldof announced the creation of the Band Aid project on <mask>'s Radio 1 show in 1984. Then on 13 July 1985, <mask> made the opening announcement at Live Aid ("It's twelve noon in London ...") as the event got underway. He also fronted the first hours of BBC TV's Bafta Award-winning coverage. Capital London In the spring of 1986, <mask> left Radio 1 to join Capital Radio, and was replaced on the chart show by Bruno Brookes, the only Top 40 presenter to leave by his own accord.At Capital, he presented on its FM Album Rock station CFM and hosted The Way It Is – Capital's equivalent of Radio 1's Newsbeat. Return to Radio 1 In October 1988, when Radio 1 – which had acquired its own FM transmitters – extended its hours, <mask> rejoined the station to host a midnight show to play a mix of album-orientated music. In late 1989, <mask> took over the Saturday afternoon Radio 1 show the 'Saturday Sequence' from Roger Scott following the latter's early death from cancer. In 1991 <mask> also took over the helming of Scott's series Classic Albums. In April 1990, he left the midnight show to be replaced by Bob Harris, but continued with the Saturday Sequence, where he remained until 1991, when Johnnie Walker took over. GLR From the turn of the 1990s, while still at Radio 1, <mask> also presented a daily show on BBC GLR, an eclectic mix of music, recorded and live, and live interviews from pop to politics. This continued until the end of December 1992.Virgin Radio On 30 April 1993, he hosted Virgin Radio's first programme playing two exclusive premiere cover tracks: "Born To Be Wild" by INXS and "Purple Haze" by The Cure. His weekday morning show ran from then until the autumn of 1996. Magic After a short spell at London's Liberty Radio as breakfast presenter alongside Carol McGiffin, in 1997 <mask> joined London's Melody FM, which later became Magic 105.4, presenting the mid-morning show for six years until September 2003. In August 2013 <mask> returned to Magic 105.4 to provide cover for holidaying presenters. <mask> also continued to provide cover in 2014. Virgin Radio Classic Rock In late 2003, <mask> was freelancing at the south-coast station Wave 105. Then in early 2004 he rejoined Virgin Radio on the London digital station Virgin Radio Classic Rock, where he hosted the mid-morning show, which was initially recorded, but broadcast live from 27 June 2005.During this period, he provided holiday cover on Virgin Radio. He left when live programming on Virgin Radio Classic Rock was abandoned in December 2005. Classic Gold/BBC Radio Berkshire After freelancing on the Classic Gold network, in April 2006 <mask> joined BBC Radio Berkshire to host the Saturday and Sunday mid-morning programmes. During this time he also covered for holidaying presenters. He left on 6 January 2008. Original 106 In January 2008, <mask> joined Original 106 presenting weekday mid-mornings and the show <mask>'s Original Album Chart on Sunday afternoons. Xfm/Radio X <mask> joined Xfm, now known as Radio X, in January 2009 to present the station's networked mid-morning show in London and Manchester.<mask> left Xfm in August 2011. Absolute Radio 70s In October 2011, <mask> was announced to host the opening show for the station Absolute Radio 70s on 29 November. <mask> presented afternoons on Absolute Radio 70s through March 2012. Afterwards, Martyn Lee replaced <mask> as afternoon host. References External links 1950s births British radio personalities British radio DJs Living people People educated at Portsmouth Grammar School People from Portsmouth BBC Radio 1 presenters Top of the Pops presenters

Johan Frederik Classen

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<mask>, frequently also J. F<mask>, (11 February 1725 – 24 March 1792) was a Danish-Norwegian industrialist, major general, landowner and founder of Det Classenske Fideicommis. He served as chancellery adviser to King <mask><mask> built the manor house Arresødal in 1773, he renovated the Neoclassical manor house Corselitze in 1777, and built the General's Summerhouse by the Corselitze Forest. Early years <mask> was born in Oslo (then called Christiania), where his father (from Sønderborg on the Danish island of Als), was an organist. The father, who had the same name as his son, was born 1697 and died 1775; his mother, Maria, born Walter (1702-1768 ), was from a Norwegian farmer family. After having gone through grammar school in his hometown, he became a theology candidate at University of Copenhagen in 1741, taking his examinations three years later. Career Despite his studies, it was not <mask>'s intention to make a theological career. He seems immediately to have thrown himself into other activities after coming into contact with Norwegian businessmen, possibly also participating in the high-level college of commercial advisors known as Kommercekollegiet of which a relative, Counsellor Christian Walter, was a member.When <mask> V visited Norway in 1749, Classen accompanied Admiral Andreas Rosenpalm, who was associated with various Norwegian businessmen including Erik Anker and Matthias Wærn of Norway's Moss Cannon Foundry. When only 24, Classen became a supplier of munitions to the State, in particular as commissioner for the Moss foundry, a post he held until c. 1759. As such, he conducted negotiations with army headquarters. He seems to have had influential friends in the king's immediate circle. In 1751, he received the title of Chancellry Counsellor and in 1753, was appointed Secretary of Kommercekollegiet. Immediately after the 1750 death of the Danish merchant, Andreas Bjørn, Classen became involved in the annual delivery of munitions to the Berbers in Algiers. He began by delivering 8,000 cannonballs, followed by gunpowder (500 centner), rope and timber, soon receiving a permanent contract to provide the delivery annually.His international trading ties developed through his connection with the former Spanish ambassador in Copenhagen, Marqués de Puente Fuerte. The work brought him into contact with a variety of industrialists, inciting him to become a businessman himself. In 1754, <mask> unsuccessfully sought to establish a glassworks; the following year, he bought a ceramic kiln factory outside Copenhagen's Østerport. In 1756, a dispute arose between <mask> and the directors of the Moss foundry, and by 1759, <mask> ceased to be an agent there. The same year, <mask> V entrusted <mask> and another businessman, Just Fabritius, with land at Agatmølle, the point where the Arresø runs into Isefjorden, on which to develop a cannon and munitions factory. De Peyrembert, a Frenchman, had unsuccessfully attempted to produce cannons there. Responding to the king's wishes, <mask> and Fabritius embarked not only on the production of cannons and gunpowder but on all types of weaponry.As the land had been allocated by Frederik V, Classen named the foundry "Frederiksværk"; it became Denmark's first factory town. Fabritius provided the capital but it was <mask> who became the active leader of the Frederiksværk operations, receiving the appointment of Commissioner General for War and Munitions with the title of chancellor. The business did well, benefitting from supplies for the Seven Years' War from 1756. Although he was interested in the technical side of the enterprise, it was above all <mask>'s abilities as an administrator and businessman which led to the factory's success. Within a few years, Frederiksværk became Denmark's one and only industrial town. Thanks to the quality of both its gunpowder and cannons, the factory quickly became competitive. By 1765, the number of workers had increased to some 400.While there were later minor reductions in the workforce, the factory was able to support the development of a small town as the facilities expanded to include a watermill, a brickyard, an oven foundry, a candle factory, a decorative iron works, a goldsmiths and a rope walk. Classen's enterprise also received support from the State. In 1760, to supplement the workforce a number of tenant farms were transferred to the enterprise and in 1764 all the tenant farms in the surrounding parishes of Kregme, Vinderød, Melby and Torup were included, as well as Halsnæs, Rorup and Havelse Skove came under its jurisdiction. In 1757, as commissioner for war and munitions, Classen earned 800 rigsdaler a year while in 1760, he received the position of commissioner general of the army commissariat, the body with which he signed contracts for army supplies. When Fabritius said he wished to withdraw from Frederiksværk, the king bought the factory for 130,000 rigsdaler, but <mask> was allowed to remain in control so that "on his own account he can pick and choose as he wishes." One of Classen's patrons was Saint-Germain who was striving to improve Danish artillery. In 1767, with the agreement of the king, this led to a contract whereby Frederiksværk and its only real competitor, the Kronborg rifle factory, were to support Classen while the State committed an annual sum of 120,000 rigsdaler over the next 30 years for the purchase of arms and munitions from the two factories.Shortly afterwards, however, Saint-Germain was dismissed and in April 1768, an investigative committee was set up with <mask>'s opponent, Ditlev Reventlow (1712–1783) as chairman. The committee found that the arrangements had all been set up in favour of <mask> with the result that he had to give up the Kronborg rifle factory, which was transferred to Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann, and pay 100,000 rigsdaler for Frederiksværk without any guarantee of contracts from the state. After an attempt to reestablish Copenhagen's Gjethuset as a cannon foundry proved unsuccessful, <mask> concluded a contract with the army in 1770 which guaranteed that he was to be its sole supplier of gunpowder and cannons. The contract, which also specified an annual subsidy for operating the factory in addition to payments for the supplies, was renewed every year until Classen died. Furthermore, Frederiksværk concluded contracts for supplying weapons and munitions to large trading companies and to the navy. In 1769, the business was extended to produce stoves and cooking pots although not all <mask>'s attempts to bring other industries to the town were successful. Other occupations In addition to his industrial and trading activities, <mask>litze and Carlsfeldt estates on Falster from Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel and, in 1773 and 1776, established Arresødal and Grønnesøgård on the Frederiksværk estate. His powers of initiative and administration also benefitted his agricultural ventures. He established the fishing communities of Sølager and Liseleje and developed large-scale plantations around Frederiksværk although his eagerness to persuade farmers to adopt better production methods does not appear to have led to meaningful results. In 1756, he bought a summer residence with a large garden near Østerport from the Danneskjold-Laurwigenske heirs. He increased its size in 1765 when he bought an adjacent property known as Fiskerhuset from Hans von Ahlefeldt. Today it is known as Classens Have (Classen's Garden). A patron of literature, Classen bought books at home and abroad until he had amassed a large library.Recognition Classen's extensive business operations brought him both wealth and recognition. In 1775, he was given the title of major-general and was awarded the Order of the Dannebrog while in 1783 he received the status of excellency. He also enjoyed friendships with the most influential figures of the times including Adam Gottlob Moltke, Hans Ahlefeldt, the Bernstorffs, Saint-Germain, Ove Høegh-Guldberg, General Heinrich Wilhelm von Huth and General Peter Elias von Gähler. Legacy In his will, with the exception of Frederiksværk, Classen left all his assets and possessions to a charitable foundation, Det Classenske Fideicommis. It was to be used "to educate good people to become the best in the State, to support and promote industriousness and diligence in the areas most necessary for the country's well-being, and to help to alleviate poverty and misery." The fund, still with considerable assets today, has been used to establish Næsgaard Agerbrugsskole, a farming school in Stubbekøbing, Falster (now Næsgaard Efterskole). The Classen Library in Amaliegade in Copenhagen was built for his extensive library of some 20,000 volumes, with significant collections in the areas of economics, geography and science.In 1867, it was shared between the Agricultural University and the University Library in Copenhagen. Personal life Classen married Anna Elisabeth Fabritius de Tengnagels (1735-1786). She had two daughters from her first marriage, Marie Margarethe Baroness Iselin (1756-1814) and Anna Elisabeth Baroness Iselin (1760-1805). His brother, Peter Hersleb <mask> (1738–1825), a high-level State official, later became director of Det Classenske Fideicommis. References 1725 births 1792 deaths 18th-century Danish businesspeople Norwegian emigrants to Denmark People from Frederiksværk Danish industrialists Danish manufacturing businesspeople Danish company founders Danish philanthropists Businesspeople from Copenhagen Danish generals Noble Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog Bibliophiles 18th-century philanthropists

Ed Roberts (computer engineer)

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<mask> (September 13, 1941 – April 1, 2010) was an American engineer, entrepreneur and medical doctor who invented the first commercially successful personal computer in 1974. He is most often known as "the father of the personal computer." He founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1970 to sell electronics kits to model rocketry hobbyists, but the first successful product was an electronic calculator kit that was featured on the cover of the November 1971 issue of Popular Electronics. The calculators were very successful and sales topped one million dollars in 1973. A brutal calculator price war left the company deeply in debt by 1974. <mask> then developed the Altair 8800 personal computer that used the new Intel 8080 microprocessor. This was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, and hobbyists flooded MITS with orders for this $397 computer kit.Bill Gates and Paul Allen joined MITS to develop software and Altair BASIC was Microsoft's first product. <mask> sold MITS in 1977 and retired to Georgia where he farmed, studied medicine and eventually became a small-town doctor living in Cochran, Georgia. Early life <mask> was born on September 13, 1941 in Miami, Florida to Henry Melvin <mask>, an appliance repairman, and <mask> <mask>, a homemaker. His younger sister Cheryl was born in 1947. During World War II, while his father was in the Army, <mask> and his mother lived on the Wilcher family farm in Wheeler County, Georgia. After the war, the family returned to Miami, but <mask> would spend his summers with his grandparents in rural Georgia. <mask>' father had an appliance repair business in Miami.<mask> became interested in electronics and built a small relay-based computer while in high school. Medicine was his true passion, however, and he entered University of Miami with the intention of becoming a doctor, the first in his family to attend college. There he met a neurosurgeon who shared his interest in electronics. The doctor suggested that <mask> get an engineering degree before applying to medical school, and <mask> changed his major to electrical engineering. <mask> married Joan Clark while at the university, and when she became pregnant <mask> knew that he would have to drop out of school to support his new family. The U.S. Air Force had a program that would pay for college, and in May 1962 he enlisted with the hope of finishing his degree through the Airman Education & Commissioning Program. After basic training, <mask> attended the Cryptographic Equipment Maintenance School at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas.Because of his electrical engineering studies at college, <mask> was made an instructor at the Cryptographic School when he finished the course. To augment his meager enlisted man's pay, <mask> worked on several off-duty projects and even set up a one-man company, Reliance Engineering. The most notable job was to create the electronics that animated the Christmas characters in the window display of Joske's department store in San Antonio. In 1965, he was selected for an Air Force program to complete his college degree and become a commissioned officer. <mask> earned an electrical engineering degree from Oklahoma State University in 1968 and was assigned to the Laser Division of the Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In 1968, he looked into applying to medical school but learned that, at age 27, he was considered too old. Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems Roberts worked with Forrest Mims at the Weapons Laboratory, and both shared an interest in model rocketry.Mims was an advisor to the Albuquerque Model Rocket Club and met the publisher of Model Rocketry magazine at a rocketry conference. This led to an article in the September 1969 issue of Model Rocketry, "Transistorized Tracking Light for Night Launched Model Rockets". <mask>, Mims, and lab coworkers Stan Cagle and Bob Zaller decided that they could design and sell electronics kits to model rocket hobbyists. <mask> wanted to call the new company Reliance Engineering, but Mims wanted to form an acronym similar to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's MIT. Cagle came up with Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). They advertised the light flasher, a roll rate sensor with transmitter, and other kits in Model Rocketry, but the sales were disappointing. Mims wrote an article about the new technology of light-emitting diodes that was to be published in the November 1970 issue of Popular Electronics magazine.He asked the editors if they also wanted a project story, and they agreed. <mask> and Mims developed an LED communicator that would transmit voice on an infrared beam of light to a receiver hundreds of feet away. Readers could buy a kit of parts to build the Opticom LED Communicator from MITS for $15. MITS sold just over a hundred kits. Mims was now out of the Air Force and wanted to pursue a career as a technology writer. <mask> bought out his original partners and focused the company on the emerging market of electronic calculators. Calculators <mask>'s first real experience with computers came while at Oklahoma State University where engineering students had free access to an IBM 1620 computer.His office at the Weapons Laboratory had the state of the art Hewlett-Packard 9100A programmable calculator in 1968. <mask> had always wanted to build a digital computer and, in July 1970, Electronic Arrays announced a set of six LSI integrated circuits that would make a four-function calculator. <mask> was determined to design a calculator kit and got fellow Weapons Laboratory officers William Yates and <mask> to invest in the project with time and money. The first product was a "four-function" calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The display was only eight digits, but the calculations were performed with 16 digits precision. The MITS Model 816 calculator kit was featured on the November 1971 cover of Popular Electronics. The kit sold for $179 and an assembled unit was $275.Unlike the previous kits that MITS had offered, thousands of calculator orders came in each month. The monthly sales reached $100,000 in March 1973, and MITS moved to a larger building with 10,000 square feet (930 square meters) of space. In 1973, MITS was selling every calculator that they could make, and 110 employees worked in two shifts assembling them. The functionality of calculator integrated circuits increased at a rapid pace and <mask> was designing and producing new models. The popularity of electronic calculators drew the traditional office equipment companies and the semiconductor companies into the market. In September 1972, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced the TI-2500 portable four-function calculator that sold for $120. The larger companies could sell below cost to win market share.By early 1974, <mask> found that he could purchase a calculator in a retail store for less than his cost of materials. MITS was now $300,000 in debt, and <mask> was looking for a new hit product. Altair 8800 computer <mask> decided to return to the kit market with a low cost computer. The target customer would think that "some assembly required" was a desirable feature. In April 1974, Intel released the 8080 microprocessor that <mask> felt was powerful enough for his computer kit, but each 8080 chip sold for $360 in small quantities. <mask> felt that the price of a computer kit had to be under $400; to meet this price, he agreed to order 1,000 microprocessors from Intel for $75 each. The company was down to 20 employees and a bank loan for $65,000 financed the design and initial production of the new computer.<mask> told the bank that he expected to sell 800 computers, but he guessed that it would be around 200. Art Salsberg, editorial director of Popular Electronics, was looking for a computer construction project, and his technical editor Les Solomon knew that MITS was working on an Intel 8080-based computer kit. <mask> assured Solomon that the project would be complete by November to meet the press deadline for the January 1975 issue. The first prototype was finished in October and shipped to Popular Electronics in New York for the cover photograph, but it was lost in transit. Solomon already had a number of pictures of the machine, and the article was based on them. <mask> and Yates got to work on building a replacement. The computer on the magazine cover was an empty box with just switches and LEDs on the front panel.The finished Altair computer had a completely different circuit board layout than the prototype shown in the magazine. MITS products typically had generic names such as the Model 1440 Calculator or the Model 1600 Digital Voltmeter. The editors of Popular Electronics wanted a more alluring name for the computer. MITS technical writer David Bunnell came up with three pages of possible names, but <mask> was too busy finishing the computer design to choose one. There are several versions of the story of who selected Altair as the computer name. At the first Altair Computer Convention (March 1976), Les Solomon told the audience that the name was inspired by his 12-year-old daughter Lauren. "She said why don't you call it Altair – that's where the [Star Trek] Enterprise is going tonight."The December 1976 issue of Popular Science misquoted this account, giving credit to <mask>' daughter. His only daughter Dawn was not born until 1983. Both of these versions have appeared in many books, magazines, and web sites. Editor Alexander Burawa recalls a less dramatic version. The Altair was originally going to be named the PE-8 (Popular Electronics 8-bit), but Les Solomon thought this name to be rather dull, so Solomon, Burawa, and John McVeigh decided that: "It's a stellar event, so let's name it after a star." McVeigh suggested "Altair", the twelfth-brightest star in the sky. When the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics reached readers in mid-December 1974, MITS was flooded with orders.They had to hire extra people just to answer the phones. In February, MITS received 1,000 orders for the Altair 8800. The quoted delivery time was 60 days, but it was many more months before the machines were shipped. By August 1975, they had shipped over 5,000 computers. The Altair 8800 computer was a break-even sale for MITS. They needed to sell additional memory boards, I/O boards, and other options to make a profit. The April 1975 issue of the MITS newsletter Computer Notes had a page-long price list that offered over 15 optional boards.The delivery time given was 60 or 90 days, but many items were never produced and dropped from future price lists. Initially, <mask> decided to concentrate on production of the computers. Prompt delivery of optional boards did not occur until October 1975. There were several design and component problems in the MITS 4K Dynamic RAM board. By July, new companies such as Processor Technology were selling 4K Static RAM boards with the promise of reliable operation. <mask> acknowledged the 4K Dynamic RAM board problems in the October 1975 Computer Notes. The price was reduced from $264 to $195 and existing purchasers got a $50 refund.MITS released its own 4K Static RAM board in January 1976. Several other companies started making add-in boards and the first clone, the IMSAI 8080, was available in December 1975. Altair BASIC Bill Gates was a student at Harvard University and Paul Allen worked for Honeywell in Boston when they saw the Altair computer on the cover of Popular Electronics. They had previously written software for the earlier Intel 8008 microprocessor and knew the Intel 8080 was powerful enough to support a BASIC interpreter. They sent a letter to MITS claiming to have a BASIC interpreter for the 8080 microprocessor. <mask> was interested, so Gates and Allen began work on the software. Both had experience with the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 minicomputers that they would use.Allen modified the DEC Macro Assembler to produce code for the Intel 8080 and wrote a program to emulate the 8080 so they could test their BASIC without having an Altair computer. Using DEC's BASIC-PLUS language as a guide, Gates determined what features would work with the limited resources of the Altair computer. Gates then started writing the 8080 assembly-language code on yellow legal pads. In February Gates and Allen started using a PDP-10 at Harvard to write and debug BASIC. They also enlisted another Harvard student, Monte Davidoff, to write the floating-point math routines. Paul Allen flew to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in March 1975 to test BASIC on a real Altair 8800 computer. <mask> picked him up at the airport in his pickup truck and drove to the nondescript storefront where MITS was located.Allen was not impressed. The Altair computer with 7 kB of memory that BASIC required was still being tested and would not be ready until the next day. <mask> had booked Allen in the most expensive hotel in Albuquerque and the room was $40 more than Allen brought with him. <mask> paid for the room and wondered who is this software guy who can not afford a room in a hotel. The next day the Altair with 7 kB had finally passed its memory test and Allen had their BASIC interpreter on a paper tape Bill Gates had created just before Allen left Boston. It took almost 15 minutes for the Teletype to load the program into the Altair then the Teletype printed "MEMORY SIZE?" Allen entered 7168 and the Teletype printed "READY".Both Allen and <mask> were stunned their software and hardware actually worked. They entered several small programs and they worked. The BASIC interpreter was not complete and crashed several times, but <mask> had a high level language for his computer. <mask> hired Allen as Vice President and Director of Software at MITS. Bill Gates also worked at MITS; the October 1975 company newsletter gives his title as "Software Specialist". Bill Gates remained at Harvard, but continued working on BASIC. Students were allowed to use the DEC PDP-10, but officials were not pleased when they found that Gates was developing a commercial product.The school then implemented a policy that forced Gates to use a commercial time share service to work on BASIC. On July 22, 1975, MITS signed a contract for the Altair BASIC with Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They received $3,000 at signing and a royalty for each copy of BASIC sold, with a cap of $180,000. MITS received an exclusive worldwide license to the program for 10 years. They also had exclusive rights to sublicense the program to other companies and agreed to use its "best efforts" to license, promote and commercialize the program. MITS would supply the computer time necessary for development on a PDP-10 owned by the Albuquerque school district. MITS realized that BASIC was a competitive advantage and bundled the software with computer hardware sales.Customers who purchased the computer, memory, and I/O boards from MITS could get BASIC for $75; the standalone price was $500. Many hobbyists purchased their hardware from a third-party and "borrowed" a copy of Altair BASIC. <mask> refused to sub-license BASIC to other companies; this led to arbitration in 1977 between MITS and the new "Micro-Soft". The arbitrator agreed with Microsoft and allowed them to license the 8080 BASIC to other companies. <mask> was disappointed with this ruling. Since both Allen and Gates had been employees of MITS and he paid for the computer time, <mask> felt it was his software. Sale to Pertec In 1976, MITS had 230 employees and sales of $6 million.<mask> was tiring of his management responsibilities and was looking for a larger partner. MITS had always used Pertec Computer Corporation disk drives and on December 3, 1976, Pertec signed a letter of intent to acquire MITS for $6 million in stock. The deal was completed in May 1977 and <mask>' share was $2–3 million. The Altair products were merged into the Pertec line, and the MITS facility was used to produce the PCC-2000 small-business computer. The Albuquerque plant was closed in December 1980 and the production was moved to the Pertec plants in Irvine, California. Medical doctor In late 1977 <mask> returned to rural Georgia and bought a large farm in Wheeler County where he had often visited his grandparents' home in his youth. He had a non-compete agreement with Pertec covering hardware products, so he became a gentleman farmer and started a software company.His age could have thwarted his dream of becoming a medical doctor, but nearby Mercer University started a medical school in 1982. <mask> was in the first class and graduated with an M.D. in 1986. He did his residency in internal medicine and in 1988 established a practice in the small town of Cochran, Georgia. In 2009, Dr. <mask> was elected to Alpha Omega Alpha, the medical honor society. He was nominated by Mercer alumnus Guy Foulkes, MD based on <mask>’ dual accomplishment of developer of the first personal computer and his devotion to rural medicine. Personal life <mask> married Joan Clark (b.1941) in 1962 and they had five sons, Melvin (b. 1963), Clark (b. 1964), John David (b. 1965), <mask> (b. 1970), Martin (b. 1975) and a daughter Dawn (b. 1983).They were divorced in 1988. <mask> married Donna Mauldin in 1991 and they were still married when interviewed by The Atlanta Journal-Constitution in April 1997. He was married to Rosa Cooper from 2000 until his death. <mask> died April 1, 2010 after a months-long bout with pneumonia, at the age of 68. His sister, Cheryl R <mask> (b. November 13, 1947 – d. March 6, 2010), of nearby Dublin, Georgia died at age 62, a few weeks before his death. During his last hospitalization in Macon, Georgia, hospital staffers were stunned to see an unannounced Bill Gates, who had come to pay last respects to his first employer. He was survived by his wife, all six of his children and his mother, <mask> <mask>.All live in Georgia. Works Books Magazines Part 2 in the February 1975 issue. Part 2 in the December 1975 issue. Notes References External links Commentary on <mask>' life and medical practice. STARTUP: Albuquerque and the Personal Computer Revolution New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Altair 8800 Computer at Vintage-Computer Web Site Brief History of the Altair. Copies of Altair articles in Popular Electronics Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson 1941 births 2010 deaths American electrical engineers American inventors Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state) Deaths from pneumonia in Georgia (U.S. state) Mercer University alumni Model rocketry Oklahoma State University alumni United States Air Force officers University of Miami College of Engineering alumni People from Bleckley County, Georgia Miami Senior High School alumni

George Younghusband

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Major General Sir <mask>, (9 July 1859 – 30 September 1944) was a cavalry officer and major-general in the British Indian Army. Younghusband was commissioned into the 17th Foot in 1878. He later transferred to the British Indian Army's Guides Cavalry and served in several conflicts, including the Second Afghan War, the Mahdist War, the Third Burmese War, the Second Boer War and finally in the First World War. Due to wounds received on the battlefield, he was forced to retire from the army in 1917. In his later life he became a noted author of several books, and the Keeper of the Jewel House at the Tower of London, until his death on 30 September 1944, at Crickhowell in Wales. Early life <mask> was born on 9 July 1859, at Dharamshala in India, the eldest son of Major-General <mask> and Clara Jane Shaw, and the elder brother of <mask>. He was educated at Clifton College and the Royal Military College Sandhurst.In May 1878, after graduating as the Queen's (India) Cadet, he was commissioned, as a second-lieutenant, into the 17th Foot, on probation for the India Staff Corps. He fought in the Second Afghan War and was promoted to lieutenant on 15 March 1880, before transferring to the India Staff Corps, in October 1883. Indian Army After joining the Indian Army he was involved in several conflicts in a short period of time. The 1885 Mahdist War, operations on the North West Frontier in 1886, and in the Third Burmese War. His next promotion came on 1 May 1889, when he was promoted to captain. Six years later, in 1895, he was mentioned in dispatches, while serving as the Brigade Major for the 4th Brigade, part of the Chitral Relief Force. He was further recognized by promotion to brevet major in January 1896.The following year, he was on 22 January 1897 appointed to a staff position as deputy assistant adjutant-general in Sirhind, under the Punjab Command. In 1898 he was appointed as a military observer during the Spanish–American War in the Philippines, and in May that year promoted to substantive major. Command Younghusband's first command came during the Second Boer War, when he was promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel and commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion Imperial Yeomanry on 20 January 1900. He left Liverpool with the battalion on board SS Winifredian in late January 1900, arriving in South Africa the following month. While commanding the battalion he was mentioned in dispatches in 1901. The same year he received a brevet promotion to lieutenant-colonel and was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). He left the 3rd to command the 26th (Younghusband's Horse) Battalion Imperial Yeomanry in December 1901, and was again mentioned in dispatches in June the following year.He was wounded, and in late May 1902 left South Africa on the SS Roslin Castle which arrived at Southampton the following month. He relinquished the command of the 26th battalion on 30 August 1902. After that war he was promoted to colonel in April 1905. He was then involved in the Mohmand expedition of 1908. Then in February 1909, was promoted to temporary brigadier-general while serving on the General Staff. In 1909, he became commander of the Fyzabad Brigade, part of the 8th (Lucknow) Division, and the Derajat Brigade from 1911. The same year he was promoted to major-general.He was still in command, when appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1913. In the First World War, <mask> was given command of the 28th Indian Brigade, part of the 10th Indian Division. They were initially deployed to defend the Suez Canal. Until 1916, when the brigade was sent to take part in the defence of Aden. It then moved to Basra to participate in the Mesopotamia Campaign. During the subsequent operation <mask> was again mentioned in dispatches. His last command position was in 1916, as commander of the 7th (Meerut) Division, still in Mesopotamia, but he was forced to relinquish that position due to wounds received.Family and later life In March 1917, King <mask> appointed <mask> as the Keeper of the Jewel House at the Tower of London. Then in April 1919, the King approved his retirement from the army. He was not entirely finished with the army however and in January 1928, he was appointed the Regimental Colonel of the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force) and of the 5th Battalion, (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides) 12th Frontier Force Regiment. His son Brigadier <mask> <mask>, of the 3rd The King's Own Hussars, served with the 2nd Armoured Division during the Second World War. <mask> <mask> died on 30 September 1944, aged eighty-five, at Crickhowell in Wales.

Charles Tyler Olmstead

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<mask> (April 28, 1842 – March 26, 1924) was bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York from 1904 to 1924. Early life <mask> was born in Cohoes, N. Y. on April 28, 1842. His parents were <mask>. and Ardelia (Wilkinson) Olmsted. "The surname has been spelled both as "Olmsted" and "Olmstead." This difference in spelling is reflected in the various references used in this article. However, this article always uses the Olmstead spelling because that is the spelling used by the Diocese of Central New York on its website's listing of the BISHOPS OF CENTRAL NEW YORK. In 1852, when the boy was ten years old, the family moved to Newport, Kentucky.Four years later, he began to work with his father in building the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. While working on the railroad, he "continued his studies." In 1853, he started attending the Brooks' Classical School located in Cincinnati, across the Ohio River from Newport. He studied there three and one-half years in preparation for college. Therefore, when the family moved back to New York state, settling in Lockport, he was ready to enter college. However, because of his father's financial condition, <mask> could not enter college until 1862. Education and teaching In 1862, Olmstead entered the Sophomore class at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., an Episcopal Church school.He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1865 and with a Master of Arts in 1868. <mask> felt called to the ministry in the Episcopal Church, so he enrolled in the Berkeley Divinity School in Middletown, Connecticut. While a student in the Berkeley Divinity School, <mask> also tutored Latin and Greek at St. Stephen's College at Annandale during the academic year 1865–66. During the next academic year (1866–68), he taught "mathematics and natural philosophy" at St. Stephen's. Ministry as a priest In 1867, <mask> was ordained a deacon in the Episcopal Church, and in 1868 he was ordained a priest. In November 1868, <mask> was called to be an assistant minister in the Trinity Chapel of Trinity Church, New York City. While in this position, he married Catharine Lawrence, daughter of Joseph and Rosette (Townsend) Lawrence of New York city, on April 25, 1876.He stayed in that position until May 1884, when he became Rector of Grace Church, Utica, N. Y. Grace Church, under <mask>'s leadership, "prospered greatly, both in spiritual and material matters." The buildings were improved. <mask> was a founder of the Utica Clerical Union. He had a hand in forming the Central New York Choir Guild. He served as chaplain of the Good Shepherd, St. Luke's Hospital, and the Guild of St. Barnabas for Nurses. He also organized the Ladies Aid Society, the Girls Friendly Society, the Employment Society, the Boys Friendly Society, the Senior and Junior Brotherhood of St. Andrew.In 1893, <mask> became a trustee of St. John's Military School in Manlius, N. Y. During his tenure as Rector of Grace Church, <mask> was elected as a deputy to the 1892, 1895 and 1898 General Conventions of the Episcopal Church. In April 1899, <mask> returned to Trinity Parish, New York. This time it was as Vicar of St. Agnes' Chapel on West 92nd Street. At that time, St. Agnes included the Trinity School. <mask> was qualified to be in charge of the school because of his experience in teaching at St. Stephens' College. During his time at St. Agnes, both the church and the school grew.Ministry as a Bishop In October 1902, <mask> was elected bishop coadjutor of the Diocese of Central New York. He was consecrated in Grace church, Utica, N.Y. on October 2, 1902. His consecrators were Bishops Frederic Dan Huntington of Syracuse, Henry C. Potter of New York, and William David Walker of Western New York. Immediately after his consecration, <mask> began his duties as coadjutor to Bishop Huntington. Huntington had been unable to perform all of his duties because of his "advanced age." A newspaper editorial about the election of <mask> as Bishop Coadjutor praised him as "a man of brilliant scholarship and great activity" and as "a speaker of original and convincing power." Also, as "a man of strong convictions," but "nevertheless, a man of kindly disposition and sympathetic."Regarding his fitness for his new duties, the editorial said that "he has the executive ability to perform" them. <mask> was a bishop in Diocese of Central New York for twenty-two years: as bishop coadjutor from 1902 to 1904 and as bishop diocesan from 1904 to his death in 1924. In 1903, on Washington's birthday, <mask>, while bishop coadjutor, addressed the 1903 banquet of the Board of Managers of the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York. Bishop Dan Huntington died in July 1904, leaving <mask> as his successor diocesan bishop. A newspaper story dated October 13, 1905, was headlined "Bishop <mask> Asks Clergymen of the Episcopal to Do All in Their Power to Keep Ladies from Showing Their Beautiful Hair." <mask> was quoted as saying, "Let at least this good custom of the mothers of Israel prevail, that they pray in public with covered heads." In 1906, at the thirty-eighth annual convention of the Diocese of Central New York, in the Bishop's Address, <mask> said, "The Church Of Jesus Christ should not be in alliance either with individuals or with corporations whose principles and methodsare known to be illegal and corrupt.All the talk about "tainted money" seems to me to be beside the mark. Money itself, I suppose,cannot be tainted, but it may at times represent a tainted partnership, and it is not well for the Church to have her tongue tied byany such coalition, because it is her duty to be ready to denounce wickedness in high places as well as in low places. The Church can never gain by getting wealth which paralyzes her proper functions." On October 8, 1907, <mask> spoke to the triennial meeting of the Episcopal Church's Church Periodical Club. The newspaper account characterized him as a speaker "with decided ability." On June 2, 1921, following the advice of his Standing Committee regarding irreconcilable differences between a rector and his vestry, <mask> signed this order: "I hereby render my decision, that in accordance with the above report, the Rev. Arthur H. Beaty, resign the rectorship of Grace Church, Cortland, N. Y.." Awards and memberships In 1893, Hobart College gave <mask> the degree of Doctor of Divinity.In 1903, Syracuse University conferred the degree of Doctor of Canon Law. In 1908, Hamilton College (New York) awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws. <mask> was a member of the Oneida Historical Society. Ill health and Death On January 31, 1914, Mrs. <mask> died. After that his niece lived with him until he died. In the early part of 1924, <mask>'s health became so bad that he had to turn over most of his duties to his coadjutor Bishop <mask>. On March 26, 1924, he "died suddenly of heart disease" at his home in Utica, N. Y.He had been bishop for twenty-two years. Tributes After <mask>'s death, some of his associates wrote tributes about him. They included these words: References 1842 births 1924 deaths American Episcopalians People from Cohoes, New York People from Newport, Kentucky Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni Berkeley Divinity School alumni Episcopal bishops of Central New York

Volodia Teitelboim

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<mask> (originally <mask>; March 17, 1916 – January 31, 2008) was a Chilean communist politician, lawyer, and author. Personal life Born in Chillán to Jewish immigrants (Ukrainian <mask> and Bessarabian Sara Volosky), <mask> was interested in literature from an early age. He finished high school, then began his studies in the Faculty of Law of the University of Chile, where at graduation he presented his senior thesis “The Dawn of Capitalism - The Conquest of America.” At the age of 29, Teitelboim married Raquel Weitzmann, who had also studied law. In the 1940s, while Teitelboim, like other members of the Communist Party, was forced to go underground, Weitzman became pregnant with the child of a former university colleague. The child, named Claudio, was adopted by Teitelboim and Weitzman's affair was hushed up. Due to Teitelmboim's frequent long periods of absence due to party activities, persecution, and imprisonment, the marriage suffered, and finally ended in 1957, when Weitzman left for Cuba in company of Jaime Barros. Teitelboim then took charge of Claudio, who was 10 years old at the time.When, in 2005, Claudio learned that he had been deceived and that his father was actually the lawyer Álvaro Bunster, he broke relations with <mask> and took on his biological father's surname. <mask>'s second marriage, at the age of 51, was to Eliana Farías. Together, while in exile in Moscow following the Chilean military coup d'état of September 11, 1973, they raised Faría's son, Roberto Nordenflycht, and their own daughter, whom they named Marina. Roberto followed Teitlboim's example and also became a communist. He was killed in August 1989 while taking part in a guerrilla action in Chile with the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front. The grief over Roberto's death marked the end of Teitelboim's marriage to Farías. Marina, for her part, eventually became a career diplomat.<mask> died on January 31, 2008, at the Catholic University's hospital in Santiago of kidney failure resulting from lymphatic cancer. He and Claudio Bunster reportedly reconciled at the end. Political career Teitelboim joined the Chilean Communist Party's youth section at the age of sixteen. During the 1940s he endured persecution, along with all the militants of the Communist Party, and was imprisoned in Pisagua under the so-called Democratic Defense Law (also known as Ley maldita, or "cursed law"). In 1961 he was elected to Congress as a Deputy for Valparaíso and Quillota, a post he held until 1965, when he was elected Senator for Santiago. He was re-elected to this post in March 1973, but was only able to further serve in it until Congress was disbanded following the September 11, 1973, coup d'état. During the military regime of Gen. Augusto Pinochet Teitelboim lived in exile in Moscow, where he launched the twice-weekly radio program Escucha, Chile ("Listen, Chile").Despite the risk, he clandestinely returned to Chile in 1988 and campaigned for a provisional government following the regime's having been handed a defeat in that year's national plebiscite. The following year he was elected president of the Communist Party, a position he held until 1994. Literary work <mask>'s literary work, for which he was awarded Chile's National Prize in Literature in 2002, as well as the Literature prize of the 1931 Floral Games, is chiefly in the form of memoirs, biographies, and literary essays. His first book Antología de poesía chilena (Anthology of Chilean Poetry) was published in conjunction with Eduardo Anguita in 1932, and compiled the great poets of Chile. He would later say that it committed the errors of omitting Gabriela Mistral and of accentuating the dispute between Vicente Huidobro, Pablo de Rokha, and Pablo Neruda. His series of memoirs, Un muchacho del siglo XX (A Boy of the Twentieth Century, 1997), La gran guerra de Chile y otra que nunca existió (The Great War of Chile and Another That Never Existed, 2000) and Noches de radio (Radio Nights, 2001) present from a political and social perspective the great arch of Chilean history during the 20th century. His best known capacity is that of a biographer, in which he wrote about Jorge Luis Borges, Vicente Huidobro, and with the most critical acclaim, Pablo Neruda and Gabriela Mistral.In terms of membership in literary movements, he is generally located within the Chilean Generation of '38. List of published works Antología de poesía chilena (Anthology of Chilean Poetry) - 1935 El amanecer del capitalismo. La conquista de América (The dawn of capitalism. The conquest of America) - 1943 Hijo del salitre (Son of saltpeter) - 1952 La semilla en la arena.

Peter Ulric Tse

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<mask> (born Oct. 28, 1962) is an American cognitive neuroscientist in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College. He directs the NSF EPSCoR Attention Consortium. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2014. Early life and education <mask>, who has German and Chinese heritage, grew up in New York City. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1984, studying physics and mathematics. After graduating from Dartmouth, he worked for the Peace Corps as a schoolteacher in Nepal, studied philosophy of mind at the University of Konstanz, Germany, and worked for Kobe Steel Corporation in Japan. He began his studies at Harvard University in 1992, receiving his PhD in cognitive psychology under Patrick Cavanagh and Ken Nakayama in 1998.<mask> served as a postdoctoral researcher with Nikos Logothetis at the Max Plank Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany. He joined Dartmouth's faculty in 2001. Cognitive neuroscience The focus of <mask>'s work in cognitive neuroscience is mid- and high-level human vision. In the domain of mid-level vision his group has worked on deciphering the rapid form-motion computations that go into the construction of subsequent conscious visual experience. His group focuses on visual illusions because they are mistakes made by the visual system that can inform us about the nature of processing that goes into the construction of conscious experience. In the field of high-level vision and attention, <mask>'s group has focused on two main directions: the influence of top-down volitional operations on visual experience, and the nature of volitional mental operations that go into the construction of internal virtual experience or imagination. In his work on the neural basis of the human imagination, he has emphasized the importance of volitional and non-volitional verb-like mental operations over noun-like representations, such as imagined visual objects.Using fMRI, his group has argued that representations and operations can be decoded by creating classifiers in one part of the brain, and applying them to different parts of the brain. This supports the idea that the brain might not be as modular as previously thought, and that certain types of brain processing may happen in a fundamentally distributed manner. In particular, the model of working memory operations that emerges suggests that traditional models of working memory, such as Baddeley's, are too modular and hierarchical. Philosophy of neuroscience In his 2013 book The Neural Basis of Free Will, <mask> focused on the question of mental causation, in particular the proposition that mental events (and information in general, as in genetics) can be downwardly causal even though realized in, or supervenient upon, physical events. Exclusion argument: He challenged the Exclusion Argument (EA) of Jaegwon Kim, according to which causal efficacy resides solely in the physical domain of the rootmost level of energy, by arguing that the EA does not hold if indeterminism is the case. This, he argues, provides an opening for information to be downwardly causal in the universe, whether high-level supervenient events such as conscious percepts or a concept, such as that of a 'home-run' in a baseball game, or 'voting' in a democracy. Information is downwardly causal, not as a force, he argues, but by filtering out possible paths that are open at the particle level which are not consistent with informational criteria.Under 'criterial causation' (see below) only physically causal paths which are also informational causal paths are permitted to occur in the nervous system and other information processing systems, such as underlie genetic inheritance, protein formation, membrane channel formation, or social interactions such as speaking or institutional interactions. Possible physical particle-level paths which do not meet high-level informational criteria are effectively filtered out by a criterial assessment. Thus information is causal, not as a force, or via attributes such as impact or force, but is causal as a filter on what possibilities can become real. Criterial causation: <mask> gets around the impossibility of self-causation (i.e. of informational events altering their own physical basis) by positing what he has variously called 'parameter-,' 'pattern-,' 'phase-' or 'criterial causation'. According to <mask>, Science and Philosophy have overly focused on 'active' modes of causation, such as Newtonian energy transfer among billiard balls. He points out that manipulationist and interventionist conceptions of causation, such as those of Woodward, have largely neglected the 'passive' causal efficacy of manipulations of parameters for responses to subsequent inputs.For example, a neuron tuned to 'dog' at one moment can be reparameterized to respond optimally to 'cat' in subsequent input by altering the chains of synaptic weights that feed driving input into that neuron. The neural code: <mask> argues that thinking of the neural code as one where neural spikes trigger neural spikes, much like billiard balls triggering motion in other billiard balls, is misleading and incomplete. He argues that the neural code is in fact as much a synaptic reweighting (i.e. informational reparameterization) code as it is a code based on neural spikes or action potentials. <mask> argues that criterial causation offers a middle path between the extremes of determinism, where one's decisions and their consequences were 'set in stone' ages before one was even born, and informationally unconstrained indeterminism, where decisions happen randomly, for no reason at all. He argues that David Hume was wrong when he wrote "tis impossible to admit of any medium betwixt chance and an absolute necessity." The middle path between the two is afforded by criterial causation.For example, if commanded to think of a woman politician, people will name whichever one comes to mind first. But if the universe could be rewound to the moment of the command, they might have generated a different name, say 'Margaret Thatcher' this time instead of 'Angela Merkel'. This was not utterly random, since it had to meet the criteria of being a woman and a politician, but it was also not determined, and might have turned out otherwise. Free will: <mask> argues that discussants often argue past each other because they have different underlying definitions of the term 'free will'. If one has (1) a 'low-octane' definition according to which one's decisions and intentions can influence one's subsequent actions uncoerced by external forces or intentions, one can believe that free will is compatible with determinism, because nowhere in this definition is it required that events have the possibility of turning out otherwise. However, if one has a (2) 'mid-octane' definition, where this requirement must be met, then, by definition, one must hold that free will is incompatible with determinism, where there is only one possible unfolding of events. One must also be an incompatibilist under (3) a 'high-octane' definition of free will, which Tse also terms 'metafree will', according to which one must have the capacity not only to choose among possible courses of action as in (2), but to choose among possibilities that entail becoming a different kind of chooser in the future.<mask> argues that the human brain realizes both types (3) and (2) free will, whereas other animals, such as a tiger, realize type (2) only. As such, <mask> is an incompatibilist regarding definitions (2) and (3), and a compatibilist regarding definition (1). He believes indeterminism is the case, so falls in the camp of Free Will Libertarianism along with philosophers such as Robert Kane. For example, a tiger seeing a tapir in the Sumatran jungle can internally weigh various possible paths toward capturing the tapir given criteria such as path and effort minimization and stealth maximization. But no tiger thinks to itself, "next year I want to become a different kind of tiger, one that eats fewer tapirs and more pangolins." A human, in contrast, can envision future possible selves, weigh their merits, and then choose to become a desired self, and with effort realize such a self. For example, a person may desire to learn a foreign language, envision learning numerous possible foreign languages, deliberate among them, weighing various pros and cons, and then select, say, 'Swahili'.After a year of hard work, a person can have transformed their nervous system into a new type of nervous system and mind, namely, one that can now process Swahili inputs and produce Swahili outputs. As such, Tse views the human imagination to be the central engine of free will, when combined with the physical and motivational wherewithal to realize imagined futures. In contrast, he has argued that the Libet experiments (where preceding brain activity can be used to decode picking this versus that option, such as turning left versus right, or the timing of an event, such as a finger motion, before a person becomes conscious of willing) are largely irrelevant to free will, because free will is rooted in imaginative deliberation and choosing, not picking among arbitrary and meaningless alternatives. Libet's picking paradigm also misses the fundamental importance of willpower in realizing envisioned future paths or future selves, where, for example, a person can envision numerous possible flying machines, but then must also have the determination and perseverance to build that machine, and thereby transform the world, as the Wright brothers did. Similarly, he has dismissed Wegner's claims that there is no free will with the statement, "Just as the existence of visual illusions does not prove that all vision is illusory, the existence of illusions of conscious agency does not prove that conscious operations cannot be causal of action in certain cases." References External links <mask> <mask>, Dartmouth College Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences EPSCor Attention Consortium 1962 births Living people American neuroscientists Cognitive neuroscientists Dartmouth College alumni Dartmouth College faculty Harvard University alumni

Elias Toufexis

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<mask> (born October 27, 1975) is a Canadian actor. He has played dozens of characters on television, most notably in science fiction and fantasy genres. His career in the world of voice-over and performance capture is extensive, with roles in film, television, and video games, and voice-overs in animations and commercials. Career Acting <mask> graduated from high school in 1994 and went on to obtain a diploma of college studies in theater from Dawson College in Montreal, in 2000. In 2001, he moved to New York City. After a little over a year, and a handful of off-on Broadway and fringe festival plays, he returned to Canada. Toufexis acted in small television roles at first, eventually playing Morton in the made-for-television film The Five People You Meet in Heaven, based on a book by Mitch Albom.He then played Webber in an episode of Supernatural. <mask> followed this with his second appearance on Smallville as the character Bronson, who can travel between radio frequencies and who kidnaps Lex Luthor. His third character on Smallville was Emil Lasalle, a.k.a. Warp, a member of the Suicide Squad from DC Comics. He has since played the "villain of the week" on shows like Criminal Minds, The Listener, Painkiller Jane, Flashpoint, Flash Gordon, Stargate Atlantis, Lost Girl, and Houdini & Doyle. He has also appeared on The Expanse, where he plays two major characters. In season one, he plays the role of Kenzo Gabriel, the spy that joins the crew of the Rocinante.In season two, he portrays, via performance capture, the role of the hybrid creature or "The Seventh Man". Voice and motion capture Toufexis began his video game voice-over and performance-capture career in 2006 with Need for Speed: Carbon. Two of his most popular characters are Andriy Kobin and Adam Jensen. Kobin is one of the villains in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction, where Toufexis developed a cult following due to his manic and humorous performance. He reprised the role, this time as a main supporting character, in a far more expanded role, in Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist. Adam Jensen is the main character in Deus Ex: Human Revolution; Toufexis' wife, Michelle Boback, had a major supporting role in this game as scientist Megan Reed. Toufexis has publicly stated that he is a fan of the Deus Ex series, particularly the one released in 2000.The actor was cast to play the protagonist of Far Cry 3, Jason Brody. However, he was replaced by another voice actor, Gianpaolo Venuta, after he worked on the role for two years, as the publisher of the game did not want players to confuse Brody with Jensen. He played the lead role in Far Cry Primal, a spin-off of the Far Cry series. <mask> reprised his role as Jensen in Deus Ex: Mankind Divided, a sequel to Human Revolution. On February 28, 2018, Toufexis announced on Twitter that he was voicing a character in the new BattleTech video game by Harebrained Schemes, stating that he had sought out a role and was accepted. That character was later revealed to be Commodore Samuel Ostergaard of the Taurian Concordat Navy, a primary antagonist in the game. Filmography Animation Anti-Hero as Auspex (voice) Blood of Zeus as Seraphim (voice) Max Steel: Bio Crisis as Iago (voice) Max Steel: Dark Rival as Iago (voice) The Legend of Sarila as Kauji (voice) Live-action Against the Wall as O'Leary Alphas as Cornell Scipio Ascension as Mark Hayes Ba'al as McCulloch Bitten as Joey Stillwell Blade: The Series as Young Donny Flannigan Bloodsuckers as Officer Brackish Brilliant as Adam Conduct Unbecoming as Captain Cannon Connor's War as Captain Criminal Minds as Dustin Crisis Point as Scott Sanders Da Vinci's Inquest as Constable Dan Archibald Dead Like Me as Brian Decoys as Roger Engaged to Kill as Sullivan Eureka as Adam Barlowe FBI as Curt Williams Flash Gordon as Rundle Flashpoint as Danny Lucic Fries with That?

Casey Hayden

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Sandra Cason "<mask>" <mask> (born October 31, 1937), was an American radical student activist and civil rights worker in the 1960s. Recognized for her defense of direct action in the struggle against racial segregation, in 1960 she was an early recruit to Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). With Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Mississippi <mask> was a strategist and organizer for the 1964 Freedom Summer. In the internal discussion that followed its uncertain outcome, she clashed with the SNCC national executive. <mask>'s vision was of a "radically democratic" movement driven by organizers in the field. In defending grassroots organization she believed she was also advocating for the voice of women. In "Sex and Caste" (November 1965), a reworking of an internal memo they had drafted with other SNCC women, <mask> and Mary King drew "parallels" with the experience of African-Americans to suggest that women are "caught up in a common-law caste system that operates, sometimes subtly, forcing them to work around or outside hierarchical structures of power."Since regarded as a bridge connecting civil rights to women's liberation, <mask> describes its publication as her "last action as a movement activist." In the decades since, she has continued to acknowledge the civil-rights struggle of the era as the forerunner for women, and for all those, who have taken up "the idea of organising for themselves." Early life <mask> was born Sandra Cason on October 31, 1937, in Austin, Texas, as a fourth-generation Texan. She was raised in Victoria, Texas, in a "“multigenerational matriarchal family”—by her mother, Eula Weisiger Cason ("the only divorced woman in town"), her mother's sister, and her grandmother. An unconventional arrangement, she believed it cultivated in her from the outset an affinity for those on the margins. Campus activist In 1957 Cason enrolled as junior at The University of Texas. She moved out of campus dorms into the Social Gospel and racially integrated Christian Faith and Life Community, and as officer of Young Women's Christian Association and member of the Social Action Committee of the university's Religious Council was soon engaged in civil-rights education and protest.Continuing from 1959 as a UT English and philosophy graduate student, she participated in a successful sit-in campaign to desegregate Austin-area restaurants and theaters. In a dramatic intervention at the National Student Association convention in Minneapolis in August 1960, Cason turned back a broadly supported motion that objecting to sit-ins would have denied support to the fledgling Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). “I cannot say to a person who suffers injustice, ‘Wait,’ And having decided that I cannot urge caution, I must stand with him.” Among the delegates who, after a moments silence, gave her a standing ovation were SDS president Alan Haber, who, as she recalls, "scooped" her up, and <mask> editor of University of Michigan student newspaper. Stirred by her "ability to think morally [and] express herself poetically," he followed her into Haber's new left-wing grouping. At the SNCC second coordinating conference in Atlanta in October 1960, Cason reported herself transfixed by the idea of the Beloved Community as espoused by James Lawson and Diane Nash of the Nashville Student Movement. With the SNCC in the South In the summer of 1961 Cason moved to New York City and lived with <mask>. In a ceremony invoking Albert Camus--"I, on the other hand, choose justice in order to remain faithful to the world"—they married in October, and then moved to Atlanta."Godmother of the SNCC" Ella Baker had hired Cason (now <mask>) for a YWCA special project, travelling to southern campuses to conduct integrated race-relations workshops (secretly in the case of some white schools). She also worked in the SNCC office on, among other projects, preparations for the Freedom Riders who were to challenge non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia (1960). In December, as Freedom Riders themselves, the <mask>s were arrested in Albany, Georgia. It was from the jail cell that <mask> began drafting what was to become the Port Huron Statement, adopted by the SDS at its convention in June 1962 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. With <mask> elected SDS president for the 1962–1963 academic year, and <mask> heeding the SNCC call to return to Atlanta, they separated, divorcing in 1965. While she had had the reputation in the SDS of being "one of the boys," much of the discussion within the SDS inner circle struck her as young men posturing. Her heart was with the SNCC where, consistent with the focus on action, greater value was placed on building relationships, and where women, Black women, spoke out.In 1963, <mask> moved to Mississippi where, along with Doris Derby, she was asked to begin a literacy project at Tougaloo College in an all-black community outside Jackson. The comparative safety of the college was a consideration: out in the field the increased visibility she brought as a white woman was a risk not only to herself, but also to her comrades. But it was also important to <mask> that the "request was specifically made" because of her background in English education: As a Southerner, I considered the Southern Freedom Movement Against Segregation mine as much any one else's. I was working for my right to be with who I chose to be with as I chose to be with them. It was my freedom. However, when I worked full time in the black community I considered myself a guest of that community, which required decency and good manners, as every Southerner knows. I considered myself a support person; my appropriate role was to provide support from behind the lines, not to be a leader in any public way.It was not that within SNCC she did not have a "right to leadership" but that "it would have been counterproductive." Not being "a leader in any public way," however, did not leave <mask> feeling in any way excluded. Although she appears quicker to recognize the advantage it was to her as a woman in the movement than to her as a "guest" in the community, <mask> noted that because of "the participatory, town-hall, consensus-forming nature of the SNCC operation" being "on the Executive Committee or a project director didn't carry much weight anyway." Her ability to make decisions and to control her own work was not a matter of formal position. In 1964 she became organizer and strategist for Freedom Summer and for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in the challenge they were to mount to the seating of the all-white regulars at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. She explains that in those roles: I did the work all the way up and down. That means I did my own typing and mimeographing and mailing and I also did my own research and analysis and writing and decision making, the latter usually in conversation with other staff.As we said at the time, both about our constituencies and ourselves, "The people who do the work should make the decisions." There were no secretaries in SNCC, with the exception of Norma Collins in the Atlanta office, so there was no office hierarchy. I was at the center of the organization, unlimited except by my own choices and challenged at every turn to think and do and grow and care. However, it is the recollection of Elaine DeLott Baker that when she joined <mask> in Jackson just the month before Freedom Summer, the era when "the beloved community" operated "in a space beyond race and gender" was already being spoken of with nostalgia.There was a hierarchy in place that determined the definition of the "people" in the phrase, "Let the people decide". There was an unspoken understanding of who should speak up at meetings, who should propose ideas in public places, and who should remain silent. [It] was not the traditional hierarchy, it was a hierarchy based on considerations of race, the amount of time spent in the struggle, dangers suffered, and finally, of gender . . . —black men at the top of the hierarchy, then black women, followed by white men, and at the bottom, white women."Women, black and white," still retained "an enormous amount of operational freedom, they were indeed the ones that were keeping things moving." But as people began to debate the direction the movement should take "in the post-freedom summer reality," there was "little public recognition of that reality." At the end of the summer, <mask> describes everyone in the movement "reeling from the violence," from the impact of "the new racial imbalance" following the influx of white-student volunteers, and from "the lack of direction and money." Most of all they were staggered to find the Democratic Party "in the role of racist lunch counter owner refusing entrance to the MFDP at the Atlantic City convention. The core of SNCC's work, voter registration, was open to question." As an opportunity to take stock, to critique and reevaluate the organization, a retreat in Waveland, Mississippi was organized for November. "Sex and Caste" Among the Position Papers circulated at Waveland, number 24 ("name witheld by request") opened with the observation that the "large committee" formed to present "crucial constitutional revisions" to the staff "was all men."Although <mask> and another Ella Baker YWCA protégé, Mary King, were soon outed as authors, a number of women in the Jackson office contributed to the drafting. Elaine DeLott Baker recalls King, in her "organized style," summarizing the discussion, while <mask>, with her "impressive intellect and commitment," "helped us see how the feminist readings that fuelled our discussions related to our experiences as women in the movement." <mask>, for her part, remembers DeLott Baker writing the opening section ("a list of complaints about inequality of access to leadership on the part of women in SNCC"), and "as we thought about parallels between being black" of helping to draw this out. "Assumptions of male superiority," the paper proposed, "are as widespread and deep rooted and every much as crippling to the woman as the assumptions of white supremacy are to the Negro," so that many women,

Casey Hayden

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"give themselves up to that caricature of what a woman is-- unthinking, pliable, an ornament to please." <mask> insists that there was never a demand that the SNCC broaden its brief to "take women's roles on as an issue." The movement, in her view, "had enough to do." Rather the "express purpose" in circulating the memo among SNCC women "was to create conversations among us about what mattered to us, strengthening the bonds between us which sustained us, and thus strengthening the movement from within."With so many women themselves "insensitive" to the "day-to-day discriminations" (who is asked to take minutes, who gets to clean Freedom House), the paper had concluded that "amidst the laughter" discussion was perhaps the best that could be hoped for. At the time, and in "the Waveland setting," <mask> regarded the entire intervention as "an aside." In the new year, she was to reconsider. Seeking to further "dialogue within the movement," <mask> drafted an extended paper, finalized a version with Mary King, and then circulated it to 40 other women of whom 29 (16 black women, 12 white women, and one Latina) had strong ties to SNCC. Notwithstanding its subsequent reputation as a "key text of second-wave feminism," in what she persisted in calling "A Kind of Memo" <mask> avoided the feminist language that she and her friends had learned from reading Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan and Doris Lessing. Within "the framework of human rights and civil liberties at the time . . . women's rights had no meaning, indeed they did not exist."Instead she continued to rely on the movement's own rhetoric of race relations: There seem to be many parallels that can be drawn between treatment of Negroes and treatment of women in our society as a whole. But in particular, women we've talked to who work in the movement seem to be caught up in a common-law caste system that operates, sometimes subtly, forcing them to work around or outside hierarchical structures of power which may exclude them. Women seem to be placed in the same position of assumed subordination in personal situations too. It is a caste system which, at its worst, uses and exploits women. In November 1965, <mask> had the paper published in Liberation, the bi-monthly of the War Resisters League, the title Sex and Caste being suggested by the editor by David McReynolds. It was, <mask> has pointed out, her "last action as movement activist." In the fall of 1965 <mask> had been in a difficult position.Like some other white SNCC veterans after Freedom Summer she "took a stab at white organizing." Officially on loan from the SNCC, <mask> worked with the SDS in Chicago organizing displaced Appalachian women into a welfare recipients union, a foot soldier in <mask>'s vision of an "interracial movement of the poor." It was hard and, because of male violence, at times dangerous. She realized it was "foolhardy" to organize women alone and on her own. She needed help, and this was motive for revisiting the original memo She was also at a point at which it was clear that there was no going back to the SNCC she had known. Break with SNCC leadership At an April 1965 SNCC Executive Committee meeting in Holly Springs, Mississippi, <mask> was labelled a "floater," a "derisive term for staff members who were viewed as too independent from the leadership structure." Although at times raucous, the reception of the paper on women may not have been the immediate issue.<mask> had authored, and owned to, another paper at Waveland the previous November, a "Memorandum on Structure. "—her own contribution on the question of constitutional revision. SNCC executive secretary James Forman had questioned Martin Luther King Jr.'s top-down leadership style at the Southern Christian Leadership Conference Yet by the close of 1964 he was increasingly insistent on the need within the SNCC for "structure." <mask> conceded that at this point "there was no way to make a decision." In the absence of a command structure "there was no regular communication between Atlanta and the organizers. We had been flying by the seat of our pants for years." Through the committee Forman put forward a plan for a decision making structure that "spoke to the structural needs of the Atlanta office."Bob Moses countered with a paper that "spoke to the structural needs of organizers." <mask>'s attempt, as she saw it, was "to get us through the impasse." She agreed the need for structure, "basically" Forman's, while seeking to maintain "both SNCC's central allegiance to programmatic control by organizers in the field and respect for the way we had organically developed, the ways we actually operated." Her plan went along with Forman's proposal to constitute the staff as the Coordinating Committee (the campus sit-in groups that comprised the original Committee had largely evaporated in the move to voter registration). But she hedged it round with various sub-committees and provisos to ensure that "leadership for all our programs" would continue to be driven from the field and not from central office "which makes many program areas responsible to one person rather than to all of us." This still suggested too loose, too confederal a structure for the party-political direction on which Forman and others were now travelling. At first this was toward the project of a Southwide Freedom Summer that, independent of the manpower and publicity of white volunteers, would build a "Black Belt political party" that could write its "own voting bill."Later, and after a decision in 1966 to organize embattled ghettos in the North, it was toward a coast-to-coast "Black United Front." This was to be forged through a merger (from which Forman and the majority did, ultimately, pull back) with the Black Panthers: Stokely Carmichael as "Prime Minister", James Forman as "Foreign Minister." <mask> had couched her proposals in gender-neutral terms, but she did believe that it was in a grassroots organization that women's voices would be most influential. Whether or not it was uppermost in her mind at the time, she later reflected that "patriarchy was an issue." At her last SNCC meeting in November 1965, <mask>, "at dinner," told both Forman and Chairman John Lewis that the "imbalance of power in SNCC" was such that they would both need to step down if the movement was to remain "radically democratic." In the meeting itself, her notes record that <mask> did not speak in defense of her position that a "looser structure" was not "'no structure,' but [a] different structure" because, she concluded, "no one would have listened." Later years After 1965 <mask> worked for the New York Department of Welfare for a couple of years before moving to a rural Vermont commune with some other Mississippi veterans.She studied Zen Buddhism, and had two children with Dondald Campbell Boyce III, a "yogi carpenter" who helped <mask> and others establish the Integral Yoga Institute of San Francisco in 1970. In 1981, <mask> was back in Atlanta working for the voter-education, voter-registration Southern Regional Council. Later, she worked in the mayoral administration of Martin Luther King Jr.'s former lieutenant, Andrew Young, as an administrative aide in the Department of Parks, Recreation and Culture. In 1994 she married her partner Paul Buckwalter (1934-2016), with whom, in Tucson Arizona, she had care of seven stepchildren. A veteran of the 1968 Poor People's March on Washington and of community organizing with the Industrial Areas Foundation, Buckwalter was an Episcopalian priest and a leader in the Sanctuary movement. In 2010 <mask> spoke out against Arizona SB 1070, a state measure that criminalizes the movement by outlawing the shelter and transport undocumented immigrants. It was "the most obvious example," she commented, of "Fortress America, the right wing's answer to the real issues we all face: 'We’ve got it and we are keeping it and we’ll shoot you if you try to get any of it.'"Reflections In 1986, <mask> was interviewed with regard to Freedom Summer by researchers for the PBS television series Eyes on the Prize. She was not asked about the issues raised by Sex and Caste but was pressed on black-white division within the SNCC Mississippi operation, particularly in the light of calls for Black Power and black separatism. She allowed that there was an understandable degree of frustration, even resentment, felt by the local black staff, "the backbone" of the project, in having to deal "with a lot of young white people who were intellectual and moneyed." Calls for Black Power only came later, after Freedom Summer, and were in great measure a reaction, she believed, to continued political exclusion, something which the refusal to accredit the MFDP at the Democratic convention had dramatically symbolized: "it was like, if you won't let us in, we'll do our own thing." Division of any kind, however, was not her abiding memory of the movement. Rather it was the feeling of being "part of a visionary community which really transcended race and really was integrated," and whose later dissipation continued to be felt as "a great loss." It was also "a lot of fun.""We were all out there doing whatever we thought up to do. We were totally self-directed people, and very few people have that experience." The "direction" travelled with the movement in the South "put a lot of people in touch with themselves and the idea of organizing for themselves, so it spun off into anti-war organizing, and women's organizing and so on." There was also what <mask> called "the long suits of the black community in the South," the "patience and spirituality." This was something she believed northern black intellectuals tried to "tap into" and that she felt she and others also "picked up on." References [[Category: American women activists]] American civil rights activists University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni 1937 births Living people Members of Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization) American political activists American social activists Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Freedom Riders American feminists Women civil rights activists 20th-century American women 21st-century American

Melih Cevdet Anday

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<mask> (13 March 1915 – 28 November 2002) was a Turkish writer whose poetry stands outside the traditional literary movements. He also wrote in many other genres which, over six and a half decades, included eleven collections of poems, eight plays, eight novels, fifteen collections of essays, several of which won major literary awards. He also translated several books from diverse languages into Turkish. Biography <mask> was born in Istanbul in 1915 and lived there until his parents moved to Ankara in 1931. He graduated from Gazi High School and for a while began studying sociology in Belgium on a State Railways scholarship but had to return home in 1940 after the German invasion. Between 1942–51 he worked as a publication consultant for the Ministry of Education in Ankara and then as a city librarian. During this time he began his career as a journalist for several newspapers.After 1954, he worked as a teacher for the Istanbul Municipal Conservatory. Between 1964 and 1969, <mask> served on Turkish Radio Television’s Board of Directors. After he retired from his position in the Conservatory in 1977, <mask> was assigned to UNESCO Headquarters in Paris as Cultural Attaché until recalled after a change of Government. Literary career As a poet, <mask> was one of the leaders of the Garip movement, which also included Orhan Veli and Oktay Rifat. According to the preface of their joint collection, published in 1941, poetry should abandon the formalism and rhetorical classical style of previous centuries, making itself simple, colloquial, and matter of fact—an artless art designed to serve the common people. However, present there even then was an uneasy acknowledgement of French Surrealism, and <mask> official recognition. In particular his play Mikado’nun Çöpleri (The Mikado Game) earned him several awards: Most Successful Playwright of the 1967–1968 Drama Season; the İlhan İskender Prize; Ankara Art Lovers Foundation for the Best Playwright in 1971–1972. Another play, Ölümsüzler ya da Bir Cinayetin Söylencesi (The Immortals or the Legend of a Murder) won the Enka Art Prize in 1980. His poetry collection Teknenin Ölümü (Death of the Boat) won the 1978 Sedat Simavi Foundation Literature Prize, and Ölümsüzlük Ardında Gılgamış (Gilgamesh Beyond Death) gained the 1981 Türkiye İş Bankası Prize.In 1971 UNESCO honoured him among other outstanding European authors. He also received the TÜYAP Honour Prize for 1991 and the 2000 Aydın Doğan Foundation’s Literature Award. In 1994 the sculptor Metin Yurdanur cast a seated statue of him in bronze which is now sited in the park named after him at Ören on the Gulf of Gökova. Bibliography Poetry Garip (Odd, 1941) with Orhan Veli and Oktay Rifat Rahatı Kaçan Ağaç (The Disturbed Tree, 1946) Telgrafhane (Telegram Office, 1952) Yan Yana (Side by side, 1956) Kolları bağlı Odysseus (Odysseus Bound, 1963) Göçebe Denizin Üstünde (On the Nomad Sea, 1970) Teknenin Ölümü (The death of a Boat, 1975) Sözcükler (Words, 1978) Ölümsüzlük Ardında Gılgamış (Gilgamesh Beyond Death, 1981) Güneşte (In the Sun, 1989) Yağmurun Altında (Under the Rain, 1995) Seçme Şiirler (Selected Poetry, 1997). Novels Aylaklar (The Vagabonds, 1965) Gizli Emir (The Secret Command, 1970) İsa'nın Güncesi (The Diary of Christ, 1974) Raziye (1975) Yağmurlu Sokak (Rainy Street, 1991), Meryem Gibi (Like Mary, 1991) Birbirimizi Anlayamayız (We Cannot Understand Each Other, 1992). Book-length translations include the novel Aylaklar into Bulgarian (Sofia 1966) and poetry selections into French: Ulysse Bras Attachés et autres poèmes, (Poésie-Club UNESCO, Paris, 1970) and Offrandes 1946–1989 (Editions UNESCO, 1998). US selections of poetry include On The Nomad Sea, (Geronimo Books, New York, 1974); Rain One Step Away, (Charioteer Press, Washington, DC, 1980); Silent Stones: Selected Poems of Melih Cevdet Anday (Northfield: Talisman House, 2017).The last of these, translated by poets Sidney Wade and Efe Murad, was winner of the 2015 Meral Divitçi Prize. Sources 1.M.C.ANDAY. "EI" Magazine of European Art Center (EUARCE) of Greece, 8st issue 1994, p.11 & 38-39 See also Garip Movement List of contemporary Turkish poets References External links "A poem in the manner of Karacaoğlan", translations by Sidney Wade and Efe Murad in "Asymptote" sections 1 and 4; sections 6-8 "Voice", a translation by Sidney Wade and Efe Murad in "Guernica" "Garip: A Turkish Poetry Manifesto", a translation by Sidney Wade and Efe Murad in "Critical Flame" The Critical Flame 8 poems Eight poems in A Brave New Quest: 100 Modern Turkish Poems, Syracuse University Press 2006 "Silent Stones: Selected Poems of <mask> <mask> <mask>", 1915 births 2002 deaths People from Istanbul Turkish poets 20th-century poets Cultural attachés

Barry Rumack

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<mask><mask> (born November 1, 1942) is an American medical toxicologist and pediatrician. His primary clinical and research interest has been in clinical toxicology with a special interest in acetaminophen poisoning. Since 2014 he is Emeritus Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. Early years and education <mask><mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois on November 1, 1942. He grew up in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin and graduated from Whitefish Bay High School in 1960. In 1964, he graduated from the University of Chicago with a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology in 1964. In 1968, Rumack completed medical school at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, where he received his M.D.He was a Clinical Research Fellow at the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Baltimore Cancer Center in the section of Neurosurgery and a Research Fellow with Jordan Holtzman, MD, PhD in the Section of Pharmacology. In 1971, he returned in 1971 to the University of Colorado to complete a pediatric residency and then did a fellowship at the University of Colorado School of Medicine in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. During the second half of 1973 he was clinical fellow with Dr. Henry Matthew MD at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in Edinburgh, Scotland. He developed a significant interest in acetaminophen and along with Professor Matthew collected 34 cases of overdose and combined them with 30 previously published cases in creation of a nomogram relating blood level to time of ingestion. That was then published in 1975 and is used worldwide in the assessment of acetaminophen overdose treatment as Rumack–Matthew nomogram. Academic career In January 1973, Rumack joined the faculty of the University of Colorado School of Medicine as Assistant Professor of Pediatrics. He has been with the university ever since and was named Emeritus Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics in 2014.In 1973, <mask> developed Poisindex, one of the first commercial databases, which could retrieve diagnosis and treatment data for a vast variety of poisonous substances. Published first on microfiche and later on CD-ROM it became the standard software used by the majority of poison control centers in the US and globally. In January 1974, he became the Director of the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center (now Denver Health Medical Center) and served in this role until his retirement in 1992. His early work at the center was focused on developing a regional resource for poison information and treatment. Part of that work involved the development of Poisindex. Within that system an International Mushroom Toxicology Classification system was developed. Similar systems for plants and snakes were also incorporated.Having such technical advantage, Rumack established a hotline at the Rocky Mountain Poison & Drug Center Rumack, where every poison enquiry could be answered within 30 to 50 seconds. The Kansas City Star 1978 feature story noted that the center "has become a technical prototype for similar operations around the country". In 1973, he and co-authors published a paper examining hepatic drug metabolism and malnutrition. This paper was based on extensive work with monkeys who were also assessed for cognitive and other functions in separate publications and forms the metabolic basis for the understanding of the importance of correcting malnutrition during early brain development. This work is utilized today as part of the basis for the United Nations emergency feeding programs. In 1976, along with co-authors he published a paper regarding unrecognizable salicylate intoxication which revealed numerous missed cases of aspirin poisoning in patients who were thought to have metabolic acidosis of unknown origin. In September 1976, he began a protocol and was the principal investigator of the use of n-acetylcysteine for the treatment of acetaminophen overdose as part of a National Multiclinic Study which collected and published the largest series of acetaminophen cases ever collected in The New England Journal of Medicine in 1988.This treatment, now given intravenously, has been the standard approach to this overdose to this day worldwide. In 1978, together with Emanuel Salzman <mask> co-authored Mushroom Poisoning:diagnosis and treatment, which had a second edition in 1994 with David Spoerke as a co-author. In 1980, he was portrayed in the movie Airplane! (1980) as Dr. <mask> (played by Leslie Nielsen), who took care of passengers on the plane with food poisoning. In 2008, in a testimony at court he explained that he used to live in Milwaukee next door to filmmakers David and Jerry Zucker and they took his name for the movie role. In May 1989, Rumack visited Georgia as part of a three experts team commissioned by Physicians for Human Rights to investigate a possible use of toxic gas during the April 9 tragedy. He was able to identify the gas as chloropicrin which is an illegal war gas utilizing a mass spectrometer at the Tbilisi State Medical University.In 1999, he was doing a sabbatical at the Food and Drug Administration when he was asked to evaluate safe levels for exposure to methylmercury in pediatric vaccines. Rumack developed a pharmacokinetic model to analyze the amount of mercury to which infants were being exposed and found that mercury levels at Thiomersal-containing vaccines were far exceeding safety guidelines established by EPA, FDA and ATSDR. Unfortunately, the FDA did not share this information with the public. <mask> has continued with academic work at the University of Colorado School of Medicine both teaching and doing research. His most recent publications were focused on the use of fomepizole as a treatment for delayed and massive ingestions of acetaminophen (Akakpo 2019, Kang et al. 2019, Adkakpo et al. 2020.).Selected Publications Selected books Awards and recognition <mask> received three highest American career achievement awards in the field of clinical toxicology: an Annual Recognition Award from the American Association of Poison Control Centers (1985), Matthew J. Ellenhorn Award from the American College of Medical Toxicology (2001) and the Career Achievement Award from the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (2011). His work was also recognized by the Clinton Thienes, M.D., Award from the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (1991) and by Honorary Doctorate from the Jagiellonian University (1995). References External links <mask><mask> profile on WorldCat Identities <mask><mask> publications on Google Scholar <mask><mask> profile on VIAF <mask> <mask> profile on ResearchGate Living people 1942 births American toxicologists University of Colorado faculty University of Colorado fellows University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health alumni University of Colorado School of Medicine alumni

Mikael Backlund

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<mask> (born 17 March 1989) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre and alternate captain for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). <mask> was a first round selection, 24th overall, of the Flames in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, and made his NHL debut in 2008–09. He played junior hockey for VIK Västerås HK in the J20 SuperElit and the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He was a member of Kelowna's WHL championship team in 2009. Internationally, <mask> has represented Sweden on several occasions—he was a member of two silver medal-winning teams at the World Junior Championship, and has won a bronze, silver and gold medals with the Swedes at the World Championship. Playing career Västerås HK Backlund began his junior hockey career with the VIK Västerås HK organization in the J20 SuperElit, Sweden's premier junior league. His impressive two-way play earned him the opportunity to play for Västerås' senior team in the second-tier HockeyAllsvenskan as a 16-year-old.In his debut on 2 November 2005, during an away game against Växjö Lakers, <mask> scored a goal in the first period of a 4–0 win and was selected as the player of the game for his team. He tallied four points in his 12 games in HockeyAllsvenskan during the 2005–06 season. That same season, <mask> was dominant in the 2006 TV-pucken, a national under-17 tournament in Sweden played among districts. Leading the tournament in goal- and point-scoring, he was selected as the most valuable player and given the Sven Tumba Award as best forward in the tournament. <mask> played another two seasons for Västerås HK, splitting time in the J20 SuperElit and HockeyAllsvenskan. During this time, he was selected in the first round, 24th overall, by the Calgary Flames in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. Scouts had ranked him second amongst European skaters.Following the 2007–08 season, <mask> signed an entry-level contract with the Flames. He impressed during the rookie camp but was not as successful during the main training camp, and started the 2008–09 season playing on loan for Västerås back in HockeyAllsvenskan. After his success in the 2009 World Junior Championships, he returned to Calgary and made his NHL debut on 8 January 2009, in a 5–2 win against the New York Islanders. Soon thereafter, the Flames assigned him to the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL) for the remainder of the 2008–09 season. Competing for the Rockets in the 2009 WHL playoffs, <mask> tied teammate Jamie Benn for the League lead with 13 goals in 19 games as Kelowna defeated the Calgary Hitmen in the final to win the Ed Chynoweth Cup. Calgary Flames <mask> began the 2009–10 season with the Flames' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Abbotsford Heat. On 26 January 2010, he was called up to play on the NHL squad, and scored his first NHL goal on 28 January against the Phoenix Coyotes.He split the season between the AHL and NHL, scoring 32 points in 54 games in Abbotsford, and ten points in 23 games with Calgary. Though he spent most of the 2010–11 season in Calgary, <mask> struggled offensively early, and after scoring just eight points in his first 32 games, was sat out of six consecutive games as a healthy scratch before being sent to Abbotsford on a brief conditioning stint. He appeared in 73 games for the Flames, scoring ten goals and 25 points. Injuries plagued <mask> throughout 2011–12. He was expected to centre the Flames' top line between Jarome Iginla and Alex Tanguay, but suffered a broken finger in training camp that twice required surgery to repair and caused him to miss the first six weeks of the season. He then suffered a shoulder injury in a mid-February game while attempting to confront a Vancouver Canucks player he felt had injured a teammate. The injury ended his season, and in 41 games, he scored only 11 points.Following the season, the Flames re-signed <mask> to a new contract for the 2012–13 season, a one-year deal worth US$725,000. However, with the season's start delayed by a labour dispute, <mask> returned to Sweden for the balance of the lockout. He re-joined Västerås and appeared in 23 games for the team, scoring 12 goals and 30 points before returning to North America after a new deal between the NHL and its players was reached. His performance with Västerås provided a confidence boost for <mask>, who said that he wanted to return to Calgary and "show everybody I can play way better." <mask> enjoyed a solid NHL season upon coming back to Calgary, missing 16 games but still managing to post one point every two games on average for the first time in his career. His eight goals and sixteen points were eighth and tenth on a rebuilding Flames team which badly missed the playoffs. In July 2013, the Flames signed <mask> to a two-year, $3 million contract extension.That season, he recorded the best totals of his career in every offensive category, finishing third on the Flames in goals (18) and fourth in points (39). While the team around him regressed to the worst finish in team history, <mask> asserted himself as one of its top offensive threats. In 2014–15, <mask> faltered slightly, suffering through injuries and trade rumours; however, the Flames surprisingly skyrocketed up the standings en route to their first playoff berth in six years. <mask>'s 10 goals and 27 points were just 11th and 12th on the Flames, but he only played 52 games in the regular season. He continued struggling into the playoffs, only recording 1 goal and 1 assist in 11 games played. However, the one goal <mask> scored was an important one, as it came in overtime of Game 3 of the Flames' second-round series against the Anaheim Ducks to give Calgary their first win past the first round in 13 years. On 20 June 2015, <mask> signed a three-year, $10.725 million contract extension with Calgary.Put on a line with free-agent acquisition Michael Frolík, <mask> enjoyed his most productive year yet in 2015–16, passing the 20-goal and 40-point plateaus for the first time in his career. His final totals were 21 goals and 26 assists for 47 points. While contributing significantly in the offensive zone, <mask> also established himself as a defensive catalyst, forming a tag-team on the penalty kill with Frolík; together, the two of them combined for five short-handed goals in the season. <mask> finished first on the team in the plus/minus column, sporting a +10. <mask> kept improving in 2016–17, turning into one of the NHL's premier two-way players. At the discretion of new head coach Glen Gulutzan, rookie Matthew Tkachuk was slotted in on the left side of <mask> and Frolík, forming a line dubbed by fans and media as the "3M Line". Matthew, <mask> and Michael formed one of the most potent lines in the NHL in 2016–17, combining for 145 points, the most of any Flames line.Contributing the most offense to that line was <mask>, who once again eclipsed his career-highs by posting 22 goals and 53 points, good for second and third on the Flames. He also played well past the regular season, posting a goal and two assists in four playoff games. However, it was <mask>'s defensive work that began to receive recognition around the NHL in 2016–17, as he finished fourth in voting for the Frank J. Selke Trophy, awarded each year to the NHL's best defensive forward. On 16 February 2018, <mask> signed a six-year contract extension with the Flames. International play <mask> played for Sweden at the 2006 World U18 Championships, scoring one goal in three games. In 2007, he led Sweden to a U18 bronze medal when he scored a natural hat-trick in an 8–3 win over Canada in the bronze medal game. He led the tournament in goal-scoring with six goals in six games.<mask> was a member of the Swedish junior team that won back-to-back silver medals in the 2008 and 2009 World Junior Championships, losing to Canada in both instances. He scored the game-winning goal in overtime in the 2008 semi-final against Russia. The next year, he recorded a two-goal game in the semi-final against Slovakia. After being eliminated in the second round of the AHL playoffs in 2010, <mask> was invited to play for Sweden's men's team at the World Championships, accepting the offer. Despite being left off the initial roster, <mask> was invited to the 2016 World Cup of Hockey as a replacement for injured Henrik Zetterberg on 1 September. <mask> is the captain of the Swedish team, and helped to win the gold at the World Championships in 2018. Personal life <mask> is charitably active in both Calgary and Sweden.In Calgary, he is a spokesman for both the Special Olympics and the Kid's Cancer Care Foundation. Since 2013, he has donated $150 to the latter charity for each NHL point he records. He has also listed the ALS Society of Alberta has his charity of choice, and in partnership with KPMG, donates $200 for every point he earns. In Sweden, <mask> participated in the Ride for Hope bicycle race and raised $27,000 for charity. The Flames recognized his charitable efforts by naming him the 2014 recipient of the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award. <mask> married his fiancée Frida Engström in Sweden on 11 August 2018. Together, the couple have a daughter and a son.Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honours References External links 1989 births Living people Abbotsford Heat players Calgary Flames draft picks Calgary Flames players Expatriate ice hockey players in Canada Kelowna Rockets players National Hockey League first round draft picks Sportspeople from Västerås Swedish ice hockey centres Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Canada VIK Västerås HK players

Gwyneth Paltrow

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<mask> (; born ) is an American actress and businesswoman. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award. <mask> gained notice for her early work in films such as Seven (1995), Emma (1996), Sliding Doors (1998), and A Perfect Murder (1998). She garnered wider acclaim for her performance as Viola de Lesseps in the romantic historical fiction film Shakespeare in Love (1998) which won her several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Actress. This performance was followed by roles in The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Shallow Hal (2001), and Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004). After becoming a mother, <mask> significantly reduced her film workload. She made occasional appearances in films, such as Proof (2005), for which she earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.In 2009, <mask> received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for the children's audiobook Brown Bear and Friends. In addition, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her guest role as Holly Holliday on the Fox musical comedy-drama television series Glee in 2011. From 2008 to 2019, <mask> portrayed Pepper Potts in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Beginning in 1995, <mask> has been the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume; she was previously the face of the American fashion brand Coach. She owns the lifestyle company Goop and has authored several cookbooks. Early life Gwyneth <mask> was born on September 27, 1972, in Los Angeles, to actress Blythe Danner and film producer-director <mask>. She has a younger brother, Jake, who is a director and screenwriter.<mask>'s father was Jewish, while her mother is from a Christian background. She was raised celebrating "both Jewish and Christian holidays." Her brother had a traditional Bar Mitzvah when he turned 13. Her father's Ashkenazi Jewish family emigrated from Belarus and Poland, while her mother has Pennsylvania Dutch (German) as well as some Irish and English ancestry. Paltrow's paternal great-great-grandfather was a Rabbi in Nowogród, Poland, and a descendant of the well-known <mask>icz family of rabbis from Kraków. She is a half-cousin of actress Katherine Moennig, through her mother, and a second cousin of former U.S. Congresswoman Gabby Giffords (AZ-08) through her father. Through Giffords, she is a second-cousin-in-law of U.S.Senator Mark Kelly of Arizona. Her godfather is director Steven Spielberg. Her uncle is opera singer and actor Harry Danner, whose daughter, actress Hillary Danner, is <mask>'s cousin and close friend. <mask> recalls their family gatherings: "Hillary and I always had this in common, and to this day ... cooking for people we love, eating, hanging out as a family. It's how we were raised. It's what we do." Another cousin is Rebekah <mask> Neumann, whose spouse is the Israeli-American millionaire Adam Neumann, founder of WeWork.<mask> was raised in a very wealthy household, and lived in Santa Monica, California, where she attended Crossroads School, before enrolling in the Spence School, an all-girls private school in Manhattan. Later, she studied art history at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before dropping out to act. She is an "adopted daughter" of Talavera de la Reina (Spain), where at 15, she spent a year as an exchange student and learned to speak Spanish. She is also conversant in French, as her family frequently traveled to the South of France throughout her childhood. Career Early work (1989–1995) Her career beginnings can be credited to her acting family, as her acting debut was in High (1989), a TV film her father directed, and after spending several summers watching her mother perform at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in Massachusetts, Paltrow made her professional stage debut there in 1990. Her film debut followed with the musical romance film Shout (1991), starring John Travolta, and she was cast by her godfather Steven Spielberg in the commercially successful adventure feature Hook (1991) as the young Wendy Darling. <mask>'s next roles were in one episode of the Scottish soap opera Take The High Road (1992) and the made-for-television movies Cruel Doubt (1992) and Deadly Relations (1993).Her first plum feature film role was in the noir drama Flesh and Bone (1993) as the much-younger girlfriend of James Caan. Janet Maslin of The New York Times described <mask> as a scene-stealer "who is Blythe Danner's daughter and has her mother's way of making a camera fall in love with her." In 1995, she starred in the thriller Se7en, as the wife of a young detective (Brad Pitt), who is partnered with the retiring William Somerset (Morgan Freeman) and then tasked with tracking down a serial killer who uses the seven deadly sins as tropes in his murders. The seventh-highest-grossing film of the year, Seven also earned her a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. She appeared in Moonlight and Valentino, as a grieving chain-smoker, and in Jefferson in Paris, portraying Martha Jefferson Randolph. Breakthrough and critical success (1996–2001) In 1996, Paltrow played the title character in the period film adaptation Emma, based on the 1815 novel of the same name by Jane Austen. Director Douglas McGrath decided to bring in Paltrow to audition for the part of Emma Woodhouse, after a suggestion from his agent and after seeing her performance in Flesh and Bone.On his decision to cast the actress, McGrath revealed: "The thing that actually sold me on her playing a young English girl was that she did a perfect Texas accent. I know that wouldn't recommend her to most people ... I knew she had theater training, so she could carry herself. We had many actresses, big and small, who wanted to play this part. The minute she started the read-through, the very first line, I thought, 'Everything is going to be fine; she's going to be brilliant.'" While she recovered from wisdom-tooth surgery, <mask> had a month to herself to do her own research for the part; she studied horsemanship, dancing, singing, archery and the "highly stylized" manners and dialect during a 3-week rehearsal period. The film was released to critical acclaim and commercial success through arthouse cinemas.Variety proclaimed: "<mask> <mask> shines brightly as Jane Austen's most endearing character, the disastrously self-assured matchmaker Emma Woodhouse. A fine cast, speedy pacing, and playful direction make this a solid contender for the Austen sweepstakes." <mask> starred in the crime film Hard Eight. 1998 marked a turning point in <mask>'s career as she took on leading roles in five high-profile film releases in the yearGreat Expectations, Sliding Doors, Hush, A Perfect Murder and Shakespeare in Love. In the adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations, also starring Ethan Hawke, Robert De Niro, Anne Bancroft and Chris Cooper, she played the unrequited and haughty childhood love of a New York City painter. The British drama Sliding Doors saw her star as a woman whose life could take two central paths depending on whether or not she catches a train, causing different outcomes. Great Expectations and Sliding Doors both grossed over $55 million worldwide.<mask> starred opposite Jessica Lange in the thriller Hush, as an unsuspecting woman living with her psychotic mother-in-law. The film made $13.5 million domestically and was generally panned by critics. In another thriller, A Perfect Murder, inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film, Dial M for Murder, <mask> starred alongside Michael Douglas, playing Emily Taylor, who was based on Grace Kelly's character from the original film. Despite a mixed critical response towards A Perfect Murder, the film grossed $128 million globally. She was also considered for the role of Rose DeWitt Bukater in the 1997 film Titanic. Her most critically acclaimed role in the year was that of the fictional lover of William Shakespeare in Shakespeare in Love, opposite Joseph Fiennes in the titular part. Entertainment Weekly commented, "Best of all is <mask> <mask>, who, at long last, has a movie to star in that's as radiant as she is."The New York Times summed up her performance as Viola thus: "<mask> <mask>, in her first great, fully realized starring performance, makes a heroine so breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light." Shakespeare in Love made $289 million in box office receipts, and won <mask> the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical, and Academy Award for Best Actress, among other honors. The pink Ralph Lauren dress she wore to the 71st Academy Awards in collecting her Oscar was extremely popular and was credited for bringing pink back into fashion. In 1999, <mask> co-starred alongside Jude Law, Matt Damon and Cate Blanchett in the psychological thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley, as the fiancée of a rich and spoiled millionaire playboy (Law) whose identity is adopted by a con artist (Damon). While The Guardian, noting the "very underwritten" female roles in the story, found her to be "peaky and pallid", the film received positive reviews and grossed $80 million in North America. She showcased her singing ability in 2000s Duets, which was directed by her father and co-starred singer Huey Lewis. In the film, about "the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it", she portrayed the estranged daughter of a hustler (Lewis).She performed a cover version of Smokey Robinson's "Cruisin', which was released as a single and went to number one in Australia, while her rendition of the Kim Carnes classic "Bette Davis Eyes" reached number three. Also in 2000, Paltrow co-starred with Ben Affleck in the moderately successful romantic drama Bounce as Abby Janello. She starred with Jack Black in the comedy Shallow Hal (2001), about a shallow man falling in love with an overweight woman. To play her role, she had to wear a specially designed 25-pound fatsuit and heavy makeup. Shallow Hal opened with $22.5 million and grossed $70.7 million in North America and $141.1 million around the globe. Roger Ebert remarked that she was "truly touching" in the film, which he described as "often very funny, but ... also surprisingly moving at times." In the Wes Anderson dramedy The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), co-starring Gene Hackman, Anjelica Huston, Ben Stiller and Luke Wilson, Paltrow took on the role of the adopted daughter in an estranged family of former child prodigies reuniting with their father.A positive critical response greeted the film upon its release, and it made $71.4 million worldwide. Career fluctuations (2002–2007) In 2004, it was noted that since her Oscar win for Shakespeare in Love, <mask>'s film career had been less noteworthy and critical acclaim had waned. She said she was unequipped for the pressure, leading to several bad film choices, agreeing with peers who believe the win is, in some ways, a curse. During this time, <mask> rarely appeared in films, having taken a hiatus to raise her two children. In The Guardian, she said she divided her career into movies for love and films for money: The Royal Tenenbaums, Proof, and Sylvia fell into the former category, while she signed on to View from the Top and Shallow Hal for the latter. In 2002, <mask> made small appearances in the documentary Searching for Debra Winger and the action satire comedy Austin Powers in Goldmember, while she starred in the thriller-drama Possession with Aaron Eckhart as a couple of literary scholars who unearth the amorous secret of two Victorian poets as they find themselves falling under a deepening connection. The film made a lukewarm $14.8 million worldwide.In the following year, she headlined the romantic comedy View from the Top, where she obtained the part of woman from a small town who sets out to fulfill her dream of becoming a flight attendant. Budgeted at $30 million, the film only earned $7 million in its opening weekend; it eventually grossed $15.6 domestically and $19,526,014 worldwide. She herself later disparaged the film, calling it "terrible". <mask> starred as the titular role in Sylvia (2003), a British biographical drama directed by Christine Jeffs and co-starring Daniel Craig chronicling the romance between prominent poets Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes. Distributed for a limited release in most markets, Sylvia made $2.9 million internationally. The New York Times, in its review for the film, wrote that "her performance goes well beyond mimicry. She has a vivid, passionate presence, even when her lively features have gone slack with depression and her bright blue eyes have glazed over."In 2004, she starred with her The Talented Mr. Ripley co-star Jude Law and Angelina Jolie in the science fiction film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow. Her role in the film was Polly Perkins, the reporter for the fictional New York Chronicle. Law became one of the producers of the film and used his clout to get <mask> involved. Once she had been suggested for the role, Law did not remember "any other name coming up. It just seems that she was perfect. She was as enthusiastic about the script and about the visual references that were sort of put to her, and jumped on board." She said in an interview, "I thought that this is the time to do a movie like this where it's kind of breaking into new territory and it's not your basic formulaic action-adventure movie."While critical response was positive, with a budget of $70 million, Sky Captain only grossed $58 million at the international box office. Also in 2004, she was recognized as an outstanding woman in entertainment by Women in Film Los Angeles with the Crystal Award. In the drama Proof (2005), she starred as the depressed daughter of a brilliant, eccentric mathematician (played by Anthony Hopkins). The film was based on the play of the same name, in which <mask> also played the same character at London's Donmar Warehouse between May and June 2002. On her portrayal in the film version, Eye for Film remarked: "As she has already shown in Sylvia, The Royal Tenenbaums and even Sliding Doors, Paltrow has an uncanny talent for playing women who are coming apart at the seams and her [character] veers from lovably eccentric to more disturbingly unhinged and back again with fluent ease. The scenes, which she and Hopkins share, as two difficult people bound together by affection, dependency, and mutual respect, are entirely believable and all the more touching for it." For her performance, <mask> received her second Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.Paltrow filmed small roles for the 2006 films Love and Other Disasters, Running with Scissors and Infamous, where she sang Cole Porter's "What Is This Thing Called Love?" Her brother <mask> directed her in his feature debut, the romantic comedy The Good Night (2007), in which she starred opposite Penélope Cruz, Martin Freeman, Danny DeVito and Simon Pegg as the wife of a former keyboard player (Freeman). The film received a two-theater run in North America and garnered mixed reviews from critics. View London felt the actress was "clearly only playing her part as a courtesy to her director brother and it just makes you wish she'd go back to playing lead roles again." Marvel Cinematic Universe and acting hiatus (2008–present) Paltrow saw a resurgence in her career in 2008, when she was cast in Iron Man as Pepper Potts, Tony Stark's personal assistant, closest friend, and budding love interest. First hesitant to appear in a big-budget project, Paltrow asked Marvel to send her any comics they would consider relevant to her understanding of the character, whom she considered to be very smart, levelheaded, and grounded. She said she liked "the fact that there's a sexuality that's not blatant."The director Jon Favreau wanted Potts and Stark's relationship to be reminiscent of a 1940s screwball comedy, something which <mask> considered to be fun in an "innocent yet sexy" way. Iron Man was favorably received by critics, and with a worldwide gross of $585 million, it

Gwyneth Paltrow

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became <mask>'s highest-grossing film until The Avengers (2012). She reprised her role in the sequels Iron Man 2 (2010) and Iron Man 3 (2013). While the second film grossed $623.9 million internationally, the third entry went on to gross $1.215 billion. She also reprised the role in Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). <mask> starred opposite Joaquin Phoenix in the romantic drama Two Lovers (2008), playing the beautiful but volatile new neighbor of a depressed bachelor. Two Lovers premiered in competition at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival in May, receiving largely positive reviews, especially for <mask>'s and Phoenix's performances; Los Angeles Times felt that "Phoenix is at his best with Paltrow's bruised sparrow of a girl; he's desperate to take care of her when he can't even take care of himself.She is one of those actresses who understands the power of a look, and the one of regret and then resignation that overtakes her when Leonard professes his love is steeped in sadness." The film was an arthouse success, grossing $16 million worldwide. In the musical drama Country Strong (2010), she starred as an emotionally unstable country music star who attempts to resurrect her career. She recorded the song "Country Strong" for the film's soundtrack, and it was released to country radio stations in August 2010. The film received mediocre reviews and grossed a modest $20.2 million in North America. The consensus of review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes was: "The cast gives it their all, and Paltrow handles her songs with aplomb, but Country Strongs clichéd, disjointed screenplay hits too many bum notes." At the 83rd Academy Awards, Paltrow performed another song from the film, "Coming Home," which was nominated for Best Original Song.<mask> made her first scripted television appearance on Fox's Glee, as substitute teacher Holly Holliday, who fills in for Matthew Morrison's character when he falls ill. Her role was developed by co-creator Ryan Murphy, a personal friend of <mask>'s, who suggested that she showcase her vocal and dancing abilities ahead of the release of Country Strong. In her first episode, "The Substitute," she sang "Nowadays" from the musical Chicago with Lea Michele, CeeLo Green's "Forget You", and a mash-up of "Singin' In the Rain" and Rihanna's "Umbrella" with Morrison and the rest of the cast. Her debut on Glee attracted significant buzz and positive commentary from critics; she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series. Indeed, at the time, Entertainment Weekly Tim Stack and E! Onlines Kristin dos Santos called her appearance Emmy-worthy, with the former rating it among her best performances, and the latter stating that Holly received "some of Glee best-ever one-liners." She later performed "Forget You" with CeeLo Green himself and several puppet characters provided by The Jim Henson Company at the 2011 Grammy Awards.She reprised her role twice more that season, performing "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" by Gary Glitter, an acoustic version of "Landslide" by Fleetwood Mac, "Kiss" by Prince, and Adele's "Turning Tables." <mask> was briefly featured in Glee: The 3D Concert Movie after being filmed while she performed "Forget You" as Holly in the 2011 Glee Live! In Concert! tour performances of June 16 and 17, 2011. Later that year, <mask> appeared in Steven Soderbergh's film Contagion, featuring an ensemble cast consisting of Marion Cotillard, Kate Winslet and her The Talented Mr. Ripley co-stars Matt Damon and Jude Law. The thriller follows the rapid progress of a lethal indirect contact transmission virus that kills within days. <mask> played Elizabeth Emhoff, a "working mom" and one of the virus' first victims.Contagion received positive reviews and opened atop at the North American box office with $23.1 million; it went on to gross $75.6 million domestically and $135.4 million worldwide. She reprised her role of Pepper Potts in The Avengers (2012), which set numerous box office records, including the biggest opening weekend in North America; it grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide, becoming <mask>'s most widely seen film. Also in 2012, she starred in the independent romantic dramedy Thanks for Sharing, opposite Mark Ruffalo as people learning to face a challenging and confusing road as they struggle together against sex addiction. Distributed for a limited release in certain parts of the United States, the film garnered mixed reviews and grossed $1 million domestically. Paste magazine noted that her role "exhibits some of the same obsessive diet and exercise habits that <mask> herself has been accused ofa kind of meta character trait that balances the power in [the main roles'] budding relationship." In April 2013, <mask> was named People magazine's annual "Most Beautiful Woman." In 2014, she had a two-episode arc in the improvised online series Web Therapy, as Maya Ganesh, "a new-age caricature."In 2015, she starred in Mortdecai, alongside Johnny Depp, Olivia Munn, and Paul Bettany. In it, she portrayed the wife of an unscrupulous art dealer and swindler (Depp). Budgeted at $60 million, the film only grossed $7.7 million in North America and $47.3 million internationally. <mask> was featured on the track "Everglow", which was included in Coldplay's seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams (2015). In June 2017, <mask> announced that she would take a break from acting to focus on her business Goop, stating: "I'm still going to do a little bit here and there, but [the company] really requires almost all of my time." In 2019, <mask> reprised her role as Pepper Potts in Avengers: Endgame. That same year, she played a supporting role in the Netflix comedy-drama series The Politician, playing the mother of Ben Platt's character.In October 2021, Netflix released Sex, Love, and Goop, a sex therapy-themed series produced by and starring <mask>. Other ventures Philanthropy and politics <mask> is a Save the Children artist ambassador, raising awareness about World Pneumonia Day. She is on the board of the Robin Hood Foundation, a charitable organization that works to alleviate poverty in New York City. In October 2014, she hosted a Democratic fundraiser attended by President Barack Obama at her private residence in Los Angeles. In May 2019, <mask> and actor Bradley Whitford hosted a fundraiser for Democratic presidential candidate Mayor Pete Buttigieg. In April 2020, <mask>, along with other celebrities, discussed the COVID-19 pandemic with Dr. Anthony Fauci on a one-hour-long zoom call. Fauci hoped the celebrities would use their social media "megaphones" to encourage proper precautions among their followers.Audiobooks In 2009, <mask> narrated the audiobook The Brown Bear & Friends by Bill Martin Jr., the first of a series of children's audiobooks that she narrated. The Brown Bear & Friends audiobook earned <mask> a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album for Children. Since, she has also narrated Bill Martin's Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?, Baby Bear, Baby Bear, What Do You See?, Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?, and Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?. Fashion In May 2005, Paltrow became the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume. She appeared in Chicago on August 17, 2007, to sign bottles of the perfume, and on July 8, 2008, she promoted Lauder's Sensuous perfume in New York with the company's three other models. Estée Lauder donates a minimum of $500,000 of sales of items from the 'Pleasures Gwyneth Paltrow' collection to breast cancer research. In 2006, she became the face for Bean Pole International, a Korean fashion brand and in 2014, she partnered with Blo Blow Bar, teaming up with the brand's creative branch.Goop In September 2008, <mask> launched the weekly lifestyle newsletter Goop, encouraging readers to 'nourish the inner aspect'. Goop has expanded into a web-based company, Goop.com. According to <mask>, the company's name came from someone telling her that successful internet companies have double O's in their name, and "is a nickname, like my name is G.P., so that is really where it came from. And I wanted it to be a word that means nothing and could mean anything." Goop has expanded into e-commerce, collaborating with fashion brands, launching pop-up shops, launching a wellness summit, a print magazine, a podcast, and a documentary series streamed on Netflix. Goop, and by extension Paltrow, have faced backlash for showcasing expensive products and promoting medically and scientifically impossible treatments, many of which have harmful consequences. The controversies have included vaginal steaming, the use of jade eggs, a dangerous coffee enema device, and "Body Vibes", wearable stickers that were claimed to "rebalance the energy frequency in our bodies" and which Goop falsely claimed were made of a NASA-developed material.Goop settled a lawsuit regarding the health claims it made over the jade eggs. Jill Avery, a brand analyst, has noted how Goop's response to criticism seems designed to "strengthen their brand and draw their customers closer", noting Goop's references to feminism, traditional Asian medicines and Eastern philosophies, and anti-establishment politics to do so. On January 24, 2020, Netflix released The Goop Lab, a documentary series. The 6-part show promotes Goop, and covers pseudoscientific topics in energy healing, the use of psychedelic drugs, cold therapy, anti-aging, mediumship, and female sexuality. Critics argued that granting Goop access to Netflix's platform was a "win for pseudoscience". Upon release of the first trailer, and again after the full six-episode series was available, the series sparked controversy concerning the medical and scientific misinformation it presented. On January 27, 2020, Truth in Advertising watchdog (TINA.org) filed a complaint with the district attorneys of California alleging that Goop has continued to engage in deceptive marketing.TINA.org's complaint alleges that Goop claims their products are "clinically-proven" to treat such symptoms as anxiety, depression, OCD and more. In January 2021, it was announced that <mask> was an early investor in Thirteen Lune, an e-commerce site focused on makeup, skincare, haircare and wellness products owned by people of color and ally brands. In April 2021, Goop became Thirteen Lune's first ally brand. Food In October 2007, <mask> signed for the PBS television series Spain... on the Road Again, which showcases the food and culture of Spain. In 2008, <mask> co-wrote the book Spain... A Culinary Road Trip with Mario Batali. In 2011, she wrote a book titled My Father's Daughter: Delicious, Easy Recipes Celebrating Family and Togetherness. That same year she penned the book Notes From the Kitchen Table.Two years later she published a book titled It's All Good: Delicious Easy Recipes That Will Make You Look Good and Feel Great, which promoted an elimination diet that is unsupported by medical evidence. Included in that book was a recipe for avocado toast which was widely copied and adapted as part of a 2010s food trend. Also in 2013, <mask> wrote a foreword for a book by Ross Matthews, Man Up! Tales of My Delusional Self-Confidence. In 2016, <mask> published a cookbook: It's All Easy: Delicious Weekday Recipes for the Super-Busy Home Cook. Negative reaction by a group of scientist and science communication mothers to <mask>'s 2015 video pushing for mandatory labeling of food containing genetically modified organisms led to the creation of a documentary, Science Moms. The film is about mothers who advocate for science-based decision-making concerning the health and nutrition of children.In February 2021 it was reported that <mask> was suffering from long COVID, leaving her with "some long-tail fatigue and brain fog". She advocated treatments for it which involved a "ketogenic and plant-based" diet (with no sugar or alcohol), fasting until 11:00 every day and taking infrared saunas. This advice was criticized by NHS England's Professor Stephen Powis. Personal life In 2004, <mask> practiced cupping therapy, attending a film premiere with bruises on her back. , <mask> practices Transcendental Meditation. While <mask> had previously smoked one cigarette a week, she had cut down. In 2014, <mask>, whose father was Jewish, was reportedly planning to convert to Judaism.In 2017, <mask> revealed that during the filming of Emma (1996), producer Harvey Weinstein made unwanted sexual advances toward her. She confided in her then-fiancé Brad Pitt, who subsequently confronted the producer at an industry event. Weinstein later warned <mask> not to tell anyone else. She was, in 2017, a major source for an article written by The New York Times investigative journalists Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey about Weinstein's alleged sexual misconduct. In January 2019, retired optometrist Terry Sanderson sued <mask> for $3.1 million, claiming that three years earlier she collided with him on a ski slope at Deer Valley Resort in Park City, Utah, causing him permanent traumatic brain injury. <mask> counter-sued Sanderson that February, claiming that he was the one who crashed into her. She sought a symbolic one dollar in damages, as well as repayment of her legal fees.<mask> has received backlash from the scientific community and medical professionals for promoting unproven treatments based on pseudoscience through her company Goop. Relationships and children <mask> became engaged at age 24 to actor Brad Pitt, whom she dated from 1994 to 1997. They called off the engagement because, according to Paltrow, she was not ready for marriage. She has since said that, as this was her first high-profile relationship with another celebrity, it taught her the need for public discretion about her romantic life. <mask> began dating actor Ben Affleck in October 1997 after meeting at a Miramax dinner, and they later worked together on Shakespeare in Love (1998). Although they first split in January 1999, months later, <mask> persuaded Affleck to co-star with her in Bounce (2000) and they soon rekindled their relationship. They eventually broke up in October 2000.In 2015, <mask> said she and Affleck remain friends. In October 2002, <mask> met Chris Martin of the British band Coldplay backstage three weeks after the death of her father, <mask>, for which the Coldplay song "Fix You" was written to help Paltrow through her grief. They married in December 2003 in a ceremony at a hotel in Southern California. She was pregnant with their child at the time of their wedding. <mask> and Martin have two children together: a daughter named Apple Blythe Alison Martin, born May 14, 2004, and a son, Moses Martin, born April 8, 2006. Their son's name was inspired by a song Chris Martin wrote for Paltrow. Simon Pegg and Martin's bandmate Jonny Buckland are Apple's godfathers.<mask> cut down on work after becoming a mother. She also suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her second child in 2006. In March 2014, <mask> announced that she and Martin had separated after ten years of marriage, describing the process as "conscious uncoupling." In her official announcement, <mask> had her doctor, Habib Sadeghi, and his dentist wife, Sherry Sami, explain Conscious Uncoupling. A "conscious uncoupling is the ability to understand that every irritation and argument [within a marriage] was a signal to look inside ourselves and identify a negative internal object that needed healing," Sadeghi explained. "From this perspective, there are no bad guys, just two people, it's about people as individuals, not just the relationship". In April 2015, <mask> filed for divorce, which was finalized on July 14, 2016.In 2014, <mask> began dating producer Brad Falchuk, whom she met on the set of Glee in 2010. The couple went public with their relationship in April 2015, and announced their engagement on January 8, 2018. Their marriage ceremony was held in September 2018 in the Hamptons on Long Island, New York. Awards and nominations Filmography Film Television Discography Singles As lead artist As featured artist Other album appearances Music videos Published works <mask>, <mask> (2019). The Clean Plate: Eat, Reset, Heal. Grand Central Life & Style. Sadeghi Habib – Author, <mask>, Gwyneth – Foreword

Pey Berland

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Blessed <mask>, from <mask>; c. 1380 – January 1458) was the Archbishop of Bordeaux from 1430 until his abdication, during a pivotal time in the history of the city and of Gascony. During his tenure, the city of Bordeaux remained staunchly faithful to the King of England in the last phase of the Hundred Years' War, but the French took the city in 1451. Education and early career <mask> was born in the hamlet of Saint-Raphael in the parish of Avensan in central Medoc. Though a peasant, he was educated early on by a retired local notary before moving to Bordeaux to continue his studies and enter the Church. He eventually enrolled in the University of Toulouse and received a bachelor's certificate in canon law. He was ordained at that point, though still young by the standards of the time, when most boys who entered the church put off priesthood until it was required by their office. He then caught the attention of Francesco Uguccione, the old Archbishop of Bordeaux (1384–1412), who drafted him to serve as his personal secretary.As a secretary of an influential diplomat and cardinal, <mask> travelled extensively in the early 15th century. In Autumn 1408 he accompanied Uguccione to England, where the cardinal sought to persuade the English to send a delegation to the Council of Pisa - then struggling to put an end to the Western Schism. From England, <mask> and Uguccione went to Italy, and in 1410 the archbishop rewarded <mask> with one of the canonries of the Cathedral of Saint-André, which included Bouliac opposite Bordeaux on the Garonne and the associate parishes of Quinsac and Lormont. In 1412 the two were in Florence when Uguccione died. <mask> supervised his burial and then went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, before returning once more to Bordeaux. In 1413 <mask> was rewarded post mortem by his old master when Antipope John XXIII, fulfilling a request by Uguccione that "his beloved servant" <mask> not be forgotten, granted the canon a prebend. He subsequently rose rapidly in the ecclesiastical ranks of Gascony and, in 1423, he was appointed by the regents of the young Henry VI to the Court of Sovereignty, a sort of appellate court, of Gascony, which sat in Bordeaux.In 1430 the archbishop David de Montferrand died and the cathedral chapter readily elected <mask> to replace him, which election was unhesitatingly confirmed by Pope Martin V. Archiepiscopate Patronage of building and learning As archbishop, <mask> pursued several building projects. He had a new hospital constructed, dedicated to Saint Peter (Saint-Pierre) near Saint-Seurin. The bell tower built at Saint-André in 1440 is still called the Tour Pey Berland today, after its founder; it had been ordered by the chapter in 1429 but it took Berland to get construction underway. <mask> was also a patron of the education in his city. In 1441, after years of urging in the Papal curia, Bordeaux was granted its own studium generale, a precursor to the University of Bordeaux. In 1442, he founded a college in his birth town of Saint-Raphael. This college was a prototype of the later diocesan seminary and in Berland's day it trained twelve young men for the priesthood.<mask> bequeathed all his books to the college and he also created a fund to help purchase books for poor students at other institutions. Hundred Years' War Politically, <mask> was resistant to French efforts to control Bordeaux and he strongly supported English sovereignty. While the French kings claimed ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Bordeaux by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, <mask> rejected it. From 1434-51, his leadership was essential, as the mayor of the time, Gadifer Shorthose, was weak-willed and short-sighted. During that time <mask> did not deem it wise to leave his diocese; rather he sent a delegation to the Council of Basel. On 16 July 1442, Thomas Bekynton (Bishop of Bath and Wells), in the company of Robert Roos , arrived in Bordeaux as ambassadors of the English king. The next day they took letters from Henry VI promising aid, once they had had them translated, to <mask>, who read them from the pulpit the next day.The citizens were stirred to action to help defend their city while they awaited help from England. <mask> travelled to England on 26 July with letters from the ambassadors. He sent his physician back to Bordeaux in October, but he remained in England for the twofold purpose of assuring the king of the loyalty of his Gascon subjects and of keeping the plight of the Bordelais on his mind. On 1 November 1450, a day remembered as La Male Journade ("the bad day") in Bordelais history, the citizens of Bordeaux, along with English men-at-arms and Gascon knights, sallied forth to defend the city from the encroaching armies of Amanieu of Orval, Poton de Xaintrailles, and Jean Bureau. The Gascon defenders were routed and many citizens lost heir lives. <mask> is said to have retreated into his chamber for two days to pray after seeing the mass of bodies being returned to the city. Bordeaux was forced to come to terms before a long siege began.On 12 June 1451, the Estates of Bordeaux, represented by <mask> <mask>, signed a treaty with the French, represented by Xaintrailles. On 30 June 1451, at a ceremony held in the cathedral, <mask> <mask> and the leading men of Bordeaux swore oaths of fealty to Charles VII of France and so the French, led by Dunois, in return recognised the privileges of Bordeaux. Relationship with the French It is likely that the French pressured <mask> to renounce his bishopric in order that they could fill it with a more amenable Frenchman. On 7 December 1451, he made a public protest at the acts of the commission of the French seneschal of Guyenne. He ordered the commissary, Georges de Bassac, not to hold any further audiences under pain of excommunication or, probably worse, a fine. On 7 July 1452, <mask> took an oath at the altar of his church that he would never abandon or renounce his archbishopric and wished to die an archbishop. Nevertheless, he refrained from any anti-French activities for the duration of his episcopate and honoured his oath of 1451.In September 1456, <mask> <mask> finally did retire from his archdiocese. He moved to his hometown of Saint-Raphael, at the college he had founded there, and where he died in January 1458. References Sources Labarge, Margaret Wade. Gascony, England's First Colony 1204–1453. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980. Vale, M. G. A. "The Last Years of English Gascony, 1451–1453: The Alexander Prize Essay."Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser., Vol. 19. (1969), pp. 119–138. 1380 births 1458 deaths Gascons Archbishops of Bordeaux People of the Hundred Years' War 15th-century French Roman Catholic bishops 15th-century Christian saints Medieval English saints People from Gironde

Fravia

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Francesco Vianello (30 August 1952 – 3 May 2009), better known by his nickname Fravia (sometimes +Fravia or Fravia+), was a software reverse engineer, who maintained a web archive of reverse engineering techniques and papers. He also worked on steganography. He taught on subjects such as data mining, anonymity and stalking. Vianello spoke six languages (including Latin) and had a degree in the history of the early Middle Ages. He was an expert in linguistics-related informatics. For five years he made available a large quantity of material related to reverse engineering through his website, which also hosted the advice of reverse engineering experts, known as reversers, who provided tutorials and essays on how to hack software code as well as advice related to the assembly and disassembly of applications, and software protection reversing. Vianello's web presence dates from 1995 when he first got involved in research related to reverse code engineering (RCE).In 2000 he changed his focus and concentrated on advanced internet search methods and the reverse engineering of search engine code. His websites "www.fravia.com" and "www.searchlores.org" contained a large amount of specialised information related to data mining. His website "www.searchlores.org" has been called a "very useful instrument for searching the web", and his "www.fravia.com" site has been described as "required reading for any spy wanting to go beyond simple Google searches." There are still several mirrors of Fravia's old websites, even though the original domain names are no longer functional. The last mirror of Search Lores linked originally by Fravia directly from his website ("search.lores.eu") went offline in February 2020, but a new mirror came to existence later in 2020 at fravia.net. As Francesco Vianello In the 1980s, he was a member of the Esteban Canal chess club in Venice, before moving to CES in Brussels. Graduated in history at the University of Venice in 1994, Vianello had a master's degree in history and philosophy in 1999.He was interested in studying the arts and humanities and was aiming to build a collective knowledge on the particular subject of learning and Web-searching as an art. He spoke six languages (including Latin). <mask> participated as a speaker in the 22nd Chaos Communication Congress. His lecture was on the subject of Hacking. As <mask> Vianello was focusing on privacy and created the myth of Fjalar Ravia (aka fravia+, msre, Spini, Red Avenger, ~S~ Sustrugiel, Pellet, Ravia F.) as protection from hostile seekers. At least two distinct phases of his internet public work can be identified. The first, from 1995 (starting date of his internet presence) to 1999 was related to software reversing, software protection, decompiling, disassembling, and deep software code deconstruction.At those times the WDasm disassembler by Eric Grass, which also included a debugger, was a popular download. The second, starting in 2000, where the first stage left off, was focused on an (apparently) entirely different field: Internet Knowledge search. In February 2001, Vianello made a conference at the École Polytechnique in Paris about "The art of information searching on today's Internet". He also presented his work "Wizard searching: reversing the commercial Web for fun and knowledge" at REcon 2005. First Period: Reverse Engineering ("Reality Cracking") In the first period Vianello focused on reverse-engineering software protection, content copyright, and software patents. The steps for cracking software protection were in many cases published on his website, in the form of essays and Old Red Cracker's lessons. Vianello asked the community to remove from the web every copy of his old site (www.fravia.org - now a spam advertisement website), corresponding to this period, because "The idea was to convert young crackers [...] The experiment worked only in part, hence the decision a couple of years ago to freeze that site".Nevertheless, some mirrors still exist. The site has been described as containing "useful tools and products". According to the 2001 ACM Multimedia Workshops of the Association for Computing Machinery, Vianello's website contained information which could assist hackers of a certain classification who were not skilled enough "to mount a new or novel attack". His website also analysed brute force attacks on steganography. This period included papers related to reality-cracking, i.e. the capacity of the seeker to decode the hidden facts behind appearance. Reverse engineering a legitimately bought program and studying or modifying its code for knowledge was claimed as legal by Vianello at least in the European Union under some restricted conditions.Second Period: Web Searching ("Search Lores") The transition between the two phases occurred after realizing the growing importance of Internet search engines as tools to access information. According to his vision, access to information should not be restricted, and he was advocating for a true openness of web information contents. He strongly criticized the large amount of advertising on the Internet, which he considered as promoting unnecessary products to a population of naive consumers. Richard Stallman, in his web article "Ubuntu Spyware: What to do? ", mentions that it was Vianello who alerted him to the fact that performing a file search on a computer running Microsoft Windows would cause it to send a network packet to an Internet server, which was then detected by the firewall in Vianello's computer. In the second stage of his work, Vianello explained how the content is currently structured on the world wide web and the difficulties of finding relevant information through search engines because of the growing number of ads, that search engines promote today. In 2005, Vianello was the keynote speaker at the T2 infosec conference.The subject of his speech was: "The Web - Bottomless Cornucopia and Immense Garbage Dump". +HCU Vianello was a member of the so-called High Cracking University (+HCU), founded by Old Red Cracker to advance research into Reverse Code Engineering (RCE). The addition of the "+" sign in front of the nickname of a reverser signified membership in the +HCU. +HCU published a new reverse engineering problem annually and a small number of respondents with the best replies qualified for an undergraduate position at the "university". Vianello's website was known as "+Fravia's Pages of Reverse Engineering" and he used it to challenge programmers as well as the wider society to "reverse engineer" the "brainwashing of a corrupt and rampant materialism". In its heyday, his website received millions of visitors per year and its influence was described as "widespread". Nowadays most of the graduates of +HCU have migrated to Linux and few have remained as Windows reversers.The information at the university has been rediscovered by a new generation of researchers and practitioners of RCE who have started new research projects in the field. Legacy Vianello has been described as an inspiration for many hackers and reversers, a friend of the founder of the CCC Wau Holland, and a motivation for Jon Lech Johansen to understand the inner workings of computer programs. Johansen commented in a blog post that Fravia's site was a goldmine during his education as a reverse engineer. In his later years, he moved from software reversing to free software and searching the web further. His website has been described as the meeting point of the people who wanted to search the web deeper still. In September 2008, Vianello stopped updating his site and holding conferences, after being diagnosed with and receiving treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, which metastasized. His site was frozen for several months but was updated again on 9 March 2009 while he was slowly recovering and focusing on Linux.He died suddenly on Sunday, 3 May 2009 at the age of 56. Published works Francesco Vianello, Gli Unruochingi e la famiglia di Beggo conte di Parigi. (ricerche sull'alta aristocrazia carolingia) // Bollettino dell'Istituto storico italiano per il Medioevo 91 (1984). Francesco Vianello, Università di Padova, I mercanti di Chiavenna in età moderna visti dalla Terraferma veneta. Francesco Vianello,   Fravia (ed.) Annotation and exegesis of Origo Gentis Langobardorum. Notes and references External links An archive of Fravia's Searchlores (no longer updated) Fravia's website (European mirror) Fravia's Real Identity (European mirror) Fravia's fake auto-biography (European mirror) Fravia's farewell (April 2009) (European mirror) Fravia at ccc congress 2005 Fravia at ccc congress 2002 Last known mirror of the original "reversing site" Video of a Fravia conference presentation at Recon 2005 in Montreal Video of a Fravia conference presentation at Recon 2006 in Montreal I have seen the ICE age, by Malay +Greythorne's Privacy Nexus (Fravia's Partner +gthorne) Iczelion's Win32 Assembly Homepage 1952 births 2009 deaths Deaths from cancer in Belgium Italian computer programmers Italian historians Computer security specialists 20th-century historians

Widad Akrawi

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<mask> is a Kurdish health expert and human rights activist. She has co-founded the human rights organization Defend International and is the author of several books about both health issues and human rights. Akreyi holds a master's degree in genetics and a PhD in international health and epidemiology. Violations of human rights that occurred during the Iraqi government offensive against the Kurds in 1974, as well as during the Al-Anfal Campaign are thought to have shaped her life. She has been listed as one of the winners of the Fellowship of Reconciliation peace awards, where she was called "outspoken peace activist" and the "first young woman of Middle Eastern descent" to engage in advocacy relating to illicit trade of small arms and light weapons, gender-based violence, chemical and biological disarmament, conventional disarmament and international security. In 2013, Akreyi was awarded the "Special Prize for bridging the gap between civilisations" by the National Organisation for Future Generations for making valuable contributions to humanity through the creation of a culture of coexistence. When she received the International Pfeffer Peace Award in 2014, she dedicated it to the residents of Kobane and Sinjar and the persecuted Christians in the Middle East.In 2017, she was presented with the Davenport mayor medal and the Pacem in Terris Award for "her selfless commitment to human rights for all." In 2018, she received the International Simply Woman Harmony Award for devoting her life to defending human rights, and in 2020 she was handpicked as a woman of the year 2020. Biography Akreyi was born into a secular family in Kurdistan region, Iraq. In her early and her teenage years, she resisted every effort made by members of the Baath Party to induce her to gain her trust and become a member, which caused her to be blacklisted for a period of time. In 1986, she moved to Erbil where she studied civil engineering with a focus on designing roads and bridges at the Salahaddin University. In 1988 she was secretly involved in documenting torture and other violations of human rights throughout Iraq. The following year, she became politically involved in various struggles for human rights, peace, social justice, democratic governance and ethnic reconciliation.Her advocacy of anti-authoritarianism and her criticism of the use of excessive force against civilians were not without risk and threat to her life and the lives of her family members. Her involvement in these issues became more intense after the Al-Anfal Campaign, also known as the Kurdish Genocide. Despite difficult times, she managed to complete her B.Sc. in 1990. After the first Gulf War, when the Iraqi regime regained control of the Kurdistan region through an offensive in spring 1991, she was forced to leave her country. In the diaspora, Akreyi earned a master's degree in genetics and genomics and a PhD degree in global health and cancer epidemiology. She has served as a clinical geneticist, researching inherited diseases.Akreyi is the co-founder of Defend International, an NGO whose mission is "to respond to grave violations of human rights and of International Humanitarian Law, monitor the implementation of preventive measures that are designed to end impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes, conduct medical research that may either directly or indirectly improve the health standard of communities, and to promote peace and democracy through cultural relations and diplomacy." Dedication to human rights Akreyi's passion for human rights started many years ago when she advocated for her classmates at her school. As she grew up, she helped to establish a secret working group against torture in Iraq, dedicated to collecting evidence of torture and other human rights abuses. In 1987, she was secretly interviewing the victims and their families. She raised awareness about the impacts of torture and other violations of human rights on civilians. In 1990, she was engaged in advocating for gender equality and women’s empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa region. She then co-founded a regional Women’s Working Group and organised programs to enhance women’s participation in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction.Continuing activism In the diaspora, Akreyi launched campaigns, wrote articles and spoke in panel discussions on human rights, international conventions and peace. In 2005, she was elected, among Arabic-speaking bloggers from around the world, as the MENA region’s most prominent blogger. She was awarded the prestigious title of "Queen Blogger" for two years until she resigned. Her first involvement with Amnesty International was in 1994, when she started to do volunteer work. In March 2006, the International Secretariat of Amnesty International thanked her for her efforts in support of Amnesty’s campaigns, especially her effective use of the internet as a tool for human rights education and mobilisation. In February 2006, she was appointed as "Stop Torture" ambassador for Amnesty International. She was elected in the executive committee of Amnesty International in April 2006.In June 2006, Akreyi co-chaired the first regional conference on control arms held in Cairo and was part of a delegation of high-profile activists who met with policy-makers at the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Egyptian Parliament. In June 2007, she quit Amnesty International and co-founded Defend International. Same year, she was elected as a co-chair of the Women’s Working Group on MENA Region. It is observed that Akreyi has created partner agreements with leading NGOs like the International Action Network on Small Arms, Cluster Munition Coalition and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. She has launched campaigns to defend the rights of writers, civil society activists, children (child/forced marriages), girls, women's rights defenders, students, professors, prisoners on death row and prisoners on hunger strikes. She has over 20 years of experiences in the areas of human rights, gender equality, women's empowerment, grassroots organising, intercultural communication, strategic planning, international security, peace and international conventions. Pfeffer Peace Prize Akreyi has been awarded the 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award for "creating momentum in favor of a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty to prevent the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons that might be used for acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, or terrorism," as well as for lobbying for the "UN Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict and the UN Resolution 2117 dedicated to halting illicit transfer, destabilizing accumulation, and misuse of small arms and light weapons" around the world.Following the announcement by the US Fellowship of Reconciliation on 18 September 2014, the award was presented to her on 13 October 2014 by Rev. Lucas Johnson, International Coordinator for the International Fellowship of Reconciliation. Akreyi dedicated the award to the 50 million refugees who have been displaced as a direct result of conflict, persecution or the irresponsible transfer of conventional arms, and particularly mentioned the Yazidis, Christians, and all residents of Kobanê region. Pacem in Terris Pace and Freedom Award <mask> received the Pacem in Terris Award in 2017 for committing her life's mission to peace and justice, advocating "for human dignity for all in the Middle East," alleviating "suffering and promoting peace and equal rights and opportunities for all," and for documenting crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, torture and other human rights violations, as well as for her "pursuit of justice through medical research and the monitoring of peace initiatives." The Quad-City Times stated that she "earned her place among the world’s brightest brokers of peace." The 47th Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth) Peace and Freedom Award was presented to Akreyi on 22 October 2017 by Bishop Thomas Zinkula of the Diocese of Davenport during a ceremony in Christ the King Chapel on the St. Ambrose University. Following her acceptance of the award she gave a speech about what she has witnessed, "moving some in the audience to tears."She cautioned the audience that easy solutions to the crises around the globe are not possible and said that "We must remember compassion is contagious. The more we spread it the more people will cherish it and share it." The mayor of Davenport, Iowa has presented Akreyi with the Davenport medal. International Simply Woman Harmony Award On 23 November 2018, Akreyi was awarded the International Simply Woman Harmony Award in Italy for her struggle against violations of human rights and gender-based violence. Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts Arms Trade Treaty In 2005, Akreyi began advocating for a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty to prevent the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons that might be used for acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, or terrorism. Prohibition against torture In 2005, she joined a campaign to require a prohibition against torture in the Danish criminal code. She has served as ambassador of Amnesty International’s "Stop Torture" campaign.Created bridges to Arabic-speaking audiences Since 2005 she has been engaged in online discussions, blogging and other interactive techniques through which she was able to create online bridges to Arabic speaking audiences by becoming part of online dialogue and debate. In 2006, the International Secretariat of Amnesty International praised her activities in support of Amnesty’s campaigns, noting that her involvement boosted Amnesty's "chances of success." In 2008, Akreyi joined an international campaign against Eid aerial firing. Gender-based violence In March 2008, she joined the international campaign to end gender-based violence at gunpoint. In a press release published in February 2013, Akreyi called on UN negotiators of the Arms Trade Treaty to include a legally-binding provision to prevent armed gender-based violence, noting the importance of maintaining the "momentum created over the last seven years" in favor of a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty. "We aim to provide new directions to assist in developing policy measures that counter the harmful impacts that illicit trade in small arms and light weapons have on vulnerable populations, especially on women and children" said Akreyi. In December 2014, Akreyi joined the Everywoman Everywhere Coalition at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government’s Carr Center for Human Rights Policy.This "highly diverse coalition is driven by survivors and practitioners, with more than 50 active working group members from more than 44 countries including every continent and major geographic area" and has "come together with a singular goal: Mobilization and execution of a global, grassroots-up campaign for a universal legal tool, such as a UN Convention or Additional Protocol, that empowers every woman and girl access to legal remedy should her rights to personal security be violated." In her statement released by the EEC, she had pointed out that "violence against females is a worldwide pandemic that devastates victims, threatens families, intensifies inequality, weakens societies and undermines global efforts to combat poverty through sustainable development," and she was listed as a policy advisor. Peace initiatives In June 2010, she addressed the UN Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, in New York to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects. She shared her views on the importance of investing in a "Culture of Peace," expressing her concerns about the proliferation of illicit trade in SALW around the world, which has significantly "intensified armed conflicts and made the proliferation of peace difficult" to achieve. In a press release published in March 2013, she welcomed the Kurdish leader's call for cease-fire; she urged the Turkish authorities not to waste a historic opportunity and called on Scandinavian countries to take the lead in negotiating a peace deal in Turkey. In a statement released two days after the 2015 Ankara bombings, she asked President Barack Obama to urge the Turkish Prime Minister to show respect for the victims of the peace rally and declare a ceasefire with the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which had already declared a unilateral ceasefire. She also asked Federica Mogherini to help end the armed violence between Turkey and the Kurds.When the Syrian crisis first erupted, she decided to advocate for a peaceful solution to the conflict. In an interview conducted in October 2013, she emphasised the massive human cost of the prevailing crisis in Syria and underlined that the conflict has radically influenced regional security and the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, making any global attempt to regulate the illicit trade in conventional weapons out of reach. She characterised the crisis as a "humanitarian tragedy of historic proportions," before urging the international community to do whatever possible to bring the crisis to an end in a peaceful and diplomatic manner. Global refugee crisis On the occasion of the World Refugee Day 2013, she underscored the significant contributions of resettled refugees to their new communities while expressing concern about the safety and well-being of all displaced populations. "Their challenges are many, but common for all refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons is that they have either limited or no control over their own lives... Although the world is possibly facing the worst economic crisis in its history, we must not forget the plight of refugees around the world. The international community has a responsibility to protect the rights of vulnerable asylum seekers, refugees, and returnees.We call on Member States, humanitarian agencies, and other stakeholders involved in refugee protection to ensure high standards of protection for displaced persons in neighboring countries," said Akreyi. On 4 September 2015, Akreyi organized moments of silence or prayer to honor the victims of the global refugee crisis unfolding on the shores of Europe and elsewhere. People worldwide paid tribute in memory of Alan Kurdi, his brother, his mother, their loved-ones, thousands of children who had lost their lives fleeing armed conflicts and over 2,500 refugees who had died in summer 2015 attempting to cross the Mediterranean to Europe. During a beach memorial, Akreyi expressed condolences to the families and friends of victims and called on the international community to share equitably the responsibility for protecting, assisting and hosting refugees in accordance with principles of international solidarity and human rights. She thanked volunteers and humanitarian workers for their efforts in aiding refugees. Toxic remnants of war In July 2014, Akreyi joined a global civil society initiative launched by Toxic Remnants of War Project to help strengthen protection for the environment and those who depend on it during and after conflict. In the preface she wrote for the publication "Pollution Politics: power, accountability and toxic remnants of war" she pointed out that toxic remnants of war may likely be "associated with the risk of birth defects, the risk of developing certain forms of cancer, or may adversely affect the neurological development of children and the reproductive processes of humans and animals.They may also impair the function of the respiratory and immune systems, thereby compromising the ability to respond to pathogens and other harmful organisms." Defending victims of ISIL In September 2014, Akreyi launched a worldwide campaign entitled "Save The Yazidis: The World Has To Act Now" to raise awareness about the tragedy of the Yazidis in Northern Iraq and the humanitarian emergency that continued to unfold. "The plight of the Yazidis is a humanitarian tragedy, and we want to make sure that the victims are not forgotten, protected legally, fully assisted and compensated fairly," said Akreyi. She paid tribute to all countries that had supported any minorities during the Iraqi crisis and reiterated her call for the International community to urgently intervene. Dr. Akreyi was quoted in the 2015 Annual Report of The US Commission on International Religious Freedom about the persecution of religious communities in Iraq, Syria and the surrounding region. In October 2014, she dedicated her International Pfeffer Peace Award to the Yazidis, Christians and all residents of Kobane because, she said, facts on the ground demonstrate that these peaceful people are not safe in their enclaves, partly because of their ethnic origin and/or religion and they are therefore in urgent need for immediate attention from the global community. On 4 November 2014, Akreyi said that "the international community should define what’s happening to the Yezidis as a crime against humanity, crime against cultural heritage of the region and ethnic cleansing," adding that Yazidi females are being "subjected to as systematic gender-based violence and the use of slavery and rape as a weapon of war."When the "price list" for Yazidi and Christian females was issued by ISIS on 3 August 2015, Akreyi and her team were the first to verify the document's authenticity and publish a translation. The document was later confirmed to be genuine by UN official Zainab Bangura. Executions In 2014, she joined an international campaign launched by Child Rights International Network to end all executions of juvenile offenders and to protect the rights of child domestic workers. Human trafficking In 2008, she joined the project "Stop Trafficking Worldwide", a campaign to stop human trafficking worldwide. Status and membership She is the first Kurd to be listed as International Pfeffer Peace Prize laureate. She has been awarded the 2013 ‘Special Prize’ by the National Organisation for Future Generations for being a passionate advocate of bridging the gap between civilisations and cultures, and making valuable contributions to humanity through the creation of a culture of coexistence and harmony. Supported the Universal Citizenship Passport initiative of the Organisation for Universal Citizenship Co-founder, Defend International.Defend International representative to the UN Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, held in New York to review the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects (14–18 June 2010). Defend International representative to the General Assembly Interactive Hearings with Non-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector. (UN Headquarters in NY, 14–15 June 2010). Defend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the United Nations General Assembly (October 2009). Defend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the United Nations General Assembly (October 2008). Defend International representative to the UN Third Biennial Meeting of States, held in New York to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects (July 2008). Defend International representative to the 52nd session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women held at United Nations Headquarters in New York (February to March 2008).Defend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the UN General Assembly (October 2007). Defend International representative to Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. Amnesty International lobbyist to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the UN General Assembly (October 2006). Advisor, Everywoman Everywhere Coalition, Harvard Kennedy School, USA (December 2014). Member of the board, Women of Europe Award. Member of the IANSA Women's Network Working Group. Member of Cluster Munition Coalition.Member of the board, Amnesty International (30 April 2006 – 18 June 2007). Ambassador for Amnesty International's Stop Torture campaign (9 February 2006 – 18 June 2007). Member of jury board, Amnesty International's Arabic Short Novel Competition (April 2006-June 2007). Establishment of a special blog for Amnesty's Control Arms Campaign (June 2006) Bibliography The Viking's Kurdish Love (2016) The Viking's Kurdish Love: A True Story of Zoroastrians' Fight for Survival, Part I: 988-1003 See also List of peace activists List of women's rights activists List of Iraqis References External links Living people Iraqi women writers Iraqi writers Iraqi politicians Iraqi human rights activists Kurdish activists Pfeffer Peace Prize laureates Year of birth missing (living people)

Guy Lafleur

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<mask> (born September 20, 1951), nicknamed "The Flower" and "Le Démon Blond", is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He was the first player in National Hockey League (NHL) history to score 50 goals in six consecutive seasons as well as 50 goals and 100 points in six consecutive seasons. Between 1971 and 1991, Lafleur played right wing for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Quebec Nordiques in an NHL career spanning 17 seasons, and five Stanley Cup championships in 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979 (all with the Canadiens). In 2017 Lafleur was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Early years Lafleur was born on September 20, 1951, in Thurso, Quebec. He started playing hockey at the age of five after receiving his first hockey stick as a Christmas present. As a youth, he played at the Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament three consecutive years from 1962 to 1964, and scored a tournament record of 64 points.In his teens, Lafleur gained considerable recognition for his play as a member of the Quebec Remparts of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, where he led his team to the Memorial Cup in 1971, scoring 130 regular season goals. At the time, Lafleur idolized Jean Béliveau and Bobby Orr. With Lafleur and fellow French-Canadian Marcel Dionne among the top prospects in the 1971 NHL Amateur Draft, the Habs' general manager, Sam Pollock, was keen to find a way to trade to obtain one of the top two picks. He persuaded California Golden Seals owner Charlie Finley to trade the Seals' 1971 first-round pick and François Lacombe in return for Montreal's 1970 first-round pick and veteran Ernie Hicke. Unrelated to the draft of that year was the trading of Ralph Backstrom to the Los Angeles Kings, often credited as helping the Kings stay out of last place; however, at the time of the trade the Kings were ahead of the Seals, Red Wings, Sabres, and Canucks, and the deal had no effect on the Kings' standings that year. Oakland finished last, leaving Montreal with the first overall pick. Pollock hesitated between Lafleur and Dionne, but chose Lafleur with the first draft choice.Montreal Canadiens At first, Lafleur struggled to live up to expectations in the league—the more so in that Dionne became an immediate star in Detroit who led his team in scoring over his first three seasons. By 1974, Lafleur had developed his trademark smooth skating style and scoring touch, making him one of the most popular players on a very popular team; fans chanted "<mask>, <mask>, <mask>!" whenever he touched the puck. He became known among English fans as "Flower" due to his literal translation of his surname, while among French fans he was dubbed "le Démon Blond" (the Blond Demon). He was a cornerstone of five Stanley Cup championship teams. During the 1978 Stanley Cup finals, Boston Bruins head coach Don Cherry ordered his players to put their sticks up and hit Lafleur whenever they encountered him. At the end of the series, Lafleur's head was swathed in bandages after numerous slashes from Bruin players.After Montreal won the Stanley Cup, he borrowed it for the weekend without telling anyone to show his friends back home in Thurso, where he set it out on his front lawn for all his neighbours to see. In 1979, Lafleur released the album Lafleur!, consisting of <mask>ur reciting hockey instructions, accompanied by disco music. With Ken Dryden, Jacques Lemaire, and several other key players retiring after the conclusion of the 1979 season, the Canadiens' dynasty came to an end, losing in the second round of the 1980 playoffs to the Minnesota North Stars in seven games. Injuries shortened Lafleur's 1980–81 season and his production dropped significantly (during the previous six seasons, Lafleur had reached or exceeded 100 points and 50 goals). In the following seasons, he was overshadowed by Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky. While driving home on March 24, 1981, Lafleur fell asleep at the wheel of his Cadillac and crashed into a highway fence. A metal post pierced the windshield, missing his head by inches while tearing off part of his ear.During the 1980–81 season, Lafleur appeared in only 51 games and scored 27 goals. It was the first time since the 1973–74 season that he failed to score 50 goals or more in a season. First retirement The 1983–84 season produced Montreal's first losing record of the expansion era, and resulted in coach Bob Berry being replaced 63 games into the season by Lafleur's former teammate Jacques Lemaire. At first, Lemaire's hiring was seen as a success as he guided the Canadiens to their first playoff series victories since 1980 and reached the Wales Conference Final. However, while the Habs' new coach had been Lafleur's centreman during the glory years of the 1970s, the former linemates quickly struggled to transform their relationship to an amicable one between coach and player. During the 1984–85 season, Lafleur started the season scoring only two goals in 19 games and was unhappy with the amount of ice time he was receiving from Lemaire. In time, Lemaire would become renowned as one of the NHL's finest defensively-minded coaches.However, Lafleur was always an offensive-minded player who believed his productivity overshadowed any defensive weaknesses. Lemaire's insistence that everyone on his teams contribute defensively promptly caused a rift between him and Lafleur that would never heal. By 1985, Lafleur's rocky relationship with Lemaire had become intolerable for him and he asked to be traded. General manager Serge Savard refused his request, as trading one of the most popular players in Canadiens history would have incurred a severe backlash from fans and the media. With no other options, he decided to retire, and his departure from the Canadiens was considered acrimonious. Return to NHL After being inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, Lafleur came out of retirement to return to the NHL for three more seasons, from 1988 through 1991, with the New York Rangers and the Quebec Nordiques. Lafleur remained one of the few players who did not wear protective helmets due to a grandfather clause.Against the Edmonton Oilers in a 1988 exhibition game, Lafleur played well enough to earn praise from the Oilers' Mark Messier and convince Rangers general manager Phil Esposito to sign Lafleur to a one-year contract. During his first game back in the Montreal Forum, he received a standing ovation when he came on the ice, and as in his heyday with the Habs, the crowd chanted "<mask>! <mask>! <mask>!" every time he touched the puck. Lafleur scored twice against Patrick Roy, to heavy applause, during the Rangers' 7–5 loss to the Canadiens, and was awarded the first star of the game. Although his high-scoring days were well behind him, his stint with the Rangers was moderately successful, and he helped the team to first place in the Patrick Division until being knocked out by a knee injury.Lafleur then followed dismissed Rangers head coach and close friend Michel Bergeron to the Nordiques for his final seasons. Intending to finish his hockey career in Quebec where he had started, he reportedly turned down a $1 million offer from the Los Angeles Kings, which would have allowed Lafleur to play alongside Wayne Gretzky. He managed 24 goals in 98 games with the Nordiques over two seasons, mentoring young center Joe Sakic, who was emerging as a superstar despite the Nordiques owning the NHL's worst record in both seasons Lafleur played with them. The Minnesota North Stars selected Lafleur with the 20th and last pick in the 1991 Expansion Draft. Lafleur had decided to retire for a second and last time as a player, and he had already verbally agreed to an off-ice job with the Nordiques. However, since his retirement papers had yet to be officially filed, the league's bylaws prevented him from accepting a job with a team that didn't own his playing rights. The North Stars solved Lafleur's quandary by trading him back to Quebec in exchange for the rights to a former Nordique who had been playing in Switzerland for two years, Alan Haworth.Haworth played just one more year of professional hockey, and never returned to the NHL. Accolades <mask> is the all-time leading scorer in Canadiens history, notching 1,246 points (518 goals and 728 assists) in his 14 years with the Habs. He led the NHL in points in 1976, 1977, and 1978. He tied for a Montreal club record with Steve Shutt for goals in a season with 60 in 1977–78 and holds the franchise record for points in a season with 136 in 1976–77. Lafleur became the first player in NHL history to score at least 50 goals and 100 points in six consecutive seasons as a Hab. <mask> was also the fastest player (at the time) to reach 1,000 points, doing so in only 720 games. That record has since been broken by Wayne Gretzky, Mario Lemieux and a few others.He was a member of the Canadian team in the 1976 and 1981 Canada Cup tournaments, winning the Cup in 1976, and was the recipient of the Lou Marsh Trophy in 1977. On February 16, 1985, Lafleur became the fifth player from the Montreal Canadiens to have his sweater number retired. Lafleur was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. Along with Gordie Howe before him and Mario Lemieux after him, Lafleur is one of only three players to have returned to the NHL after being inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He still holds the record for the most career point and assist totals in Montreal Canadiens history, as well as the second-highest goal total behind Maurice "Rocket" Richard. In April 2001, Lafleur placed 122 items - including 5 miniature Stanley Cups, 6 miniature Prince of Wales trophies, 1977 Conn Smythe Trophy, 3 Art Ross trophies, Hockey Hall of Fame plaque and ring, games-used jerseys, 4 Stanley Cup rings, and the first skates he ever wore - for sale. The items' selling prices totalled approximately US$400,000.Besides the honours received during his playing career, in 1980 he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and in 2005, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. In 1979, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. The <mask>fleur Award of Excellence was introduced in 1985. In 1998, he was ranked number 11 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. In 2017, he was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players by the NHL as part of its centennial celebration. Awards 5x Stanley Cup champion (1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979) 3x Art Ross Trophy winner (1976, 1977, 1978) 2x Hart Memorial Trophy winner (1977, 1978) 3x Lester B. Pearson Award winner (1976, 1977, 1978) 6x First-Team All-Star Right Winger (1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981) 1x Conn Smythe Trophy winner (1977) Molson Cup winner 7x, (1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1982) After retirement Lafleur operates a helicopter rental company in Montreal that shuttles VIPs to and from the airport. He was at the controls when the Tampa Bay Lightning's André Roy proposed to his fiancée, the Stanley Cup serving as the engagement ring bearer.Lafleur also owns a restaurant in Berthierville, Quebec, "Guy Lafleur Mikes Signature" which opened in 2002. He opened a new restaurant, called "Bleu, Blanc, Rouge!" in Rosemère, Quebec, on August 4, 2008. Lafleur sold the "Bleu, Blanc Rouge" in December 2012 for over $5 million. The restaurant closed on December 22, 2012. From 2005 to 2008 Lafleur was appointed honorary colonel of 12 Radar Squadron, an air force unit in Bagotville, Quebec. In February 2013 he was appointed honorary colonel of 3 Wing Bagotville, the parent formation of 12 Radar Squadron.Honorary colonels generally serve for three years. In 2019, Lafleur started facing health issues, first in September, he had open heart surgery with 5 bypasses. Then in November he had a cancerous lobe removed from his left lung. In October 2020, cancer was diagnosed in his right lung. He is currently fighting for his life. He is also a spokesperson for the cancer CHUM foundation. Criminal conviction and acquittal <mask>'s son Mark had a number of run-ins with the law, including charges of sexual assault.Mark remained at his father's house as part of his bail conditions. In 2008, questions about Lafleur's testimony in his son's case resulted in an arrest warrant being issued for Lafleur, which his lawyer criticized as an unnecessary embarrassment. In 2009 Lafleur was charged with obstruction of justice for helping Mark to break his curfew by driving him to a hotel to see his girlfriend; the trial was scheduled for April 2009. Lafleur has filed a $2.8 million civil suit against police and prosecutors, claiming that his rights were violated. On May 1, 2009, Lafleur was convicted and on June 18, 2009, was given a one-year suspended sentence. Lafleur was also fined $100 and ordered to donate $10,000 to charity. On August 17, 2010, Lafleur was unanimously acquitted of all charges by the Quebec Court of Appeal, throwing out his previous conviction.Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International See also List of Quebecers List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame Hockey Hall of Fame List of NHL statistical leaders List of NHL players with 1000 games played List of NHL players with 1000 points List of NHL players with 500 goals List of NHL players with 100 point seasons List of NHL players with 50 goal seasons References External links <mask>, winner of the Lionel Conacher Award and the Bobbie Rosenfeld Award: Virtual Museum of Canada Exhibit 1951 births Art Ross Trophy winners Canadian ice hockey right wingers Canadian people of French descent Conn Smythe Trophy winners French Quebecers Hart Memorial Trophy winners Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Ice hockey people from Quebec Knights of the National Order of Quebec Lester B. Pearson Award winners Living people Lou Marsh Trophy winners Memorial Cup winners Montreal Canadiens draft picks Montreal Canadiens players National Hockey League All-Stars National Hockey League first overall draft picks National Hockey League first round draft picks National Hockey League players with retired numbers New York Rangers players Officers of the Order of Canada People from Outaouais Quebec Nordiques players Quebec Remparts players Stanley Cup champions

Steve Bruce

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<mask> (born 31 December 1960) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a centre-back. He is currently the manager of EFL Championship club West Bromwich Albion. Born in Corbridge, Northumberland, he was a promising schoolboy footballer but was rejected by several professional clubs. He was on the verge of quitting the game altogether when he was offered a trial with Gillingham. <mask> was offered an apprenticeship and went on to play more than 200 games for the club before joining Norwich City in 1984, winning the League Cup in 1985. In 1987, he moved to Manchester United, with whom he achieved great success, winning twelve trophies including three Premier League titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup. He also became the first English player of the 20th century to captain a team to the Double.Despite his success on the field, he was never selected to play for the England national team. Commentators and contemporaries have described him as one of the best English players of the 1980s and 1990s never to play for his country at full international level. <mask> began his managerial career with Sheffield United, and spent short periods of time managing Huddersfield Town, Wigan Athletic and Crystal Palace before joining Birmingham City in 2001. He twice led Birmingham to promotion to the Premier League during his tenure of nearly six years, but resigned in 2007 to begin a second spell as manager of Wigan. At the end of the 2008–09 season he resigned to take over as manager of Sunderland, a post he held until he was dismissed in November 2011. Seven months later, he was appointed manager of Hull City and led the club to two promotions to the Premier League, as well as the 2014 FA Cup Final, before leaving in July 2016. He took over at Aston Villa four months later but was dismissed in October 2018.He took over as manager of Sheffield Wednesday in February 2019, and left in July that year to take over at Newcastle United. He managed the club through the COVID-19 pandemic, keeping them in the Premier League, and left in November 2021 following the club's takeover by the Public Investment Fund. His final match in charge was his 1,000th in club management. Early life <mask> was born in Corbridge in Northumberland, the elder of two sons of Joe and Sheenagh <mask>. His father was local, and his mother had been born in Bangor in Northern Ireland. The family lived in Daisy Hill near Wallsend, and <mask> attended Benfield School. <mask>, a boyhood fan of Newcastle United, said that he sneaked into St James' Park without paying to watch the team play, saying "I have always been a Newcastle lad and when I was a kid, I crawled under the turnstiles to get in to try and save a bob or whatever it was.They were my team, I went to support them as a boy and being a Geordie it's in-bred, you follow the club still the same today." Like several other future professionals from the area, he played football for Wallsend Boys Club. He was also selected for the Newcastle Schools representative team, and at the age of 13 was among a group of players from that team who were selected to serve as ball boys at the 1974 League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. Having been turned down by several professional clubs, including Newcastle United, Sunderland, Derby County and Southport, <mask> was about to start work as an apprentice plumber at the Swan Hunter dockyard when he was offered a trial by Third Division club Gillingham, whose manager Gerry Summers had seen him playing for Wallsend in an international youth tournament. He travelled down to Kent with another player from the Wallsend club, Peter Beardsley, but although Gillingham signed <mask> as an apprentice, they turned Beardsley away. At the time <mask> was playing as a midfielder, but he was switched to the centre of defence by the head of Gillingham's youth scheme, Bill Collins, whom <mask> cites as the single biggest influence on his career. Playing career Gillingham <mask> spent the 1978–79 season in Gillingham's reserve team and, despite playing in defence, scored 18 goals to finish the season as top scorer.In January 1979, he was selected to represent the England youth team, and he went on to gain eight caps, participating in the 1980 UEFA European Under-18 Championship. He came close to making his debut for the club's senior team in May 1979, but Summers decided at the last minute that, as Gillingham were chasing promotion from the Third Division, <mask> was not yet ready to handle the pressure of the occasion. He eventually made his senior debut in a League Cup tie against Luton Town on 11 August 1979, and made an immediate impact in the team, winning the club's Player of the Year award at the end of the 1979–80 season. He went on to make more than 200 appearances for the club, and was twice voted into the Professional Footballers' Association's Third Division Team of the Year. Confident that he was being targeted by clubs from higher divisions, <mask> resolved not to sign a new contract with Gillingham when his existing deal expired at the end of the 1983–84 season. In an April 1983 match against Newport County, he attempted, in a moment of anger, to deliberately injure opposition player Tommy Tynan, but connected awkwardly and succeeded only in breaking his own leg, leaving him unable to play again for six months. He returned in time to play a key role in Gillingham achieving two draws against Everton in the FA Cup in 1984, attracting the attention once again of scouts from First Division clubs.Arthur Cox, manager of <mask>'s beloved Newcastle United, expressed an interest in signing the player, but resigned from his job before any further action could be taken. <mask> eventually opted to sign for Norwich City in August 1984 for a fee variously reported as £125,000 or £135,000. In 2009, he was voted into Gillingham's Hall of Fame. Norwich City <mask> began the 1984–85 season by scoring an own goal in the first minute of his debut for Norwich against Liverpool, but went on to score the team's winning goal in the semi-final of the League Cup against local rivals Ipswich Town, and was named man of the match in Norwich's victory in the final. <mask> was voted Norwich City Player of the Season, but the team was relegated to the Second Division. <mask> played in every match as Norwich won promotion back to the top division at the first time of asking in the 1985–86 season, after which he was chosen to replace the departing Dave Watson as club captain. The following season he helped the club to its highest ever league finish of fifth position.In 1987, he was chosen to captain the England B team in a match against the full national team of Malta, but it was to be his only appearance in an England shirt, and he has subsequently been described as one of the best defenders of his era never to be selected for the full England team. <mask> later stated, "I bumped into former England manager Bobby Robson in Benfica (sic). He came up to me and said 'I should have capped you'. It was nice to hear but it still didn't get me one .... I'll always be a little disappointed I didn't get one." <mask> began to attract the attention of big-name clubs in late 1987, with Manchester United, Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea and Rangers all reported to be interested in signing him. Manchester United quickly emerged as the front runners for his signature, and <mask> publicly expressed his desire to sign for the club.The deal came close to collapsing when Norwich asked for a transfer fee of £900,000 after initially agreeing to accept £800,000, leading to <mask> refusing to play any further matches for the club, which he felt was jeopardising his dream move. On 17 December 1987, shortly before his 27th birthday, the deal was concluded and <mask> officially left Carrow Road, for a fee reported as £800,000 or £825,000. Norwich fans remembered his contribution, and in 2002 voted him into the Norwich City Hall of Fame. Manchester United <mask> made his Manchester United debut in a 2–1 win over Portsmouth on 19 December 1987, and played in 21 of United's remaining 22 league fixtures, helping the club to a top-two place in the First Division for the first time since 1980. The team only finished in mid-table in the following season, prompting manager Alex Ferguson to bring in several new players, including Gary Pallister, who joined the club in August 1989 from Middlesbrough. His partnership with <mask> in the centre of defence was described in 2006 by the then-United captain, Gary Neville, as the best in the club's history. "Dolly and Daisy", as the pair were affectionately known, are described as "arguably the best" on the official Manchester United website.<mask> and Pallister were part of the team that won the 1990 FA Cup Final against Crystal Palace in a replay. Following the lifting of the five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions, which had been imposed after the Heysel Stadium disaster, United became England's first entrants into the European Cup Winners' Cup in the 1990–91 season. <mask> played regularly, and scored three goals, in the team's progress to the final against FC Barcelona. He came close to scoring the first goal, only for Mark Hughes to deflect the ball over the line and claim the goal, and United went on to win the game 2–1. This was a particularly high-scoring season for <mask>, who found the net 13 times in the First Division and 19 times in total in all competitions. He also played again at Wembley, in the League Cup final, in which United were defeated by Sheffield Wednesday of the Second Division. <mask> missed several weeks of the 1991–92 season when he underwent an operation on a longstanding hernia problem, in which Leeds United, after a season-long tussle, beat Manchester United to the championship by four points.<mask> helped United win their first-ever League Cup in April 1992, captaining the team in the final in place of the injured Bryan Robson. Injuries continued to take their toll upon Robson during the 1992–93 season, leading to <mask> captaining the team in the majority of United's matches during the first season of the new Premier League. <mask> scored two late goals in a win over Sheffield Wednesday which proved decisive in United winning the inaugural Premier League title, the first time the club had won the championship of English football since 1967, and he and Robson received the trophy jointly after the home victory over Blackburn Rovers on 3 May. At the height of his success with United, <mask> was contacted by Jack Charlton, manager of the Republic of Ireland national team, who had discovered that, due to his mother's place of birth, <mask> was eligible to play for Ireland. <mask> states in his autobiography that further investigation revealed that, while his earlier appearance for England B in a friendly was not an issue, his appearances for the England Youth team in a UEFA-sanctioned tournament prohibited him from playing for the senior team of another country. He has subsequently claimed that he chose not to play for Ireland as it would have caused problems for his club at a time when UEFA restricted the number of foreign players that a club could have in their squad in its competitions. United dominated English football in the 1993–94 season, winning a second consecutive Premier League title and then defeating Chelsea in the FA Cup final to become only the fourth team, and <mask> the first English captain, to win the Double in the 20th century, The 1994–95 season was a disappointing one for <mask> and United, as the club failed in its bid to win a third consecutive Premier League title and lost to Everton in the FA Cup final.During the following season <mask> was offered the job of manager by three clubs, but Ferguson refused to allow him to pursue the opportunities as he felt the player still had a role to play in the United team. <mask> made a further 30 Premier League appearances, as United managed to overcome a 12-point deficit to Newcastle United to win the championship once again. A week later he was left out of United's squad for the FA Cup final due to a slight injury. At the end of the match Eric Cantona, who had captained the team and scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Liverpool, attempted to persuade <mask> to be the one to receive the trophy, but <mask> declined. Ferguson denied that <mask>'s omission was a sign that his time at the club was nearing an end, but <mask> opted to join First Division club Birmingham City on a free transfer, having signed a contract valued at nearly £2 million over two years, which made him one of the highest-paid players in the country. Later playing career <mask> was among five former Premier League players signed by Birmingham manager Trevor Francis to add experience to a squad expected to challenge for promotion. He was made captain of the team, but his Birmingham career was dogged by a series of disagreements with Francis.Director David Sullivan felt the need to publicly deny rumours that <mask> was lined up to replace Francis as manager after the club's stock market flotation. While playing for Birmingham, <mask> was the subject of several bids from his old Manchester United colleague Bryan Robson to sign for Middlesbrough, but the transfer never happened. The 1997–98 season saw <mask> being left out more frequently, and his omission against Nottingham Forest provoked a public war of words, which fuelled rumours that the manager was to be dismissed and that <mask> would take over as caretaker until the end of the season. At the end of the season he accepted the post of player-manager of Sheffield United. Though the deal was delayed while Birmingham attempted to negotiate a transfer fee for his playing contract, he took up his new position on 2 July 1998. He played 11 matches for the club before retiring as a player, his final appearance being in a home match against Sunderland on 28 November 1998. Style of play During the early part of his career, <mask>'s sometimes over-enthusiastic playing style, which he later described as "rampaging", caused him disciplinary problems.He later developed into a solid and dependable all-round player, characterised as "an honest trier who made the absolute most of limited natural ability". In his prime, he was particularly noted for his calm and deliberate passing of the ball, and his ability to control it under pressure, often with his chest. At the time, Mark Wright of Liverpool was said to be the only other centre-back able to match <mask>'s level of skill in these areas. <mask> was also known for his unusually high goalscoring rate for a centre-back, resulting from a combination of his ability to powerfully head the ball and his effectiveness in taking penalty kicks. Although lacking poise and grace, and often criticised for his lack of pace, his bravery and willingness to take knocks from opposition players made him the "heart" of the defence during his time with Manchester United. He was well known for continuing to play even when injured, including returning to the United team at short notice in 1992 even though he was awaiting an operation on a hernia. His indomitable spirit and motivational abilities were deemed vital to the United team, and Alex Ferguson has commented on his "determination and heart".Managerial career Early managerial career In his first season as a manager, <mask> guided Sheffield United to eighth place in the First Division, nine points away from a place in the play-offs. He caused controversy when he attempted to take his team off the pitch during an FA Cup match against Arsenal. <mask> felt that the Gunners had broken an unwritten rule of sportsmanship by scoring the winning goal from a throw-in instead of returning the ball to United, who had intentionally kicked it out of play to allow an injured player to be attended to. Although the game eventually continued to a finish, following a gesture by Arsenal the match was declared void and replayed. In May 1999, <mask> resigned from his post after just one season in charge, citing turmoil in the club's boardroom and a shortage of funds for transfers. He contemplated leaving football for a job in television, but was persuaded by Huddersfield Town owner Barry Rubery to become the club's manager. Huddersfield were early promotion contenders in the 1999–2000 season, winning six consecutive matches to rise to third place in the First Division table by late November, but lost form and failed to reach the play-offs.The team continued to struggle at the start of the 2000–01 season, gaining just six points from 11 matches, and <mask> was sacked in October 2000. He then became involved in a dispute with Rubery, who accused him of "wasting" £3 million on players and having "an ego to feed". Although he was linked with the manager's job at Queens Park Rangers, <mask> remained out of the game until he was appointed manager of Wigan Athletic in April 2001. The team reached the Second Division play-offs but lost in the semi-finals, and <mask> almost immediately left the club, where he had been in charge for less than two months, to take over as manager of Crystal Palace. Although his new club began the 2001–02 season strongly, topping the First Division table and looking well placed for regaining the Premier League place that it had last held in

Steve Bruce

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the 1997–98 season, <mask> tendered his resignation less than three months into the season in order to return to Birmingham City as manager. Although he was initially prevented from doing so by an injunction taken out by Crystal Palace, he was eventually allowed to join the Midlands-based club after a compensation package was agreed. By now he had acquired a reputation as a manager who rarely held down a job for a significant length of time.Birmingham City Upon his arrival, the Blues were in a mid-table position in the First Division, but a lengthy unbeaten run saw the team qualify for the play-offs. The team went on to beat <mask>'s former club Norwich City in the final after a penalty shoot-out to gain promotion to the Premier League, ending a 16-year absence from the top level of English football. Birmingham spent the early part of the 2002–03 season struggling near the foot of the Premier League table, but <mask>'s signing of Christophe Dugarry revitalised the team, who ended the season in 13th place and finished higher than local rivals Aston Villa for the first time since the 1970s. The following season began well for Birmingham, who climbed as high as fourth in the table, but the team's fortunes declined and they could only finish in tenth place at the end of the season. Despite this disappointment, <mask> signed a new contract in June 2004 designed to keep him at St Andrew's for a further five years, but just two months later Freddy Shepherd, chairman of Newcastle United, was reported to have made <mask> his main target in the search for a new manager to replace Bobby Robson. The club was reportedly prepared to pay Birmingham more than £3 million in compensation, and <mask> himself was said to be keen to take over at St James' Park, but he ultimately remained at Birmingham. He stated that "as far as I'm concerned, I've got a job to do [at Birmingham City] and I'm determined to get on with it", but it was also reported that Newcastle would have been required to pay a much larger compensation fee or face legal action had he been persuaded to switch clubs.Initial expectations were high for the 2004–05 season, but the club once again finished in a mid-table position, ending the season in 12th place. Following the sacking of Graeme Souness as Newcastle manager in February 2006, <mask> was again linked with the job, which ultimately went to Glenn Roeder. By this stage of the 2005–06 season, Birmingham were struggling in the league, and on 21 March 2006 were beaten 7–0 at home by Liverpool in the FA Cup quarter-finals. Some supporters of the club began to call for his resignation, but <mask> insisted that he would fight on as manager. The team managed to climb out of the relegation zone for the first time in nearly six months after a win over Bolton Wanderers in early April 2006. However, they were soon overtaken by Portsmouth, whose victory over Wigan Athletic on 29 April left Birmingham mathematically unable to match their points total and therefore relegated. Although <mask> had the largest transfer budget in the division made available to him, Birmingham made a slow start to the 2006–07 season in the Championship and, after a 1–0 defeat at home to Norwich City, the team's fifth consecutive match without a win, there were calls from fans and local journalists for the manager to be sacked.<mask> publicly accepted responsibility for the team's poor run and admitted that he feared for his job, but the team responded with a 1–0 victory over Derby County, and then recorded a further five consecutive league victories to be joint leaders of the league table by late November. On 29 April 2007, Birmingham secured promotion to the Premier League, with one match to play, by virtue of Derby County's 2–0 defeat at Crystal Palace. Chairman David Gold told the press "There have been some dark days but <mask> has been outstanding. He was determined to bounce back. He has rebuilt the team and now we are all back where we want to be." Wigan Athletic In May 2007, Birmingham's board agreed a new contract for <mask>, but the unwillingness of the club's prospective purchaser Carson Yeung to ratify it left his future uncertain. In October 2007, Bolton Wanderers were refused permission to speak to him about their managerial vacancy.Later that month, <mask> and Yeung held a meeting which reportedly had positive results. <mask> later claimed that Birmingham's managing director Karren Brady had "shafted" him on a new contract with the club, and when Wigan Athletic requested permission to speak to <mask> about their managerial vacancy, he was receptive to their approach. As required under the terms of his contract, Wigan agreed to pay Birmingham a then-world record compensation for the loss of his services of around £3 million, and they were then allowed to speak to him. On 19 November, Wigan announced the signing of <mask> for a second time. On 21 November, during a press conference which was intended to formally present <mask> as the new manager of Wigan, the club's chief executive Brenda Spencer informed the media that the deal had been put on hold by "unknown issues" between <mask> and Birmingham City, reported to centre on the advance payment of the image rights element of <mask>'s contract at St Andrew's. On 23 November 2007 Wigan announced that <mask> had now signed his contract and would officially rejoin the Latics. His first game in charge was a 1–1 home draw with Manchester City on 1 December 2007.Wigan spent the remainder of the season struggling against relegation, but the club secured Premier League survival with victory over Aston Villa in the penultimate game of the season. In September 2008, <mask> was once again linked with the manager's job at Newcastle United following the departure of Kevin Keegan. <mask> led Wigan to an 11th-place finish in the 2008–09 season, despite the loss of midfielder Wilson Palacios to Tottenham Hotspur in the January transfer window. Sunderland On 27 May 2009, <mask> was reported to have been given permission to talk to Sunderland about succeeding Ricky Sbragia, who resigned as manager after the last match of the season. <mask> was confirmed as the new manager of Sunderland on 3 June after signing a three-year contract. He was joined at Sunderland by three of his former Wigan Athletic coaching staff, assistant Eric Black, goalkeeping coach Nigel Spink, and reserve team coach Keith Bertschin. In his first season at Sunderland, despite a run of 14 games without a win, <mask> led the Black Cats to a 13th-place finish in the Premier League.<mask> made wholesale changes to Sunderland's squad, signing 13 players and selling 15 in his first 18 months at the club. On 25 February 2011, <mask> signed an extension to his contract, keeping him at Sunderland until 2014, with chairman Niall Quinn stating that "In only 18 months he has reshaped our squad beyond recognition, bringing in some fantastically talented players. He embodies the ethos of teamwork and the importance of camaraderie in creating a wonderful spirit of togetherness amongst the players and staff". <mask> was dismissed as manager on 30 November 2011, with Sunderland in 16th position following a poor run of form which culminated with a 2–1 home defeat to bottom club Wigan four days earlier. He later linked his dismissal from the managerial post with the fact that he is a fan of Newcastle United, Sunderland's bitter rivals. Hull City On 8 June 2012, <mask> was appointed as manager at Championship club Hull City on a three-year contract. In his first season with the club, he led them to promotion to the Premier League, clinching second place in the Championship on the final day of the season.The following season, the "Tigers" came 16th with a club record tally of 37 points, and reached the final of the FA Cup for the first time. They took a two-goal lead in the first ten minutes of the final, but opponents Arsenal scored a goal in each half to take the game into extra-time and then scored a third to win the trophy. Reaching the final qualified Hull for the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League, their first European campaign. In March 2015, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension. A run of poor form left Hull near the bottom of the table going into the final game of the 2014–15 season and needing to defeat <mask>'s former club Manchester United to stand any chance of avoiding relegation. They could only manage a 0–0 draw and were relegated to the Championship. The poor performances of a number of players signed by <mask>, including club record signing Abel Hernández, were identified as key factors in the club's failure to remain in the Premier League.In January 2016, <mask> won the Championship Manager of the Month after leading Hull to four victories; Hernández, who scored six times, got the players' equivalent. Hull finished the season in fourth, qualifying for the play-offs, where they defeated Derby County in the semi-finals. In the final on 28 May, a 25-yard goal from Mohamed Diamé against Sheffield Wednesday won Hull promotion to the Premier League for the second time during <mask>'s spell in charge. <mask> said after the game that he had considered resignation following the team's relegation, and would hold talks with the prospective new owners to be assured of his future. In July 2016, with his future at Hull seemingly still uncertain, he was interviewed by officials of The Football Association concerning the vacant position of manager of England. Three days later, <mask> met with Hull City officials and announced his resignation later that day amid claims he became frustrated by a lack of transfer activity at the club. Aston Villa On 12 October 2016, <mask> was appointed manager of Championship club Aston Villa.In his second match in charge, Villa defeated Reading, the club's first win in 11 games and the first away win for 14 months. He brought in Colin Calderwood as assistant manager from Brighton & Hove Albion and Stephen Clemence from old club Hull City as first-team coach. In the 2017–18 season, Villa secured a play-off place and defeated Middlesbrough to reach the final, but lost 1–0 to Fulham in the final and thus missed out on promotion to the Premier League. On 2 October 2018, Villa surrendered a two-goal lead, drawing 3–3 at home to bottom club Preston North End. One spectator threw a cabbage at <mask> and there were calls from home fans on the Holte End for <mask> to go. The following day, he was sacked by Villa after a poor run of form. Sheffield Wednesday In January 2019, <mask> was appointed manager of Championship club Sheffield Wednesday with effect from the start of the following month.On 27 January, his delay in taking up this appointment was criticised by Match of the Day pundits Danny Murphy and Ruud Gullit during a 3–0 FA Cup defeat away to Chelsea. <mask> subsequently defended his decision, as he had had two operations since leaving Aston Villa and needed time to recuperate, as well as the need to recover from the death of both his parents in 2018. Newcastle United BBC Sport reported in July 2019 that <mask> had resigned from his position at Wednesday, after he earlier admitted that he had held talks with Premier League Newcastle United over their managerial vacancy. His appointment at Newcastle was confirmed on 17 July. Sheffield Wednesday, however, soon filed a report to the Premier League alleging misconduct in his appointment, stating that there were still outstanding legal issues with <mask> having resigned just 48 hours earlier, whilst also suspecting that confidential details of <mask>'s contract were leaked making it impossible for him to remain at the club. Newcastle United denied any wrongdoing and stated that they were confident no case could be escalated. Reaction from the fans was mixed, with some feeling <mask> would not achieve the standard set by his predecessor Rafael Benítez, whilst his recent lack of Premier League football and management of rival club Sunderland proved controversial.<mask> acknowledged Benítez's popularity, and stated he hoped the fans would not rush to judgement and give him time to prove himself. <mask> soon made six signings, notably securing Joelinton from 1899 Hoffenheim for £40 million, breaking the club's transfer fee record previously set by the purchase of Miguel Almirón for £21 million six months earlier. In his first season in charge, Newcastle were tipped for relegation by some pundits but finished 13th, as the campaign was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The following season, almost entirely played behind closed doors due to the ongoing pandemic, saw <mask> guide the club to 12th. In October 2021, the club was bought for £300 million by a consortium led by the Saudi Arabian government's sovereign wealth fund. With the team close to the bottom of the Premier League, <mask> was widely expected to be dismissed from his job by the new owners, but remained in charge and was recognised by the League Managers Association as only the 34th manager in the modern era of English football to have taken charge for 1,000 competitive matches. Newcastle lost that match 3–2 to Tottenham Hotspur at St James' Park on 17 October 2021, and some Newcastle supporters called for <mask> to be removed from his post during and after the game.<mask> left Newcastle by mutual consent three days later on 20 October 2021, after receiving a reported £8 million payout for the remainder of his contract. He had a 27.4% win percentage from 84 league games at Newcastle, the 9th best compared to previous Newcastle managers who had been in charge of at least 20 matches in the Premier League era.. West Bromwich Albion On 3 February 2022 <mask> was appointed manager of EFL Championship club West Bromwich Albion, replacing Valérien Ismaël. <mask> signed an 18-month contract with West Brom who, at the time were in sixth place in the Championship. Life outside football Personal life <mask> has been married since February 1983 to Janet (née Smith), who is also from the Hexham area, and went to the same school as <mask>. The couple have two children, Alex (born 1984) and Amy (born 1987). Alex is also a footballer, and was signed by his father for Hull City in July 2012. He had previously played under his father's management at Birmingham City, but left the club in 2006, in part due to accusations of nepotism levelled at his father.Amy was linked romantically with Aston Villa player Lee Hendrie in tabloid newspaper stories in 2004, which provoked an angry response from her father, who described the reports as "lies", and claimed that journalists had gone so far as to contact his doctor and examine his household waste in an attempt to uncover gossip. In September 2004, <mask> was involved in an altercation outside his home with two men who were attempting to steal his daughter's car. The affray left him with facial injuries but did not prevent him from travelling to a Premier League match the same day. After the incident one newspaper attempted to connect it with the allegations concerning Hendrie, leading <mask> to contemplate legal action. Other activities <mask>'s autobiography, Heading for Victory, was published in 1994. In 1999, while manager of Huddersfield, he wrote a trio of novels: Striker!, Sweeper! and Defender!.The books centred on fictional football manager <mask>, based on <mask>, who solved murder mysteries and thwarted terrorists. <mask> later expressed his embarrassment at the books, which have become sought-after collectables. He intended to publish a new autobiography in late 2019 but the book was postponed indefinitely due to the deaths of his parents and his desire to concentrate on his job at Newcastle. Playing statistics Managerial statistics Honours Player Norwich City Football League Cup: 1984–85 Football League Second Division: 1985–86 Manchester United Premier League: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96 FA Cup: 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96 Football League Cup: 1991–92 FA Charity Shield: 1990 (shared), 1993, 1994 European Cup Winners' Cup: 1990–91 European Super Cup: 1991 Individual Premier League 10 Seasons Awards Domestic Team of the Decade Manager Birmingham City Football League Championship runner-up: 2006–07 Football League First Division play-offs: 2002 Hull City FA Cup runner-up: 2013–14 Football League Championship runner-up: 2012–13 Football League Championship play-offs: 2016 Individual Premier League Manager of the Month: April 2021 References Bibliography Footnotes External links 1960 births Living people People from Corbridge Footballers from Northumberland English footballers England youth international footballers England B international footballers Association football defenders Wallsend Boys Club players Gillingham F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players Manchester United F.C. players Birmingham City F.C.players Sheffield United F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players FA Cup Final players English football managers Sheffield United F.C. managers Huddersfield Town A.F.C. managers Wigan Athletic F.C. managers Crystal Palace F.C. managers Birmingham City F.C. managers Sunderland A.F.C.managers Hull City A.F.C. managers Aston Villa F.C. managers Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers Newcastle United F.C. managers West Bromwich Albion F.C. managers English Football League managers Premier League managers English people of Northern Ireland

Pero Antić

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<mask> (, ; (born July 29, 1982), is a Macedonian basketball executive and former professional player. He currently serves as a president of the Basketball Federation of North Macedonia. <mask> was a member and captain of the Macedonian national basketball team. Standing at , he primarily played the power forward position, although he was able to play at the center position. Professional career Early years <mask> has played with: Rabotnički Skopje, AEK Athens, Crvena zvezda, Academic Sofia, Lokomotiv Kuban, Spartak St. Petersburg and Olympiacos. He won the 2006 Serbia and Montenegro National Cup with Red Star Belgrade. He was voted the MVP of the 2007–08 season in the Bulgarian National Basketball League, a season in which he averaged 23.3 points and 9.3 rebounds per game.In the EuroChallenge 2010–11 season, he helped Spartak St. Petersburg reach the EuroChallenge Final Four, averaging 9.6 points and 6.1 rebounds per game. Olympiacos After an impressive performance at the EuroBasket 2011, <mask> signed a two year contract on September 26 with Olympiacos Piraeus. With Olympiacos, he won the EuroLeague title two times, in 2012 and 2013. He also helped his team to win the 2011–12 Greek League championship. Atlanta Hawks On July 25, 2013, <mask> signed a two-year contract with the Atlanta Hawks. In his first pre-season game against the Miami Heat, he played 16 minutes and finished with three points and four rebounds, shooting just 1-8 from the floor and 1-6 from three. <mask> scored his first points in an official game on November 1, in a 102-95 home win over the Toronto Raptors.On December 28, at home against the Charlotte Bobcats, <mask> scored a game-tying three-pointer off one leg with three seconds left in the game, tying the score and forcing the game into overtime. Atlanta won the game 118-116. On January 3 against the Golden State Warriors, <mask> was in the starting lineup for the first time in his NBA career, due to the injury of starting center Al Horford. He responded with a then career-high 16 points and 7 rebounds while shooting 6-9 from the floor, including four three-pointers from six attempts. However, Atlanta was defeated, as Andre Iguodala hit the buzzer-beater from behind the arc to give his team a 101-100 victory over the Hawks. After a series of solid performances as a starter for the Hawks, <mask> was selected as a participant in the Rising Stars Challenge game for the NBA All-Star 2014 in New Orleans. However, because of an injury to his right ankle, <mask> was forced to miss the All-Star weekend, being replaced by the Phoenix Suns' big man Miles Plumlee.On April 6, 2014, <mask> scored a career-high 18 points in a 107-88 win over the Indiana Pacers. The Hawks finished the regular season with a record of 38-44, which was enough for the last playoff seed in the Eastern Conference, pairing them in the first round with the number one seed on the East, the Indiana Pacers. <mask> was a starter in the first game of the series, tallying 8 points and 7 rebounds in his playoff debut while also successfully guarding All-Star center Roy Hibbert. The Hawks took a surprising victory 101-93 away from home to take the lead in the series. During the game, <mask> got involved in a confrontation with the Pacers' David West, which led to both players receiving technical fouls. Fenerbahçe On June 30, 2015, he signed a two-year contract with the option of additional year, with the Turkish team Fenerbahçe. In his first season with the team, <mask> won the Turkish Cup with a 67–65 win over Darüşşafaka.Fenerbahçe also reached the final game of the 2016 Euroleague Final Four, but fell short of winning the EuroLeague championship, after an overtime 96–101 loss to CSKA Moscow. Over 23 EuroLeague games, he averaged 8 points and 4.3 rebounds per game. At the end of the season, Fenerbahçe also won the Tukish League championship. Crvena zvezda On September 11, 2017, <mask> returned to Crvena zvezda, signing a contract for the 2017–18 season. National team career <mask> was a member and captain of the senior men's Republic of Macedonia national team. He was instrumental in his team reaching the semi-finals of FIBA EuroBasket 2011 in Lithuania. <mask> proved his reputation as one of the tournament's best rebounders, having an average of 8.8 rebounds per game, third best in the category.He also averaged 11.5 points per game, with his tournament high coming in the semi-finals against Spain, where he scored 17 points in a 92-80 defeat. He was among the overall leaders in several other categories. Besides being fourth in average minutes per game (34.5), he also ranked fourth in double-doubles, collecting three, against Finland (14 points and 19 rebounds), Bosnia and Herzegovina (15 points and 14 rebounds) and Russia (15 points and 10 rebounds). While hardly the revelation of the tournament, he fulfilled his full potential at the EuroBasket, and was the cornerstone of the Macedonian national team's defensive strategy, that propelled them to the top four. <mask> captained the Macedonian national team at the FIBA EuroBasket 2013, although to a much lesser success. Although he scored in double figures in four of the five group matches, averaging 13.8 points and 8 rebounds per game, Macedonia was eliminated in the group stage, after which <mask> announced his retirement from the national team. Player profile <mask>'s best offensive attributes are his body strength, jump shot, and dunking ability.He is adept at pick and roll play, which coupled with his excellent three-point shooting accuracy for a player of his position, makes him a scoring threat from all distances. While he's not a prolific scorer, he also possesses decent passing skills, adding to his offensive contribution. The defensive part of the game is considered to be one of his best attributes. <mask>'s anticipation, positioning, and overall athleticism made him a good rebounder in Europe. Antić demonstrated particular determination and confidence when guarding opposition star players, such as Dirk Nowitzki and Pau Gasol at the EuroBasket 2011. <mask> is a supporter of Belgrade club Red Star, where he also played from 2005–2007 and 2017‒2018. <mask> married his wife Ružica, who has the same birthday as he does, in 2006.They have a son named Luka. <mask> has several tattoos, including ones of his family, Crvena zvezda team supporters (Delije) badge on his right under-arm, and a stylized flag of Macedonia on his right chest. Aside from Macedonian, <mask> also holds Bulgarian citizenship. After the FIBA EuroBasket 2011 in Lithuania, <mask> was awarded with the Honoris causa academic title, by FON University in Skopje. On April 8, 2015, <mask> and teammate Thabo Sefolosha were arrested outside a nightclub in New York City for interfering with police after Chris Copeland of the Indiana Pacers was stabbed in the abdomen. His case was later dropped on September 9, 2015. See also List of KK Crvena zvezda players with 100 games played References External links <mask> <mask> at draftexpress.com <mask> <mask> at esake.gr <mask> <mask> at eurobasket.com <mask> <mask> at euroleague.net <mask> <mask> at fiba.com 1982 births Living people ABA League players AEK B.C.players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball League of Serbia players BC Spartak Saint Petersburg players Centers (basketball) Fenerbahçe men's basketball players KK Crvena zvezda players Macedonian expatriate basketball people in Russia Macedonian expatriate basketball people in Serbia Macedonian expatriate basketball people in Turkey Macedonian men's basketball players Macedonian people of Serbian descent Olympiacos B.C. players PBC Lokomotiv-Kuban players PBC Academic players Power forwards (basketball) Serbs of North Macedonia Sportspeople from Skopje Undrafted National Basketball Association players

Shirley Collins

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<mask> MBE (born 5 July 1935) is an English folk singer who was a significant contributor to the English Folk Revival of the 1960s and 1970s. She often performed and recorded with her sister Dolly, whose accompaniment on piano and portative organ created unique settings for <mask>'s plain, austere singing style. Biography Early life <mask> was born in Hastings, East Sussex, England on 5 July 1935. Shew grew up, with her older sister Dolly, in the area, in a family which kept alive a great love of traditional song. Songs learnt from their grandfather and from their mother's sister, Grace Winborn, were to be important in the sisters' repertoire throughout their career. On leaving school, at the age of 17, <mask> enrolled at a teachers' training college in Tooting, south London. In London she also involved herself in the early folk revival, making her first appearance on vinyl on the 1955 compilation Folk Song Today.In 1954, at a party hosted by Ewan MacColl, she met Alan Lomax, the American folk collector, who had moved to Britain to avoid the McCarthy witch-hunt, which was then raging in America. Lomax and <mask> lived together in London, with <mask> assisting Lomax on various European projects and singing backing vocals on a version of MacColl's "Dirty Old Town" by Alan Lomax and the Ramblers, in 1956. “I was madly in love with him,” <mask> says of Lomax. First albums In 1958, <mask> recorded her first two albums, Sweet England and False True Lovers. The albums featured sparse arrangements with <mask> accompanying herself on the banjo. Sweet England was released in 1959 and False True Lovers in 1960. <mask> also recorded a series of EPs in 1958 and 1959 with The Foggy Dew and English Songs being released in 1959.From July to November 1959, <mask> and Lomax made a folk song collecting trip in the Southern U.S. states. It resulted in many hours of recordings, featuring performers such as Almeda Riddle, Hobart Smith, and Bessie Jones, and is noted for the discovery of Mississippi Fred McDowell. Recordings from this trip were issued by Atlantic Records under the title "Sounds of the South", and some were re-enacted in the Coen brothers’ film O Brother, Where Art Thou?. The experience of her life with Lomax, and the making of the recordings in religious communities, social gatherings, prisons and chain gangs was described in <mask>' book America Over the Water (published 2005). Back in Britain, <mask> met Austin John Marshall, whom she later married. She also proceeded with her singing career, appearing on three compilations albums (A Jug of Punch, A Pinch of Salt and Rocket Along) in 1960 and an EP, Heroes in Love, in 1963 (now included with False True Lovers on the CD release). It was after that, in a series of influential albums, that she helped to introduce many innovations into the English folk revival.In 1964, she recorded the landmark jazz-folk fusion of Folk Roots, New Routes, with guitarist Davey Graham. English Songs Volume 2 and <mask> Sings Irish were both released in 1964. The Sweet Primeroses 1967 saw the essentially southern English song collection, The Sweet Primeroses, with <mask> accompanied for the first time by her sister Dolly's portative organ. 1968's The Power of the True Love Knot also featured Dolly's accompaniment. 1969 brought another collaboration, The Holly Bears the Crown, this time with The Young Tradition — featuring, in addition to <mask>, Peter Bellamy, Heather Wood, and Royston Wood. This album was not released until 1995. Anthems in Eden Anthems in Eden was released in 1969, the first album to be credited to <mask> and <mask>.It featured a suite of songs centred on the changes in rural England brought about by the First World War. <mask> created arrangements featuring David Munrow and various other players from his Early Music Consort. The unusual combination of ancient instruments included rebecs, sackbuts, viols and crumhorns. Some find it hard to imagine that electric accompaniment for traditional song, as successfully purveyed by Fairport Convention and Steeleye Span, could have developed quite as it did without the pioneering Anthems in Eden. All these recordings strove to marry a deep love and understanding of the English folk music heritage with a more contemporary attitude to musical settings. Anthems in Eden was followed by Love, Death and the Lady, also co-credited with Dolly, in 1970. Albion Country and Etchingham Steam Bands <mask> married her second husband Ashley Hutchings in 1971.He left Steeleye Span that year and he and <mask> assembled the first incarnation of the Albion Country Band to accompany her on the 1971 album No Roses, with a total of 27 musicians participating over numerous sessions. <mask> also provided guest vocals on the Hutchings project Morris On in 1972. Following the breakup of a later version of the Albion Country band in 1973 (shortly after recording the album Battle of the Field) the couple created the all acoustic Etchingham Steam Band with Terry Potter, Ian Holder and Vic Gammon, in 1974. The couple were living in Etchingham at the time and the decision to eschew electricity was inspired by the Three-Day Week. The Etchingham's repertoire was drawn from the traditional music of Sussex. The only recording by the band available at the time appeared on the 1974 compilation album A Favourite Garland, although Terry Potter and Ian Holder (as well as Simon Nicol and Roger Swallow, formerly of the Albion Country Band) appear on some tracks on Adieu to Old England, a <mask> album also released in 1974 (and produced by Ashley Hutchings). Live recordings of the Etchingham Steam Band from 1974 and 1975 were released on a self-titled CD in 1995.A largely new group of musicians (with some participation from Etchingham Steam Band members) was assembled for two 1976 releases: the Morris On follow up Son of Morris On (with <mask> again providing vocals); and the newly recorded tracks for the <mask> and <mask> album Amaranth (half of which was a reissue of the side-long suite of songs from Anthems in Eden). The involvement of Philip Pickett and John Sothcott in these recordings saw a return to the use of early music instruments. The bulk of the musicians became The Albion Dance Band, performing traditional material on a mixture of modern (electric) and early music instruments, with <mask> on vocals. They recorded the album The Prospect Before Us and a BBC session in 1976, with a single ("Hopping Down in Kent") released that year and the album following in 1977. Live recordings from this period were released on the CD Dancing Days are Here Again in 2007. Retirement 1978's For As Many As Will was the last studio album recorded by <mask> and <mask>, although live recordings from 1979 have been issued since and in 1979 she released a single, "The Mariner's Farewell", with Bert Jansch. <mask> does not appear on the next Albion Band album (Rise Up Like the Sun, recorded in 1977 and released in 1978, with the "Dance" dropped from the band name) and decided to focus on home life and her children from her first marriage whilst Hutchings and the Albion Band collaborated on several National Theatre productions.It was during this period that Hutchings left <mask>. The painful divorce was followed by loss of her voice and "the ability to sing entirely," leading to her retirement from music. Her music career seemingly over, <mask> resorted to "a number of low-paid jobs" — including employment at the British Library and the job centre to get by. And she sold her old equipment. She made one last appearance with the Albion Band, on the 1980 album Lark Rise to Candleford (the soundtrack of the plays). In 1993 David Tibet of the apocalyptic folk band Current 93 released a collection of her recordings, entitled Fountain of Snow on his Durtro label. Since then, she has appeared on a number of Current 93 recordings.21st century <mask> sang on the final version of "Idumæa" on Current 93's 2006 album Black Ships Ate the Sky. In 2009 Topic Records included in their 70-year anniversary boxed set Three Score and Ten two tracks from The Sweet Primeroses: "All Things Are Quite Silent" and "The Rigs Of The Time". With actor Pip Barnes, she toured with her three illustrated talks "America over the Water" (about her field trip in the Southern States of America with Alan Lomax), "A Most Sunshiny Day" (about the traditional music of England and Sussex in particular), and "I'm a Romany Rai" (about the Gypsy singers and songs of Southern England). She also edited a CD entitled I'm a Romany Rai (2012) in the series The Voice of the People. In 2013, <mask> appeared on Justin Hopper's text composition, "Fourth River: Ley Line", to be released on the Contraphonic Sound Series. On February 8, 2014, at Union Chapel in Islington, London, <mask> sang for the first time for many years, performing two songs; "All the Pretty Little Horses" and "Death and the Lady." She was accompanied by Ian Kearey, from the band Oysterband.She returned to recording and in November 2016, <mask> released Lodestar, her first new album in 38 years. Earning two BBC Radio 2 Folk Award nominations for the work, considered her best by some, she found this late success highly improbable, saying: “I never believed it could happen. It’s a bit of a miracle, really.” Lodestar was followed in July 2020 by another album of new material, entitled Heart's Ease. The album included re-recordings of some songs she had sung in her twenties, such as "Barbara Allen". In a five-star review, The Guardian described it as "...a more confident follow-up [to Lodestar]", saying, "The veteran singer’s comeback really takes wing with this impeccably judged set." The Ballad of <mask> A film about her life, The Ballad of <mask>, was released in October 2017. She was not sure such attention was warranted, saying: “When they first asked me I was nonplussed.I thought, ‘is this a wind-up?’” Honours, awards, distinctions In 2004, <mask> was awarded a Gold Badge by the English Folk Dance and Song Society. She was awarded the MBE for services to music in the 2007 New Year's Honours List. She holds an Honorary Degree from the Open University (for a "notable contribution to education and culture") and an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Sussex. In 2008 she was elected as president of the English Folk Dance and Song Society and received the "Good Tradition" award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. She is currently patron of the South East Folk Arts Network and Folk South West. <mask> garnered two BBC Radio 2 Folk Award nominations for her seventh studio album, Lodestar, released in 2016. A film about her life, The Ballad of <mask>, was released in October 2017.Influence The American folk-rock band 10,000 Maniacs did a cover of "Just as the Tide was Flowing", closely modelled on the version on the No Roses album. Billy Bragg said of her: "<mask> is without doubt one of England's greatest cultural treasures." Few singers of the English folk revival have attempted as much on record as <mask> – an extraordinary combination of fragility and power. "I like music to be fairly straightforward, simply embellished – the performance without histrionics allowing you to think about the song rather than telling you what to think." Colin Meloy of The Decemberists recorded a whole EP of <mask> tunes. It was sold on Meloy's 2006 spring United States tour in limited quantities. <mask>, All in the Downs: Reflections on Life, Landscape, and Song, Strange Attractor Press, 2018.See also Music of Sussex References External links <mask> web site Mainly Norfolk <mask> page Fledg'ling records biography of <mask> and <mask> 1935 births Living people People from Hastings English women singer-songwriters English folk musicians English folk singers British folk rock musicians Decca Records artists Harvest Records artists Deram Records artists Members of the Order of the British Empire Topic Records artists

Nicolas Roland

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<mask> (December 8, 1642 - April 27, 1678) was a French priest, canon and educator. He was a friend, contemporary and spiritual director of Saint John Baptist de La Salle. Biography Childhood and early years <mask> was born on the small town of Baslieux-les-Reims in the ancient province of Champagne, 9 kilometers away from Reims, son of Jean-<mask> (1611–1673), Commissioner for wars and old cloth merchant. His godfather, July 23, 1643, was his uncle, Matthieu Beuvelet. In 1650 he joined the Jesuit College at Reims, by the church of St. Maurice, where he shows an active intelligence and the wish to become a priest. In 1653 he obtained the tonsure from the bishop Pouy at the abbey of Saint Pierre les Dames. Completing his preliminary studies, he traveled around France for while.A particularly difficult sea voyage persuaded <mask> to return and complete his studies. The young student moved to Paris in 1660 to continue his studies in Philosophy and Theology, staying at the college of Bons Amis. He joined several pious associations such as the “Friends Association” of the Jesuit Jean Bagot and one of Vincent de Paul. He even considered joining the Jesuits. He was also quite interested in the work of the missionaries for a time and considered going to Siam after finishing his doctorate on theology. He was given a well-endowed canonry at Reims Cathedral, before being ordained a deacon and was highly regarded as a preacher, but realized that his elegant style reached few of the faithful. In 1664 he received the diaconate and on March 3 of 1665 he was ordained a priest.Apostolic Life In 1666 he leaves his parents house, moving to a house on Barbâtre Street, in Reims, where he begins a life of poverty dedicated to charity. He established contacts with the Saint Nicolas-du-Chardonnet seminary where his uncle worked, and there he is exposed to the ideas of Adrian Bourdoise, Jean-Jacques Olier and the movement for the renewal of the French clergy. Of all his apostolic activities, education is the activity the young canon to which he is most attracted, especially after the publication in 1668 of “Bans” by Charles Démia, an early advocate the schools for the poor. He also spends some months living at the church of Saint-Amand in Rouen under the staircase in complete poverty, following the teachings of Antoine de la Haye. In Rouen he meets yet another clergyman passionate about education for the poor, the Minim Father <mask>, who arrived in the city in 1659. Barre had organized a group of men and women who worked in free schools located in several neighbourhoods of the city. <mask> returned to Reims with the intention of starting similar projects there.On October 15, 1670 a Reims' orphanage founded by Marie Varlet was entrusted to him and he gradually transformed it into a real school. He asked Fr. Barre to send two teachers from the Sisters of the Infant Jesus to help. On December 27, 1670, the teachers, Francoise Duval and Anne Le Coeur, arrived. <mask> would later found with them the Congregation of Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus, dedicated to the education of poor and abandoned girls. La Salle In 1672 he met a young canon, John Baptist de la Salle, and for a time becomes his spiritual advisor. They stay in touch while La Salle studies at the seminary of Saint-Sulpice in Paris.<mask> influences La Salle to learn a type of spiritual detachment that he later demonstrates when founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus After the death of his father in 1673, <mask> became more involved in encouraging the growing community of the “Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus”. He also takes care of some neighborhood schools and the orphanage. On July 13 he opens the first school of the sisters. He does it so at his own expense. He feels confident in teaching girls, but he doesn't know how to proceed as to boys, he tries to involve De La Salle in the masculine teaching, however unsuccessfully. In 1675 he receives the approbation from the ArchbishopCharles Maurice Le Tellier regarding the formation of the order of the sisters.They are officially named “Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus” due to their devotion in their veneration to the Carmelo de Beaune, their favorite place for peregrination. He describes many spiritual works and publishes the manifest “Notices for the regular people”. One of the notices left for the sisters reads: The following year he gives all his possessions to consolidate the young congregation, he also multiplies his activities in favor of the needed. He suffers some miscomprehensions with the cathedratic board and the church authorities. He also makes some trips to Paris looking for the civil recognition of his community, however the process is delayed. During the months of March and April 1678 he participates in a big predication and apostolic campaign helped by the priests of the Oratory. On march 30 he assists with great joy to the first mass of his appointed Saint John Baptist de La Salle.He encourages De La Salle to trade his sinecure for a small parish but the archbishop opposes to it and the matter remains unsettled. Sickness, death and legacy On April 19, 1678, he had to stay in bed due to a severe headache. On the 23rd of the same month he redacted his testament, leaving the order to finish the institute to Saint John Baptist de La Salle and <mask>. On the 27th he peacefully died at Reims, and was buried in the sisters' chapel on the 29th. He was only 36 years old and yet he left behind a huge apostolic project, even if it only had 20 sisters, an asylum and four schools. Saint John Baptist de La Salle then continued with the approbation of his work and later on followed in his footsteps, founding the congregation of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools for the human and Christian education for the poor. <mask> was blessed in Rome by Pope John Paul II on October 16, 1994, along with Josefina Vannini, Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, Petra de San Jose Perez Florido and Maria Rafols as a preliminary step towards canonization.His remains now rest in a crypt at the Reims Cathedral. Writings "Short Treatise of the virtues that are necessary for the Sisters of the child Jesus", Traité Petit traité des vertus les plus nécessaires aux sœurs, qu’on a trouvé écrit de la main de M. le Théologal, où il exprime ses sentiments sur la Communauté in French. "Advise to regular people", Avis donnés par feu Monsieur <mask>, Théologal de Reims, pour la conduite des personnes régulières in French. "Conferences about perfection", Première Conférence faite par le sieur Théologal à la Communauté du Saint Enfant-Jésus, sur ces paroles: «soyez parfaits, comme votre Père Céleste est parfait» in French. "Memorial to the Archbishop of Reims", Mémoires sur la Vie de Monsieur <mask>, prêtre, Chanoine Théologal de l’Église de Reims, et Fondateur de la Communauté du Saint-Enfant-Jésus in French. Correspondence: Recueil des Lettres écrites par la main de Monsieur <mask>, Théologal, à plusieurs de ses pénitentes in French. <mask>'s Pedagogy <mask>'s pedagogy has much to do with his own life: humble, simple, natural, but also ambitious and compromising, even captivating and contagious: It is cutting edge pedagogy, for pioneering works of popular education.Ascetic and mystical at once, said that the life of man is great if understood as a struggle and surrender to divine service. The most valuable of his attitude was his testimony and his passion. Traits that were considered irreplaceable educational values in their masterpieces. With them, he adorned the Christian school for girls that he designed and easy ideas to their teachers who offered selfless and generous people grouped with effort and trust in God. <mask> is one of the teachers who made possible in the 17th century the spread of popular schools, predecessor next to Saint Pierre Fourier and Charles Demia of what would later become the popular schools from the Church, especially in the work of John the Baptist De La Salle. References Bibliography Bernoville, G., Un précurseur de saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle: Nicolás <mask>, fondateur de la Congrégation du Saint Enfant Jésus de Reims, Paris, 1950. Goy, J.La vie de Nicolas Roland, Reims, 1993 Chico, P. Nicolás <mask> en Fundadores de órdenes religiosas de la enseñanza, Valladolid, 2000. GALLEGO, S. San Juan Bautista de La Salle: vida y pensamiento, BAC, Madrid, 1986 CAMPOS, M., SAUVAGE, M., Juan Bautista de La Salle: Anunciar el evangelio a los pobres, Bruño, Lima, 1977. BÉDEL, H., Orígenes 1651-1726, Estudios Lasalianos nº5, Rome, 1998 1642 births 1678 deaths People from Reims 17th-century French Roman Catholic priests French educators Founders of Catholic religious communities De La Salle Brothers Burials in Marne (department) French beatified people Beatifications by Pope John Paul II Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

Joseph Grew

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<mask> (May 27, 1880 – May 25, 1965) was an American career diplomat and Foreign Service officer. He is best known as the ambassador to Japan from 1932 to 1941 and as a high official in the State Department in Washington from 1944 to 1945. He opposed American hardliners, sought to avoid war, and helped to ensure the soft Japanese surrender in 1945 that enabled a peaceful American occupation of Japan after the war. After numerous minor diplomatic appointments, <mask> was the Ambassador to Denmark (1920–1921) and Ambassador to Switzerland (1921–1924). In 1924, <mask> became the Under Secretary of State and oversaw the establishment of the US Foreign Service. <mask> then became Ambassador to Turkey (1927–1932). As Ambassador to Japan (1932–1941), he opposed American hardliners and recommended negotiation with Tokyo to avoid war until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941).He was interned until American and Japanese diplomats were formally exchanged in 1942. On return to Washington, DC, he became the second official in the State Department as Under Secretary and sometimes served as acting Secretary of State. He successfully promoted a soft peace with Japan that would allow the Emperor to maintain his status, which facilitated the Emperor's decision to surrender in 1945. Early life <mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in May 1880 to a wealthy Yankee family. He was groomed for public service. At the age of 12 he was sent to Groton School, an elite preparatory school whose purpose was to "cultivate manly Christian character". Grew was two grades ahead of Franklin D. Roosevelt.During his youth, Grew enjoyed the outdoors, sailing, camping, and hunting during his summers away from school. Grew attended Harvard College and graduated in 1902. Career After his graduation, Grew made a tour of the Far East and nearly died after he had been stricken with malaria. While recovering in India, he became friends with an American consul there. That inspired him to abandon his plan of following in his father's career as a banker, and he decided to go into diplomatic service. In 1904, he was a clerk at the consulate in Cairo, Egypt, and he then rotated through diplomatic missions in Mexico City (1906), St. Petersburg (1907), Berlin (1908), Vienna (1911), and again in Berlin (1912–1917). He became acting chief of the State Department's Division of Western European Affairs during the war (1917–1919) and was the secretary of the American peace commission in Paris (1919–1920).Ambassador to Denmark and Switzerland From April 7, 1920 to October 14, 1921, Grew served as the U.S. Ambassador to Denmark after his appointment by President Woodrow Wilson. He was preceded by Norman Hapgood and succeeded by John Dyneley Prince. He replaced Hampson Gary as the United States Ambassador to Switzerland after his appointment by President Warren Harding. In 1922, he and Richard Child acted as the American observers at the Conference of Lausanne. Grew served as Ambassador until March 22, 1924, when Hugh S. Gibson replaced him. Under Secretary of State (1924–1927) From April 16, 1924 to June 30, 1927, Grew served as the Under Secretary of State in Washington under President Calvin Coolidge and succeeded William Phillips.Ambassador to Turkey In 1927, <mask> was appointed as the American ambassador to Turkey. He served in Ankara until 1932, when he was offered the opportunity to return to the Far East. Ambassador to Japan In 1932, <mask> was appointed by President Herbert Hoover to succeed William Cameron Forbes as the Ambassador to Japan, where he took up his posting on June 6. Ambassador and Mrs. <mask> had been happy in Turkey, and were hesitant about the move, but decided that Grew would have a unique opportunity to make the difference between peace and war between the United States and Japan. The Grews soon became popular in Japanese society, joining clubs and societies there, and adapting to the culture, even as relations between the two countries deteriorated. One major episode came on 12 December 1937.During the USS Panay incident, the Japanese military bombed and sank the American gunboat Panay while it was anchored in the Yangtze River outside Nanking in China. Three American sailors were killed. Japan and the United States were at peace. The Japanese claimed that they had not seen the American flags painted on the deck of the gunboat and then apologized and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack outraged Americans and caused US opinion to turn against the Japanese. One of <mask>'s closest and most influential Japanese friends and allies was Prince Tokugawa Iesato (1863–1940), the president of Japan's upper house, the House of Peers. During most of the 1930s, both men worked together in various creative diplomatic ways to promote goodwill between their nations.The adjoining photograph showed them having tea together in 1937 after attending a goodwill event to commemorate the 25th anniversary Japanese gift of cherry blossom trees to the US in 1912. The Garden Club of America reciprocated by giving flowering trees to Japan. The historian Jonathan Utley argues in Before Pearl Harbor that <mask> took the position that Japan had legitimate economic and security interests in Greater East Asia and that he hoped that President Roosevelt and Secretary of State Hull would accommodate them by high-level negotiations. However, Roosevelt, Hull, and other top American officials strongly opposed the massive Japanese intervention in China, and they negotiated with China to send American warplanes and with Britain and the Netherlands to cut off sales of steel and oil, which Japan needed for aggressive warfare. Other historians argue that Grew put far too much trust in the power of his moderate friends in the Japanese government. On January 27, 1941, <mask> secretly cabled the State Department with rumors passed on by the Peruvian Minister to Japan: "Japan military forces planned a surprise mass attack at Pearl Harbor in case of 'trouble' with the United States." <mask>'s own published account of 1944 stated, "There is a lot of talk around town [Tokyo] to the effect that the Japanese in case of a break with the United States, are planning to go all out in a surprise mass attack on Pearl Harbor."<mask>'s report was provided to Admiral Harold R. Stark, Chief of Naval Operations, and Admiral Husband Kimmel, Commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, but it was discounted by everyone involved in Washington, D.C., and Hawaii. Grew served as ambassador until December 8, 1941, when the United States and Japan severed diplomatic relations during the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. All Allied diplomats were later interned. On April 18, 1942, US B-25 bombers flew from an American carrier and carried out the Doolittle Raid of bombing Tokyo and other cities. Grew witnessed the attack while he was interned. When he realized that the low-flying planes over Tokyo were American, not Japanese planes on maneuvers, he thought they may have flown from the Aleutian Islands, as they appeared too large to be from a carrier. <mask> wrote in his memoirs that embassy staff were "very happy and proud."In accordance with diplomatic treaties, the US and Japan negotiated the repatriation of their diplomats via neutral territory. In July 1942, <mask> and 1,450 other American and foreign citizens went via steamship from Tokyo to Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa aboard the Japanese liner Asama Maru and her backup, the Italian liner Conte Verde. In exchange, the US sent home the Japanese diplomats, along with 1,096 other Japanese citizens. Atomic bomb dilemma <mask> wrote in 1942 that he expected Nazi Germany to collapse, like the German Empire in 1918, but not the Japanese Empire: Under Secretary of State (1944–1945) <mask> returned to Washington in 1942 and served as a special assistant to Secretary Hull. In 1944, he was promoted to director of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs. From December 1944 to August 1945, he served once again as undersecretary of state. A fierce anticommunist, he opposed co-operation with the Soviets.Roosevelt wanted closer relationships with <mask>, unlike the new President, Harry Truman. <mask> was again appointed as Under Secretary of State and served from December 20, 1944 to August 15, 1945. He served as the Acting Secretary of State for most January to August 1945 while Secretaries of State Edward Stettinius and James F. Byrnes were away at conferences. Among high-level officials in Washington, <mask> was the most knowledgeable regarding Japanese issues. He was also the author of an influential book about Japan, titled Ten Years in Japan. <mask> advocated a soft peace that would be acceptable to the Japanese people and would maintain an honorable status for the Emperor. He successfully opposed treating the Emperor as a war criminal and thereby prepared the way for a speedy Japanese surrender and the friendly postwar relations during which Japan was closely supervised by American officials.Forcible return of Soviet prisoners-of-war By May 1945, the U.S. held a number of Soviet prisoners-of-war (POWs) who had been captured while serving voluntarily or involuntarily in some capacity in the German Army, mostly as rear area personnel (ammunition bearers, cooks, drivers, sanitation orderlies, or guards). Unlike the German prisoners, who were looking forward to release at war's end, the Soviet prisoners urgently requested asylum in the United States or at least repatriation to a country not under Soviet occupation, as they knew they would be shot by Stalin as traitors for being captured (under Soviet law, surrender incurred the death penalty). The question of the Soviet POWs' conduct was difficult to determine but not their fate if repatriated. Most Soviet POWs stated that they had been given a choice by the Germans: volunteer for labor duty with the German army or be turned over to the Gestapo for execution or service in an Arbeitslager (a camp used to work prisoners until they died of starvation or illness). In any case, in Stalin's eyes, they were dead men, as they had been captured alive, "contaminated" by contact with those in bourgeois Western nations, and found in service with the German Army. Notified of their impending transfer to Soviet authorities, a riot at their POW camp erupted. No one was killed by the guards, but some POWS were wounded, and others hanged themselves.Truman granted the men a temporary reprieve, but <mask>, as Acting Secretary of State, signed an order on July 11, 1945 forcing the repatriation of the Soviet POWs to the Soviet Union. Soviet co-operation, it was believed, would prove necessary to remake the face of postwar Europe. On August 31, 1945, the 153 survivors were officially returned to the Soviet Union; their ultimate fate is unknown. Other work <mask>'s book Sport and Travel in the Far East was a favorite one of Theodore Roosevelt's. The introduction to the 1910 Houghton Mifflin printing of the book features the following introduction written by Roosevelt: In 1945, after Grew left the State Department, he wrote two volumes of professional memoirs, published in 1952. Personal life <mask> married Alice Perry (b. 1884), the daughter of premier American impressionist painter Lilla Cabot Perry (1848–1933), daughter of Dr. Samuel Cabot (of the New England Cabots).Alice's father was noted American scholar Thomas Sergeant Perry (1845–1928). Through her paternal grandfather, Alice was a great-granddaughter of famed American naval hero Oliver Hazard Perry. Together, <mask> and Alice were the parents of: Lilla Cabot <mask> (1907–1994), who married Jay Pierrepont Moffat (1896–1943), the American Ambassador to Canada, in 1927. Elizabeth Sturgis <mask> (1912–1998), who married Cecil B. Lyon. He died two days before his 85th birthday on May 25, 1965. Descendants <mask>'s grandson, Jay Pierrepont Moffat, Jr. (b. 1932), was the United States Ambassador to Chad from 1983 to 1985.In popular culture In the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!, a historical drama about the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the part of US Ambassador <mask> was played by Meredith Weatherby. Published works Sport and Travel in the Far East, 1910 Report From Tokyo, 1942 Ten Years in Japan, 1944 Turbulent Era, Volume I, 1952 Turbulent Era, Volume II, 1952 See also Japan–United States relations References Further reading Bennett, Edward M. (1999). "<mask>, <mask> (1880–1965)". American National Biography. . DeConde, Alexander, et al. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy (4 vols.2002). <mask>, <mask>. (1952). Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945. Books for Libraries Press. Heinrichs, Waldo H. (1966). American ambassador: <mask><mask> and the development of the United States diplomatic tradition . A standard scholarly biography.Katz, Stan S. (2019). The Art of Peace: An Illustrated Biography on Prince Iyesato Tokugawa. Excerpt. Pelz, Stephen (1985). "Gulick and Grew: Errands into the East Asian Wilderness". 13#4: 606–611. . Utley, Jonathan G. (1985). Going to War with Japan, 1937–1941.U of Tennessee Press. External links The Political Graveyard: <mask>. Grew United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778–2005 1880 births 1965 deaths 20th-century American diplomats 20th-century American non-fiction writers Acting United States Secretaries of State Ambassadors of the United States to Denmark Ambassadors of the United States to Japan Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland Ambassadors of the United States to Turkey American expatriates in Japan American people of World War II Groton School alumni Harvard College alumni People from Boston United States Foreign Service personnel United States Under Secretaries of State Writers from Massachusetts

Jacob Kwakye-Maafo

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<mask> (born 1940), also known as Nana Ohemeng Awere V, is a Ghanaian physician and a surgeon who specialises in Obstetrics and Gynecology and traditional ruler of Assin Nsuta and the chief executive of the West End Hospital, Kumasi. A past president of the Ghana Medical Association, he is an advocate of community health and has helped establish several health centres, rural hospitals and clinics in the Ashanti Region of Ghana notably the Ankaasi Faith Healing Methodist Hospital and the Lake Clinic at Amakom near Lake Bosomtwi. He was a member of the committee set up by the government of Ghana in 2003, tasked with the implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana. Kwakye-Maafo is the elder brother of Yaw Osafo-Maafo, the former finance minister during the John Kufuor administration and Isaac Adjei-Maafo, who was a Minister of Agriculture and later head of the Ghana Cocoa Board during the PNDC era. Early life and education <mask> had his primary education at Awisa Presbyterian Boarding School, Akim-Awisa, in the Eastern Region of Ghana, from 1944 to 1953. In January 1954 he entered the Abuakwa State College. In January 1959, he entered sixth form at the Opoku Ware School in Kumasi, where he passed his Cambridge High School Certificate in 1960.In August 1961 he was awarded the Ghana Government Scholarship to study Medicine in Germany where he studied German at the University of Leipzig and University of Greifswald in 1962; he was admitted to the Freie University of Berlin, under the German/Ghanaian Scholarship Programme DAAD. He graduated as a Medical Practitioner after passing the State Examination (Staatsexamens) in September 1968. In 1971 he was awarded the Doctor of Medicine (MD) Degree at the Freie University, Berlin (MB, ChB). After qualification, he worked in several hospitals in Berlin including the Rudolf VIRCHOW, Westend Klinikum and the Frauenklinik am Mariendorferweg. Career As a committed and patriotic citizen, Kwakye-Maafo returned to Ghana in January 1972 to serve his country in several capacities. He served as a medical officer and then as a senior medical officer in many hospitals, namely, the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, the Mampong Maternity Hospital, and the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra. In 1979, Kwakye-Maafo with the help of his wife Mercy established the West End Clinic, named after the ‘Westend Klinikum’ in Germany.The clinic started initially as an outpatients’ clinic, but has over the years developed into a 40-bed hospital with theatre facilities for both minor and major surgeries. The hospital is now a referral centre to clients within and around the Kumasi metropolis. Other roles A Medical Consultant to the Methodist Church of Ghana; A Member of the National Health Insurance Council A fellow and Past President of the Ghana Medical Association; A fellow of the West African College of Physicians; A foundation fellow of the Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons; An R3M Champion/ An NGO championing the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality in Ghana; A Member of the Medical & Dental Council of Ghana (2000–2006) A Member of the Nurses and Midwives Council of Ghana (2000–2008) A Member of the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital Board (2000–2008) Reign Chief of Assin Nsuta On 19 December 2005, he was installed the Chief of Assin Nsuta and the ‘Benkumhene’ or Divisional Chief of the Assin Apimanim Traditional Area in the Central Region under the Stool name of ‘Nana Ohemeng Awere V’. Personal life Kwakye-Maafo is married to Mercy, a retired general and psychiatric nurse. Together have three children Fred, Marion, Harry and several grandchildren. He currently resides in the Ashanti region of Ghana. A staunch Methodist, he also provides consultancy to the Methodist church hospitals in Ghana.Articles, publications and presentations "On Haemagglutination Inhibition Measles Antibodies of Pregnant Women and the Newborn" – Separation of 7S and 19S Measles Antibodies – inaugural dissertation, Berlin 1971. The Private Sector as a major Collaborator in the Health Care Delivery with emphasis on maternal and child health – April 1995 "Quality Health Care in Ghanaian Health Institutions" - Appraisal and Challenges for the Future - Address to members of the Ghana Medical Association and to the Nation - October, 1998 "Arresting the Brain Drain in the Health Sector" – Address to members of the Ghana Medical Association and to the Nation – November, 1999. Integrating Traditional Medicine into Health Care Systems — 20–21 July 2001. GIMPA, Accra. “The Role of the Private Sector in the Health Delivery System.” Paper delivered at the 2nd Annual Public Lecture of the University of Ghana Medical Students Association (UGMS) Wednesday, 26 March 2003 “Pushing Forward Ghana’s Health Agenda” Responsibilities and Expectations of the Health Personnel in the New Ghana Health Service Paper delivered at the KNUST-MSA Inaugural Public Lecture Friday, 12 September 2003 Challenges facing the Health Care Provider with the Introduction of National Health Insurance Scheme. 16 September 2004 Ghanaian Perspective of Achieving Quality Health Care: The role of Traditional Medicine. Integrating Traditional Medicine into Orthodox Medicine: Is Ghana ready?[8] Challenges facing regional co-coordinating councils, District Assemblies and Health Care Providers with the Introduction of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana. A Paper on the National Health Insurance in Ghana. * Historical Background. * Objectives and Designs. * Achievements & Challenges. See also Yaw Osafo-Maafo West End Hospital, Kumasi Opoku Ware School References External links Ghana Medical Association National Health Insurance council member 15th president of the GMA Abuakwa State news Assin Apimanim installs Benkumhene Living people Ghanaian obstetricians 1940 births Abuakwa State College alumni Alumni of Opoku Ware School

Alex Wojciechowicz

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<mask>Wojie<mask> (; August 12, 1915 – July 13, 1992) was an American football player from 1935 to 1950. He was a two-way player who played at center on offense and at linebacker on defense. He has been inducted into both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame, was a founder and the first president of the NFL Alumni Association, and was the third player to receive the Order of the Leather Helmet. <mask> played college football for the Fordham Rams from 1935 to 1937 and was a member of the line that became known as the Seven Blocks of Granite. He was selected as the consensus first-team All-American center in both 1936 and 1937. <mask> was selected by the Detroit Lions in the first round of the 1938 NFL Draft and played for the Lions from 1938 to 1946. He was selected as a first-team All-NFL player in 1939 and 1944.In 1946, he was released by the Lions and then sold to the Philadelphia Eagles, for whom he played from 1946 to 1950. He won two NFL championships with the Eagles, in 1948 and 1949. Early years <mask> was born in 1915 in South River, New Jersey, and attended South River High School. His father, <mask> (1890–1974), was a Polish immigrant and tailor. College football <mask> enrolled at Fordham University in 1935 and played college football as the center for the Fordham Rams football team from 1935 to 1937. He was a member of the Fordham line, alongside Vince Lombardi, that became known as the Seven Blocks of Granite. The undefeated 1937 Fordham team, with Wojciechowicz at center, compiled a 7–0–1 record, was ranked #3 in the final AP Poll, and gave up only 16 points all season.He was selected as the consensus first-team All-American center in both 1936 and 1937. Fordham coach Jim Crowley called <mask> "one of the great defensive centers" and noted that he "seldom made a bad pass from center." He made a name for himself in the annual rivalry games with Pittsburgh, resulting in three consecutive scoreless ties. The final tie was the only blemish on the record of the 1937 Pitt team that won the national championship in the AP Poll. <mask> later cited the Pitt games as his three biggest thrills in football, saying, "Pitt had the dream backfield, with all-America Marshall Goldberg, and we had the dream line. It was a stalemate for three years. Those three games proved what football is all about."Professional football Detroit Lions <mask> was selected by the Detroit Lions in the first round, sixth overall pick, of the 1938 NFL Draft. He signed with the Lions in July 1938. For nine years, <mask> was a fixture in the Lions' lineup, a 60-minute player who played at center on offense and linebacker on defense. He was selected as a first-team All-NFL player in 1939 and 1944 and had seven interceptions in 1944, a Lions single-season record at the time. Between 1938 and 1946, he appeared in 86 games for the Lions, 61 of them as a starter. The Pro Football Hall of Fame, in its biography of <mask>, states: "On the field, . . . he was all business, one of the last of the 'iron men' of football, a center on offense and a sure-tackling linebacker with unusually good range, on defense."In October 1946, after the Lions lost their season opener, Detroit coach Gus Dorais released four linemen, including <mask>. <mask> announced at the time that he would return to his business in New Jersey and added, "This day had to come, and I can't say I'm disappointed that it happened now." Philadelphia Eagles Two days after the Lions announced his release, the Eagles purchased the Lions' rights to Wojciechowicz for an undisclosed sum. He appeared in seven games for the Eagles, only one as a starter, during the 1946 season. In 1947, he became the Eagles' starting center, appearing in all 12 games for the club, 11 as a starter. The 1947 Eagles compiled an 8–4 record, finished in first place in the NFL East, but lost to the Cardinals in the 1947 NFL Championship Game. In 1948, <mask> lost the starting center job to Vic Lindskog, but appeared in 10 games, mostly on defense, for the 1948 Eagles team that shut out the Cardinals in the 1948 NFL Championship Game.In 1949, he appeared in all 12 games, but only one as a starter, as Chuck Bednarik was the starting center for the Eagles team. That year, the Eagles won their second consecutive NFL championship, shutting out the Rams in the 1949 NFL Championship Game. He was considered past his prime when he joined the Eagles, but head coach Greasy Neale used him principally as a linebacker, and he responded with quality defensive play. Teammate Jack Hinkle called <mask> the "toughest guy" on the Eagles' championship teams and added, "He looked like a big, shaggy dog. A sad-eyed St. Bernard. But he'd rip your head off." In his final NFL season, <mask> appeared in nine games, none as a starter, and saw only limited action.In December 1950, he announced that he was retiring as a player. Family, honors and later years <mask> was married to Katherine Mallen, and they had three sons and a daughter. For many years after retiring from the NFL, he lived in Wanamassa, New Jersey, and worked as a real estate appraiser and broker. <mask> was also one of the founders of the NFL Alumni Association, established to negotiate with the owners for the creation of a pension plan to benefit the game's early players, and was elected as its president in 1968. His son recalled: "He worked hard to establish the indigent players' fund and establish pensions." After retiring from football, Wojciechowicz received numerous honors including the following: In 1955, he was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1968, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.At the time, Bill Daley wrote in The New York Times: "Fewer than a dozen men had the durability and continuing excellence to survive the rigors of smashing play for a longer period of time." In 1969, he was selected to the National Football League 1940s All-Decade Team. In 1970, he was one of the five inaugural inductees into the Fordham University Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1971, he was inducted into the New Jersey All Sports Hall of Fame. In 1975, <mask> was inducted into the National Polish American Sports Hall of Fame. In 1982, he became the third player, after Bronko Nagurski and Red Grange, to receive the prestigious NFL Alumni Order of the Leather Helmet. In 1987, he was inducted into the Eagles Hall of Fame.<mask> died in 1992 at his home in the Forked River section of Lacey Township, New Jersey, at age 76. References External links 1915 births 1992 deaths All-American college football players American football centers American football linebackers College Football Hall of Fame inductees Detroit Lions players Fordham Rams football players Fordham University alumni People from South River, New Jersey Philadelphia Eagles players Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees American people of Polish descent Players of American football from New Jersey Sportspeople from Lacey Township, New Jersey Sportspeople from Middlesex County, New Jersey

Abhaya Induruwa

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<mask> () is the inaugural Professor V K Samaranayake Endowed Professor of Computing, University of Colombo School of Computing, Sri Lanka. Having served as the Director of Cyber Innovation Hub he recently retired from the Canterbury Christ Church University in the United Kingdom where he researched into security and forensic investigation of Internet of Things (IoT). Currently he is engaged in promoting IoT in digital agriculture as a disruptive technology, primarily in developing countries, leading to smart agriculture resulting in higher yields in food production. Induruwa is considered the father of Internet in Sri Lanka. Education After spending three years of his early primary education at Kahagolla Madya Maha Vidyalaya, Diyatalawa, he was admitted to Nalanda College, Colombo from where he proceeded to the University of Sri Lanka, Katubedda Campus. He is the first student to graduate with a First Class Honours degree in Electrical or Electronics Engineering since the inception of the University of Sri Lanka, Katubedda Campus, and is the recipient of the Prof Om Prakash Kulshreshtha award for the Best Electrical and Electronic Engineering student in 1975. In September 1976 he proceeded to Imperial College London and in January 1980 he was awarded PhD from the University of London for his research on Computer Simulation Techniques in Power Systems Planning.His research supervisor was Emeritus Professor Brian J. Cory. Professional career <mask> founded the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Moratuwa in 1985, the first and the only department of its kind in a Sri Lankan university, and served as its Head until 1998. In 1989 he pioneered and served as the Principal Investigator of project LEARN (Lanka Education and Research Network), which he developed into the academic Internet in Sri Lanka . He obtained funds from the Sri Lankan government and other well wishers, commissioned staff and resources, provided technical and managerial leadership, and led the project LEARN to completion in 1995. He also administered the .LK domain since its first registration in 1990 until 1998. <mask> is a founding member of the Internet Society (ISOC - Kobe, 1992) and a member of the Internet Society Sri Lanka Chapter. He serves as a Member of the Advisory Group of the Asia Internet History project, and is a contributing author.He is a Chartered Engineer, a Chartered Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, UK, Chartered Fellow of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, and a Chartered Fellow of the British Computer Society. Induruwa is a founding member of the Computer Society of Sri Lanka (1976). In recognition of his services to computer education and IT industry in Sri Lanka the Honorary Fellowship of the Computer Society of Sri Lanka was conferred on him in 2003. In recognition of his signal contribution to the growth, connectivity, and use of the Internet in Sri Lanka, and for pioneering LEARN - the first IP WAN in Sri Lanka Induruwa was inducted to the Internet Hall of Fame 2014, an honorary lifetime achievement award administered by the Internet Society. Recognising his significant contribution to the development of networking and Internet in Sri Lanka Induruwa was honoured by the Internet Society Sri Lanka Chapter with an Internet Pioneers Award at the celebration of 20 years of Internet in Sri Lanka in June 2015. For his exceptional contribution to the digital arena Prof <mask> received a Life Time Achievement Award from Sri Lanka Telecom in June 2017. In October 2019, at the 30th anniversary celebrations of LEARN, he received the LEARN Founder Award from H E Maithripala Sirisena, the President of Sri Lanka, for proposing in 1989 the conceptual design for an academic and research network in Sri Lanka, and implementing the same between 1990-1995, finally connecting to the Internet in 1996.Prof <mask> served on the Internet Hall of Fame Advisory Board from 2016 until 2018. From 2016 to 2019 he served as a Member of the General Assembly of the European Cybercrime Education and Training Group (ECTEG) of the Europol. In 2018 he served as an Expert on Cybercrime to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on their Education for Justice (E4J) project. In 2019 he served as an Expert to the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BelSPO) to evaluate project proposals under BRAIN-BE 2.0 (Belgian Research Action Through Interdisciplinary Networks). Life Time Achievement Awards 2003 - Honorary Fellow of the Computer Society of Sri Lanka recognizing the distinguished services to the ICT education and ICT profession in Sri Lanka 2014 - Internet Hall of Fame Lifetime Achievement Award of the Internet Society (ISOC) for pioneering IP networking and Internet in Sri Lanka 2015 - Internet Pioneers Award of the Internet Society-Sri Lanka (ISOC-LK) Chapter celebrating 20 years of Internet in Sri Lanka 2017 - Sri Lanka Telecom Zero-One Lifetime Achievement Award for exceptional contribution to the digital arena 2019 - LEARN Founder Award for proposing, designing and implementing academic and research networking, and pioneering Internet in Sri Lanka Recent published work "Hybrid Intrusion Detection System for Smart Home Applications" (Chapter 12) in Developing and Monitoring Smart Environments for Intelligent Cities (Edited by Zaigham Mahmood), IGI Global, October 2020. "Snapshot of Internet in Sri Lanka around 2020" in Asia Internet History - Fourth Decade (2011-2020) (Edited by Kilnam Chon), Published in April 2021. "COVID-19 track & trace apps and their data governance issues" in Asia Internet History - Fourth Decade (2011-2020) (Edited by Kilnam Chon), Published in April 2021."Security Vulnerabilities of Popular Smart Home Appliances", Conf. Proc. ICN 2021: The Twentieth International Conference on Networks, IARIA NexComm 2021 Congress, 18–21 April 2021, Porto, Portugal Keynotes and public lectures "LEARN: Its Journey from 1989", Keynote address at the 30th Anniversary of Lanka Experimental Academic & Research Network (LEARN), 7 October 2019, Hotel Shangri-la, Sri Lanka. "Emerging Cyberspace Challenges and the Role of Cyber-intelligence", Main keynote address at the inauguration of the 12th International Research Conference of the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University (KDU), 11 September 2019, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka. "Realising the Internet of Things (IoT): Can we afford to miss the opportunity? ", Plenary keynote address at the 12th International Research Conference of the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University (KDU), 11 September 2019, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka. () "Computer Science & Smart Currencies", Plenary Keynote address at the 11th International Research Conference of the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University (KDU), 14 September 2018, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka.() "Sri Lanka 3CENTRE - A National Initiative for Capacity Building in Cybercrime Forensics, Cybersecurity & Cyber Intelligence", Keynote Speech delivered at the Cyber Security Industry Forum, 31 May 2017, Colombo, Sri Lanka. "Internet - the Next Wave of Disruption: Opportunities and Threats", Keynote Speech delivered at the 34th National IT Conference (NITC 2016) of the Computer Society of Sri Lanka, 9–10 August 2016, Colombo, Sri Lanka. "Internet of Everything: How secure should it be? ", Keynote Speech delivered at the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Research in Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (), 20–22 November 2015, Kolkata, India. "A (brief) Moment in Internet History", Address delivered at the 20 Years of Internet in Sri Lanka, 8 June 2015, Colombo, Sri Lanka. "Making and Breaking the Internet", Guest Speaker at the , 18 December 2014, Perth, Australia. "Distributed Computation: Its impact on Network Security and Forensics", Keynote Speech delivered at the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, 14–16 November 2014, Kolkata, India."ICT for Inclusive Development of Sri Lanka beyond 2020", Keynote Speech delivered at the 32nd National IT Conference of the Computer Society of Sri Lanka, 26–27 August 2014, Colombo, Sri Lanka. "Intelligent Future", Seventh Annual Professor V K Samaranayake Memorial Oration delivered at the University of Colombo School of Computing, 23 July 2014, Colombo, Sri Lanka. "Hidden in the Clouds: Impact on Data Security and Forensic Investigation", Keynote Speech delivered at the International Conference on ICT for Emerging Regions, 1–2 September 2011, Colombo, Sri Lanka. "Cyberwar - How Real is the Threat? ", Keynote Speech delivered at the 29th National IT Conference of the Computer Society of Sri Lanka, 24–25 August 2011, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Interviews References Sources Interview with Prof <mask> <mask>, Father of Internet in Sri Lanka Sinhalese engineers Sinhalese academics Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo Academics of Canterbury Christ Church University 1950 births Living people Sri Lankan computer scientists Sri Lankan expatriate academics Fellows of the British Computer Society Fellows of the Institution of Engineering and Technology

John II of Trebizond

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<mask> (, Iōannēs Megas Komnēnos) (c. 1262 – 16 August 1297) was Emperor of Trebizond from 1280 to 1297. He was the youngest son of Emperor Manuel I and his third wife, Irene Syrikaina, a Trapezuntine noblewoman. <mask> succeeded to the throne after his full-brother George was betrayed by his archons on the mountain of Taurezion. It was during his reign that the style of the rulers of Trebizond changed; until then, they claimed the traditional title of the Byzantine emperors, "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans", but from <mask> on they changed it to "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, the Iberians, and the Transmarine Provinces", although Iberia had been lost in the reign of Andronikos I Gidos. <mask> is the first ruler of Trebizond for whom we know more than a few incidents and hints; there is enough information to compose a connected narrative of the first part of his reign. The chronicle of Michael Panaretos, which is often terse and even cryptic, is relatively full for <mask>'s reign, and external sources add further details to Panaretos' account. Emperor <mask> faced many challenges to his rule, which partly explains his marriage to the daughter of the Byzantine emperor <mask>ologos.This insecurity may explain the sole instance where two emperors of Trebizond appear on the coins of this polity: <mask> and his oldest son, Alexios. By associating himself with his son Alexios on these coins, <mask> may be advertising his choice for his successor. Life <mask> was born ca. 1262/3, the son of Manuel I (reigned 1238–1263) and his wife, Irene Syrikaina. <mask>'s reign was marked from the beginning with instability. He came to the throne in June 1280, following the betrayal and death of his brother George (r. 1266–1280) by his own officials. His first recorded act as Emperor was in 1281, when he received an embassy from <mask> Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282) consisting of George Acropolites and a prominent churchman by the name of Xiphilinos; the goal of this mission was to convince <mask> to discontinue using the title of "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans".Michael had gained the throne of the Empire of Nicaea through a coup against the youthful heir <mask> IV Laskaris some 20 years before, then gained possession of Constantinople itself from the Latin Empire, and based on this achievement Michael believed that only he had the right to this title. This was not the only reason the Byzantine emperor regarded <mask> as a threat: some opponents of Michael's acceptance of union with the Western Church saw <mask> as a viable Orthodox candidate for the imperial throne. Michael considered high-ranking members of the Byzantine aristocracy who refused to embrace the union as threats to his reign, and they were imprisoned, flogged, blinded, or murdered. Michael had repeatedly petitioned <mask>'s predecessors to discontinue using the traditional imperial title. When Acropolites and Xiphilinos presented the invitation of his daughter's hand in return for ceding his ancestral title, <mask> refused this offer. <mask> replied that he was following the precedent set by his predecessors and that the nobility of Trebizond would not allow him to renounce the traditional title. Once Akropolites left Trebizond, <mask> was faced with a rebellion led by one Papadopoulos, which according to Finlay gained control of the citadel and made <mask> their prisoner.Finlay states that while it is not "possible to establish the complicity of the Byzantine agents in this business", he considers that they likely had a hand in the matter. As Finlay points out, regardless of Michael's possible machinations, "there cannot be a doubt that it [the revolt] was the cause of producing a great change in the views of the emperor of Trebizond and his court". Following the suppression of Papadopoulos' revolt, a second embassy from Michael arrived at Trebizond, composed of Demetrios Iatropoulos, logothetes ton oikeiakon, and a high ecclesiastic, who offered the bargain once again. This time <mask> agreed to the marriage, but explained it was impossible for him to lay aside the imperial title, which had been borne by his ancestors. "The title of Basileus, the purple boots, the robes embroidered with eagles, and the prostrations of the powerful chiefs of the aristocracy, were dear to the pride of the citizens of Trebizond, and attached them to the person of the emperors." After pledges of sincerity from Michael were made, <mask> agreed to the marriage. However, when he reached Constantinople, his hosts induced him, before he entered the city, to lay aside his purple boots and imperial robes out of respect for Michael Palaiologos—despite the fact his future father-in-law was absent campaigning against the Turks.In exchange for this concession, Michael awarded <mask> with the title of Despot. Michael died before the wedding took place. While <mask> was away at Constantinople, David VI Narin, the Georgian King of Imereti, besieged the capital. Though King David failed to take the city, the Georgians occupied several provinces. <mask> left for Trebizond on 25 April 1282 with his new wife, Eudokia Palaiologina. Not long after <mask> arrived home, he was confronted by two new threats to his reign. The first was from his half-brother George, who returned to Trebizond and made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the throne.Next was his half-sister Theodora, daughter of Manuel I by his Georgian wife, Rusudan, who apparently deposed him in 1284 to rule for a short time before making a "sudden flight" (in Michael Panaretos' words) from Trebizond; Michel Kuršanskis suggests he may have taken refuge in Tripolis. <mask> was restored to the throne no later than 1285. Panaretos, our primary source for his reign, offers us few details about the remainder of his reign. His account of <mask>'s reign—which amounts to three paragraphs—concludes with the statement that it was "during his reign the Turks seized Chalybia and launched a great invasion, so that all those places became uninhabited." During the 1290s, the Ünye fortress on the western border of the country was built by him. <mask> died at Limnia in 1297. <mask>, in his Logos, notes that when his son Alexios succeeded him, the western part of his realm was under heavy pressure from "the godless Agarenes" and only Kerasous, part of Chalybia, Oinaion, and "the thirteen towns or forts of Limnia" remained to the Empire; <mask> may have been leading his forces against the enemy when he died.His body was transported to his capital and interred in the Panagia Chrysokephalos Church ("Golden-headed" Virgin). Portraits of <mask> and his wife Eudokia could be seen in the church of St. Gregory of Nyssa, prior to its reconstruction in 1863. These portraits were notable that his robes were adorned with the single-headed eagle "the special emblem of the Comneni of Trebizond", while her robes bore the double-headed eagle of Byzantium. Foreign policy It was in the later half of <mask>'s reign that his Empire attracted attention from the West. For most of the 13th century, Trebizond had not been on the minds of Western leaders: for example, they had played no part in the Council of Lyons in 1274. That changed in the 1290s. Pope Nicholas IV wrote two letters in 1291 inviting <mask> II to convert to Catholicism, join in a new crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land and be Christianity's envoy to the Mongols.The following year an English embassy to the Mongols passed through Trebizond; Anthony Bryer notes <mask> did little for them except lend them "his palace chef to show how the local delicacies of the Empire were cooked." About this time a Genoese colony was established in Trebizond, perhaps as early as 1290, for the English embassy records meeting a merchant of Genoa, Nicolo d'Oria, in Trebizond; he may have been the Genoese consul. Also in the first years of this decade there is evidence that the Franciscans established a convent in Trebizond, which not only served as their base for evangelizing Anatolia, but provided friars to minister to the Genoese in that city. Family and succession <mask> is known to have two sons by Eudokia Palaiologina: Alexios II, who succeeded as emperor Michael References External links Vougiouklaki Penelope, "<mask> II Grand Komnenos", Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor 1262 births 1297 deaths 13th-century emperors of Trebizond Grand Komnenos dynasty Eastern Orthodox monarchs Despots (court title)

Heinrich Hora

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<mask> (born 1931 in Bodenbach, Czechoslovakia) is a German-Australian theoretical physicist who made contributions to solid state physics, optical properties of plasma with relativistic and quantum effects and nonlinear dynamics with applications of lasers for producing nuclear fusion energy. He lives in Sydney where he is an emeritus professor at the University of New South Wales and a former vice-president of the Royal Society of New South Wales. Academic career and achievements As foundation professor of theoretical physics at the University of New South Wales from 1975 and emeritus from 1992 he established the Department of Theoretical Physics, where a number of students received the university medal, with a record level of publications and where he supervised most of his 25 PhD students. Guest and adjunct professorships include ones at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the universities of Rochester, Bern, Iowa, Giessen, Tokyo, Regensburg, Osaka, Western Sydney and the Weizmann Institute. For seven years he was active in industrial research at Zeiss, IBM, Westinghouse and Siemens. He also was involved with research for 12 years at the Max-Planck-Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching near Munich, Germany and for one year as attache remun. at CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire, or European Council for Nuclear Research) in Geneva, Switzerland.He consulted to the laser movie "Der Verräter" in the TV series "Das Blaue Palais". His taped lecture course at CERN (1991) about laser acceleration of particles contributed to Gerard Mourou's PeV particle acceleration. His discoveries include the volume mechanism for photo-electric emission, sub-threshold defect generation by electron beams for producing semiconductor junctions with application in solar cells. Prof. <mask>'s first publication about growth of diamond crystals by physical vapour deposition became an IBM patent in 1964. His first general formula for nuclear energy gain at laser compression and thermal ignition of fusion led to his subsequent discovery of volume ignition (later confirmed by John Archibald Wheeler as "Wheeler modes"). Against established knowledge, he discovered electron acceleration in vacuum by lasers based on nonlinearity. His derivation of the nonlinear (ponderomotive) forces of laser-plasma interaction including dielectric effects in the Maxwellian stress tensor led to the prediction of ultrahigh acceleration of plasma blocks being confirmed experimentally by Sauerbrey with application to a new laser fusion energy scheme as block ignition of uncompressed fuel resulting in a possible nuclear energy production with less radioactivity than burning coal.He discovered the general mechanism of ponderomotive and relativistic self-focusing. His theory for crossing electron and laser beams within media (Schwarz-Hora effect) led to the discovery of the correspondence principle of electromagnetic interaction and following Nathan Rosen to nonlocality and quantum entangling. Based on the importance of including usually neglected very tiny quantities as the longitudinal field components of laser beams led to the formulation of the nonlinearity principle showing how nonlinear physics is changing from wrong linear physics into correct understanding. Hora initiated advanced schemes of laser driven fusion energy and became Director of the foundation of SAFE (Society to Advance Fusion Energy) with the president Luella LaMeer Slaner from the traditional billionaires North of Manhattan and George H. Miley as executive director, to push through a law for spending $20 billion for nuclear fusion research finally signed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980. This led finally to the scheme of laser pulses of 30 kilojoule energy to produce gigajoule energy from the clean reaction of uncompressed proton-boron fuel resulting in less radioactivity than burning coal. By 2017 he and associated startup HB11 had committed to hydrogen-boron fusion and in February 2020 announced patents on the technique using a petawatt laser. Family and personal life <mask> and his late wife Rosemarie Hora † 2007, née Weiler, have six children and sixteen grandchildren.Degrees and awards D. Sc. (UNSW), Dr. rer. nat. (Jena), Dipl. Physiker (Halle-Wittenberg), FAIP, FInstP (London), FRSN Ritter-von-Gerstner Medal (1985) Edward-Teller Medal (1991) Dirac Medal (2001) Ernst-Mach Medal (2002) Books Editor Founder and editor-in-chief of "Laser and Particle Beams", Cambridge University Press (1982–1991) Co-editor of P.A.M. Dirac "Direction of Physics", Wiley, New York 1978 (also Russian and Japanese) Co-editor of "Edward Teller Lectures", Imperial College London 2005 Founder and co-editor of Conference Series "Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena", Plenum Press New York, 12 volumes 1971–1992 Author H. Hora. Laser Plasmas and Nuclear Energy. Plenum, New York, 1975, 464 pages.H<mask>. Nonlinear Plasma Dynamics. Springer, Heidelberg 1979, 250 pages. H<mask>. Physics of Laser-Driven Plasmas. Wiley, New York 1981, 334 pages (also in Russian). S. Eliezer, A.K.Ghatak, and H<mask> (foreword by Edward Teller). Introduction to the Equations of State. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986, 378 pages. . H. Hora. Plasmas at High Temperature and Density. Springer, Heidelberg 1991, 456 pages. , 2nd edition paperback, S. Roderer, Regensburg 2000, H. Hora. Elektrodynamik.S. Roderer, Regensburg, 1994, 192 pages, . H<mask>. Nonlinear Force and Pondermotion. ILE Osaka 1996, 208 pages . H<mask>. Innovation, Technologie & Ökonomie. S. Roderer, Regensburg 1998, 248p.(2nd edition 2000) H<mask>. Laser Plasma Physics – Forces and the Nonlinearity Principle. Spie Press 2000, Bellingham, WA, 232p. H. <mask>. Laser Plasma Physics – Forces and the Nonlinearity Principle. Spie Press 2016, Bellingham, WA, 350p. S. Eliezer, A.K.Ghatak, and H<mask>. Fundamentals of Equations of State. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore 2002, 385p. <mask>ra. Keine Klimakatstrophe – es ist viel schlimmer (No Climatic Catastrophe – it is much worse) 202 pages, Sydney 2007, same: Klimakatastrophe Überwinden. Roderer-Verlag, Regensburg 2007, 202 pages <mask> Klimaprobleme – Lösungwege, S. Roderer-Verlag, Regensburg 2010, 256 pages, See also Aneutronic fusion References External links University of New South Wales – School of Physics 1931 births Living people Theoretical physicists 20th-century German physicists 20th-century Australian physicists People associated with CERN People from Děčín

Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden

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<mask>, 1st Baron <mask> of Harrowden (c. 1460 – 14 May 1523) was a soldier and courtier in England and an early member of the House of Commons. He was the son of Lancastrian loyalists Sir <mask> of Harrowden and Katherine Penyson (or Peniston as she is sometimes called in later sources), a lady of the household of Queen Margaret of Anjou, wife of the Lancastrian king, Henry VI of England. Katherine was daughter of Gregorio Panizzone of Courticelle (modern Cortiglione), in Piedmont, Italy which was at that time subject to King René of Anjou, father of Queen Margaret of Anjou, as ruler of Provence. He grew up during the years of Yorkist rule and later served under the founder of the Tudor dynasty, Henry VII. Overview <mask>'s mother, Katherine, an attendant on Margaret of Anjou, remained constant to her mistress when others forsook the Lancastrian cause. Katherine's husband, Sir <mask>, whom she had married not long before she obtained her letters of denization, was attainted in 1461 and later slain at the Battle of Tewkesbury. Despite her husband's misfortune, <mask> remained loyal to her mistress: she stayed by the Queen during her imprisonment in the Tower of London, and on Margaret's release in 1476 went with her into exile (as she had done earlier in the 1460s), living with her until her death six years later.Katherine's two children did not share either her confinement or her travels abroad; instead, <mask> and his sister Joan, were brought up in the household of Lady Margaret Beaufort (mother of Henry VII), without charge, even though Edward IV restored two manors to the family for the maintenance of him and his sister. Katherine's devotion was rewarded after the triumph of Henry VII at Bosworth, where <mask>, as a protégé of Lady Margaret Beaufort, probably fought under her husband Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby; the petition for the reversal of the attainder on <mask>'s father and the forfeiture of his property was accepted by the King in the Parliament of 1485, and not long after <mask> was named to the commission of the peace for his home county. Politics He fought for Henry VII at Stoke and Blackheath, being knighted on the field for his service in both battles. Not only was he active and diligent in local government but he was also frequently at court attending all the great state occasions at home and abroad until his death; in 1511 he entertained Henry VIII at Harrowden. It was as a soldier and diplomat, however, that he made his mark. Given the important command at Guisnes, he distinguished himself during the Tournai campaign in 1513 and then in the missions (he had had some earlier experiences in negotiating, chiefly with Burgundy) to the French King about the English withdrawal and the several royal marriage treaties. Later, he was one of the devisers of the Field of the Cloth of Gold.His sister, Joan, had also benefited from the change of dynasty: she entered the royal household, became governess to Henry VII's daughters and married successively Sir Richard Guildford and the father of Sir <mask>, Sir Anthony Poyntz. <mask> was a natural candidate for election to Parliament, although in the absence of so many returns for the early Tudor period he is known to have been a Member only in 1515 when he and Sir John Hussey took a memorandum on certain Acts from the Commons up to the Lords. Presumably, he sat for his own shire on this occasion as he was afterwards appointed to the Northamptonshire commission for the subsidy which he had helped to grant. Missions to France On 4 September 1514, <mask> with his second wife Anne Green were part of the delegation tasked with delivering Princess Mary, the king's sister, to Abbeville in France to be married to King Louis XII of France. He also was present with his second wife Anne Green at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 where he attended upon the King and Queen Catherine of Aragon. He was joined by Sir Thomas Parr, his wife Maud Green, and his brother Sir William Parr of Horton. Marriages & issue Vaux married twice: Firstly to Elizabeth FitzHugh (d.29 January 1508), widow of Sir William Parr of Kendal, and daughter of Henry FitzHugh, 5th Baron FitzHugh of Ravensworth, by his wife Alice Neville, a niece of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York.The wedding took place most likely after the 1485 Battle of Bosworth when Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII) defeated Richard III, and was most likely planned to secure the allegiance of the FitzHugh family to the new Tudor dynasty, Henry VII's wife Elizabeth of York being a relative of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York. By his first wife he had three daughters: <mask> (c.1490-1571), who married Sir George Throckmorton of Coughton Court in Warwickshire, and had issue; <mask> (d.1543), who in about 1501 married Sir Richard Sapcote, without issue; <mask>, who married Sir Thomas Le Strange (1493–1545) and had issue. Secondly, shortly after the death of his first wife, he married Anne Green (who predeceased him), a daughter and co-heiress of Sir Thomas Green of Boughton and Green's Norton, Northamptonshire, by his wife Jane Fogge. Anne Green was the aunt of Queen Catherine Parr (whose mother was Maud Green), the sixth wife of King Henry VIII. By his second wife he had two sons and three daughters: <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask> of Harrowden (1510 – Oct 1556), eldest son and heir, who in about 1523 married Elizabeth Cheney (1505-1556), a grand-daughter of his father's first wife (Elizabeth Cheney was a daughter of Sir Thomas Cheney of Irtlingburgh by his wife Anne Parr, a daughter of William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Kendal by his second wife Elizabeth FitzHugh). <mask> (d. May 1523), who died unmarried. <mask>, who married Sir Francis Pulteney (1502 – c. 17 May 1548) of Misterton, by whom she had issue including: Sir Gabriel Pulteney (d. 31 August 1599) of Knowle Hall, who married Dorothy Spencer, a daughter of Sir William Spencer of Althorp in Northamptonshire.<mask>, who in about 1538 married Maurice Welsh; <mask> (d. 14 April 1569), who married Sir John Fermor of Easton Neston in Northamptonshire, by whom she had issue including: Katherine Fermor, who married Sir Henry Darcy, a son of Sir Arthur Darcy (a descendant of the Barons Darcy of Knaith) by his wife Mary Carew. In popular culture Sir <mask> is a character in William Shakespeare's Henry VIII. Ancestry Notes References Throckmorton family history: being the records of the Throckmortons in the United States of America with cognate branches, emigrant ancestors located at Salem, Massachusetts, 1630, and in Gloucester county, Virginia, 1660 Ancestral roots of certain American colonists who came to America by Frederick Lewis Weis, Walter Lee Sheppard, David Faris. Catholic gentry in English society: the Throckmortons of Coughton by Peter Marshall Women and politics in early modern England, 1450–1700 By James Daybell The Magna Charta sureties, 1215: the barons named in the Magna Charta, 1215 by Frederick Lewis Weis The Family Forest Descendants of Lady Joan Beaufort by Bruce Harrison The House of Commons: 1509 – 1558 ; 1, Appendices, constituencies, members A – C, Volume 4 Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII by David Starkey Katherine, the Queen by Linda Porter Kateryn Parr: the making of a queen by Susan E. James |- 1460 births <mask> of Harrowden, <mask>, 1st Baron 15th-century English soldiers 16th-century English soldiers 16th-century English nobility Barons <mask> of Harrowden English soldiers Nicholas English people of Italian descent

Werner Leinfellner

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<mask> (January 27, 1921 – April 6, 2010) was professor of philosophy at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and at the Vienna University of Technology. After recovering from life-threatening wounds during World War II, he studied chemistry and physics at the Universities of Vienna and Graz, eventually turning to the study of the philosophy of science, and receiving his Ph.D. in 1959. He moved to the United States in 1967, in part, because of problems faced by empirically oriented philosophers in obtaining academic positions in Austria and Germany. He is notable for his contributions to philosophy of science, as a member of European Academy of Sciences and Arts, for founding the journal Theory and Decision, for co-founding Theory and Decision Library, and for co-founding the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society and International Wittgenstein Symposium. Biography Intellectual <mask> was a pioneer of scientific philosophy, game and decision theory in the tradition of the Vienna Circle. From 1945 to 1950, he studied chemistry and physics at the University of Graz and the University of Vienna and during this time he did research in chemistry. In 1954, he turned to the study of philosophy, logic and the philosophy of science and received his Ph.D. in 1959 for his dissertation Anschauung, Abstraktion und Integration im modernen physikalischen Denken (Intuition, abstraction and integration in modern physical thought) from the University of Vienna.From 1960 to 1963, he worked as a research assistant at the University of Munich in philosophy of science and logic. In 1963, he moved back to Vienna and was a research fellow and assistant professor at the Institute of Advanced Studies in philosophy of science, economics, social and political sciences, and game and decision theory. During this time, he was also a lecturer at the University of Vienna. In 1967, due to an unfavorable political and scientific climate in post-war Austria, he was unable to obtain a tenured faculty position in Austria and so he moved to Lincoln, Nebraska and joined the department of philosophy at the university of Nebraska-Lincoln as a full professor. In 1970, he founded the journal Theory and Decision, an international journal for philosophy and methodology of the social sciences. The founding of the journal was, in part, a reaction to the dogmatic, subjective, and metaphysical approaches he had encountered in Europe prior to coming to the United States. His vision was that Theory and Decision would help found a philosophy of the social science based on three premises: (1) it would help in the formation of categories based on logic and mathematics for the social sciences; (2) it would promote the development of mathematical theories and research methods for the social sciences; and (3) it would promote the integration of theories and formal methods across the social sciences.In 1974, he cofounded Theory and Decision Library also based on these three principles. Indeed, Eberlein and Berghel (1988) concluded: It was essentially <mask>'s accomplishment that the ideal of logical empiricism in the 1930s and 1940s, to create a "unified science", was replaced by that of a "methodological unity of science". Accordingly,... the THEORY AND DECISION school of the philosophy of the social science can substantiate his claim: "... There are no longer any methodological differences at issue". Certainly the term "methodological" has to be interpreted in a broad sense, implicating the unity of science due to common standards of theory formation and to the fact that theories are the methodological basic units of the social science disciplines. Furthermore, "methodological unity", in the context of this journal and library, refers to the continuously differentiated and integrated unity of an undogmatic, pluralistic philosophy of the social sciences (page xii). In 1976, <mask> together with his wife <mask> cofounded the Austrian Wittgenstein Society and the International Wittgenstein Symposium in Kirchberg am Wechsel.In 1986, he became professor emeritus at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and returned to Vienna Austria as professor at the Vienna University of Technology. In 1991, he became a member of the Science Board at the Institute Vienna Circle. Its goal is to document the continued development of the Vienna Circle's work in science and the continued application of logical-empirical thought to the philosophy of science and thereby it continues Leinfellner's goal of breaking away from irrational, dogmatic, fundamentalist though. During his career, he received several awards and prizes including Theodor Körner Prize (twice), the Medal of the College de France, Paris, the Grand Honorary Cross for Science and Art, 1st Class, Austria, and membership in the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. Personal During World War II, he was required to serve in the German army and was subsequently seriously wounded on the Russian front. After a year of recovering from his wounds he deserted the German army and joined the resistance at the end of the war In 1960, he married <mask> and they had one daughter Ruth. He died in a Vienna hospital on April 6, 2010 and his wife Elisabeth preceded him in death three months earlier on January 4, 2010.Philosophical and scientific views Philosophy of science For Leinfellner, science and philosophy are complementary in that they are both required for knowledge and discovery. Science has revealed a whole new way of viewing nature and society than existed prior to the 20th century. In the past, according to Leinfellner, physical and chemical processes were thought to follow deterministic laws of nature, but this view fell through as the sciences became theoretically more rigorous. In the social and economic sciences, he argued that we have to drop the notion of deterministic laws and search for rules instead. These rules, to varying degrees, involve randomness. Indeed, there are likely an enormous number of social rules all subject to randomness that would appear to result in chaos, but more likely these—rules discovered by the social and economic sciences—produce systems that are more or less stable but subject to chaotic breakdowns now and then. For Leinfellner, this probabilistic aspect of rules and laws extends to the universe.Cultural evolution of social and political systems Leinfellner long viewed game and decision theory as theoretical and methodological frameworks within which the social sciences could be integrated. This was the major motivation for the founding of the journal Theory and Decision and for confounding Theory and Decision Library. Later, Leinfellner would come to view evolutionary game theory as a theoretical framework for integrating biological and cultural evolution. Once placed in an evolutionary game-theoretic framework, it is possible to explain how societal cooperation evolves even though selfishness is favored at the individual level He viewed evolution as always at work but always producing surprises. He recognized that we can partially influence evolutionary processes themselves, both biological and cultural evolution. This, however, creates an unimaginable responsibility for society especially when compared to the pre-20th-century view of humans as passive-spectators in world-as-machine view, ultimately unable to influence what we do. He viewed the evolution of society and the ability of humans to influence evolutionary processes as having enormous ethical implications, which we must deal with.The ethical implications, in part, arise because we cannot ultimately know the consequences of our influences on biological and cultural evolution. In his view, biological and cultural evolutionary processes have implications that go beyond individual humans. At a political level, authoritarian planned economies that don't consider the randomness inherent in evolutionary processes are doomed, sooner or later, to failure. The fact that we are active participants in our own biological and cultural evolution means that we can intervene with science and technology to influence our future societal evolution—with considerable uncertainty as to the outcomes—but this also creates fundamental philosophical and ethical problems. From a cognitive point of view, the rules by which we interact socially are the result of both biological and cultural evolution according to Leinfellner. For example, in his view, one doesn't need to necessarily learn to be a father when you see your child for the first time. There are basic "rules of fatherhood" that are instinctual.As he said: "At least this is how it was at the birth of my daughter". Nevertheless, to learn how to be a father also requires rules obtained by social and cultural learning. These rules, however, can malfunction for a variety of reasons including the fact that we have free will. Selected publications <mask> (1962) Komplementaritätslogik und die Struktur physikalischer Theorien (The logic of complementarity and structure of physical theories). Wissenschaft und Welbild, 15, 277–304. <mask> (1964) Die Konzeption der Analytizität in wissenschaftlichen Theorien (The concept of analyticity in scientific theories). Philosophie Naturalist, 8, 397–418.<mask> (1965) Struktur und Aufbau wissenschaftlicher Theorien : eine wissenschaftstheoretisch - philosophische Untersuchung (The structure and form of scientific theories: a theory of science - philosophical inquiry). Wien-Würzburg: Physika Verlag. <mask> (1965) Einführung in die Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheorie. (Introduction to the theory of knowledge and scientific theories) (B. E. Hochschultaschenbücher Vol. 41/41a). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut (first edition). <mask> (1966) Die Entstehung der Theorie: eine Analyse des kritischen Denkens in der Antike.(The beginning of theory: an analysis of critical thinking in history) Freiburg-München: Alber. <mask> (1968) Generalization of classical decision theory. Risk and Uncertainty, ed. K. Borch and J. Mossin. London-New Your: Macmillan, 196–218. <mask> (1973) Historical time and a new conception of the historical science. The methodological unity of science, ed.M. Bunge. Dordrecht: Reidel, 193–219. <mask> (1974) Forschunglogic der Sozialwissenschaften. (The logic of research in the social sciences) (edited with W. Kroeber-Riel and G. Eberlein). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag. <mask> and <mask> (1978). Ontologie Systemtheorie und Semantik.(Ontology system theory and semantics) Berlin: Duncker and Humblot. <mask> (1979) Logik und Semantik socialwissenschaftlicher Theorien. (Logic and semantics of theories in the social sciences.) Logik und Wirtschaftswissenschaft, ed. R. Kamitz. Berlin: Duncker und humblot, 163–184. <mask> (1980) Spieltheorie.Handbuck wissenschaftstheoretischer Begriffe. (Handbook of epistemological terms.) Vol. 3 ed J. Speck Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 597–599. <mask> (1982) Is Wittgenstein a transcendental philosopher? Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, 38, 13–27. <mask> (1983) Evolution of intelligence Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, ed.P Weingartner and J. Czermak. Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky and Dordrecht-Boston: Reidel, 161–168. <mask> (1983) Foundations of the theory of evolution: four models of evolution. Abstracts of the Seventh International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 4 ed P Weingartner, Salzburg, 302–307. <mask> (1984) Evolutionary causality, theory of games, and evolution of intelligence. Concepts and approaches in evolutionary epistemology, ed.F. Wuketits. Dordrecht-Boston: Reidel, 233–276. <mask> (1985) Intentionality representation, and the brain language. Philosophy of Mind – Philosophy of Psychology, ed. R Chiholm et al. Vienna: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky and Dordrecht-Boston: Reidel, 44–55. <mask> (1986) The Prisoner's dilemma and its evolutionary iteration.Paradoxical effects of social behavior: Essays in honor of Anatol Rapoport, ed. A. Diekmann and P. Mitter. Heidelberg, Physika: 135–149. <mask> (1986) A reconstruction of Schlick's psycho-sociological ethics. Synthese, 64, 317–349. <mask> (1995) The new theory of evolution – a theory of democratic societies. in Götschl, Johann (Hrsg.)Revolutionary Changes in Understanding Man and Society, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (S. 1149–189). <mask> (1998) Game theory, sociodynamics, and cultural evolution. Game theory, experience, rationality. ed. W<mask> and Eckehart Köhler,Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <mask> (2000) The role of creativity and randomizers in societal human conflict and problem solving. La Nuova Critica, 36, 5–27.Publications in honor of <mask>ner The publications listed here contain biographical information about <mask> in addition to papers about his work and in honor of his work. Gerald L. Eberlein and H. A. Berghel (1988) Theory and Decision: Essays in Honor of <mask>ner. Springer, pp. 322. Arturo Carsetti (editor, 2001) Saggi di scienza ed espistemologia dedicati a <mask>fellner (Essays dedicated to the science and epistemology of <mask>ner), La Nuova Critica, 37–38, pp. 159. Sascha Windholz and Walter Feigl (Hrsg.)(2011). Wissenschaftstheorie, Sprachkritik und Wittgenstein: In memoriam Elisabeth und <mask> (Philosophy of science, linguistic criticism and Wittgenstein: In memoriam of Elisabeth and <mask>). Germany: ontos verlag, pp. 273. References External links University of Vienna Obituary for <mask>ner Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society Vienna Circle Institute 1921 births 2010 deaths 20th-century Austrian philosophers University of Nebraska faculty Game theorists Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Austrian expatriates in the United States

Long John Nebel

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<mask> (born <mask>; June 11, 1911 – April 10, 1978) was an influential New York City talk radio show host. From the mid-1950s until his death in 1978, Nebel was a hugely popular all-night radio host, with millions of regular listeners and what Donald Bain described as "a fanatically loyal following" to his syndicated program, which dealt mainly with anomalous phenomena, UFOs, and other offbeat topics. Biography Youth and young adulthood <mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. He dropped out of school after the eighth grade, but he was an avid reader throughout his life, and he was conversant on many topics. Rumor had it that he was the son of a physician and ran away with a circus as a youngster. According to his own account in The Way Out World (1961), Nebel moved to New York City "around 1930", at the age of 19. His first job there was usher in the New York Paramount Theater.Nebel pursued a number of careers in his young adulthood (including a long period as a freelance photographer and a stint as a sidewalk salesman) before establishing the successful Long John's Auctions, an auction and consignment store in New Jersey. At his auction barn in New Jersey, he was billed as "<mask>, the gab and gavel man", and people would attend just for an evening's entertainment. The nickname "<mask> Nebel" had several sources: "<mask>" was a nickname for his tall, slender build (he stood 6'4" [1.93 m] and never weighed more than about 160 pounds [73 kg]). Nebel did not seek a career in radio until around 1954, when he was 43 years old. In 1972, Nebel married the former pin-up model Candy Jones, who became the co-host of his show. Her controversial claims of having been a victim of CIA mind-control influenced the direction of the program during its last six years on the air. WOR In the mid-1950s, radio throughout the United States was floundering and trying to redefine itself after the explosive popularity of television.Over several years, Nebel had many friends at various New York radio stations when he bought commercial time to advertise his auction house. WOR, one of New York's leading stations, faced poor ratings in 1954 when Nebel proposed an interview show. The format, as Donald Bain writes, "would be devoted to discussing strange and unexplained topics". WOR's management was not especially impressed by Nebel's idea. However, deciding they had little to lose (following WOR's failed foray into broadcasting facsimile editions of the morning paper during the early morning hours), WOR offered him a midnight to 5:30 am time slot, the poorest-rated hours. Building on the modest fame of his auction house (and also hoping to generate more business), he used the same name, <mask>, when he went on radio. To the surprise of WOR's management, Nebel's show was a quick success among New York's night-owls and early risers.Unidentified flying objects were discussed almost daily, alongside topics such as voodoo, witchcraft, parapsychology, hypnotism, conspiracy theories, and ghosts. Perhaps fittingly for an overnight show, one of Nebel's sponsors was No-Doz caffeine pills. Within a few months Nebel was getting not only high ratings, but press attention from throughout the United States for his distinctive and in many ways unprecedented program (WOR's powerful signal assured that Nebel's show was broadcast to over half of the United States' population). Bain notes that some listeners were put off by his "grating, often vicious manner", but many more adored him because of (or in spite of) his abrasive style. Keith writes: "Though Nebel could be brusque and even imperious in the phone, he was always a sympathetic listener and compasionate host." Seven-second delay WOR was worried about some of Nebel's guests or callers using profanity on the air. Nebel used one of the first tape delay systems in radio, giving engineers a chance to edit any unacceptable language before it was broadcast.In 1956, engineer Russell Tinklepaugh invented the system Nebel used. He built a modified Ampex 300 tape deck with an additional set of heads. The deck was able to record on a loop of 1/4" tape, and carry the tape around the perimeter of the deck to be played on the second set of heads. This resulted in a delay of several seconds, enough time to hit the "stop" button to avoid airing foul language. (ref.ex-WOR engineer, Frank Cernese) WMCA, which went all-talk in 1970, used a similar system. It involved two Ampex 350 reel-to-reel machines side by side, each with the order of its heads—normally (from left to right) erase-record-play—reversed, to be mounted play-erase-record. Thus the tape loop, transported counter-clockwise, would record the microphone output, and then have to go all the way around to play it back over the air before being erased.When the engineer, producer, or air talent hit the 'dump' button the feed would immediately be switched to the other Ampex, so there was very little disruption of the air product. Today, of course, such delays are done digitally. (ref. ex-WMCA engineer B. Golden) WNBC In 1962, WNBC offered Nebel more than $100,000 per year (if not a record sum paid to a radio personality at the time, then very nearly so) to begin broadcasting from the station, and he accepted the offer. He continued there until 1973, when WNBC, facing sliding ratings, decided to switch to an all rock music format. After a protracted battle with station management, Nebel refused to change the content of his show and resigned from the station in protest.According to Bain, one anonymous station employee insisted that the management at WNBC "deliberately fucked up [Nebel's] career" by spreading unfounded rumors about the format switch and Nebel's reaction to it. WMCA Nebel was quickly hired by WMCA, where, from 1973 to 1977, he continued his program, virtually unchanged from WNBC. The show was still popular, although his ratings on the less powerful WMCA were not as high as they had been at WNBC. At WMCA, <mask> was constantly pestered by prank callers who often told him "Yes <mask>, I'm coming down there, and I'm going to bash your head!" Mutual Broadcasting System Beginning in 1977, Nebel's show was broadcast nationwide over the Mutual Broadcasting System, replacing Mutual's national distribution of Herb Jepko's radio talk show. Books Nebel wrote two books that dealt with some of the most interesting of his guests. The Way Out World, published in 1961, covered his years at WOR and included UFO contactees, a stage magician, the Shaver Mystery, Edgar Cayce, and much more, which Nebel said he had gleaned from his "twenty thousand hours of interviewing and research".His second book, The Psychic World Around Us, co-written with Sanford M. Teller and published in 1969, dealt more specifically with tales of the paranormal and the guests whom he had interviewed while at WNBC. Marriage to Candy Jones <mask> had had a short-lived marriage early in his life, and had a daughter Jackie from that marriage. In the early 1960s he was married to Margaret Dallas, but he was single again in 1972 when he met and married the fashion model Candy Jones. She had been one of the favorite pin up girls of the World War II era. The marriage took place after a whirlwind, month-long courtship, although Nebel and Jones had met briefly when Nebel was a photographer decades earlier. Jones became the co-host of Nebel's show almost immediately, and continued in this role until his death. Due to Jones's mood swings and shifts in personality, and some unusual and otherwise-unexplainable events in her life, Nebel said that he had come to suspect she had been a victim of a CIA mind control plot.Her story, with its conspiracy theory overtones, had a definite influence on the content of Nebel's radio show during its final six years. Death Although long plagued with heart disease, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1971. Nebel sought various treatments, but by the mid-1970s, he was in very poor health. He continued broadcasting, however, usually six nights per week, with Candy Jones as his co-host. Nebel died in April,1978 and his Mutual network slot was taken over by Larry King in January of that year. His show on WOR, called "Partyline", was handed to James Randi, skeptic and frequent guest on Nebel's show over the years. Format of the show Nebel's program gave the impression of being freewheeling and unpredictable, prone to sidetracks and digressions; very different from the precise, mannered approach of most contemporary radio.There were occasional heated arguments—rather mild when compared to the conflict on more recent programs such as the Jerry Springer Show, but such open conflict in any media was quite startling in the 1950s and 1960s. Nebel, along with his regular guests and panelists, would interview various personalities and claimants (such as psychic Kuda Bux), and take occasional telephone calls from listeners in the New York area. He would also interview novelists and discuss their books in detail. He was surprised on one occasion by novelist Iris Murdoch's response that she was a frequent listener and had modeled one of her characters after one of his guests. Nebel's approach was unique: talk radio per se did not yet exist as it would in later decades, and Nebel was navigating largely uncharted territory. Sometimes, Nebel entered the discussions, other times he described himself as a "moderator" and allowed his guests to have spirited debates, commenting only occasionally to guide the debate, or to announce station breaks. It was not uncommon for Nebel to disappear for 20 minutes or more around 3:00 a.m. and leave his panel of frequent guests to run the show without him.Nebel usually invited callers during the last two hours of the program (from about 3:00 to 5:00 a.m.); up to 40,000 people might try to telephone during this period. Nebel was perhaps best described as a curious skeptic with respect to the reality of paranormal topics; he frequently characterized himself as a "non-believer". Regarding the claims of the many alleged UFO contactees he interviewed, Nebel stated: "I don't buy any of it." He also noted that he was intrigued by the subject of UFOs, but did not have any firm theories or explanations about UFOs in general. Some critics attacked Nebel for allowing crackpots free rein on the program, but he responded by saying his was not a traditional news or investigative journalism show, and that it was up to listeners to determine the validity of any guest's claims. Nebel often asked pointed questions of his guests when he saw logical fallacies or inconsistencies in their stories. He did not suffer fools gladly, unless the fool was exceptionally entertaining.Still, he was rather sympathetic in at least offering guests a forum to state their claims. When programs dealt with health and exercise, Nebel was fond of saying: "I am a lover, not an athlete." He also popularized the expression "wack-a-ding-hoi" for an idea or guest he believed was a little "crazy". When asked why his television show was no longer on the air, Nebel would respond that he was not good-looking enough to be on television. His friendly, good-humored approach was one of the great reasons for his popularity. Regular guests Jackie Gleason was a frequent guest. On one show, Gleason offered US$100,000 to anyone with physical proof of aliens visiting Earth (Gleason later upped the amount to US$1 million, but it was never claimed).Another memorable show found Gleason undertaking a sharp, occasionally even savage, debate with publisher Gray Barker. Gleason took Gray to task for presenting largely unsubstantiated tales of the Men in Black and contactees as factual. The two most frequent guests on his radio show were science fiction writers Lester del Rey and Frederik Pohl. Each appeared on more than 400 of Nebel's broadcasts. Nebel also had philosopher Mortimer Adler and James Randi on frequently. Sponsors Nebel's sponsors included some unusual products. For example, the KelCo Class Calculator was, according to Nebel, developed by a NASA scientist, who was an occasional guest on his program.Basically a slide rule, the "calculator" was designed to pick horse racing winners. <mask>'s commercials were often as entertaining as the program itself. Nebel was a master story teller who could spin yarns around the virtues of his sponsors. Commercials often ran several minutes. His seven-minute commercial for a pornographic movie ("It Happened in Hollywood") was unforgettable. Apparently, he had not reviewed the copy before reading it cold on the air and he fell victim to uncontrollable fits of laughter throughout his long and fruitless attempt to read it. Another long running sponsor was Ho-Ho's Chinese Restaurant - "Ho means Good, Ho-Ho means Good-Good".UFOs Flying saucers were in the news regularly throughout the 1950s and 1960s and were a frequent topic on Nebel's show. Guests related to this subject included retired Marine Corps Major Donald Keyhoe, contactees George Adamski and George Van Tassel, artist Paulina Peavy, and skeptics like Arthur C. Clarke and Lester del Rey. Nebel discussed the so-called Shaver Mystery, the Flatwoods monster, the Nazca Lines, and many other uncommon subjects. Nebel gave a forum to Otis T. Carr, an Oklahoman who claimed to have discovered the secret of flying saucer propulsion, by studying the works of Nikola Tesla. With some of his regular panelists, Nebel journeyed to Oklahoma City for the unveiling of Carr's saucer. (Carr was later convicted of fraud and jailed after he took several hundred thousand dollars from investors, and never produced his prototype.) Strange Occurrences During a Thursday afternoon matinee at New York's Paramount Theatre, Nebel's friend, William Neff, a well-known conjuror, stepped into a spotlight in front of the curtain and began his performance.As Nebel watched it seemed to him that he could see light through Neff's body, as if he were turning into frosted glass. Slowly, Neff became transparent, then disappeared completely, although his voice could still be heard. After a while, a faint outline like a very fine pencil sketch began to appear. A few minutes later, Neff gradually reappeared looking perfectly normal. The watching theatre audience assumed that the vanishing in front of there very eyes was a part of Neff's act. As soon as the show was over, Nebel rushed backstage to ask Neff how he had done the vanishing trick. Neff seemed surprised at the question; he was not aware that he had "faded", but he admitted that the same thing had happened three years earlier at a theatre in Chicago.Nebel would later write this story in his book "The Way Out World" and could offer no explanation for it. Pranks Nebel was not above a few pranks, all in the name of showmanship and ratings: on one occasion, for example, he colluded with a friend to offer testimony supporting a guest's claims of astral projection. Nebel spent weeks on his show developing a tale for his audience that the Empire State Building was rotated on giant ball bearings in the wee hours of the morning. At first Nebel said the motion was almost imperceptible. As the prank developed over time, Nebel began telling callers that if they visited the Empire State Building very late at night, they would find the shops at ground level had switched location to the block around the corner. Nebel also was fond of telling his audience that the finest candle wicks were grown on "wick farms" located in the Midwest. The fact that Nebel's second wife, Candy Jones claimed to have been the subject of CIA experiments in mind-control was discounted as a prank by those who pointed out his history of promoting hoaxes.Nebel, on the other hand, said that he believed what Jones had revealed to him under hypnosis, and never believed that her story was false in any way. Influence Jackie Gleason wrote in his introduction to Bain's biography of Nebel: "Why is [Nebel] so strangely entertaining?... because the best entertainment is entertainment that opens your mind and tells you the world is bigger than you thought it was." Radio historian Michael C. Keith wrote: "Few people before or since have brought to all-night radio the kind of ingenuity, originality and variety that Nebel did. He represents one of post-World War II radio's creative high points and another example of the special nature of overnight programming... He would come to be regarded as one of after-hours radio's true pioneers." Nebel was a formative influence on talk radio: Donald Bain noted that in the early 1970s: "Fledgling (radio) announcers at broadcasting schools around the country were played tapes of Nebel shows as part of their course study."Recordings of Nebel's shows have circulated among fans of esoterica for decades. Nebel's format paved the way for later radio hosts, including Art Bell, George Noory of Coast to Coast AM, Hilly Rose, Jeff Rense, and Clyde Lewis, all of whom have broadcast shows on paranormal topics. Colin Bennett called <mask> the Art Bell of his era. References Additional references The Way Out World. <mask> Nebel. Prentice-Hall, 1961 The Psychic World Around Us. <mask> <mask> and Sanford M. Teller, 1969.Long <mask>el: Radio Talk King, Master Salesman, Magnificent Charlatan. Donald Bain. Macmillan Publishing Co., 1974 The Control of Candy Jones. Donald Bain. Playboy Books, 1975 The UFO Book. Jerome Clark. Visible Ink, 1998 Sounds in the Dark: All Night Radio In American Life.Michael C. Keith. Iowa State University Press, 2001; from Archive.org, a 1957 episode of Nebel's show, featuring contactee George Van Tassel, writer Morris K. Jessup and others. Baptist minister Walter Martin vs. Atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair MP3 (1968) Further reading Norry, George, "Long <mask> Nebel and WOR", coasttocoastam.com External links "Contactees I Have Known," by Long <mask>el Long <mask>el Papers at Syracuse University Declassified FBI File on <mask> Nebel at The Black Vault 1911 births 1978 deaths American male journalists 20th-century American journalists American talk radio hosts Radio personalities from Chicago Deaths from prostate cancer 20th-century American writers

Bevlyn Khoo

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<mask> (; is a jazz pop singer songwriter based in Singapore. Her ability to sing in 5 languages has generated international interest and acclaim for each of her 5 albums. Despite her commercial success, she is credited with being a pioneer within the Singaporean DIY and independent musician community, having founded two music-based companies in addition to her own artistic pursuits since 2002. After parting ways with Japanese record label S2S in 2011, <mask> returned to her independent status focused efforts on The Storyteller Wave, the music production and consultancy company she founded in 2013. She currently teaches pop vocals to private students (SingingTechniques) and at various music colleges. Professional background <mask> 邱意淋 was born in Singapore and was educated at River Valley High School, Singapore and Hwa Chong Junior College. She started singing part-time in 1999 at Singapore's Ark Cafe（木船）with singers Dennis Chew (周崇庆) and Kelvin Tan Wei Lian (陈伟联) while she was a student at the National University of Singapore.Amateur career Ark Cafe and A Cappella Society of Singapore Khoo signed as a part-time singer with the A Cappella Society of Singapore until 2006, during which she sang in two A Cappella groups. Xinyaojie’03 Khoo joined Singapore's national Mandarin-Pop Songwriting competition Xinyaojie 《新谣节》 in 2003., and though her song entry "Intersection"《交叉路口》 didn't win, it was one of 12 songs that made it to the finals of Xinyaojie'03. The song was later sold to award-winning Taiwanese singer Freya Lim (林凡), who released it on the soundtrack to Taiwanese TV drama "Tricks of the Trade" 《偷天换日》in 2005 under Linfair Records. Demo Recordings Another avenue Bevlyn explored in the name of creative fulfilment was recording demos for regional songwriters. One of these demos, "Bottomless Pit"《无底洞》, was sold to Singapore Singer Tanya Chua (蔡建雅), who recorded it and released it on her album Stranger 《陌生人》in 2003. "Bottomless Pit"《无底洞》 was also published on a compilation of original demos titled True Colors 《爱原色》 that was released by HIM in 2003. Television Theme Songs Bevlyn recorded the theme songs to two Media Corp hit TV series: "Keep Warm"《保温》 for Little Nynoya 《小娘惹》in 2008 and "Cinderella"《灰姑娘》for An Enchanted Life (钻石情缘) in 2006.In February 2015, two of her songs from her album 《我认识过的人》"The People I've Known", 《别太寂寞》and 《灵魂伙伴》were licensed for the opening and closing theme songs of Mediacorp Channel U's serial drama 《分手快乐》(Let It Go). 14 April 2015 was the debut of Starhub's first local serial drama Jump Class 《跳班》, which featured <mask>'s compositions for the opening and closing theme songs 《跳》and 《天天是好天》respectively. She also wrote and produced all the songs in episode 6, in which most of the lead actors sang for their characters. Albums Lonely Afternoon (EP) Bevlyn's first record as a solo artist was Lonely Afternoon, an EP consisting of 5 originals and one gypsy jazz cover of Edith Piaf's "La Vie en Rose" that was released in February 2008. The EP's diverse genres and languages led World Music Magazine to praise Bevlyn's versatility as a musician. Title track "Lonely Afternoon" showcased Bevlyn's ability to transition between singing in multiple languages within one song, as she sings the verses in Mandarin and choruses in English. Moshin Magazine reviewed a live performance of the song, saying "Articulating the verses with fluent Mandarin, Bevlyn easily transitioned into perfectly enunciated English.Her voice constantly stirred emotion, dripping with a honey-like quality and filling the Rainbow Canopy with a powerful resonance." The EP was a hit with fans and critics, winning the Best Independent Album at the 2009 Singapore Entertainment Awards. Motivated by Lonely Afternoon's success, <mask> submitted the EP to Japanese record label S2S. Though initially rejected by the label, Khoo was signed to S2S in 2008 after label founder, the late Ken Suzuki, heard the album. S2S years Khoo was signed to the Japanese independent record label S2S from November 2008 – 2011, a time period in which she released 3 albums. You Are My Angel (LP) You Are My Angel is a 10 track LP and the first record Khoo released under S2S on 11 April 2009 in Singapore and in Japan on 12 August 2009. It is significant also for being the first time S2S, a Japanese record label, ventured into Chinese music as 6 of the songs on the album were covers of classic Chinese songs.Several well established producers, arrangers, and session artists played a part in the album's creation, including producers Goh Kheng Long and Kenn C, and arranger/ guitar players Roger Wang of 2VIG and Jamie Wilson. GogoYoko says of You Are My Angel, "The most interesting thing about this album is the charm and spirit that Bevlyn manages to inject into long-standing and endlessly covered songs. She makes them entirely her own." Specifically regarding her voice, Gogoyoko says "(<mask>lyn's second album release under S2S, 2010s Bistro Affair (released under the title Weekend Journey in Japan on 16 March 2011) is a 14 track LP composed entirely of French songs. Khoo learned French for 5 years before making the record, and her efforts paid off as Bistro Affair charted at the top of popular music charts in Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. This feat aside, Bistro Affair is also the only album ever recorded by a Singaporean singing French.Feel About You (LP) The final album Bevyln Khoo released while signed to S2S was 2011's Feel About You. This record is unique in the sense that it featured a mix of original songs (8) and covers (6) of well known Mandarin songs like Singapore's award-winning lyricist Xiaohan's (小寒) "Together Forever"《我们要一直这么要好》and Western songs like Frankie Valli's "My Eyes Adored You" and Duran Duran's "Ordinary World". The album also features "Keep Warm" 《保温》, the sub-theme song <mask> recorded for Media Corp's popular television series Little Nyonya《小娘惹》prior to her signing with S2S. Power of Pop noted that "Songs like 'A Love Song', 'The Goodbye Waltz', 'Feel About You', 'Call It A Day' and 'Barbie Song' all prove that there's more to Bevlyn than a pretty face and silky voice." The review goes on to highlight tracks "Call It A Day" and "The Goodbye Waltz" for their "strong melodies and dynamic arrangements." S2S Split After her three-album contract with S2S was up, <mask> parted ways with the label amicably in 2012. In an interview with The Straits Times, Khoo cited creative differences as the reason for the separation, saying "I didn't want to end up with people thinking I sing a lot of covers and that's it.After all, I started out as an indie singer who writes original songs." In the same interview, Khoo states that she wanted to "prove she was capable of more than just sad love songs." The People I've Known 《我认识过的人》(LP) Khoo re-emerged on the independent scene with 2013's concept album, The People I've Known 《我认识过的人》. Without S2S funding the album's production, Khoo turned to Pledge Music for help generating the resources necessary to produce the record, ultimately raising $5k USD from fans (15% of the money received after the $5k goal was reached went to the charity Food From the Heart) and further funding the project with $20k SGD of her own money. In an interview with Music Weekly, <mask> explained the album's concept: "I realised that the majority of my songs are usually inspired by the people I know in my life, as opposed to 'fiction-writing'. The songs were inspired by my friends who practically grew up together with me ("Touch of an Angel"), songwriting friends ("The Letter That Never Came"《来信》), ex-relationships, crushes, and... my husband ("Soulmate" 《灵魂伙伴》)!” The People I've Known received generally positive reviews from several critics. Today Online's Christopher Toh gave the record a 3.5 / 5 rating, and said "(Khoo's) emotive vocal delivery works wonderfully on ballads such as The Letter That Never Came."Power of Pop observed that Khoo was back in her element as an indie songwriter, and said "(The People I've Known) demonstrates <mask>'s astute understanding of the soft rock dynamics of the Seventies (which forms the core of Mando-pop). Crucially, <mask> is much more than a pretty face and pleasing voice – she is a serious songwriter in her own right!" Title track "The People I've Known" was nominated for Best Local Lyrics at the 2013 Singapore Hits Awards (新加坡金曲奖). At the time The People I've Known was recorded, Khoo considered it her final album according to an interview with Today Online. However, she also conceded that she will miss the challenge, saying "But I know that I will miss the whole thing: Producing, recording, sharing of my originals, the whole indie marketing thing, and the feeling of going against all odds as an indie artist". Beautiful Purpose (Single) <mask> wrote and performed the 2013 Miss World Singapore theme song, "Beautiful Purpose." Awards Discography TV Performances <mask> performed publicly for the first time as an independent artist in August 2008 at the NUS UCC Theater Hall for the launch of her EP 'Lonely Afternoon'.Since then, she has been invited to perform at a number of notable venues, events, and festivals. In 2009, Khoo was invited to perform for several countries' delegates, including Hillary Clinton, at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meetings. In March 2012, <mask> represented Singapore in Hong Kong Asian Pop Music Festival. She was also a featured performing artist at the Spring Wave Singapore 《春浪新加坡》in May 2013. In August 2014, <mask> was also invited to represent Singapore in "The Harmony of Chimes" in Bangkok, a concert put up by the Bangkok Symphony Orchestra for the Asean Economic Community (AEC). Entrepreneurial Endeavors A Little Dream In 2002, <mask> and friends founded A Little Dream, an agency responsible for booking musical artists at events like weddings. The agency has booked thousands of events and currently has upwards of 50 performers.The Storyteller Wave The Storyteller Wave was a music production company set up by Bevlyn in 2013. It provides music production services for TV music, music albums and wedding songs. <mask>'s latest project was Jump Class （跳班）, a comic-series turned serial drama by renown comic author Johnny Lau. Other than helming the role of the music producer for the series, she also composed the theme songs 《跳》and 《天天是好天》and all the musical songs in episode 6. References Living people 1979 births Hwa Chong Junior College alumni Singaporean people of Chinese descent 21st-century Singaporean women singers Singaporean Mandopop singers

Giovanna Mezzogiorno

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<mask>giorno (; born 9 November 1974) is an Italian theatre and film actress. Early life Mezzogiorno was born in Rome, 9 November 1974, a daughter of actors <mask> and Cecilia Sacchi. She grew up watching her parents on set. At first, she wanted to become a ballerina, and she studied dancing for 13 years. After her father's death when she was 19, Mezzogiorno moved to Paris, where she attended the stages by Arianne Mnouchkine and worked for two years at the Peter Brook Workshop. She made her stage debut with the role of Ofelia in Qui est là, based on Shakespeare's Hamlet. The play toured various European cities.She received the Premio Coppola-Prati 1996, the jury was presided over by theatre critic Franco Quadri. One year later, she made her film debut in Il viaggio della sposa (The Bride's Journey), written by and starring Sergio Rubini. Mezzogiorno was awarded the Targa d'Argento as the New Talent in Italian Cinema, she was also given the Grolla d'oro, and the Globo d'Oro by the Foreign Press Association and the Premio Flaiano as Best Actress of the 1997 - 1998 season. Career In 1998, she starred in the film Del perduto amore directed by Michele Placido, with Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Sergio Rubini (she was awarded the Nastro d'Argento, the Ciak d'Oro and Premio Pasinetti as best actress in a starring role) and, for the Italian National Television Network RaiDue, in a film made-for-TV Più leggero non basta ("A lighter burden to bear") in the role of a young girl with muscular dystrophy, directed by Elisabetta Lodoli with Stefano Accorsi. In 1999, she played the role of Silvia, daughter of Enzo Tortora by whose mistaken conviction the film was inspired. The film Un uomo perbene with Michele Placido and Mariangela Melato, was directed by Maurizio Zaccaro. In that same year, she worked in Asini, directed by Antonello Grimaldi, with celebrated Italian comedian Claudio Bisio.In 2000, she travelled between Prague and Paris for work in the TV miniseries Les Miserables, directed by Josée Dayan, with Gérard Depardieu and John Malkovich. She worked in Denmark in Nobel, directed by Fabio Carpi, with Héctor Alterio. In Italy, she worked with Puglielli in Tutta la conoscenza del mondo ("All There Is to Know"), and then, L'ultimo bacio ("The Last Kiss") directed by Gabriele Muccino with Stefano Accorsi and Stefania Sandrelli (winning the Premio Flaiano). With the success of this last movie Giovanna become really famous in Italy. In 2001, she worked in the film Malefemmene with Ángela Molina and directed by Fabio Conversi, in the role of Francesca, who was imprisoned following a judicial error and came into contact with the reality of friendship and attachment which she had never imagined possible. She also worked on Stai con me, with Adriano Giannini and directed by Livia Giampalmo, in the role of a mother of twins. In 2002, she worked on the set of Ilaria Alpi - Il più crudele dei giorni, in the role of the protagonist, directed by Ferdinando Vicentini Orgnani (the film tells the tragic and dark story of the Italian TV journalist killed in Mogadiscio).She also starred in France in the Holocaust-period TV drama Entrusted, directed by Giacomo Battiato, with Klaus Maria Brandauer, Thomas Brodie-Sangster and Steven Moyer, based on Loup Duran's best-seller. In Italy, she starred in the film La finestra di fronte ("Facing windows") directed by Ferzan Özpetek, costarring Massimo Girotti and Raoul Bova. This film, critically acclaimed and a box office success, earned her a lot of awards: the David di Donatello, the Ciak d’Oro, the Nastro d'Argento, the Globo d'oro by the Foreign Press, the Flaiano Award, the Karlovy Vary Award as "Best Actress in a Leading Role". Lately, she starred in the film L’amore ritorna, directed by Sergio Rubini, costarring Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Margherita Buy. She was also working in France, on the set of her first comedy: Au secours, j'ai 30 ans, directed by Marie-Anne Chazel, with Pierre Palmade. Then, in 2004, Giovanna worked in the TV movie Virginia (La monaca di Monza), directed by Alberto Sironi. She then returned to the theatre, working with the director Piero Maccarinelli in 4.48 Psicosi, written by Sarah Kane.In 2005, La bestia nel cuore ("Don't Tell"), directed by Cristina Comencini, was an Academy Award candidate for Best Foreign Language Film and earned <mask> one of the most important international prizes for an actress: the Coppa Volpi, previously won by Shirley MacLaine, Gong Li, Isabelle Huppert, Catherine Deneuve and Sophia Loren. Then in 2006, she acted in AD Project, a sci-fi thriller by Eros Puglielli, and acted in "Lezioni di Volo" ("Flying Lessons") by Francesca Archibugi. In 2007, she became Leila, a sexy thief, in the black comedy Notturno Bus ("Night Bus"), directed by Davide Marengo and starring Valerio Mastandrea and Ennio Fantastichini. She travelled to Colombia to become Fermina Daza, the principal female character from Love in the Time of Cholera based on the book written by Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez and directed by Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral). After two films shot in 2008, Sono Viva and Palermo Shooting by Wim Wenders, in 2009 she achieved great international success with Vincere by Marco Bellocchio, selected for the official competition in Cannes and a solid candidate for the final award. She has voiced and produced a documentary to celebrate the career of her father Vittorio, 15 years after his sudden death in 1994. She was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010.In January 2011, she was rewarded with the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress 2010 for her role in Vincere. In 2017, she appeared in a role of Adriana in a film called Napoli velata. She has two sons, Leone and Zeno, born 26 August 2011. Filmography References External links Saverio Ferragina press agent 1974 births Living people 20th-century Italian actresses 21st-century Italian actresses Actresses from Rome David di Donatello winners Italian film actresses Italian stage actresses Nastro d'Argento winners Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners People of Campanian descent People of Venetian descent

Mark Foster Gage

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<mask> (born November 22, 1973) is an American designer, theoretician, theorist and founder of Mark Foster Gage Architects in New York City. He is a tenured associate professor and former assistant dean, from 2010 to 2019, at the Yale University School of Architecture where he has been on the faculty since 2001. His academic expertise is in the field of aesthetic philosophy. Background and education <mask> holds a B.Arch. with a second major in Art History from the University of Notre Dame and a M.Arch. from Yale University. <mask> spent his years as a student surrounded by some of the most notable architects of the twentieth-first century.He was a protegee of Robert A. M. Stern and studio assistant to Frank Gehry. Career After completing his graduate studies at Yale University in 2001, <mask> <mask> joined the university’s faculty where he currently holds positions as a tenured Associate Professor of Architecture and an Assistant Dean in the Yale School of Architecture. There he teaches a plethora of upper level design courses and courses on ruination, or the process and implications of architectural decay. <mask> <mask> founded Mark Foster Gage Architects in 2002 as a firm dedicated to creating buildings that blend new technologies with novel design practices which place emphasis on aesthetics. <mask> was described as "the Most Prolific Architect of Buildings That Don't Exist" in the title for a Surface Magazine article on his work and career, a light-hearted jab the architect takes no offense to. <mask> often speaks to the fact that the vast majority of his and his firm's designs go unconstructed, treating the unbuilt as proof that the twenty-first century field of architecture must reexamine its core values. In a 2012 press interview with Designers & Books, conducted to promote his then recently published book Aesthetic Theory: Essential Texts for Architecture and Design, <mask> refers to himself as being "old-fashioned" due to his beliefs on the relationship between architectural form and symbolic meaning.<mask> makes a thinly veiled critique of ‘starchitect’ Santiago Calatrava’s World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York City when asserting in the same interview that "some of our most celebrated architectural projects are celebrated for reasons that have nothing to do with the building itself—rather, they represent a bird or some other conceptual idea. My book is aimed at challenging the dominant practice of only justifying our work conceptually, in abstract terms." <mask> has been referred to by "The Spectator" magazine (London), as "the most decoratively radical architect at work today." His most recognized projects include his 2015 proposal for 41 West 57th Street, a 102-story skyscraper that a developer requested, which drew wide attention; however, the developer never built the structure. <mask> actualizes his thoughts about the need to challenge abstraction as the pinnacle of good design through a practice he refers to as kitbashing. Kitbashing typically refers to model train enthusiasts who combine parts from multiple model train kits to create their own unique train; <mask>, however, employs the term to refer to the process of combining basic and unrelated figures into cohesive adornments for his buildings. <mask>'s designs are created by compiling 2-D and 3-D images which he and his team find through simple Google searches which he thinks of as a kind of recycling process: giving the images the team kind's new life in his designs.<mask> proposed and designed the original Times Square Valentine's Day heart in 2009; a design competition for the Times Square heart has since become an annual event. <mask>'s work has been exhibited in numerous museums internationally including the MoMA, The Museum of the Art Institute of Chicago, The High Museum of Art in Atlanta, The National Gallery of Art in Japan, Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Frac Centre-Val de Loire in France, The Franz Mayer Museum in Mexico City, and Venice Biennale, Beijing Biennale, and Prague Biennale. His work has been featured in most major architectural publications as well as Vogue, Newsweek, Fast Company, Wired, USA Today, The New York Times, New York Magazine, Harper's Bazaar, Surface, and a recent twenty-five page feature in A+U. Television coverage of his work has aired on PBS, Fox, and MTV, and he was recently the subject of a documentary segment on the Travel Channel China's program 'Go as Far as You Can' which focuses on international innovators in creative fields. <mask> also writes about architecture and design in both academic and popular formats- including books, magazines, and journal articles. Projects and proposals Proposal for 41 West 57th St, New York City, New York (2015) Also referred to as the Khaleesi Tower, 41 West 57th St is the most famous of <mask>'s designs. If completed the tower would stand at an imposing 1,492 feet tall, housing ninety-one residential units across 102 stories.Retail stores, a two-story ballroom, and a restaurant would inhabit a sky lounge located on the sixty-fourth floor. Visitors would not be confined to the indoors, however, as four cantilevered balconies would allow individuals to emerge from the sixty-fourth floor lounge and overlook Central Park. The location of the proposal is especially interesting with regard to its exterior due to the development of the surrounding area. The Khaleesi Tower, if constructed, would be one of many luxury residential towers built in Midtown Manhattan, referred to as Billionaire's Row. While the press described the Khaleesi Tower as a "sumptuous crust of carved and gilded forms," an "acid fever dream," and "what might happen if Michelangelo was brought back to life and commissioned to design a skyscraper," the surrounding towers, like Rafael Vinoly’s 432 Park Avenue and Roger Duffy’s 252 East 57th Street have been skewered for their simple designs. <mask> himself explained that his design for the Khaleesi Tower was an attempt "to try to find a cure for the bland and featureless modern glass-box structures that you find in nearly all cities worldwide." Nicola Formichetti Store, New York City, New York (2011) <mask> has designed a series of retail stores for fashion designer Nicola Formichetti in New York City, Hong Kong, and Beijing, which showcased selected outfits from Lady Gaga.This series of projects led to his later collaboration with Formichetti on both an outfit for Lady Gaga and a line of cosmetic products for MAC Cosmetics which were sold internationally. The Nicola Formichetti Store, a pop-up shop constructed for the 2011 New York Fashion Week, utilizes "hundreds of robotically carved mirrored facets" to create a space to display many of the fashion pieces Nicola Formichetti designed for singer Lady Gaga. Books <mask> <mask>: Projects and Provocations (monograph). Rizzoli Press, 2018 Designing Social Equality: Architecture, Aesthetics, and the Perception of Democracy. Routledge, 2018 Aesthetics Equals Politics: New Discourses Across Art, Architecture and Philosophy. MIT Press, 2019 Aesthetic Theory: Essential Texts for Architecture and Design. W. W. Norton & Company, 2011 Composites, Surfaces and Software: High Performance Architecture, with Greg Lynn.Yale School of Architecture, 2010 References Theorists Architectural theoreticians 20th-century American architects Yale School of Architecture faculty Yale School of Architecture alumni University of Notre Dame alumni Living people 1973 births People from Omaha, Nebraska 21st-century American architects

Johannes Lucius

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<mask> (; ; September 1604 – 11 January 1679) was a Dalmatian historian, whose greatest work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae ("On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia"), which includes valuable historical sources, a bibliography and six historical maps. Due to his critical approach, he is considered the founder of Croatian historiography. Born in September 1640 in Trogir in a noble family, <mask>nis confessoris episcopi Traguriensis et eius miracula [Life of St. John the Confessor, Bishop of Trogir] (1657) is an important source of Croatian, and especially Dalmatian, history between 11th and 13th centuries. His capital work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae [On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia] (1662) in which he described the history of Dalmatia between the Roman times and 1480. The book contains the genealogy of Croatian dukes and kings and six historical Illyrian maps, regarded in Croatia as "the first Croatian atlas".The best known is map no. 6, Illyricum hodiernum [Present-day Illyricum], which <mask> dedicated to the Croatian ban Petar Zrinski, later included in Blaeu's Atlas Maior. In the book Memorie istoriche di Tragurio ora detto Traù [Historical testimonies about Trogir, now called Traù], he described the history of Trogir and Dalmatia to the mid 15th century. His book Inscriptiones Dalmaticae [Dalmatian Inscriptions] (1673) contains inscriptions and epigraphic monuments from Dalmatian heritage. In addition to his many other historical works, <mask> also engaged in archeology, geography, mathematics, physics, astronomy, construction and studying of ancient Christian monuments, Roman mosaics and inscriptions. He was a member of the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome in whose catacombs he was buried after his death in January 1679. Today, <mask> is widely regarded in Croatia as "the father of modern Croatian historiography".Life and works <mask> was the son of <mask> () and Clara Difnico (), born in Trogir, Venetian Dalmatia (now Croatia). After some schooling in his hometown, he went to Rome, where he spent two years, and then obtained his Ph.D. in ecclesiastical and civil law in the University of Padua. He returned to Trogir, and held various offices, but he returned to Rome in 1654. There he became a member of the Fraternity of Saint Jerome, and then its president. He participated in the work of many scientific academies of his age and wrote to scientists from Dalmatia, Italy and Europe. He wrote a number of historical works in Italian and Latin. His greatest and most famous work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae (The Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia).The book was published after the war of Candia, a critical moment for the Republic of Venice. In his book <mask> pointed out the difference between the Romance and Slavic Dalmatia, the habits of the people and the cultural borderlines. It was first printed in Amsterdam in 1666. This book provides an overview of both, the history of Dalmatia and history of Croatia, from the prehistory to the 15th century. While his predecessors and contemporaries used suppositions as much as facts, <mask> founded his estimates on genuine sources. At the end of the book, he included certain valuable historical sources and a bibliography with his comments. The book had six historical maps.One of maps, the historical map Illyricum hodiernum (today's Illyria) was dedicated by Joan Blaeu, <mask>' publisher to the Croatian ban Petar Zrinski. Since everyone was looking up to antiquity, the Zrinski believed their ancestors were Roman aristocrats. <mask> showed them that their roots reached back to the famous medieval dukes of Šubićs noble family from Bribir. <mask> participated in the dispute about the authenticity of the text of Trimalchio's Banquet by the Roman satirist Petronius, which had been found in Trogir. He also published the history of his home town in Memoriae istoriche di Tragurio, ora detto Trau ("Trogir in Historical Literature"; 1673). He also published a book of Roman inscriptions from Dalmatia, including the inscriptions collected by the famous Croatian poet and writer Marko Marulić. Shortly before his death, <mask> prepared the Statute of Trogir for printing.<mask> was never married. He resided in Rome until his death, and was buried there, in the Church of St. Jerome. A monument was erected to his memory in 1740. Significance <mask> was the first Dalmatian historian who critically examined and used historical sources: documents and chronicles, inscriptions and last wills. His historical methodology was far ahead of his time. He corresponded with many famous people from Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), especially Stefano Gradi, the head of the Vatican Library. His numerous letters, revealing him as a man of integrity and a skillful writer are a valuable fresco of the conditions of his time.<mask>' work, written in a lapidary and clear style, based on critical considerations, is the cornerstone of the modern historiography about Dalmatia. Today in Croatia, <mask> is considered the father of modern contemporary Croatian historiography. Works The following are his principal published works: De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae libri sex (6 vols., Venice, 1673); Inscriptiones Dalmaticae, notae ad memoriale Pauli de Paulo, notae ad Palladium Fuscum, addenda vel corrigenda in opere de regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, variae lectiones Chronici Ungarici manuscripti cum editis (Venice, 1673). References External links Ivan Lučić <mask> - father of Croatian historiography 1604 births 1679 deaths 17th-century historians Historians from the Republic of Venice Croatian historians Venetian period in the history of Croatia University of Padua alumni People from Trogir History of Dalmatia Italian-language writers Venetian Slavs

Tehshik Yoon

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<mask> (born 20 June 1975) is a Canadian-born chemist who studies the new reaction methods for organic synthesis with the use of catalysis. Yoon currently is a professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the chemistry department. For his contributions to science, he has received numerous awards including the Beckman Young Investigator Award and National Science Foundation CAREER Award. Background <mask> was born in Montreal, Quebec and grew up in Blacksburg, VA. As an undergraduate at Harvard University, he became fascinated by organic chemistry working in the laboratories of leading experts in contemporary asymmetric synthesis. Specifically, <mask> first experienced research in David A. Evans's lab studying stereocontrolled aldol reactions. After earning his A.B. in chemistry from Harvard in 1996, he proceeded to earn his M.S.under the guidance of Erick M. Carreira, who introduced Yoon to synthesis of complex natural products through applied photochemistry. Yoon was then accepted as Dave MacMillan's first graduate student, initially at UC Berkeley and later at Caltech, where he earned his Ph.D. investigating methods to control the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions. He returned to Harvard in 2002 as a postdoc to research the use of hydrogen bonding urea catalysts in asymmetric synthesis in the laboratory of Eric Jacobsen. Independent career Yoon has started his independent career in 2005 in the chemistry department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he has been ever since. His group specializes in studying the atomic level of control and molecular shape that can be manipulated by chemical synthesis. He has a research group that studies high energy and reactive molecules which convert into more stable molecules through chemical reactions. Such molecules include radicals and electronically organic triplets to more complex structures.Research Yoon's research lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison focuses on developing new reaction methods for organic synthesis, especially those involving transition metal photochemistry, stereocontrolling, and dual catalysis. Overview In particular, Yoon's group aims to leverage the ability of visible light–absorbing transition metal complexes to catalyze synthetic reactions. They investigate various mechanisms of photocatalytic activation, which differ from complex to complex depending on reactivity patterns of intermediates and their ability to be activated by sources of white light, including sunlight. Traditionally, chemists have used high-energy UV light to activate simple organic molecules, but Yoon's group focuses instead on expanding the application of visible light sources to synthesize increasingly complex target molecules. By providing strategies for activation of organic substrates that do not require specialized high-pressure UV photolysis apparatuses, these procedures are rendered more environmentally-friendly and widely available to synthetic and organic chemists. Significant Developments One notable process explored by Yoon's research is the generation of photoreductants by irradiation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ that can initiate desired cycloaddition. The group proved [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 to be an efficient photocatalyst for the formal [2+2] cycloaddition of enones and yields potential for development of new reaction protocols with reduced environmental impact.<mask>'s group has also researched into crossed intermolecular [2+2] heterodimerizations, proving the possibility of using two dissimilar enone substrates to successfully produce these dimers. This method bypasses some synthetic limitations of cycloadditions conducted under standard UV photolysis conditions. Yoon reviews the ways how cocatalyst strategies can be applied to synthesis, ranging from developments in organic photochemistry and the precedents that brought interest in photocatalytic synthesis. The interaction between an excited photocatalyst and organic molecule can show a diverse sample of reactive intermediates that can be manipulated to form a synthetic bond construction. This impacts the photocatalyst and the photoactivation steps such as the interaction with the excited state of the photocatalyst or controlling the rate and selectivity of the photoactivation steps. Additionally, Yoon takes a dual approach to the asymmetric of enantioselective [2+2] photocycloadditions by using visible light that can absorb transition metal and a Lewis acid cocatalyst. Yoon was able to see that each catalyst can be enabled to be independent resulting in a broader scope and greater flexibility and efficiency in enantioselective photochemical cycloadditions.Along with the metal photocatalyst being compatible with several types of Lewis acid catalyst. Yoon developed the first highly enantioselective intermolecular reaction of α-amino radicals by using the dual-catalyst protocol to combine the transition metal photoredox catalysis with the chiral Lewis acid catalysis. The combination of these catalysts provided an approach to control the stereochemistry of a wide variety of photoinitiated organic reactions. Furthermore, Yoon was able to perform quantum yield measurements to showcase that three distinct photoredox processes and involvement in the formation of chain reactions. In the combination of doing quantum yield and luminescence quenching experiments, it displays a method to estimate the length of these chains, to determine a lower limit for these chains and to diagnose inefficient initiation steps in photoredox reactions. Yoon demonstrated that the chain processes dominated the product formation of the three photoredox transformations. Awards and honors 2015 Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Award, granted by the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation 2013 William H. Kiekhofer Distinguished Teaching Award, presented by University of Wisconsin-Madison 2010 Eli Lilly Grantee Award, conferred by Eli Lilly & Company 2010 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, granted by the Camille & Henry Dreyfus Foundation 2009 Amgen Young Investigator Award, sponsored by Amgen 2009 Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, awarded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation 2008 Cottrell Scholar Award, presented by Research Corporation for Scientific Advancement (RCSA) 2008 Beckman Young Investigator Award, granted by the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation 2007 NSF CAREER Award, initiated through the National Science Foundation CAREER Awards Personal life Yoon is openly gay and has been a vocal advocate for greater inclusion of and support for diverse members of the STEM community throughout his career.<mask> is a long time member of the UW-Madison Committee on LGBT Issues, which he chaired between 2013 and 2014. He has also given numerous invited lectures on topics relating to being LGBTQIA+ in STEM. <mask> lives in Madison, Wisconsin with his husband, Michael Velliquette, who is an artist. References Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty California Institute of Technology alumni Harvard College alumni Living people 1975 births LGBT scientists from Canada

Herbert H. Clark

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<mask> (born 1940) is a psycholinguist currently serving as Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. His focuses include cognitive and social processes in language use; interactive processes in conversation, from low-level disfluencies through acts of speaking and understanding to the emergence of discourse; and word meaning and word use. <mask> is known for his theory of "common ground": individuals engaged in conversation must share knowledge in order to be understood and have a meaningful conversation (<mask>, 1985). Together with Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs (1986), he also developed the collaborative model, a theory for explaining how people in conversation coordinate with one another to determine definite references. <mask>'s books include Semantics and Comprehension, Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics, Arenas of Language Use and Using Language. Education and academic career <mask>, born in 1940, attended Stanford University until 1962 and received a B.A. with distinction.He attended Johns Hopkins University for post-graduate training, where he obtained his MA and his PhD, in 1964 and in 1966 respectively. The same year he finished his PhD, he completed his post-doctoral studies at the Linguistics Institute of UCLA. He has since worked at Carnegie-Mellon University, Stanford University. Scientific career Semantics and pragmatics <mask>'s early work explored theories of comprehension. He found that people interpret verb phrases, particularly eponymous verb phrases, against a hierarchy of information presumed to be common knowledge between the listener and the speaker. This hierarchy of beliefs is composed of The identity of the eponym, Acts by the eponym, Relevant acts of the eponym, and The type of act being referred to. For example, when a person instructed, “Do a Napoleon for the camera,” the listener would identify Napoleon, recognize acts that were done by Napoleon (such as smiling, saying ‘fromage’, or posing for paintings), and then use the context to identify the act being referred to (tucking one's hand into one's jacket.)Listeners would begin at level 1 with the broadest constraint and then, with each new constraint at levels 2, 3, and 4, find it easier to identify what the speaker intended as the relevant act. Listeners would proceed on a context-centered (the situation and what would be the appropriate act) or eponym-centered (the eponym what would be a relevant act) basis to get to the right meaning. Out of the requests “Please do a George Conklin for the camera,” and “Please do a Napoleon for the camera,” it would be hardest to progress past level 1 for George Conklin, presuming one may not even know who he is, and easiest to progress to level 4 for Napoleon, since of the known acts associated with him relevant ones come to mind easily. Another important finding by <mask> was that salience is necessary for two people to understand exactly what is being referred to. Napoleon did eat and sleep during his lifetime, but saying, “Do a Napoleon at the kitchen table,” to mean “eat” would create comprehension problems, because the salience of the act is limited. Irony In his study of irony, <mask> examined the pretense theory, which states that two speakers in a conversation do not announce the pretense they make when speaking with irony, but do nevertheless expect the listener to see through it. Thus, common ground must be had by both speakers in order for the effect of irony to work.Irony contains three important features: asymmetry of affect, victims of irony, and ironic tone of voice. Asymmetry of affect speaks to the higher likelihood of making ironic positive statements (“What a smart idea!” to a bad idea) than ironic negative statements (“What a stupid idea!” to a good one). Since those who are ignorant of irony would be more likely to cling to the general tendency of seeing the world in terms of success and excellence, these are the people that ironists pretend to be. Victims of irony are the people in conversation presumed not to understand the irony, such as the person that the speaker is pretending to be, or the person that could be the listener who wouldn't understand the irony in the speech. The ironic tone of voice is the voice a speaker takes on in lieu of his own in order to fully convey the pretense. Ironic tones of voices tend to be exaggerated and caricatured, like taking on a heavily conspiratorial voice when discussing a widely known piece of gossip. The Mention Theory of irony states that sentences or phrases that are used in ironic speech are not being used, but are rather being mentioned.An example of this would be a person taking on the pretense of being a weatherman on the local news and saying, “What lovely weather it is! Rain, rain, and rain,” with an exaggerated enthusiastic voice and not explicit statement of whom she's referencing. The speaker would not be using a sentence, in this case, but rather she would be mentioning what she has heard the weatherman say before. Taking on the pretense of an oblivious weatherman and saying, “What lovely weather it is!” when it is storming and dark outside is making mention of a phrase previously said by weathermen and expressing contempt toward it. Speech acts One of <mask>'s better-known studies was on how to make requests that overcome an obstacle to compliance. In making requests, speakers analyze the greatest potential obstacle they see to getting the information that they want, and frame their requests in a way that overcomes them in the easiest manner possible. They can frame the request in 3 different ways: to design an indirect request conditional on the absence or elimination of the obstacle, to make broadly applicable conditional requests, or to approach an obstacle sideways.For example, if a speaker wants to know the time of the concert he is attending with his friend, he knows his friend may not remember. He will therefore make an indirect request conditional on the elimination of the obstacle and ask, “Do you remember what time the concert is tonight?” which will mean “Do you remember what time the concert is, and can you tell me?” Therefore, if the friend does not remember, he can simply answer “no.” The second way is illustrated in more frequent and general situations where the obstacle isn't well known or specific. So if the speaker were to ask a passing stranger near the arena about the start time of the concert, he might formulate, “Can you tell me when the concert starts?” The expected obstacle is formed by lack of ability and willingness of the stranger to answer the question. It is a useful convention due to how it provides the stranger with a broad range of graceful excuses not to give the desired answer. The last way of framing to overcome obstacles is for situations where the person being addressed seems unwilling to provide the information. Then the speaker can ask for related information that the addressee is willing to divulge, and the speaker appears polite while the addressee is not being forced to admit unwillingness. Whether the obstacle is being addressed directly or sidestepped, the speaker is still designing requests that best overcome the greatest expected obstacle.Referring as a collaborative process In conversation, in order to establish common ground and make referencing known concepts or objects easier, speakers work together to establish definite references. Unlike the literary model of definite reference, which takes into account only what the speaker does to create the definite reference; the conversational model has the speaker and the listener working together. The listener is interpreting at the same time as the speaker is talking, and the speaker may have to edit to rephrase what is being said based on how the listener reacts. Speaker A and speaker B must mutually accept the functionality and usefulness of A's reference before they can allow the conversation to go on. The belief that both have accepted the reference is established through a two-part process: (a) presentation and (b) acceptance. Speaker A presents a reference (e.g. the dog with the pink collar) and Speaker B accepts it by responding with the affirmation that he understood which dog was discussed.If A realizes the presentation wasn't definitive enough, he may edit his speech to be more specific (e.g. the dog with the pink collar, near the tree, by the parking lot over there). If B doesn't accept the presentation (e.g. the dog with the what? that's not a dog, that's a weasel), then A has to reissue the reference. Completing the acceptance process may take several exchanges between the speakers. <mask> later developed his theory on discourse and how each speaker, or contributor, takes part in it with his or her partners.The most important element of common ground in discourse, he found, was the mutual understanding of each utterance by all partners. If speaker A makes an utterance that he believes will create common ground with speaker B but speaker B misheard it or misunderstood it, no progress on common ground has been made. A contribution can be made in two ways: collectively and individually. Both A and B adding what A said to their common ground is a collective act. A contributing and B registering the contribution are two distinctive individual acts. Therefore, discourse does not progress until both collectively and individually the discourse partners have accepted new references and established them as common ground. If A assumes the contribution was successful and adds what he said to the common ground he may continue to build upon what he believes was established, but B has not registered the contribution correctly, then they'll have to start over until all three steps are satisfied.One assumption of this model is the principle of least collaborative effort: participants in a contribution try to minimize the total effort spent on that contribution, both in the presentation and acceptance phases. The fewer exchanges between A and B to clarify references, the more successfully the common ground is being built. Common ground and grounding <mask> began his work in common ground with studying the references in conversation between experts and novices. To develop references in discourse, speakers try to establish the mutual belief that all speakers understand the references to a criterion that is sufficient for the purpose of continuing the discourse. In a conversation between a physician and his patient, for example, the doctor may request, “Contract your deltoid,” making reference to a technical term that the patient may not know. If the patient doesn't know, he will ask, “My deltoid?” and the doctor will clarify, “Raise your right arm.” If the patient does know the reference, he will comply immediately. Throughout these exchanges, speakers supply and acquire expertise.<mask> test summarized the process into 3 stages: assessing (directly or in passing finding out the expertise level of the discourse partner), supplying (experts who are addressing novices can expand their contribution to explain the reference), and acquiring expertise (novices speaking to experts acquire knowledge and fill in the gaps during conversation). Perspective is also important to the conversations between experts and novices; as experts gain more expertise their understanding of the topic becomes more broad and abstract, taking on organization that novices cannot follow. When explaining certain concepts to novices, experts also have to take on the perspectives of novices to make the most effective references. In a different study, <mask> showed how coordinating beliefs in conversation shapes the effectiveness of references. When speaker A and speaker B are conversing, the references they use build common ground and allow them to make shorter inferences upon repeated use. So while the first reference may be “the dog with the pink leash next to the birch tree,” the second reference may become “the dog near the birch tree”, and the third may be “the birch tree dog”. But when a conversation partner C only listens to the conversation between A and B and doesn't participate, the references made earlier (although he heard all of them) are not as efficient when C switches places with B.As a matter of fact, he is treated like a novice in the conversation, despite having heard A and B use the references previously. Thus speakers redevelop common ground with new partners and create new references that both were presented with and accepted. Most recently <mask> studied how speakers monitor their addresses for understanding when giving directions, making references, or developing common ground. In a study where subjects used Legos to build copies of a prototype, subjects were divided into builders and those who were instructing the building. Some were able to see each other clearly as well as each other's workspaces, while others’ views were obstructed in some way. The pairs of partners who could clearly see each other and the instructing and the building that was happening had more success with their process than the pairs who could not see each other. The ability to see the builder's workspace enabled the instructor to nod, point, and otherwise aid the builder in precise and efficient ways.Those who couldn't see the workspace made more errors, due to lack of affirmation by the instructor and the inability to check how successfully they were following directions. Lastly, those who listened to the instructions from an audiotape without an instructor present were even less efficient with their building. This finding demonstrated how a conversation is a collaborative process, and that speakers and listeners work together to achieve a common goal. The ability to interact to maintain common ground throughout discourse or any communicational process allows for both parties to feel like they're keeping up. Addressees and overhearers Similarly to the Lego study, <mask> examined the differences in understanding and compliance between addressees and overhearers. In an experiment where one person told another person how to arrange 12 complex figures and a third person listened in, and all began the conversation as strangers with equal background information. Nevertheless, addressees were more accurate at following the directions and arranging the figures than the overhearers even though they heard exactly the same things.From this, <mask> concluded that the social process of interacting in conversation plays a central role in the cognitive process of understanding. If hearing the same words were enough to understand the directions, addresses and overhearers would have performed similarly. Since they did not, there is cause to conclude that understanding is part of a collaborative process. The process of grounding in a conversation happens at the point where both A and B find a perspective they can agree on. If C, the overhearer, understands this perspective then he keeps up; if he does not, then he is left behind. Since he's an overhearer, his understanding does not affect whether A and B continue on, and while they continue to build common ground for the remainder of the conversation, C is not following or understanding them. Disfluencies and strategies in speaking <mask> worked with Jean E. Fox Tree to study the pronunciation of ‘the’ and ‘thee’ and their use in signaling problems while speaking.What they found was that the shorter pronunciation of ‘the’, phonetically thuh, was used far less frequently to show a problem in speech production. Only 7% of were followed by a suspension of speech due to articulation errors, word retrieval, or choice of message consideration. However, the longer pronunciation, , was used 81% of the time to signal an immediate oncoming pause. was frequently followed by a pause and reformulation of speech and could also foreshadow the use of thuh before speech resumed its regular pace. 20% of the time is used, speakers can repair the problem in time and continue without further disruption, but 80% of the time they deal with the problem by pausing, repeating the article, repairing what they were about to say, or abandoning the original plans for speech altogether. A similar study by the same researchers examined ‘uh’ and ‘um’ in spontaneous speaking. Like and thuh, um and uh signal varying degrees of delay, which um creating a major pause and uh creating a minor one.Because of how they are incorporated into speech, such as specifically put to use at certain pauses in speech, attached as clitics onto other words, and prolonged for additional meaning, they have become a part of spontaneous speech that have meaning. What they argued was that um and uh are conventional English words and speakers plan for them, formulate them, and produce them just like any other vocabulary. Joint actions Conversations as joint projects were where <mask> explored vertical and horizontal transitions prompted by dialogue. A horizontal transition, for example, would be speaker A beginning a stage of a conversation about a car he and speaker B saw. Until speaker B understands the car being referenced, the exchange will be horizontal within the same joint project of understanding the reference. Once B recognizes the reference and the car is no longer the joint action of the speakers, they have made a vertical transition in dialogue. <mask> proposed that m-hm, uh-huh, yeah, yes, and yep are all horizontal markers that do not interrupt the flow of the joint activity.They are used as continuers and display to the speaker that the listener is following the exchange and the speaker still has the floor. As long as horizontal markers are used, they are allowing the current speaker to continue with their action. Once the speaker's action is interrupted with side projects, such as clarifying what model car is being discussed or where it was seen, a vertical transition was made and is completed once the original speaker has the floor again. A digression by speaker can cause a vertical transition as well: by the way and as a matter of fact, and exits from the transition are prompted by anyway and so. Some words, like okay are universally used for a variety of transitions, like digression, vertical transition, and horizontal transition. Speakers understand and use these markers seamlessly and precisely in conversation to coordinate joint actions and maintain common ground for future direct reference. Language use and language users.In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds. ), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 179–231). New York: Harper and Row. <mask>, H. H., 1996. Using Language. Cambridge University Press, hardbound, , paperbound, External links Personal website Living people Cognitive psychologists Psycholinguists Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty Johns Hopkins University alumni Stanford University alumni Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1940 births People from Stanford, California Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society

Paz de la Huerta

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<mask>ía <mask> (; born September 3, 1984), know professionally as <mask>, is an American actress and model. She had roles in the films The Cider House Rules (1999) and A Walk to Remember (2002), and played Lucy Danziger in the HBO drama series Boardwalk Empire. Early life <mask>a was raised by her mother, with her older sister <mask> (born November 5, 1981), in the New York City neighborhood of SoHo, located in Lower Manhattan. Her parents are Spanish nobleman <mask>, 14th Duke of Mandas, Grandee of Spain and Judith Bruce. <mask>a was born with recurrent cystic hygroma under her arm, which she has had treated with multiple surgeries. Her mother worked as an authority on birth control and women's issues in Third World countries. She attended private Saint Ann's School in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, with fellow student and future fashion designer, Zac Posen, for whom she has since modeled.She also attended the performing arts camp Buck's Rock. <mask> Huerta spent summers with her father in Spain while attending high school. Career <mask> Huerta began modeling in her adolescence and became a runway model before transitioning into film. She made her film debut with a small role in the 1998 romantic comedy The Object of My Affection, and the next year appeared opposite Michael Caine and Charlize Theron in The Cider House Rules. In 2002, she appeared opposite Shane West and Mandy Moore in A Walk to Remember, an American coming-of-age romantic drama film based on the <mask>' novel. In 2007, <mask> <mask> was cast in the role of Linda for the film Enter the Void, a psychedelic melodrama set in neon-lit nightclub environments of Tokyo. Director Gaspar Noé found her after holding auditions in New York City."I met <mask> and I really liked her. She had the profile for the character because she likes screaming, crying, showing herself naked—all the qualities for it." In 2009, <mask> <mask> was cast in the HBO pilot Boardwalk Empire, set in Atlantic City during the Prohibition era, as Enoch "Nucky" Thompson's mistress, a former Ziegfeld Follies dancer. Boardwalk Empire was renewed for a second season, with <mask> Huerta returning as Lucy. Discussing the second season she said; "The first season was very different from the second season. With the first season, nobody really knew how the show was going to be received. With the second season, we had gotten lots of accolades and great reviews, so it was work, work, work, where we were shooting two episodes at a time."After the second season ended, <mask> <mask> and fellow co-stars Michael Pitt, Aleksa <mask>, and Dabney Coleman all departed the cast. In 2012, she commented on her departure from the series, stating she wanted to put her focus on other things. In 2013, she commented on how she would like to return to the hit series. "I’m still close with the producers. Terry (Terence Winter) always says it's possible for me to come back." Also adding; "I would love to come back with Lucy as a loving, doting mother." In 2011, Lana Del Rey, an American singer, received widespread attention when the music video for her single "Video Games" became a viral internet sensation.The video—directed and edited by Del Rey—included paparazzi footage of <mask> Huerta falling down while intoxicated. When asked if she was upset about the video, <mask> Huerta stated, "No, no. I don't get hung up about anything really. That's insignificant. I didn't really care." In April 2011, she was sued by MTV reality show actress Samantha Swetra after an altercation at a bar. <mask> Huerta was arrested, issued a desk appearance ticket, and released.In July 2011, she pleaded guilty to harassment and, in exchange, misdemeanor charges against her were reduced to a non-criminal violation. A judge ordered her to complete 12 weeks of alcohol counseling, one day of community service, and to stay away from Swetra. In July 2011, <mask> <mask> signed on to play Abby Russell, the protagonist in the horror film Nurse 3D. A sequel for Nurse had been rumored by <mask> Huerta on her Twitter page with her stating that Nurse 2 would start shooting soon. However, In 2015, it was reported that <mask> <mask> was suing the filmmakers, for ruining her career and injuring her when a speeding ambulance driven by a stunt driver struck her while shooting. She was the cover model in Playboy in 2013. In 2014, she completed filming in Las Vegas for the movie Death in the Desert, cast as Margo and co-starring with Michael Madsen and <mask> Beesley.She also had a supporting role in the Canadian horror film The Editor. She later appeared in Louis Theroux's 2015 documentary My Scientology Movie when she "crashed" an interview. The next year, <mask> <mask> played Pepper in the drama film Bare, opposite Dianna Agron. The film follows a young woman living in a small desert town in Nevada, who becomes romantically involved with a female drifter who leads her into a life of drugs, stripping, and psychedelic spiritual experiences. Director Natalia Leite wanted to cast two women who were willing to be totally raw and exposed on camera in the leading roles. She stated: "I wanted to find two women who were very different from each other to put those two contrasting energies together." The film had a world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 19, 2015.Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that <mask> <mask> was perfectly cast for her role as Pepper, though the film has a "mundane storyline." John Stewart of The Slanted wrote, "The film is an wonderful departure for Glee’s Dianna Agron and her performance with <mask> <mask>a is sure to spark a lot more work in the future for both rising stars." Me Too movement <mask> <mask>, at the height of the Me Too movement, said in an interview with Vanity Fair that movie mogul Harvey Weinstein raped her on two occasions in 2010, once after demanding to enter her apartment and have a drink, and once showing up after she had been subjected to repeated phone calls and had been drinking. <mask> Huerta came forward to police in 2017, within the New York state statute of limitations for rape in the first degree, and the New York District Attorney's Office was considering bringing charges against Weinstein. While charges have yet to be filed in <mask> <mask>'s case, Weinstein has been charged in New York with the rape of another woman. More than 75 women have accused Weinstein of sexual abuse; he has denied all allegations. In November 2018, <mask> Huerta filed a $60 million lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court accusing Weinstein of raping her in 2010 and then embarking on a campaign of harassment that she contends damaged her career.Personal life <mask> Huerta lived in New York City in an apartment on Gay Street, and then moved into an apartment adjacent to her mother in the Tribeca neighborhood. She has a cobra tattooed in one leg and a crown in an arm, the latter as a tribute to her lineage. Filmography Films Television Music videos References External links <mask> <mask>a: Behind the Nude, article at Focus Features' website Are You Ready for <mask>?, article at New York magazine's website Interview with <mask> <mask> by Imagine Fashion 1984 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from New York City American child actresses Female models from New York (state) American film actresses American people of Spanish descent American people of Basque descent American television actresses People from SoHo, Manhattan Saint Ann's School (Brooklyn) alumni

Masato Honda

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<mask> (本田雅人, born November 13, 1962), is a Japanese saxophone player, composer, and multi-instrumentalist. Born in Nakamura City, Kochi Prefecture (now Shimanto City), he graduated from Kunitachi College of Music. He is most well known for being a member of the band T-Square and appearing on Cowboy Bebop's soundtrack with The Seatbelts. Biography Early life and career <mask> started playing the saxophone in the 3rd grade under the influence of his father, after trying out both the flute and clarinet. During his high school years at the Kochi Prefectural Nakamura High School he participated in a pop band where he played guitar and sang. Afterwards, he went to Kunitachi College of Music, where he studied classical saxophone until he won the 14th Yamano Big Band Jazz Contest in 1983. Afterwards, he turned his focus to jazz and fusion styles.In 1985, he graduated from Kunitachi College of Music at the top of his class and joined Nobuo Hara's Sharps and Flats. Afterwards, he worked as a session musician, notably working with Toshiki Kadomatsu, Hiroshi Sato, and the Katsumi Horii Project, and formed the group WITNESS with Masaharu Ishikawa and Jun Kajiwara. T-Square The 1990 live, T-Square Live (featuring F1 Grand Prix Theme) theme was Honda's first time working with T-Square as a session musician. The then-current saxophonist Takeshi Itoh stepped down from the group to pursue a solo career soon after. <mask> debuted as an official member in T-Square Live - "Farewell & Welcome" in 1991, which was Itoh's official send-off from the group. Prior to this, <mask> began recording his first studio album with T-Square in January 1991, New-S, where he composed the opening track, Megalith. It would release on March 21 that same year.Also in 1991, the group recorded the album Refreshest as T-Square and Friends, the first album under that name. It was composedly mainly of arrangements of previous songs, one of which was a version of It's Magic. Following the death of racing legend Ayrton Senna in 1994, T-Square released SOLITUDE, also as T-Square and Friends. David Liebman, Michael Brecker, and Mike Stern joined T-Square and Friends for the album Miss you in New York in 1995. After the album Blue in Red, <mask> left T-Square for unknown reasons and pursued a solo career. He participated in the 20th Anniversary Performance at Yaon de Asobu, and Farewell & Welcome Live 1998, which was recorded on April 28, 1998 and released on VHS the following July. Berklee alum Takahiro Miyazaki replaced him starting with the album Gravity, however Honda still contributed to it, playing on the song Japanese Soul Brothers.Other work Honda has participated in the works of Shiro Sagisu, Ringo Sheena, Hiroshi Sato, Toshiki Kadomatsu, L'Arc-en-Ciel, Kukeiha Club, FictionJunction, Kohei Tanaka, Motoaki Furukawa, SunSet Swish, Nana Mizuki, Aiko, Yuji Toriyama, Masayuki Suzuki, Yui Makino, Sumire Uesaka, Junna, Ryo Takahashi, and Round Table He has also recorded for the soundtracks of Cowboy Bebop, Souryuden, Gunstar Heroes, Tenchi-Muyo! Ryo-Ohki, Mega Man X, Arc the Lad, F-Zero X, Shenmue, Napple Tale, Gensō Suikogaiden, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, Detective Conan: Strategy Above the Depths, Detective Conan: The Private Eyes' Requiem, Angel Heart, Wild Arms, Detective Conan: Jolly Roger in the Deep Azure, Hayate the Combat Butler, Dengeki Gakuen RPG: Cross of Venus, Pandora Hearts, Evangelion Wind Symphony, One Piece, Cute High Earth Defense Club Love!, Cat Planet Cuties, Negima! Magister Negi Magi, Heaven's Memo Pad, Listen to Me, Girls. I Am Your Father!, Kids on the Slope, Nyaruko: Crawling with Love, The Third, Sound! Euphonium, Showa Genroku Rakugo Shinju, Wake Up, Girls!, Prison School, Active Raid: Special Public Security Fifth Division Third Mobile Assault Eighth Unit, Journey of Midgard/Michiko Naruke Ragnarok Online, ACCA 13-ku Kansatsu-ka, Square Enix Jazz Final Fantasy, City Hunter: Shinjuku Private Eyes, Code Geass Lelouch of the Rebellion Orchestra Concert, and Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest. Since his work with T-Square, he has led and been a part of several other bands. Honda founded the group B.B.Station as a "train station" between the styles of jazz fusion and swing music.Trumpeter Eric Miyashiro is part of this group. <mask> has also been a member of the Blue Note Tokyo All-Star Jazz Orchestra that Miyashiro leads. <mask> has been in a number of other fusion acts besides T-Square such as Four of a Kind, which participated in the 2004 JVC Jazz Festival in Seoul, and Voice of Elements, which live-streamed performances because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In his 2008 solo album, Across the Groove, he featured jazz keyboardist Bob James. Also significant is his second solo album, Carry Out, in which he played every instrument and composed every song on the record. <mask> is a visiting professor at Showa University of Music. He was previously employed by Kunitachi College of Music as a professor of saxophone and jazz.His name was removed from the faculty list in 2020. Instruments Honda has experience on a variety of instruments. Aside from the four main soprano, alto, tenor and baritone saxophones he has been observed playing the clarinet, flute, EWI, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, trumpet, flugelhorn, trombone, and recorder. He also has ability as a jazz scat singer. On the alto saxophone he uses a refaced 7* Yanagisawa mouthpiece, as well as a model made specifically for him by the brand Saxz, and a Meyer 5M. He used a Selmer Mark VII saxophone for most of his career, but switched to the more renowned Mark VI at some point in the 2010s For his time in T-Square during the 90s, he primarily used a synthetic Fibracell reed, but now uses Vandoren's Green Java reeds. Discography As leader Growin (A-Pro C&C, 1998) Carry Out (JVC, 1999) Real-Fusion (JVC, 2000) Illusion (JVC, 2000) Cross Hearts (JVC, 2001) What is Fusion (JVC, 2001) Crowded Colors (JVC, 2003) Assemble a Crew (JVC, 2004) Masato <mask> with Voice of Elements (Kang & Music, 2006) Across the Groove (RCA, 2008) Solid State Funk (Sony, 2009) Saxes Street (GRP, 2015) With T-Square T-Square Live - Featuring F-1 Grand Prix Theme (1990) New-S (1991) T-Square Live - Farewell & Welcome (1991) Megalith (1991) Refreshest (1991) Impressive (1992) Human (1993) Summer Planet (1994) SOLITUDE (1994) Welcome to the Rose Garden (1995) Miss you in New York (1995) T-Square and Friends Live in Tokyo (1995) B.C.A.D.(1996) Blue in Red (1997) Farewell & Welcome Live 1998 (1998) 20th Anniversary Performance at Yaon de Asobu (1998) Gravity (1998) With Four of a Kind Introducing Four of a Kind (2002) Four of a Kind (2002) Four of a Kind Live At Blue Note Tokyo And Osaka Blue Note (2002) Four of a Kind II (2004) With Witness Witness (1988) Witness Live (2005) With B.B. Station B.B. Station Live at Roppongi Pit Inn (2000) Jazz'n Out Marlene Meets Masato <mask> (2007) See also T-Square (band) Casiopea Eric Marienthal References 1962 births Living people Japanese jazz composers Japanese musicians Japanese saxophonists Japanese jazz saxophonists Japanese jazz musicians

Darren Murphy

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<mask> (born 28 July 1985) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the manager of League of Ireland First Division club Cobh Ramblers. <mask> started his playing career at Cobh Ramblers, progressing through the club's youth system before breaking into the first team during the 2003 season. He then joined Cork City in 2007, and spent two seasons at the club. In December 2008, he joined Stevenage and helped the team win the FA Trophy in his first season there. <mask> was part of the Stevenage team that earned back-to-back promotions from the Conference Premier into League One. He was released by Stevenage when his contract expired in May 2012.He subsequently joined Port Vale on a free transfer two months later. <mask> signed for Macclesfield Town in January 2013, but returned to Ireland two weeks later after tearing his calf muscle. Injury would disrupt the latter stages of his career, spending time with Woking in September 2013, before returning to Cork City two months later. He rejoined Cobh Ramblers in February 2015 and also played once for Avondale United. <mask> made the transition from playing to coaching, spending time as first-team coach at Cobh Ramblers, before being appointed as the team's under-19 manager in February 2021. After becoming interim manager of the first team in July 2021, <mask> was appointed first-team manager in September 2021. Early life Born in Cork, Republic of Ireland, he is a native of Carrignavar.<mask> combined playing football alongside serving his electrical apprenticeship in Cork from 2003 to 2006. Playing career <mask> started his career at Irish club Cobh Ramblers, as part of the club's youth system. He made his senior debut for Cobh Ramblers in an FAI Cup match against Shamrock Rovers in August 2002, three weeks after he had turned 17. <mask> suffered a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament during his time with the club, recovering from the injury to play 77 times over five years, scoring nine goals. <mask> signed for Cork City on a two-year contract in February 2007. He played regularly in the first team during the latter stages of the 2007 season, making 32 appearances. Financial issues forced Cork City into examinership in <mask>'s second season with the club and he left the club when his contract expired at the end of the 2008 season.Stevenage <mask> was offered a one-week trial with English Conference Premier club Stevenage in December 2008, which proved successful, signing for the club on a short-term contract on 16 December 2008. <mask> made his Stevenage debut in a 3–0 victory against Lewes at Broadhall Way. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win against Kettering Town, scoring from close-range to restore parity in the match. He made 20 appearances for the club during the 2008–09 season, during which he was sent-off twice in matches against Kidderminster Harriers and Cambridge United; the latter was rescinded. This meant that <mask> was able to play in the club's 2–0 FA Trophy Final victory against York City at Wembley Stadium on 9 May 2009, a competition in which he started six games. He played 24 times during the 2009–10 season as Stevenage won promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club's history. <mask> played his first game of the 2010–11 season on 9 August 2010, starting in Stevenage's 2–1 defeat to Portsmouth in the League Cup, scoring Stevenage's goal with a shot from outside the area that was deflected in.He was substituted at half-time after suffering a dislocated shoulder, and was ruled out of first-team action for a month. <mask> broke his leg whilst playing for Stevenage's reserve team against Colchester United reserves in September 2010. He underwent surgery on the injury and the club stated he would likely miss the remainder of the season. <mask> returned to the first team in the club's 1–0 away victory at Wycombe Wanderers on 12 March 2011, playing the first half of the match. He played nine games during the 2010–11 season, scoring once. This included three appearances in the 2010–11 League Two play-offs following Stevenage's sixth-placed finish. Following a 3–0 aggregate victory over Accrington Stanley, Stevenage earned promotion to League One after a 1–0 victory against Torquay United at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011, with <mask> coming on as a 57th-minute substitute in the match.After making no first-team appearances during the first half of Stevenage's 2011–12 season due to a "succession of little injuries", <mask> joined League Two club Aldershot Town on a one-month loan agreement on 10 February 2012. He made his debut four days later in Aldershot's 1–0 home victory against Hereford United, Aldershot's first home win since December 2011. He made two further appearances during the loan, and returned to Stevenage in March 2012. <mask> struggled with hamstring, groin and ankle injuries and was not involved in the latter stages of Stevenage's season, making no appearances for the team during the season. He was released by Stevenage when his contract expired in May 2012. <mask> made 53 appearances in all competitions during his three years with the club. Port Vale <mask> signed for League Two club Port Vale on a free transfer on 2 July 2012, signing a one-year contract.He made his debut from the substitute's bench on 25 August 2012, replacing Chris Shuker 74 minutes into a 3–1 victory over Morecambe at the Globe Arena. <mask> struggled with hamstring problems whilst the team moved up to second in the league table in his absence. He eventually made his full debut on 20 October 2012, in a 4–1 home victory against Wycombe Wanderers. On making his return to fitness, he speculated that "if there was a hell for footballers that's what you'd do, sit in the stand watching games injured." <mask> made only his third appearance of the season against Rochdale on 6 November 2012, but having entered the game as a substitute he was forced off injured after only a few minutes due to a recurrence of his calf injury. He left the club by mutual consent on 8 January 2013. Return to Non-League Having initially planned on returning to Ireland, <mask> received a contract offer from Conference Premier club Macclesfield Town.He accepted the offer on 31 January 2013, signing a contract lasting until the end of the 2012–13 season. Two weeks into his time at Macclesfield, he tore his calf muscle in training and on 13 February 2013, having made no appearances for the club, his contract was cancelled by mutual consent. He returned to Ireland and trained with former club Cork City. <mask> wanted to resume his playing career in England and spoke to Graham Westley, his former manager at Stevenage, who agreed for him to spend pre-season at the club ahead of the 2013–14 season. He arranged with Westley to "play some games for another club, to regain my confidence and then return to Stevenage". He subsequently signed for Woking of the Conference Premier on 24 September 2013. He made his Woking debut the same day his signing was announced, playing the first 68 minutes in a 4–0 home defeat to Luton Town at Kingfield Stadium.<mask> made three appearances for Woking before injury curtailed his time at the club. Return to Ireland <mask> returned to Cork City on a free transfer on 16 November 2013. He made his first appearance back at Cork on 10 March 2014, starting in a 4–0 home victory over Limerick in the League of Ireland Cup. <mask> made five appearances for the club during a season disrupted by injuries as Cork finished the 2014 season in second place in the League of Ireland Premier Division. He dislocated his shoulder in a pre-season friendly against Birmingham City in July 2014 and notified Cork City manager John Caulfield of his decision to retire from playing after the match. Having recovered from the shoulder injury, <mask> was offered the chance to come out of retirement and rejoin Cobh Ramblers of the League of Ireland First Division in February 2015, which he accepted, making one appearance towards the latter stages of the 2015 season. <mask> remained at Cobh Ramblers for just over two years, making eight first-team appearances during his second spell with the club.He also played once for Avondale United of the Munster Senior League in April 2017, appearing in a 2–0 League of Ireland Cup defeat against his former employers, Cobh Ramblers, on 4 April 2017. <mask> retired from playing and made the transition into coaching. Coaching career During his playing career, <mask> combined his playing role alongside acting as a community and academy coach at Stevenage in 2011. He also served as a community coach at Port Vale. He earned his UEFA B Licence in 2017 and was issued his UEFA A Licence in 2019. <mask> was appointed as first-team coach at Cobh Ramblers in January 2015, a position he held until October 2016. He was appointed as manager of the Cobh Ramblers under-19 team in February 2021.He was named as interim manager of the Cobh Ramblers first team until the end of the season on 23 July 2021, following the exit of previous manager Stuart Ashton. He was given the role on a permanent basis on 16 September 2021, signing a contract until the end of the 2023 season. Style of play <mask> was deployed as a midfielder throughout his career. His role in midfield was predominantly as a defensive midfielder, where he was tasked with breaking up opposition play. <mask> described himself as "never the best player", and what he lacked in the technical aspects of the game, he "compensated for" with his work ethic. Described as "an energetic, combative midfielder" and "tough-tackling", <mask> stated that his physical style of play contributed to the number of injuries he sustained during his playing career. Career statistics A.The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy, play-offs and FAI Cup. Honours Stevenage FA Trophy: 2008–09; runner-up: 2009–10 Conference Premier: 2009–10 League Two play-offs: 2010–11 References External links 1985 births Living people Association footballers from Cork (city) Republic of Ireland association footballers Association football midfielders Cobh Ramblers F.C. players Cork City F.C. players Stevenage F.C. players Aldershot Town F.C. players Port Vale F.C. players Macclesfield Town F.C.players Woking F.C. players League of Ireland players National League (English football) players English Football League players Republic of Ireland football managers Cobh Ramblers F.C. managers League of Ireland managers

Angela Davis

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<mask> (born January 26, 1944) is an American political activist, philosopher, academic, scholar, and author. She is a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. A Marxist, <mask> was a longtime member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and is a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (CCDS). She is the author of over ten books on class, feminism, race, and the US prison system. Born to an African-American family in Birmingham, Alabama, <mask> studied French at Brandeis University and philosophy at the University of Frankfurt in West Germany. Studying under the philosopher Herbert Marcuse, a prominent figure in the Frankfurt School, <mask> became increasingly engaged in far-left politics. Returning to the United States, she studied at the University of California, San Diego, before moving to East Germany, where she completed a doctorate at the Humboldt University of Berlin.After returning to the United States, she joined the Communist Party and became involved in numerous causes, including the second-wave feminist movement and the campaign against the Vietnam War. In 1969, she was hired as an acting assistant professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). UCLA's governing Board of Regents soon fired her due to her Communist Party membership; after a court ruled this illegal, the university fired her again, this time for her use of inflammatory language. In 1970, guns belonging to <mask> were used in an armed takeover of a courtroom in Marin County, California, in which four people were killed. Prosecuted for three capital felonies, including conspiracy to murder, she was held in jail for over a year before being acquitted of all charges in 1972. She visited Eastern Bloc countries in the 1970s and, during the 1980s, was twice the Communist Party's candidate for vice president; at the time, she also held the position of professor of ethnic studies at San Francisco State University. Much of her work focused on the abolition of prisons and in 1997, she co-founded Critical Resistance, an organization working to abolish the prison–industrial complex.In 1991, amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union, she was part of a faction in the Communist Party that broke away to establish the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Also in 1991, she joined the feminist studies department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where she became department director before retiring in 2008. Since then she has continued to write and remained active in movements such as Occupy and the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign. <mask> has received various awards, including the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize. Accused of supporting political violence, she has sustained criticism from the highest levels of the US government. She has also been criticized for supporting the Soviet Union and its satellites. <mask> has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.In 2020, she was listed as the 1971 "Woman of the Year" in Time magazine's "100 Women of the Year" edition, which selected iconic women over the 100 years since women's suffrage in the United States of America from 1920. In 2020, she was included on Times list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Early life <mask> was born on January 26, 1944, in Birmingham, Alabama. Her family lived in the "Dynamite Hill" neighborhood, which was marked in the 1950s by the bombings of houses in an attempt to intimidate and drive out middle-class black people who had moved there. <mask> occasionally spent time on her uncle's farm and with friends in New York City. Her siblings include two brothers, Ben and Reginald, and a sister, Fania. Ben played defensive back for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<mask> attended Carrie A. Tuggle School, a segregated black elementary school, and later, Parker Annex, a middle-school branch of Parker High School in Birmingham. During this time, <mask>'s mother, Sallye <mask>, was a national officer and leading organizer of the Southern Negro Youth Congress, an organization influenced by the Communist Party aimed at building alliances among African Americans in the South. <mask> grew up surrounded by communist organizers and thinkers, who significantly influenced her intellectual development. <mask> was involved in her church youth group as a child, and attended Sunday school regularly. She attributes much of her political involvement to her involvement with the Girl Scouts of the United States of America. She also participated in the Girl Scouts 1959 national roundup in Colorado. As a Girl Scout, she marched and picketed to protest racial segregation in Birmingham.By her junior year of high school, <mask> had been accepted by an American Friends Service Committee (Quaker) program that placed black students from the South in integrated schools in the North. She chose Elisabeth Irwin High School in Greenwich Village. There she was recruited by a communist youth group, Advance. Education Brandeis University <mask> was awarded a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, where she was one of three black students in her class. She encountered the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse at a rally during the Cuban Missile Crisis and became his student. In a 2007 television interview, <mask> said, "Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary." She worked part-time to earn enough money to travel to France and Switzerland and attended the eighth World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki.She returned home in 1963 to a Federal Bureau of Investigation interview about her attendance at the communist-sponsored festival. During her second year at Brandeis, <mask> decided to major in French and continued her intensive study of philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Sartre. She was accepted by the Hamilton College Junior Year in France Program. Classes were initially at Biarritz and later at the Sorbonne. In Paris, she and other students lived with a French family. She was in Biarritz when she learned of the 1963 Birmingham church bombing, committed by members of the Ku Klux Klan, in which four black girls were killed. She grieved deeply as she was personally acquainted with the victims.While completing her degree in French, <mask> realized that her primary area of interest was philosophy. She was particularly interested in Marcuse's ideas. On returning to Brandeis, she sat in on his course. She wrote in her autobiography that Marcuse was approachable and helpful. She began making plans to attend the University of Frankfurt for graduate work in philosophy. In 1965, she graduated magna cum laude, a member of Phi Beta Kappa. University of Frankfurt In Germany, with a monthly stipend of $100, she lived first with a German family and later with a group of students in a loft in an old factory.After visiting East Berlin during the annual May Day celebration, she felt that the East German government was dealing better with the residual effects of fascism than were the West Germans. Many of her roommates were active in the radical Socialist German Student Union (SDS), and <mask> participated in some SDS actions. Events in the United States, including the formation of the Black Panther Party and the transformation of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to an all-black organization, drew her interest upon her return. Postgraduate work Marcuse had moved to a position at the University of California, San Diego, and <mask> followed him there after her two years in Frankfurt. <mask> traveled to London to attend a conference on "The Dialectics of Liberation". The black contingent at the conference included the Trinidadian-American Stokely Carmichael and the British Michael X. Although moved by Carmichael's rhetoric, <mask> was reportedly disappointed by her colleagues' black nationalist sentiments and their rejection of communism as a "white man's thing".She joined the Che-Lumumba Club, an all-black branch of the Communist Party USA named for revolutionaries Che Guevara and Patrice Lumumba, of Cuba and Congo, respectively. <mask> earned a master's degree from the University of California, San Diego, in 1968. She earned a doctorate in philosophy at the Humboldt University in East Berlin. Professor at University of California, Los Angeles, 1969–70 Beginning in 1969, <mask> was an acting assistant professor in the philosophy department at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Although both Princeton and Swarthmore had tried to recruit her, she opted for UCLA because of its urban location. At that time she was known as a radical feminist and activist, a member of the Communist Party USA, and an affiliate of the Los Angeles chapter of the Black Panther Party. In 1969, the University of California initiated a policy against hiring Communists.At their September 19, 1969, meeting, the Board of Regents fired <mask> from her $10,000-a-year post because of her membership in the Communist Party, urged on by California Governor Ronald Reagan. Judge Jerry Pacht ruled the Regents could not fire <mask> solely because of her affiliation with the Communist Party, and she resumed her post. The Regents fired <mask> again on June 20, 1970, for the "inflammatory language" she had used in four different speeches. The report stated, "We deem particularly offensive such utterances as her statement that the regents 'killed, brutalized (and) murdered' the People's Park demonstrators, and her repeated characterizations of the police as 'pigs. The American Association of University Professors censured the board for this action. Arrest and trial <mask> was a supporter of the Soledad Brothers, three inmates who were accused and charged with the killing of a prison guard at Soledad Prison. On August 7, 1970, heavily armed 17-year-old African-American high-school student Jonathan Jackson, whose brother was George Jackson, one of the three Soledad Brothers, gained control of a courtroom in Marin County, California.He armed the black defendants and took Judge Harold Haley, the prosecutor, and three female jurors as hostages. As Jackson transported the hostages and two black defendants away from the courtroom, one of the defendants, James McClain, shot at the police. The police returned fire. The judge and the three black men were killed in the melee; one of the jurors and the prosecutor were injured. Although the judge was shot in the head with a blast from a shotgun, he also suffered a chest wound from a bullet that may have been fired from outside the van. Evidence during the trial showed that either could have been fatal. <mask> had purchased several of the firearms Jackson used in the attack, including the shotgun used to shoot Haley, which she bought at a San Francisco pawn shop two days before the incident.She was also found to have been corresponding with one of the inmates involved. As California considers "all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, ... whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, ... are principals in any crime so committed", <mask> was charged with "aggravated kidnapping and first degree murder in the death of Judge Harold Haley", and Marin County Superior Court Judge Peter Allen Smith issued a warrant for her arrest. Hours after the judge issued the warrant on August 14, 1970, a massive attempt to find and arrest <mask> began. On August 18, four days after the warrant was issued, the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover listed <mask> on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitive List; she was the third woman and the 309th person to be listed. Soon after, <mask> became a fugitive and fled California. According to her autobiography, during this time she hid in friends' homes and moved at night. On October 13, 1970, FBI agents found her at a Howard Johnson Motor Lodge in New York City.President Richard M. Nixon congratulated the FBI on its "capture of the dangerous terrorist <mask>." On January 5, 1971, <mask> appeared at Marin County Superior Court and declared her innocence before the court and nation: "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." John Abt, general counsel of the Communist Party USA, was one of the first attorneys to represent <mask> for her alleged involvement in the shootings. While being held in the Women's Detention Center, <mask> was initially segregated from other prisoners, in solitary confinement. With the help of her legal team, she obtained a federal court order to get out of the segregated area. Across the nation, thousands of people began organizing a movement to gain her release. In New York City, black writers formed a committee called the Black People in Defense of <mask>.By February 1971 more than 200 local committees in the United States, and 67 in foreign countries, worked to free <mask> from jail. John Lennon and Yoko Ono contributed to this campaign with the song "<mask>". In 1972, after a 16-month incarceration, the state allowed her release on bail from county jail. On February 23, 1972, Rodger McAfee, a dairy farmer from Fresno, California, paid her $100,000 bail with the help of Steve Sparacino, a wealthy business owner. The United Presbyterian Church paid some of her legal defense expenses. A defense motion for a change of venue was granted, and the trial was moved to Santa Clara County. On June 4, 1972, after 13 hours of deliberations, the all-white jury returned a verdict of not guilty.The fact that she owned the guns used in the crime was judged insufficient to establish her role in the plot. She was represented by Leo Branton Jr., who hired psychologists to help the defense determine who in the jury pool might favor their arguments, a technique that has since become more common. He also hired experts to discredit the reliability of eyewitness accounts. Other activities in the 1970s Cuba After her acquittal, <mask> went on an international speaking tour in 1972 and the tour included Cuba, where she had previously been received by Fidel Castro in 1969 as a member of a Communist Party delegation. Robert F. Williams, Huey Newton, Stokely Carmichael had also visited Cuba, and Assata Shakur later moved there after escaping from a US prison. Her reception by Afro-Cubans at a mass rally was so enthusiastic that she was reportedly barely able to speak. <mask> perceived Cuba as a racism-free country, which led her to believe that "only under socialism could the fight against racism be successfully executed."When she returned to the United States, her socialist leanings increasingly influenced her understanding of race struggles. In 1974, she attended the Second Congress of the Federation of Cuban Women. Soviet Union In 1971, the CIA estimated that five percent of Soviet propaganda efforts were directed towards the <mask> campaign. In August 1972, <mask> visited the USSR at the invitation of the Central Committee, and received an honorary doctorate from Moscow State University. On May 1, 1979, she was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union. She visited Moscow later that month to accept the prize, where she praised "the glorious name" of Lenin and the "great October Revolution". East Germany The East German government organized an extensive campaign on behalf of <mask>.In September 1972, <mask> visited East Germany, where she met the state's leader Erich Honecker, received an honorary degree from the University of Leipzig and the Star of People's Friendship from Walter Ulbricht. On September 11 in East Berlin she delivered a speech, "Not Only My Victory", praising the GDR and USSR and denouncing American racism, and visited the Berlin Wall, where she laid flowers at the memorial for Reinhold Huhn (an East German guard who had been killed by a man who was trying to escape with his family across the border in 1962). <mask> said "We mourn the deaths of the border guards who sacrificed their lives for the protection of their socialist homeland" and "When we return to the USA, we shall undertake to tell our people the truth about the true function of this border." In 1973, she returned to East Berlin leading the US delegation to the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students. Jonestown and Peoples Temple In the mid-1970s, Jim Jones, who developed the cult Peoples Temple, initiated friendships with progressive leaders in the San Francisco area including Dennis Banks of the American Indian Movement and <mask>. On September 10, 1977, 14 months before the Temple's mass murder-suicide, <mask> spoke via amateur radio telephone "patch" to members of his Peoples Temple living in Jonestown in Guyana. In her statement during the "Six Day Siege", she

Angela Davis

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expressed support for the People's Temple anti-racism efforts and told members there was a conspiracy against them.She said, "When you are attacked, it is because of your progressive stand, and we feel that it is directly an attack against us as well." Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and political prisoners in socialist countries In 1975, Russian dissident and Nobel laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn argued in a speech before an AFL-CIO meeting in New York City that <mask> was derelict in having failed to support prisoners in various socialist countries around the world, given her strong opposition to the US prison system. He said a group of Czech prisoners had appealed to <mask> for support, which Solzhenitsyn said she had declined. In 1972, Jiří Pelikán had written an open letter asking her to support Czech prisoners, which <mask> had refused, believing that the Czech prisoners were undermining the Husák government and that Pelikán, in exile in Italy, was attacking his own country. According to Solzhenitsyn, in response to concerns about Czech prisoners being "persecuted by the state", <mask> had responded that "They deserve what they get. Let them remain in prison." Alan Dershowitz, who also asked <mask> to support a number of imprisoned refuseniks in the USSR, said that she declined because she did not consider them political prisoners.Later academic career <mask> was a lecturer at the Claremont Black Studies Center at the Claremont Colleges in 1975. Attendance at the course she taught was limited to 26 students out of the more than 5,000 on campus, and she was forced to teach in secret because alumni benefactors didn't want her to indoctrinate the general student population with communist thought. College trustees made arrangements to minimize her appearance on campus, limiting her seminars to Friday evenings and Saturdays, "when campus activity is low". Her classes moved from one classroom to another and the students were sworn to secrecy. Much of this secrecy continued throughout <mask>'s brief time teaching at the colleges. In 2020 it was announced that <mask> would be the Ena H. Thompson Distinguished Lecturer for Pomona College's History Department, welcoming her back after 45 years. <mask> taught a women's studies course at the San Francisco Art Institute in 1978, and was a professor of ethnic studies at the San Francisco State University from at least 1980 to 1984.She was a professor in the History of Consciousness and the Feminist Studies departments at the University of California, Santa Cruz and Rutgers University from 1991 to 2008. Since then, she has been a distinguished professor emerita. <mask> was a distinguished visiting professor at Syracuse University in spring 1992 and October 2010, and was the Randolph Visiting Distinguished Professor of philosophy at Vassar College in 1995. In 2014, <mask> returned to UCLA as a regents' lecturer. She delivered a public lecture on May 8 in Royce Hall, where she had given her first lecture 45 years earlier. In 2016, <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in Healing and Social Justice from the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco during its 48th annual commencement ceremony. Political activism and speeches <mask> accepted the Communist Party USA's nomination for vice president, as Gus Hall's running mate, in 1980 and in 1984.They received less than 0.02% of the vote in 1980. She left the party in 1991, founding the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism. Her group broke from the Communist Party USA because of the latter's support of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt after the fall of the Soviet Union and tearing down of the Berlin Wall. <mask> said that she and others who had "circulated a petition about the need for democratization of the structures of governance of the party" were not allowed to run for national office and thus "in a sense ... invited to leave". In 2014, she said she continues to have a relationship with the CPUSA but has not rejoined. In the 2020 presidential election, <mask> supported the Democratic nominee, Joe Biden. <mask> is a major figure in the prison abolition movement.She has called the United States prison system the "prison–industrial complex" and was one of the founders of Critical Resistance, a national grassroots organization dedicated to building a movement to abolish the prison system. In recent works, she has argued that the US prison system resembles a new form of slavery, pointing to the disproportionate share of the African-American population who were incarcerated. <mask> advocates focusing social efforts on education and building "engaged communities" to solve various social problems now handled through state punishment. As early as 1969, <mask> began public speaking engagements. She expressed her opposition to the Vietnam War, racism, sexism, and the prison–industrial complex, and her support of gay rights and other social justice movements. In 1969, she blamed imperialism for the troubles oppressed populations suffer: We are facing a common enemy and that enemy is Yankee Imperialism, which is killing us both here and abroad. Now I think anyone who would try to separate those struggles, anyone who would say that in order to consolidate an anti-war movement, we have to leave all of these other outlying issues out of the picture, is playing right into the hands of the enemy.She has continued lecturing throughout her career, including at numerous universities. In 2001, she publicly spoke against the war on terror following the 9/11 attacks, continued to criticize the prison–industrial complex, and discussed the broken immigration system. She said that to solve social justice issues, people must "hone their critical skills, develop them and implement them." Later, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, she declared that the "horrendous situation in New Orleans" was due to the country's structural racism, capitalism, and imperialism. <mask> opposed the 1995 Million Man March, arguing that the exclusion of women from this event promoted male chauvinism. She said that Louis Farrakhan and other organizers appeared to prefer that women take subordinate roles in society. Together with Kimberlé Crenshaw and others, she formed the African American Agenda 2000, an alliance of black feminists.<mask> has continued to oppose the death penalty. In 2003, she lectured at Agnes Scott College, a liberal arts women's college in Atlanta, Georgia, on prison reform, minority issues, and the ills of the criminal justice system. On October 31, 2011, <mask> spoke at the Philadelphia and Washington Square Occupy Wall Street assemblies. Due to restrictions on electronic amplification, her words were human microphoned. In 2012, <mask> was awarded the 2011 Blue Planet Award, an award given for contributions to humanity and the planet. At the 27th Empowering Women of Color Conference in 2012, <mask> said she was a vegan. She has called for the release of Rasmea Odeh, associate director at the Arab American Action Network, who was convicted of immigration fraud in relation to her hiding of a previous murder conviction.<mask> supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel. <mask> was an honorary co-chair of the January 21, 2017, Women's March on Washington, which occurred the day after President Donald Trump's inauguration. The organizers' decision to make her a featured speaker was criticized from the right by Humberto Fontova and the National Review. Libertarian journalist Cathy Young wrote that <mask>'s "long record of support for political violence in the United States and the worst of human rights abusers abroad" undermined the march. On October 16, 2018, Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, presented <mask> with an honorary degree during the inaugural Viola Desmond Legacy Lecture, as part of the institution's bicentennial celebration year. On January 7, 2019, the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute (BCRI) rescinded <mask>'s Fred Shuttlesworth Human Rights Award, saying she "does not meet all of the criteria". Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin and others cited criticism of <mask>'s vocal support for Palestinian rights and the movement to boycott Israel.<mask> said her loss of the award was "not primarily an attack against me but rather against the very spirit of the indivisibility of justice." On January 25, the BCRI reversed its decision and issued a public apology, stating that there should have been more public consultation. In November 2019, along with other public figures, <mask> signed a letter supporting Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn describing him as "a beacon of hope in the struggle against emergent far-right nationalism, xenophobia and racism in much of the democratic world", and endorsed him in the 2019 UK general election. On January 20, 2020, <mask> gave the Memorial Keynote Address at the University of Michigan's MLK Symposium. <mask> was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2021. Personal life From 1980 to 1983 <mask> was married to Hilton Braithwaite. In 1997, she came out as a lesbian in an interview with Out magazine.By 2020, <mask> was living openly with her partner, the academic Gina Dent, a fellow humanities scholar and intersectional feminist researcher at UC Santa Cruz. Together, they have advocated for the abolition of police and prisons, and for black liberation and Palestinian solidarity. Representation in other media The first song released in support of <mask> was "<mask>" (1971), by Italian singer-songwriter and musician Virgilio Savona with his group Quartetto Cetra. He received some anonymous threats. In 1972, German singer-songwriter and political activist Franz Josef Degenhardt published the song "<mask> Davis", opener to his 6th studio album Mutter Mathilde. The Rolling Stones song "Sweet Black Angel", recorded in 1970 and released on their album Exile on Main Street (1972), is dedicated to <mask>. It is one of the band's few overtly political releases.Its lines include: "She's a sweet black angel, not a gun-toting teacher, not a Red-lovin' schoolmarm / Ain't someone gonna free her, free de sweet black slave, free de sweet black slave". John Lennon and Yoko Ono released their song "<mask>" on the album Some Time in New York City (1972) in support of <mask>, and a small photo of her appears on the album's cover at the bottom left. The jazz musician Todd Cochran, also known as Bayete, recorded his song "Free Angela (Thoughts...and all I've got to say)" in 1972. Tribe Records co-founder Phil Ranelin released a song dedicated to <mask>, "Angela's Dilemma", on Message From the Tribe (1972), a spiritual jazz collectible. References in other venues On January 28, 1972, Garrett Brock Trapnell hijacked TWA Flight 2. One of his demands was <mask>'s release. In Renato Guttuso's painting The Funerals of Togliatti (1972), <mask> is depicted, among other figures of communism, in the left framework, near the author's self-portrait, Elio Vittorini, and Jean-Paul Sartre.In 1971, black playwright Elvie Moore wrote the play <mask> is Happening, depicting <mask> on trial with figures such as Frederick Douglass, Malcolm X, and H. Rap Brown as eyewitnesses proclaiming her innocence. The play was performed at the Inner City Cultural Center and at UCLA, with Pat Ballard as <mask>. The documentary <mask>: Portrait of a Revolutionary (1972) was directed by UCLA Film School student Yolande du Luart. It follows <mask> from 1969 to 1970, documenting her dismissal from UCLA. The film wrapped shooting before the Marin County incident. In the movie Network (1976), Marlene Warfield's character Laureen Hobbs appears to be modeled on <mask>. Also in 2018, a cotton T-shirt with <mask>'s face on it was featured in Prada's 2018 collection.A mural featuring <mask> was painted by Italian street artist Jorit Agoch in the Scampia neighborhood of Naples in 2019. Biopic In 2019, Julie Dash, who is credited as the first black female director to have a theatrical release of a film (Daughters of the Dust) in the US, announced that she would be directing a film based on <mask>'s life. Bibliography Books If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (New York: Third Press, 1971), . <mask>: An Autobiography, Random House (September 1974), . Joan Little: The Dialectics of Rape (New York: Lang Communications, 1975) Women, Race and Class, Random House (1981), . Women, Culture & Politics, Vintage (February 19, 1990), . The <mask> Y. <mask> Reader (ed.Joy James), Wiley-Blackwell (December 11, 1998), . Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday, Vintage Books (January 26, 1999), . Are Prisons Obsolete?, Seven Stories Press (April 2003), . Abolition Democracy: Beyond Prisons, Torture, and Empire, Seven Stories Press (October 1, 2005), . The Meaning of Freedom: And Other Difficult Dialogues (City Lights, 2012), . Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement, Haymarket Books (2015), . Herbert Marcuse, Philosopher of Utopia: A Graphic Biography (foreword, City Lights, 2019), .Interviews and appearances 1971 An Interview with <mask>. Cassette. Radio Free People, New York, 1971. Myerson, M. "<mask> in Prison". Ramparts, March 1971: 20–21. Seigner, Art. <mask>: Soul and Soledad.Phonodisc. Flying Dutchman, New York, 1971. Walker, Joe. <mask> Speaks. Phonodisc. Folkways Records, New York, 1971. 1972–1985 "Black Journal; 67; Interview with <mask>," 1972-06-20, WNET.<mask> makes her first national television appearance in an exclusive interview with host Tony Brown, following her recent acquittal of charges related to the San Rafael courtroom shootout. "<mask> Talks about her Future and her Freedom". Jet, July 27, 1972: 54–57. <mask>, <mask>. I Am a Black Revolutionary Woman (1971). Phonodisc. Folkways, New York, 1977. Phillips, Esther.<mask> Interviews Esther Phillips. Cassette. Pacifica Tape Library, Los Angeles, 1977. Cudjoe, Selwyn. In Conversation with <mask>. Videocassette. ETV Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1985.21-minute interview. 1992–1997 <mask>, <mask>. "Women on the Move: Travel Themes in Ma Rainey's Blues" in Borders/diasporas. Sound Recording. University of California, Santa Cruz: Center for Cultural Studies, Santa Cruz, 1992. <mask>, <mask>. Black Is... Black Ain't.Documentary film. Independent Television Service (ITVS), 1994. Interview <mask> (Public Broadcasting Service, Spring 1997) 2000–2002 <mask>, <mask>. The Prison Industrial Complex and its Impact on Communities of Color. Videocassette. University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, 2000. Barsamian, D. "<mask>: African American Activist on Prison-Industrial Complex".Progressive 65.2 (2001): 33–38. "September 11 America: an Interview with <mask>". Policing the National Body: Sex, Race, and Criminalization. Cambridge, Ma. : South End Press, 2002. 2011–2016 The Black Power Mixtape 1967–1975, documentary film prominently featuring <mask> in a number of rarely seen Swedish interviews, released 2011. "Activist Professor <mask>" episode of Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4, December 3, 2014.Criminal Queers, a fictional DIY film examining the relationship between the LGBT community and the criminal justice system, released 2015. 13th, documentary file about the 13th Amendment and history of the civil rights movement, released 2016. Archives The National United Committee to Free <mask> Davis collection is at the Main Library at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (A collection of thousands of letters received by the Committee and <mask> from people in the US and other countries.) The complete transcript of her trial, including all appeals and legal memoranda, has been preserved in the Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Library in Berkeley, California. <mask>'s papers are archived at the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Records including correspondence, statements, clippings and other documents about <mask>'s dismissal from the University of California, Los Angeles due to her political affiliation with the Communist Party are archived at UCLA. See also Africana philosophy Marxist feminism References Further reading Popular media Round table discussion.Chat-room users' interview with <mask>. . Audio recording of <mask>. Interview. Video interview. Roberts, Steven V., "<mask>: The Making Of a Radical", New York Times, August 23, 1970. Books Primary Sources Donald Kalish papers, Box 4 and Box 7. UCLA Library Special Collections.External links The New York Times archive of Davis-related articles, nytimes.com; Angela Y. <mask> Papers, 1937-2017 MC 940. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Angela Y. <mask> Collection of the Schlesinger Library A/D260. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University,

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<mask> (June 9, 1922 – January 3, 2002) was an offensive tackle and defensive tackle for the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers in the All-America Football Conference, New York Yanks of the National Football League, and the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Western Interprovincial Football Union. He lived in Waco, Texas, while he was a professional player. Texas A&M defensive tackle He attended Texas A&M University, where he was a left tackle who wore #74. His first year as a varsity player was 1940. He weighed 255 pounds. and 6'4". <mask> was named the outstanding lineman in the Southwest Conference in 1941.That year, he led the Aggies to their second straight Cotton Bowl Classic appearance against Fordham University. In 1942 Texas A&M played the University of Alabama in the Cotton Bowl Classic. <mask> played left tackle for the South All-Stars who defeated the North, 24–7, in the North–South football game, on December 30, 1944. He was named captain of the Gray squad for the Blue–Gray Football Classic in December 1945. <mask> was selected as the captain of the College All-Stars for the 1946 College All-Star Game. The All-Stars played the Los Angeles Rams at Soldier Field, in August. <mask> placed second to Elroy Hirsch of the University of Wisconsin–Madison in voting for the most valuable player in the game.The All-Stars defeated the Rams 16–0. Military service He was sworn into the service at halftime of the 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic. <mask> spent four and a half years in the Army Air Force. He attained the rank of captain, was awarded a Presidential Citation, and two battle stars. In December 1944 <mask> was a tackle for the Randolph Field Ramblers, the best service team in Texas during World War II. They played the Second Air Force Superbombers of Colorado Springs in the Treasury Bond Bowl, at the Polo Grounds. He also played for the Hawaiian Flyers in 1945.World War II gave <mask> a third chance to play in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and an opportunity to defeat the University of Texas, which Texas A&M had not beaten since 1939. The Randolph Field Ramblers played the Texas Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl Classic. All-America Football Conference career <mask> was selected by the Chicago Bears in the annual draft of college football players, in Chicago, on December 22, 1941. He played his first professional game for the Brooklyn Dodgers against the Cleveland Browns. The Browns won 26–7 at Cleveland Stadium on October 6, 1946. <mask> helped account for the Dodgers' only score by recovering a Cliff Lewis fumble on the Browns' 6-yard-line, in the 3rd Quarter. <mask> recovered an Andy Dudish fumble early in the 1st Quarter during a November loss to the Buffalo Bisons.<mask> was named to the 1946 All-Pro second team picked by the Associated Press, on December 12. He was chosen, along with Bruiser Kinard, as one of two outstanding tackles named to the 1946 United Press All-America Conference All-Star Team. <mask> signed a three-year contract with Dodgers' general manager, Freddie Fitzsimmons, in March 1947. He had surgery for floating cartilage in his right knee at St. Vincent's Hospital, in December 1948. The Dodgers and New York Yankees merged in January 1949, reducing the AAFC to seven teams. The Yankee-Dodger aggregation played its home games in Yankee Stadium. <mask> scored a touchdown against the Buffalo Bills (AAFC) in September 1949.In a Brooklyn-New York 17–14 win, Frank Perantoni batted down a pass thrown by George Ratterman, at Civic Stadium. <mask> caught the ball and ran four yards into the end zone. NFL tackle The AAFC folded following the 1949 season. The Browns, 49ers, and Colts moved into the NFL for the 1950 season. The remainder of the AAFC players were taken by the NFL via draft. The New York Bulldogs changed their name to the New York Yanks. <mask> signed with the Yanks in 1950 as one of the players the team received from the AAFC Yankees.In October 1950 <mask> sacked Quarterback Frankie Albert of the San Francisco 49ers for a safety near halftime of a game at Yankee Stadium. New York won the game, 29–24, in a come from behind victory. <mask> jarred the ball from Tobin Rote of the Green Bay Packers during an October 20 contest in New York. The ball was recovered for a 1st Quarter touchdown by Jack Russell of the Yanks. Saskatchewan Roughriders In July 1951 Yanks' owner, Ted Collins, initiated legal action against <mask> and guard George Brown. Both had signed contracts to play in Canada. One of <mask>'s opponents, Edmonton Eskimos quarterback Jackie Parker, was a rookie out of the University of Tennessee.He reflected about his fear of <mask> in a 1972 Winnipeg Free Press article. Parker's coach, Pop Ivy, instructed his staff to study film in hopes of finding a weakness in <mask>'s game. The coaches found a tendency in the way <mask> positioned his left foot when he lined up in a three point stance. When he intended to come straight ahead the tackle placed his left foot forward. When he wanted to cut left he positioned his left foot back. One of Parker's teammates, Johnny Bright, did not think the advance scouting of <mask> helped the Eskimos very much. After getting smashed for a loss by <mask>, Bright grumbled in the huddle, I guess we gotta learn to live with him.<mask> was ejected from a September 1951 game with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers for slugging Dick Pinkston near the end of the first half. <mask> was selected as one of six Roughriders named to the 1956 Canadian Press Western Interprovincial Football Union All-StarTeam. Players were chosen by football writers and coaches in the league cities. <mask> and a teammate, defensive back Larry Isbell, barely missed taking an ill-fated Vancouver to Montreal Trans-Canada Airlines plane which experienced engine failure above Hope, British Columbia, on December 10, 1956. They had tickets on the following flight to Montreal after passing on the earlier flight. The missing plane's pilot turned back at Princeton, British Columbia, while facing snow and ice. The Trans Canada airliner, carrying 62 people, went down in the Chilliwack Mountain region of British Columbia.<mask> had just finished playing in the East–West All-Star Game. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1974. Coach In January 1965 <mask> was named head line coach by the University of Tulsa. He had coached earlier at Baylor University and Texas A&M University. References 1922 births 2002 deaths American football offensive tackles American football defensive tackles American players of Canadian football Canadian football defensive linemen Canadian football offensive linemen Baylor Bears football coaches Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) players New York Yankees (AAFC) players New York Yanks players Randolph Field Ramblers football players Saskatchewan Roughriders players Texas A&M Aggies football coaches Texas A&M Aggies football players Tulsa Golden Hurricane football coaches Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II United States Army Air Forces officers People from Lubbock, Texas American emigrants to Canada Waco High School alumni Military personnel from Texas

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<mask> ( ; born 21 March 1969) is an Iranian former professional footballer, football manager and businessman. A striker, he was the captain of the Iranian national team between 2000 and 2006 and played in the German Bundesliga for Arminia Bielefeld, Bayern Munich and Hertha Berlin. He is regarded as one of the best Asian footballers of all time. A tall forward, <mask> was a prolific goalscorer and was known for his heading accuracy and ability in the air. He was the world's top international goalscorer with 109 goals, until his record was broken by Cristiano Ronaldo in 2021. During his playing career, <mask> was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in 2001. Following his retirement, <mask> served as a member of the FIFA Football Committee between 2007 and 2013.In 2014, he was inducted into the Asian Football Hall of Fame. Club career Early years <mask> was born in Ardabil, Imperial Iran. <mask> graduated from Sharif University of Technology in Materials Engineering (Metallurgical) with a BSc. degree. He began his playing career at 19 with hometown club Esteghlal Ardabi. His next club was Taxirani F.C. in Tehran, where he played for one season, before joining another Tehran-based club, Bank Tejarat.His tenure with Bank Tejarat lasted four years, scoring 49 goals in 75 games for the club. Move to Europe After his success with Bank Tejarat FC, in 1994 <mask> joined one of Tehran's leading clubs, Persepolis. He went on to score 23 goals in 38 games for the club from 1994 to 1996. Following his impressive performance in the Asian Cup in 1996, he moved to Al Sadd for the 1996–1997 season, before joining Bundesliga side Arminia Bielefeld in 1997 alongside fellow Iranian national teammate Karim Bagheri. Yet at Bayern he found himself low in the pecking order. This coupled with the Iranian national team's scheduling, <mask> had found very little time for playing. <mask> was unhappy with his position in the club and decided to make a move to Hertha BSC before the end of his three-year contract, when Bayern won the championship title in the 1999 Bundesliga.<mask> became the first Asian player ever to feature in a UEFA Champions League match. He scored his first and second goal in the UEFA Champions League on 21 September 1999 in a group stage match against Chelsea, won by Hertha 2–1. He also scored in a 1–1 draw against A.C. Milan at the San Siro. Yet even at Hertha he was not a hugely important player, since he was only one of the squad's many successful players, who were to fulfill Hertha's Bundesliga and UEFA Champions League dreams. Return to Asia <mask> was playing in numerous continental friendlies against world class opposition, yet was still unable to maintain a stable position in his club's starting line-up. In 2001, he was not among the top scorers in the Asian Qualifying round and he did not manage to take the team into the World Cup as captain for the first time. He joined the UAE league at 34 years of age, signing a contract with Al-Shabab as a free agent.In 2003, <mask> quit the UAE team and joined his old team in Tehran, Persepolis. <mask> moved from Persepolis to Saba Battery on a free transfer for a modest contract of around $300,000. He spent two years at Saba Battery, scoring 23 goals, winning the Hazfi Cup and participating in the Asian Champions League. After World Cup 2006 and the arrival of Saba Battery's new manager, Farhad Kazemi, it was announced that he was no longer needed on the team and his contract would not be renewed. Despite rumours of retirement, he signed for another industry-linked club from Tehran, Saipa, on 1 August 2006. On 6 March 2007, <mask> was fined $2000 and suspended for four games by the Iranian Football Federation after the incidents in a league game where he delivered a head-butt to the face of Sheys Rezaei. On 28 May 2007, after Saipa won the 2006–07 Persian Gulf Cup in a match vs Mes Kerman, <mask> announced his retirement from playing club football and that he would concentrate on his coaching career.International career <mask> was called up to join Team Melli on 6 June 1993 in an ECO Cup tournament held in Tehran, where he made his debut for Iran against Pakistan. He continued his national team appearances and was named the top scorer of the final Asian round of 1994 FIFA World Cup qualifications with 4 goals in 5 matches. Despite criticism, <mask> played in the 2006 FIFA World Cup; the criticisms, however, were directed more at his fitness and the inability of younger players to play a part in the World Cup. From Iranian media calling for his retirement, <mask> has always defended his position in Team Melli and has rejected that he was too old to play for the team. College career <mask> captained Islamic Azad University football team in 2007 World Interuniversity Games, scoring a hat-trick in the final match against University of Osijek and winning the gold medal. Coaching In 2007 Summer Universiade, <mask> was in charge as the head coach of the Iran students national team. He was technical manager of the Islamic Azad University team in 2009 World Interuniversity Games.Managerial career Saipa On 8 October 2006, upon sudden leave of Saipa's German coach Werner Lorant, he was appointed as the interim manager of Saipa. He was later officially announced as the full-time manager. On 28 May, Saipa became the Persian Gulf Cup champions in <mask>'s first season at the helm. Going into his second season as manager, <mask> relinquished his playing duties for the defending champions and found himself on the sidelines full-time. The results of Saipa's 2007–2008 campaign were not nearly as successful as his team finished 11th in the 18 team Iran Pro League table. However, <mask> did lead Saipa to an Asian Champions League quarterfinal birth before leaving to take over as the full-time manager of the Iranian national football team. Iran national football team On 2 March 2008, IRIFF officially appointed <mask> as Team Melli's new head coach.Despite admitting that his appointment as manager of the Iranian national team was a "surprise", <mask> refused to leave his current coaching job at Saipa F.C., therefore taking on dual managerial careers until after Saipa had entered the Asian Champion League quarterfinals, after which <mask> left Saipa by mutual consent. While <mask> guided Iran to a respectable 16–6–3 mark, his third loss on 28 March 2009 to a Saudi Arabian team that was down 1–0 to Iran in Tehran proved to be the final straw. During his tenure as the National Team coach, the Iranian team managed the weakest World Cup Qualification results in its history with only one win out of 5 WCQ games. After the loss in the 2010 World Cup Qualifier, <mask> was fired as head coach after the match. While introducing many new players such as Gholamreza Rezaei, and Ehsan Hajsafi, <mask>'s squad was often in flux as to who would be invited to a fixture. As well, many critics pointed towards the failures of <mask>'s team to score and an unsolved weakness in the central defense as causes for his downfall. Persepolis In 2009, <mask> turned down a job offer as manager of Rah Ahan.It was widely believed that <mask> could be next in-line for the coaching position of Persepolis but the club chose Zlatko Kranjčar. On 28 December 2009, <mask> was chosen as a coach of Persepolis. At the end of the 2009–10 Season, Persepolis finished fourth in the league but they became Hazfi Cup champions. In the Hazfi Cup final, Persepolis defeated Azadegan League side Gostaresh Foolad Tabriz 4–1 on aggregate to qualify for the 2011 AFC Champions League. In the 2010–11 season, Persepolis finished fourth in the league and was eliminated in the group stage of the 2011 AFC Champions League but at the end of the season Persepolis won the 2010–11 Hazfi Cup after defeating rivals Sepahan, Foolad and Malavan. <mask> had many people against him while at Persepolis, including the chairman Habib Kashani and after a contention with Kashani, he stated that "I won't work with Kashani Anymore". On 20 June 2011, Technical committee of Perspolis re-appointed <mask> as Persepolis's head coach but he resigned on 21 June.The technical committee chose Hamid Estili as <mask>'s successor on that day. During his time at Persepolis, <mask> brought up many youngsters such as Hamidreza <mask> and Saman Aghazamani and other players such as Hadi Norouzi and Maziar Zare were chosen for Team Melli thanks to <mask>. Despite the fact that many challenges and difficulties such as the leaders of fans and the clubs' Chairman Kashani were in <mask>'s way, Persepolis was crowned Hazfi Cup Champions for two successive years and the fans themselves always loved and cheered <mask>, but at the same time they did not cheer for any player. Under the management of <mask>, Persepolis won back to back trophies for the first time in 13 seasons. Rah Ahan On 14 July 2011, <mask> signed a one-year contract as head coach of Rah Ahan. In his first match as head coach of Rah Ahan, he made a 2–2 draw with Zob Ahan. In his first season as Rah Ahan's head coach, he led the club to the 11th position.During the 2012–13 season, <mask> used many young players such as Mojtaba Shiri and Omid <mask> Ahan finished the season in the 8th place which was the clubs' best finish in the league since 1937. Thanks to <mask>'s popularity, more people started to watch Rah Ahan's matches, and for the second straight year, <mask> was able to beat his former club Persepolis. Despite many rumors that <mask> will leave Rah Ahan for other clubs such as Persepolis or Tractor, he decided to stay with the club "to build a team that can qualify for the AFC Champions League." However, his contract was terminated on 20 May 2013, making ways for him to become head coach of Persepolis. Return to Persepolis On 20 May 2013, he signed a three-year contract to become head coach of Persepolis after a long negotiation. It was the second time that he signed with Persepolis, he returned to his former side after two seasons. He officially began his work with Persepolis on 1 June 2013.His first match came against Tractor, which Persepolis won 1–0 with the goal coming from Mehdi Seyed Salehi. At the end of his first year at Persepolis, his side finished runners-up, two points less than champions Foolad. He was sacked on 10 September 2014 after a poor start of 2014–15 season. Saba Qom On 1 July 2015, <mask> became manager of Naft Tehran on 5 July 2016 with signing a two-year contract, replacing <mask> Mansourian.He led Naft to the Hazfi Cup title but left the club at the end of the season. Return to Saipa <mask> became manager of Saipa on 14 May 2017, a club that he started his coaching career in 2006 and led them to the league title in 2007. He led the club for two seasons and was sacked at the end of 2018–19 season. Personal life Iranian journalist Camelia Entekhabifard wrote in her memoirs that she was marrying <mask> in fall 1997, but the couple separated. Business ventures and philanthropy <mask> owns his own football jersey manufacturing company called Daei Sport's Wears & Equipments, making sportswear for Iran sporting clubs in various fields and league clubs worldwide. His company also made jerseys for the national team. He has made very significant charitable donations and has made appearances in charity football matches worldwide (featuring in the World vs. Bosnia match with Roberto Baggio and others).He also appeared in a UNICEF commercial with David Beckham and Madeleine Albright, and has regularly been seen working with the organisation. <mask> featured on 18 July 2007 in 90 Minutes for Mandela, a match between the Africa XI and the Rest of World XI to celebrate the birthday of Nelson Mandela. <mask> played approximately 10 minutes in the match which ended 3–3. Religion <mask> is a religious person. While he played for Bayern Munich, he refused to hold a glass of beer for an Erdinger advertisement because alcoholic beverages are forbidden in Islam. Accident On 17 March 2012, <mask>'s car overturned as he was driving back to Tehran from Isfahan with his brother. Just prior to the accident, his team, Rah Ahan, had been beaten by Sepahan.<mask> was then transferred to a hospital near Kashan. Rah Ahan's Media Officer, Hossein Ghadousi stated that "<mask> is in a stable condition with regards to his vital signs and is not currently in any acute danger as a result of the accident". He was transferred to Laleh hospital in Tehran the following day. A statement from the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) said: "The AFC wishes Iranian legend <mask>, who was involved in a car accident on Saturday, a speedy and full recovery. We stand ready to assist <mask>, who is a true icon of Asian football. Our thoughts and prayers are with him." Sepp Blatter, President of FIFA, said on his personal Twitter page that he was shocked to hear <mask> was injured.He also sent his best wishes for his recovery. Street attack In November 2020, <mask> was attacked by two thieves while they were trying to steal his gold necklace in Tehran. Police announced that the two thieves have been arrested a few days after they attacked <mask>. Autobiography On 7 April 2008, <mask> announced that he had begun writing an autobiography, due to be released in March 2010, and that despite reflecting on "bitter and sweet memories" he stated he would "keep some of his secrets in his heart forever". The book has not yet been released. Career statistics Club International International goals <mask> was named the world's top scorer in official international competitions by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics (IFFHS), having scored 20 goals in competitive matches for Iran in 1996, including his famous four-goal haul against South Korea in Asian Cup 1996. By the end of the 1996 Asian Cup, he had scored 29 goals in 38 appearances for Iran.In the 1998 World Cup qualifying campaign, he was again on top of the charts, scoring nine goals in 17 matches for Iran, reaching at that time, 38 goals in 52 appearances for his country. <mask> joined the exclusive circle of players with a century of caps. In a 28 November 2003 Asian Cup qualifier in Tehran against Lebanon, he scored his 85th international goal, elevating him past the Hungarian Ferenc Puskás to top the all-time list of scorers in international matches. On 17 November 2004, he scored four goals against Laos in a World Cup qualifier, giving him 102 goals and making him the first male player to score 100 goals in international play. He has 149 caps for Iran and, as of 13 September 2019, is ranked 28th among the world's most capped players list. players Al Sadd SC players Arminia Bielefeld players FC Bayern Munich footballers Hertha BSC players Al Shabab Al Arabi Club Dubai players Saba players Saipa F.C. players Azadegan League players Qatar Stars League players Bundesliga players UAE Pro League players Persian Gulf Pro League players Iranian football managers Iran national football team managers Persepolis F.C.managers Saba Qom F.C. managers Iranian businesspeople FIFA Century Club 1996 AFC Asian Cup players 1998 FIFA World Cup players 2000 AFC Asian Cup players 2004 AFC Asian Cup players 2006 FIFA World Cup players Sharif University of Technology alumni Iranian Shia Muslims Asian Games gold medalists for Iran Asian Footballer of the Year winners Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch alumni Asian Games medalists in football Footballers at the 1994 Asian Games Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games Recipients of the Order of Courage (Iran) Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors Iranian expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in Qatar Expatriate footballers in Germany Expatriate footballers in the United Arab Emirates Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Germany Iranian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates

Ji Xu

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<mask> () was an official of Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving briefly as chancellor. Background It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that he was from the Zhou capital Luoyang. He was said to be tall, good at hiding his emotions, but daring to speak. After passing the imperial examination, he was made the sheriff of Mingtang County (), one of the counties making up the western capital Chang'an. At that time, his father <mask> () was serving as the prefect of Yi Prefecture (易州, in modern Baoding, Hebei) and was accused of receiving bribes, a capital offense. <mask> went to see Wu Zetian's powerful nephew Wu Chengsi and offered to have his two younger sisters become Wu Chengsi's servant girls. <mask>'s sisters, after being delivered to Wu Chengsi's mansion, however, would not speak for three days, and he asked them why—and they responded, "Our father has violated the law and is set to be sentenced to death, and therefore we are worried."Wu Chengsi interceded on <mask>'s behalf, and <mask> was spared. Rise to prominence In 697, <mask> heard that the official Liu Sili () had been involved in a treasonous plot to make another official, Qilian Yao (), emperor. He reported this to fellow sheriff Lai Junchen—a previously powerful secret service official who had been demoted—and let Lai report this to Wu Zetian. As a part of subsequent investigation ordered by Wu Zetian, 36 families were slaughtered. Lai then wanted to monopolize Wu Zetian's awards, and therefore began to accuse <mask> of crimes. When <mask> heard this, he made an emergency secret report to Wu Zetian, and when she summoned him to her presence, he defended himself. Therefore, while Lai became powerful again, <mask> was also promoted.Later that year, when Lai was accused of planning to falsely accuse the Wu clan imperial princes and Wu Zetian's daughter Princess Taiping, Princess Taiping and the Wu clan princes reported this to Wu Zetian, and she arrested him, but was not certain whether to execute him, as she believed that he had contributed to her reign. On an occasion when Wu Zetian was touring her garden, <mask> was attending to her, and she asked him whether there was anything unusual happening among the people. He pointed out that the people were surprised that, despite the serious crimes that Lai was accused of, Wu Zetian had not put him to death. Wu Zetian, accepting <mask>'s suggestion that Lai should be put to death, and did so. She also promoted <mask> to be an assistant censor. It was said that because <mask> was talented and full of strategies, Wu Zetian greatly trusted him as a strategist. As Wu Zetian's confidant At this time, Wu Zetian's son Li Dan, a former emperor of the Tang Dynasty, which was interrupted by Wu Zetian's reign, was crown prince, but her nephews Wu Chengsi and Wu Sansi had designs on the position, and were constantly having their associates lobby for them, pointing out that no emperor had ever designated someone of a different clan as heir.<mask>, who was friendly with Wu Zetian's lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, advised them that they would be in desperate situations if Wu Zetian should die and suggested that they should suggest the return of Li Dan's older brother Li Zhe, the Prince of Luling, himself a former emperor whom Wu Zetian had deposed and exiled—something also advocated by the chancellors Di Renjie, Wang Fangqing, and <mask>shan. The Zhangs did so, and Wu Zetian, knowing that it was <mask> who had given them the idea, summoned <mask> and questioned him about it. At <mask>'s further urging, Wu Zetian agreed with the proposal and, in 698, recalled Li Zhe to the capital. Soon, Li Dan offered to yield the position of crown prince, and Wu Zetian created Li Zhe crown prince and changed his name to Li Xian. Also in 698, there was a major Eastern Tujue attack. Wu Zetian made <mask> the prefect of Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern Handan, Hebei), and placed him in charge of reviewing the affairs of the armies she sent against Eastern Tujue forces. <mask> initially declined the appointment, claiming that he knew nothing about military matters, and she responded, "The thieves [(i.e., the Eastern Tujue forces)] will be departing, and I want you to calm the people."During the campaign, <mask> observed that the people were glad to serve on the campaign when they heard that Li Xian had been nominally put in command of the army, and he told this to Wu Zetian, who in turn told him to publicize it to imperial officials. Because of this, the Wu clan imperial princes despised him. After the end of the campaign, there was an occasion when <mask> and Wu Yizong (), the Prince of Henan, a grandson of Wu Zetian's uncle Wu Shiyi (), were arguing over whose contributions during the Eastern Tujue campaign was greater—and during the argument, <mask>, who was tall and strong, physically imposed himself over Wu Yizong, who was short and bent in his stature, leading Wu Zetian to be displeased, commenting to herself, "<mask> even disrespects the Wus in my presence. After that certain day [(i.e., her death)], how can I depend on him?" Still, in 699, she made him an imperial attendant, along with Zhang Yizhi, Zhang Changzong, Tian Guidao (), <mask>u, <mask> <mask>, and Yuan Banqian (). She soon made him the deputy minister of civil service affairs (天官侍郎, Tianguan Shilang) and gave him the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pinzhangshi (), making him a chancellor de facto. While he was serving as chancellor, Wu Zetian, still displeased over his disrespect for Wu Yizong, on an occasion when <mask> was reporting on matters of state and citing various historical incidents to support his argument, in order to frighten him, intentionally showed her anger, stating: <mask>, in fear and sweating profusely, knelt and begged for forgiveness, and Wu Zetian did not take any actions against him at the time.Fall from power However, the Wu clan princes, still despising <mask>, reported in 700 that <mask>'s younger brother had submitted false documentations in order to be made an official. As a result, <mask> was demoted to be the sheriff of Angu County (安固, in modern Wenzhou, Zhejiang). Before he departed, he had a last meeting with Wu Zetian, in which he wept and stated, "I am departing far from the palace gate, and I may never see Your Imperial Majesty again. However, I have some final words." Wu Zetian ordered him to sit down and asked him what he had to say. He said, "If clay and water are mixed into mud, do clay and water have any dispute with each other?" She responded, "Of course not."He then said, "If you divide the mud, taking one half and molding it into a Buddha, and taking the other half and molding it into a Tianzun, do they have a dispute with each other?" She responded, "Of course." <mask> then bowed and stated: She responded, "I know this as well, but the situation is already like this, and there is nothing I can do." <mask> appeared to not have actually reported to Angu, but instead settled in Yang Prefecture (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and died soon thereafter. His contribution to Tang Dynasty's restoration was not recognized until Li Dan was restored to the throne in 710 as Emperor Ruizong, and Emperor Ruizong posthumously honored him. Notes and references Old Book of Tang, vol. 186, part 1.New Book of Tang, vol. 117. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 206. Chancellors under Wu Zetian 700s deaths Politicians from Luoyang Year of birth unknown Tang dynasty politicians from Henan

Mickey Cohen

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Meyer Harris "<mask>" <mask> (September 4, 1913 – July 29, 1976) was an American gangster, boxer and entrepreneur based in Los Angeles during the mid-20th century. Early life <mask> was born on September 4, 1913, in New York City to Jewish parents from Eastern Europe. <mask>'s parents immigrated to the USA from Kiev. He was raised in New York City, before moving with his mother and siblings, at an early age, to Boyle Heights, Los Angeles. Aged 8, he earned money as a newsboy, selling newspapers on the street. One of his brothers, either Louie or Harry, would drop <mask> off at his regular corner, Soto and Brooklyn Streets (now Cesar E. Chavez Avenue). In 1922, his petty crimes landed <mask> in reform school.Boxing career As a teenager, <mask> began boxing in illegal prizefights in Los Angeles. In 1929, the 15-year-old moved from Los Angeles to Cleveland, Ohio, to train as a professional boxer with the alias of 'Irish <mask>'. His first professional boxing match was on April 8, 1930, against Patsy Farr in Cleveland. It was one of the preliminary fights on the card for the Paul Pirrone versus Jimmy Goodrich feature bout. In a match on June 12, 1931, <mask> fought and lost against future world featherweight champion Tommy Paul. <mask> was knocked out cold after 2:20 into the first round. It was during this round he earned the moniker "Gangster <mask>".On April 11, 1933, <mask> fought against Chalky Wright in Los Angeles. Wright won the match, and <mask> was incorrectly identified as "<mask> from Denver, Colorado" in the Los Angeles Times sports page report. His last fight was on May 14, 1933, against Baby Arizmendi in Tijuana, Mexico. He finished his career at 8-8 and 5 draws -8 wins, 2 by knockout, 8 losses, 4 losses by knockout and 5 draws. Criminal career In Cleveland, <mask> met Lou Rothkopf, an associate of gangster Moe Dalitz. <mask> later moved to New York, where he became an associate of labor racketeer Johnny Dio's brother, Tommy Dioguardi, and with Owney Madden. Finally, <mask> went to Chicago, where he ran a gambling operation for the Chicago Outfit, Al Capone's powerful criminal organization.Prohibition and the Chicago Outfit During Prohibition, <mask> moved to Chicago and became involved in organized crime, working as an enforcer for the Chicago Outfit, where he briefly met Al Capone. During this period, <mask> was arrested for his role in the deaths of several gangsters in a card game. After a brief time in prison, <mask> was released and began running card games and other illegal gambling operations. He later became an associate of Capone's younger brother, Mattie Capone. While working for Jake Guzik, <mask> was forced to flee Chicago after an argument with a rival gambler. In Cleveland, <mask> worked once more for Lou Rothkopf, an associate of Meyer Lansky and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel. However, there was little work available for <mask> in Cleveland, so Lansky and Rothkopf arranged for <mask> to work with Siegel in Los Angeles.From syndicate bodyguard to Sunset Strip kingpin In 1939, being sent there by Meyer Lansky and Lou Rothkopf, <mask> arrived in Los Angeles to work under Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel. During their association, <mask> helped set up the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas and ran its sports book operation. He also was instrumental in setting up the race wire, which was essential to Vegas betting. During this time, <mask> met prostitute Lavonne Weaver (working alias Simoni King), and the couple married in 1940. In 1947, the crime families ordered the murder of Siegel due to his mismanagement of the Flamingo Hotel Casino, most likely because Siegel or his girlfriend Virginia Hill was skimming money. According to one account which does not appear in newspapers, <mask> reacted violently to Siegel's murder. Entering the Hotel Roosevelt, where he believed the killers were staying, <mask> fired rounds from his two .45 caliber semi-automatic handguns into the lobby ceiling and demanded that the assassins meet him outside in 10 minutes.However, no one appeared, and <mask> was forced to flee when the police arrived. <mask>'s violent methods came to the attention of state and federal authorities investigating Jack Dragna's operations. During this time, <mask> faced many attempts on his life, including the bombing of his home on posh Moreno Avenue in Brentwood. <mask> soon converted his house into a fortress, installing floodlights, alarm systems, and a well-equipped arsenal kept, as he often joked, next to his 200 tailor-made suits. <mask> briefly hired bodyguard Johnny Stompanato before Stompanato was killed in 1958 by Cheryl Crane, the daughter of actress Lana Turner. <mask> covered the expense for Stompanato's funeral and then gave Turner's love letters to Stompanato to the press—an attempt to discredit the worst allegations of threats and violence that Crane had alleged she suffered at the hands of the violent, womanizing Stompanato. Later years In 1950, <mask> was investigated along with many other underworld figures by a U.S. Senate committee known as the Kefauver Commission.As a result of this investigation, <mask> was convicted of tax evasion in June 1951 and sentenced to prison for four years. Ben Hecht stated in his autobiography, A Child of the Century, that <mask> called him to say he wanted to do his part in helping Hecht raise money to support Menachem Begin's Irgun in its activities. <mask> called together a parlor meeting of people who did business with him and had Hecht address them on the importance of the cause. Each person was then asked to call out a sum he would donate. In some cases, <mask> told a donor "that's not enough," and they upped the pledge. Later, when <mask> was arrested, he called Hecht from prison to ask if he had access to some cash to help with his bail. When Hecht apologized, <mask> politely said goodbye, and they never spoke again.When he was released in October 1955, he became an international celebrity. He ran floral shops, paint stores, nightclubs, casinos, gas stations, a men's haberdashery, and even drove an ice cream van on San Vicente Boulevard in the Brentwood section of Los Angeles, according to author Richard Lamparski. In 1957, TIME magazine wrote a brief article about <mask>'s meeting with Billy Graham. <mask> said: "I am very high on the Christian way of life. Billy came up, and before we had food he said—What do you call it, that thing they say before food? Grace? Yeah, grace.Then we talked a lot about Christianity and stuff." Allegedly when <mask> did not change his lifestyle, he was confronted by Christian acquaintances. His response: "Christian football players, Christian cowboys, Christian politicians; why not a Christian gangster?" In 1961, <mask> was again convicted of tax evasion and sent to Alcatraz. He was the only prisoner ever bailed out of Alcatraz; his bond was signed by U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren. After his appeals failed, <mask> was sent to a federal prison in Atlanta, Georgia. His heavily armored Cadillac from this period was confiscated by the Los Angeles Police Department and is now on display at the Southward Car Museum in New Zealand.On August 14, 1963, during his time at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, inmate Burl Estes McDonald attempted to kill <mask> with a lead pipe. In 1972, <mask> was released from the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, where he had spoken out against prison abuse. He had been misdiagnosed with an ulcer, which turned out to be stomach cancer. After undergoing surgery, he continued touring the United States and made television appearances, once with Ramsey Clark. <mask>, who was 62, died of complications from stomach cancer surgery in July 1976, and is interred in the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California. In popular culture and media Films In the film Bugsy (1991), <mask> is portrayed by actor Harvey Keitel. Keitel received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor.In the film L.A. Confidential (1997), based on James Ellroy's 1990 novel, <mask> is portrayed by actor Paul Guilfoyle in a bit part but is a major influence throughout the rest of the movie. In the film Gangster Squad (2013), <mask> is portrayed by actor Sean Penn and is the main antagonist of the film, portrayed as a sadistic and cruel man who enjoys murder and intends to expand his criminal enterprises to other major cities in the United States. The film shows a fictionalized version of <mask>'s downfall: <mask> is beaten in a fistfight and arrested by the LAPD for murdering one of his subordinates, when he was actually imprisoned for tax evasion. Also, he is sentenced to life imprisonment, when in real life, <mask> was eventually released from custody and died of stomach cancer. It was also intimated at the end of the film that <mask> was beaten to death with a lead pipe when he was sent to Alcatraz by acquaintances of the man he killed. In the film The Lincoln Lawyer (2011), the protagonist, Michael Haller, played by actor Matthew McConaughey, owns a pistol said to have been owned by <mask>, and given to him by Haller's father after he successfully defended <mask> in a murder case.Games Patrick Fischler lends his voice and likeness to play <mask> in the 2011 video game L.A. Noire (set in 1947), who is involved in a few cases while working the Vice desk. Literature In James Ellroy's L.A. Quartet book series, <mask> plays a major supporting role in three of the novels: The Big Nowhere (1988), L.A. Confidential (1990) and White Jazz (1992). In retired newspaperman Howard Scott Williams' 2017 memoir The Gangster's Butler, recounting stories he reported on from 1948 to 1976, he recounts posing as a butler for <mask> in order get information for a story. Television In Frank Darabont's television series Mob City, <mask> is portrayed by Jeremy Luke. References Additional sources Davies, Lloyd G., Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–51, questioned police wiretaps on <mask> Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. Cops, Crooks, and Criminologists: An International Biographical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Updated edition. New York: Checkmark Books, 2000. Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Facts on File, 2005.Sifakis, Carl. The Encyclopedia of American Crime. New York: Facts on File, 2001. Further reading Ed Clark, "Trouble in Los Angeles", Life, 1950 Nugent, John Peer. <mask>, In My Own Words: The Underworld Autobiography of <mask> <mask>, As Told To John Peer Nugent (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1975) Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000) Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. Cops, Crooks, and Criminologists: An International Biographical Dictionary of Law Enforcement, Updated Edition (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000) Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia (New York: Facts on File, 2005) Steve Stevens and Craig Lockwood, King of the Sunset Strip: Hangin' With <mask> and the Hollywood Mob (Cumberland House Publishing, 2006) F. Murray, "The Charmed Life of M. <mask>", Front Page Detective, 1966, 30(3):44–45, 63.Lewis, Brad. Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster: The Incredible Life and Times of <mask> (New York: Enigma Books, 2007) , . George A. Day, JUANITA DALE SLUSHER alias CANDY BARR (ERBE Publishing Company, 2008 ) United States Treasury Department, Bureau of Narcotics, Mafia: The Government's Secret File on Organized Crime (Skyhorse Publishing, 2009) Tereba, Tere. <mask>: The Life and Crimes of L.A.'s Notorious Mobster (ECW Press, May 1, 2012) Piper, Michael Collins, "Final judgment: The missing link in the JFK assassination conspiracy" (Wolfe Press 1995) External links Benny's Shadow: All about <mask> by Mark Gribben Recollections of <mask> on the Los Angeles Times' Daily Mirror blog Biography of <mask> - Biography.com Time, April 15, 1957 Beyond 'Gangster Squad': The Real <mask>, by Tere Tereba 1913 births 1976 deaths American crime bosses American people convicted of tax crimes Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from stomach cancer Jewish American gangsters Sportspeople from Brooklyn American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary People from Boyle Heights, Los Angeles Jewish boxers Featherweight boxers American male boxers People from Brentwood, Los Angeles Boxers from New York City 20th-century American Jews

Eugene Webb

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<mask> (born 1938) is Professor Emeritus in the University of Washington Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies. <mask> holds a Ph.D., in Comparative Literature from Columbia University (1965), an M.A. in English Literature from Columbia University (1962) and also a B.A., in Philosophy from the University of California, Los Angeles (1960). <mask> was a member of the faculties of both the Comparative Literature Department and the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, where he served as Associate Director and chaired programs in both Comparative Religion and European Studies (1994). <mask> was also the founder of those two programs: Comparative Religion in 1974, and European Studies in 1994. He retired from the University of Washington in 2000, where he now has the title Professor Emeritus of International Studies. <mask> has two books on the novels and plays of Samuel Beckett, and has authored the books The Dark Dove: The Sacred and Secular in Modern Literature (1975), Eric Voegelin, Philosopher of History (1981), Philosophers of Consciousness (1988) and The Self Between: From Freud to the New Social Psychology of France (1993), all published by the University of Washington Press.His book World View and Mind: Religious Thought and Psychological Development was published by the University of Missouri Press in 2009, and his In Search of the Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West was published by the same press in 2014. <mask> translated and wrote the introduction to Jean-Michel Oughourlian's, The Puppet of Desire: The Psychology of Hysteria, Possession, and Hypnosis, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991). He also translated a second book by Oughourlian, The Genesis of Desire, published by Michigan State University Press in 2010. Academic positions Professor Emeritus of International Studies, University of Washington, 2000 Professor of Comparative Literature and Comparative Religion, UW, 1975 Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature, UW, 1974 Associate Professor of English, UW, 1973 Assistant Professor of English, UW, 1966 Assistant Professor of English, Simon Fraser University, 1965 Principal administrative functions Associate Director, Jackson School of International Studies, 1997–2000 Chairman, European Studies Program, 1994–98 Executive Committee, Comparative Literature Department, 1990–93 Executive Committee, Ph.D. Program in Literary Theory, 1990–93 Steering Committee, Comparative History of Ideas, 1978–2000. Acting Chairman, Department of Romance Languages and Literature, 1985–86 Faculty Senate, 1984 College Council, College of Arts and Sciences, 1976–79, Spring 1987 Chairman, Comparative Religion Program, 1973–85 Works In Search of The Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2014) Worldview and Mind: Religious Thought and Psychological Development (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2009) The Self Between: From Freud to the New Social Psychology of France (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1993) Philosophers of Consciousness: Polanyi, Lonergan, Voegelin, Ricoeur, Girard, Kierkegaard (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1988). Eric Voegelin: Philosopher of History (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1981).The Dark Dove: The Sacred and Secular in Modern Literature (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1975). The Plays of Samuel Beckett (Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: Peter Owen, 1972). Samuel Beckett: A Study of His Novels (Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: Peter Owen, 1970). Articles "Eros and The Psychology of World Views", Anthropoetics XII, 1 (Spring / Summer 2006) "Voegelin’s Gnosticism Reconsidered." Political Science Reviewer, 34 (2005): 48–76. "René Girard and the Symbolism of Religious Sacrifice", Anthropoetics 11, no. 1 (Spring / Summer 2005) "Girard, Sacrifice, and Religious Symbolism."Journal of European Psychoanalysis, 14 (Winter–Spring, 2002): 59–79. "Eros und die Psychologie der Weltanschauungen" in Kulturen des Eros (Eranos Jahrbuch, neue folge., vol. 8: 179–229). Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2001. Also in Russian translation in Arba (online periodical) "Eric Voegelin and Literary Theory", in Politics, Order and History: Essays on the Work of Eric Voegelin, ed. Glenn Hughes, Stephen A. McKnight, and Geoffrey L. Price. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001."Spiritual Disorientation and Voegelinian Postmodernism", review of Glenn Hughes, ed., The Politics of the Soul: Eric Voegelin on Religious Experience, and David Walsh, Guarded By Mystery: Meaning in a Postmodern Age. The Review of Politics, 62, no. 4 (Fall, 2000): 823–827 "Le Désir philosophique", in Le Désir: Énergie et finalité, ed. Jean-Michel Oughourlian. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999. "Persuasion and the Problem of Polarizing Rhetoric." Voegelin Research News, 4, no.4 (August 1998). "Ernest Becker and the Psychology of Worldviews." Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 33, no. 1 (March 1998): 71–86. "Le Differenziazioni della coscienza." In La Scienza dell’ ordine: Saggi su Eric Voegelin, ed. Gian Franco Lami and Govanni Franchi.Rome: Antonio Pellicani Editore, 1997. "Mimesis, Evolution, and Differentiation of Consciousness." Paragrana: Internationale Zeitschrift für Historische Anthropologie, 4, no. 2 (1995): 151–165. "Objective and Existential Truth in Politics." Public Affairs Quarterly, 9 (no. 2, April, 1995), pp.93–99. "Epilogue: The Symbolism of Political Community." In Render Unto Caesar: The Religious Sphere in world Politics, edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet and Donald W. Treadgold (Washington, DC: American University Press, 1995), pp. 433–446. "The Ambiguity of Political Community." Hellas, 5, 2 (Winter 1994): 52–61. "Socrates, Modernism, and the Problem of a Genuine Postmodernism."In Plato and Postmodernism (Glenside, PA: The Aldine Press, 1994), pp. 29–39. "The New Social Psychology of France: The Heritage of Jacques Lacan." Religion (1993) 23: 61–69. "The New Social Psychology of France: The Girardian School." Religion (1993) 23: 255–63. "The Epochal Particularism of Modernity."Gallatin Review 12 (no. 1, Winter 1992–93): 87–95. "Socrates, Modernity, Postmodernism." Hellas, 3, 1 (Spring 1992): 27–41. "Augustine's New Trinity: The Anxious Circle of Metaphor." In Innovation in Religious Traditions: Essays in the Interpretation of Religious Change, ed. Michael A. Williams, Collett Cox, and Martin S. Jaffee.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992. Pp. 191–214. "Religion, Modernity, and the Humanities", Religious Studies and Theology, 11, nos. 2 & 3 (1991): 18–35. "Recent French Psychoanalytic Thought and the Psychology of Religion." Religious Studies and Theology, 8, nos.1 & 2 (January, May, 1988): 31–44. "The Ecumenical Significance of Lonergan's Theological Method." Ecumenical Trends, 17, no. 4 (April 1988): 49–52. "Metaphysics or Existenzerhellung: A Comparison of Lonergan and Voegelin." Religious Studies and Theology, 7, nos. 2+3 (1987): 36–47."The Hermeneutic of Greek Trinitarianism: An Approach Through Intentionality Analysis." In Religion in Context, ed. Timothy P. Fallon and Philip Boo Riley. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988. "Politics and the Problem of a Philosophical Rhetoric in the Thought of Eric Voegelin", Journal of Politics, 48, 1 (1986): 260–273. "The Alchemy of Man and the Alchemy of God: The Alchemist as Cultural Symbol in Modern Thought", Religion and Literature 17, 1 (Spring 1985): 47–60. "Eric Voegelin (1901–1985) : Eulogy at Stanford Memorial Chapel."Sequoia, 29, no. 2 (1985): 96–98. "The Pneumatology of Bernard Lonergan: A Byzantine Comparison", Religious Studies and Theology 5, 2 (1985): 13–23. "Mesopotamian Religion", in Denise L.Carmody and John T. Carmody, Ways to the Center: An Introduction to World Religions, Second edition (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing, 1984), pp. 199–205. "Faith, Truth and Persuasion in the Thought of Eric Voegelin", in Voegelin and the Theologian: Ten Studies in Interpretation, Toronto Studies in Theology, Vol. 10, ed.John Kirby and William M. Thompson. (New York and Toronto: Edwin Mellen Press, 1983), pp. 356–69. "Luther and Zen: Cultural Implications of Doctrines of Sudden Deliverance", in Michael A. Williams, ed., Charisma and Sacred Biography, Journal of the American Academy of Religion Thematic Studies, 48, 3 and 4 (1982): 69–86. "The Spiritual Crisis of Modernity: Keynes, Beckett, Baudelaire." Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 62, 2 (Summer 1979): 131–143. "Eric Voegelin's Theory of Revelation."The Thomist, 42, 1 (January 1978): 95–122. Reprinted in Eric Voegelin's Thought: A Critical Appraisal, ed. Ellis Sandoz. Durham: Duke University Press, 1982, pp. 157–78. "Self and Cosmos: Religion as Strategy and Exploration in the Novels of E. M. Forster."Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 59, 2 (Summer 1976): 186–203. "George Herbert and the Language of Disclosure." West Coast Review 10, 3 (February 1976): 44–46. "Pozzo in Bloomsbury: A Possible Allusion in Beckett's Waiting for Godot." Journal of Modern Literature 5, 2 (April 1976): 326–331. "Yukio Mishima's Cosmology." West Coast Review 10, l (June 1975): 48–53."The Religious Thought of W. H. Auden: The Ambiguity of the Sacred." Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal 58, 4 (Winter 1974): 439–57. "Hermine and the Problem of Harry's Failure in Hesse's Steppenwolf." Modern Fiction Studies 18, 7 (1971): 115–24. "Criticism and the Creative Process." West Coast Review 2, 2 (Fall 1967): 13–20. See also Comparative religion Henotheism References External links Lectures and Essays The Jackson School of International Studies website Worldview and Mind: Religious Thought and Psychological Development University of Washington faculty University of Washington alumni Living people 1938 births

George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend

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Field Marshal <mask>, 1st <mask>, PC (28 February 172414 September 1807), known as The Viscount <mask> from 1764 to 1787, was a British soldier and politician. After serving at the Battle of Dettingen during the War of the Austrian Succession and the Battle of Culloden during the Jacobite Rising, <mask> took command of the British forces for the closing stages of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham during the Seven Years' War. He went on to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland or Viceroy where he introduced measures aimed at increasing the size of Irish regiments, reducing corruption in Ireland and improving the Irish economy. In cooperation with Prime Minister North in London he solidified governmental control over Ireland. He also served as Master-General of the Ordnance, first in the North Ministry and then in the Fox–North Coalition. Military career Early years Born the son of <mask>, 3rd Viscount Townshend, and Audrey Etheldreda <mask> (born Harrison), <mask> was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge. He joined the army as a volunteer in Summer 1743 and first saw action at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743 during the War of the Austrian Succession.He became a captain in the 7th Regiment of Dragoons in April 1745 and saw action in the Netherlands. He fought at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 during the Jacobite Rising, and having been appointed an aide-de-Camp to the Duke of Cumberland and having transferred to the 20th Regiment of Foot in February 1747, he took part in the Battle of Lauffeld in July 1747 during the later stages of the War of the Austrian Succession. While serving in Belgium, <mask> was elected Member of Parliament for Norfolk unopposed in 1747. He became a captain in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards and lieutenant colonel in the Army on 25 February 1748. In 1751 he wrote a pamphlet which was deeply critical of Cumberland's military skills. Meanwhile, he argued in parliament that courts martial rather than commanding officers should be responsible for discipline in the Army, pressed for a larger militia and smaller standing army and was personally responsible for ensuring that the Militia Act of 1757 reached the statute book. Promoted to the rank of colonel on 6 May 1758, he became colonel of the 64th Regiment of Foot in June 1759.Seven Years' War <mask> was given command of a brigade in Quebec under General James Wolfe; when the latter died on 13 September 1759, and his second-in-command (Robert Monckton) was wounded, <mask> took command of the British forces during Battle of the Plains of Abraham. He received Quebec City's surrender on 18 September 1759. However, he held General Wolfe in much contempt (drawing Wolfe in caricature he created Canada's first cartoon), and was harshly criticized upon his return to Great Britain for that reason (Wolfe was a popular hero throughout the country). Nevertheless, he became colonel of the 28th Regiment of Foot in October 1759, was promoted to major general on 6 March 1761 and fought at the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761. In May 1762 he took command of a division of the Anglo-Portuguese army, with the local rank of lieutenant-general, to protect Portugal during the Spanish invasion of Portugal. Post-war <mask> became Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance in the Grenville Ministry in March 1763 and succeeded his father as Viscount <mask> in March 1764. Viceroy of Ireland He went on to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the Chatham Ministry in August 1767 and introduced measures aimed at increasing the size of Irish regiments, reducing corruption in Ireland and improving the Irish economy.After the Parliament of Ireland rejected his money bill, <mask> prorogued parliament in November 1767, making himself very unpopular in Dublin. Most important, he collaborated with Prime Minister Lord North in London in solidified governmental control over Ireland. Later life Promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 30 April 1770, he was replaced as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in September 1772. <mask> returned to office as Master-General of the Ordnance in the North Ministry in October 1772. In the aftermath of his unpopular tour in Ireland, he found himself fighting a duel with Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, an Irish Peer, on 2 February 1773, badly wounding the Earl with a bullet in the groin. <mask> became colonel of the 2nd Dragoon Guards in July 1773. In 1779 Richard Edwards, Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, began work on Fort Townshend, a fortification in Newfoundland and Labrador, naming it after Lord <mask>.<mask> stood down as Master-General of the Ordnance in March 1782 when the <mask> of Rockingham came to power but, having been promoted to full general on 26 November 1782, was restored to the post of Master-General of the Ordnance in the Fox–North Coalition in April 1783. He retired from that office when William Pitt the Younger came to power in January 1784. Created <mask> on 27 October 1787, <mask> became Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk in February 1792. He also became Governor of Kingston-upon-Hull in 1794 and Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in July 1795. A peculiar tragedy befell <mask> in May 1796: his son, Lord Charles, had just been elected MP for Great Yarmouth, and he took a carriage to London with his brother, the Rev. Lord Frederick, the Rector of Stiffkey. During the journey, Lord Frederick inexplicably killed his brother with a pistol shot to the head, and was ultimately adjudged insane.Promoted to field marshal on 30 July 1796, <mask> died at his family home, Raynham Hall in Norfolk on 14 September 1807 and was buried in the family vault there. Family On 19 December 1751, <mask> had married Charlotte Compton, 16th Baroness Ferrers of Chartley (d. 1770), daughter of James Compton, 5th Earl of Northampton. They had eight children: <mask>, 2nd <mask> (1755–1811) Lord <mask> (19 January 175725 February 1833) Lady <mask> (died 21 March 1811) The Rev. Lord Frederick Patrick <mask> (30 December 176718 January 1836) Lord <mask> (176827 May 1796) Lady Charlotte (1757-16 December 1757) Lady Caroline Lady <mask> He married Anne Montgomery, the daughter of Sir William Montgomery, 1st Baronet, on 19 May 1773. Anne was Mistress of the Robes to Caroline, Princess of Wales, from 1795 to 1820. They had six children: Lord <mask> (1778–1794) Captain Lord James Nugent Boyle Bernardo <mask> (11 September 178528 June 1842) Lady <mask> (1775-1826) Lady <mask> (16 March 177630 July 1856), married the 6th Duke of Leeds. Lady Honoria <mask> (1777–1826) Lady <mask> (died 9 November 1848) References Sources Further reading Bartlett, Thomas."Viscount <mask> and the Irish Revenue Board, 1767-73." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C (1979): 153–175.

B. D. Amis

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<mask> (7 July 1896 – 9 June 1993), known as B. D<mask>, was an African-American labor organizer and civil rights leader. Particularly influential in the fight for African Americans and workers during the period of official segregation in the South and informal discrimination throughout the country, <mask> is most remembered for his militant Communist activism on behalf of the notable legal cases of the falsely-accused Scottsboro Boys, the African-American organizer Angelo Herndon, as well as the white labor leader Tom Mooney. Biography Born <mask> in Chicago, Illinois, in 1896, Amis went by B. D<mask> throughout his life, although often signing his letters as "B. <mask>is" in the 1930s. Growing up in the black neighborhoods of Chicago, B. D<mask> was strongly influenced by the anti-lynching writings of Ida B<mask>, a Southern-born African-American journalist, civil rights leader, and women's rights activist then living in Chicago. Politically involved since the early 1920s, by 1928, Amis was president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's Peoria branch. The recently founded Communist Party, organized on a favorable position towards African Americans, provided an invitation to a meeting in New York City, which made a profoundly interested him as one of the few non-black organizations in the 1920s willing to seriously struggle against racism, and Amis would soon be working with William Z. Foster, the party leader and presidential candidate, whom Amis would help renominate together with the African-American vice president nominee James W. Ford in 1932.Amis began contributing to Party journals not long afterward. The 1930 "Lynch Justice" attacked the Communist Party's leftist opposition, the less radical Socialist Party, which, although progressive in relation to the idea of African-American equality in the northern states, had decided to abstain from taking a position on the rights of African Americans. <mask> wrote: From 1930, Amis headed the newly formed League of Struggle for Negro Rights, a radical organization formed on the basis of Leninist principles; although seeing black sovereignty in majority-black areas of the South as an ideal, given the fever-pitch racism then prevailing in the United States, the organization focused on publicizing the plight of the oppressed black minority through its newspaper, The Liberator, which B. D<mask> edited, and on promoting direct action protests against lynching, tenant evictions, and the Jim Crow segregation laws, as well as racism in the legal system and other manifestations. In 1933, the League issued a "Bill of Rights for the Negro People" – a document calling on Franklin Roosevelt to protect African Americans; a petition for action from the president was carried to Washington, D.C. by 3,500 activists. In 1931 – almost right after Amis had completed writing "Lynching Justice" – the Scottsboro Boys case came to light in Alabama: nine young black men who had gotten into a fight with a group of white youth were subsequently charged with raping two white women. By sundown on the same day, a freshly formed lynch mob was demanding that the youths be surrendered to them for immediate lynching. Authorities pleaded against mob violence by promising speedy trials and asking "the Judge to send them to the chair"; fifteen days later, eight were sentenced to death, and the Communist Party managed to convince the parents of the minors to let International Labor Defense take charge of the defense.Deeply involved in the case, Amis travelled to Alabama. Amis' 1931 commentary about the case, juxtaposed against a set of photographs from Scottsboro, "They Shall Not Die! The Story of Scottsboro in Pictures" – published in the June 6 copy of The Liberator – galvanized as a rallying cry for the accused defendants at the beginning of the trials. B. D<mask>' son, <mask><mask>, writes that Amis and Scottsboro historian William T. Howard writes that <mask>' article "gave the Party campaign its slogan," which spread far beyond both the Deep South and the United States. In addition to the coverage of the case received in the Soviet Union, where "the word 'Negro' was [at the time] synonymous with Scottsboro boys," Communist-organized protests were soon being arranged globally – far from the initial demonstrations organized in Harlem. William T. Howard writes that The Communists proceeded to appeal the case upward on the hierarchy of the judicial system. Although the Scottsboro Boys, now considered entirely innocent of any charges, did serve time for their convictions after a subsequent retrial, their defense by the Communists succeeded in a number of pioneering ways, notably exposing for the entire nation the racism inherent in Alabama's court system.With ILD-hired attorney Sam Leibowitz embarrassing the Alabama prosecutors by noting in front of the Supreme Court that African Americans were entirely excluded from Alabama juries, the Alabama court system was forced to add one black man to the jury – though he was easily outvoted by the eleven white jurors, the event was the first time that the racial balance of the jurors was made an issue in the proceedings. Moreover, the post-retrial sentencing of the Scottsboro boys demarcated the first time that a black man had been sentenced to anything other than death in the rape of a white woman in Alabama. Sam Leibowitz and the Communist Party's ILD attorneys also succeeded in proving that the black names added to the roster of jurors for the review of the Supreme Court had been forged by the state. All of the boys managed to escape the death sentences originally handed out by the local Scottsboro, Alabama court; with international pressure mounting on the state, four were released as innocent of the charges as soon as the late 1930s. As the campaign to secure the freedom of the accused Scottsboro Boys was being run, the jailing of Angelo Herndon, a teenaged African-American communist convicted of insurrection after attempting to organize black industrial workers in 1932 in Atlanta, Georgia, became another cause for fierce activism, as Georgia authorities sought to make a case against Herndon based on his advocacy of communism: Herndon had led a racially integrated march of the unemployed in 1932 and was subsequently arrested when Georgia police found Communist Party literature was found in his bedroom. <mask>, as leader of the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, participated in the campaign for Herndon's release, although the party's efforts were already heavily committed to the release of the nine Scottsboro teenagers. <mask>' other work for the Communist Party took him to various locations within the country.He went on to become District Organizer for the Communist Party in Cleveland. He also travelled outside the United States. He took advantage of the opportunity to study formally in the Soviet Union as well as to hone further organizing skill, and contributed writings for the Negro Worker, the newspaper of the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers while working abroad. The 1930s also saw Amis engage in the radical campaign to free Tom Mooney, the militant white socialist labor leader whose jailing in the 1910s, like those of the African-American defendants, had been conducted in a lynch mob atmosphere – even as evidence against Mooney had also been faked and testimony against the activist would be revealed as perjured. In his capacity as a politician, Amis to publicize the Mooney case among both black and white workers. Nominating William Z. Foster for presidential candidate during the Communist Party's Chicago convention in 1932, Amis spoke of Foster's support for Mooney figured prominently in <mask>' endorsement; Amis described Foster as "an outstanding fighter" for the freedom of Tom Mooney as well as <mask> and the Scottsboro Boys, all reasons "which prove his ability to lead workers today in deadly struggle against war and capitalism" and showing "the revolutionary way out of the crisis.. ." Having moved to Pennsylvania in the 1930s, <mask> ran a 1936 campaign for state general auditor and supporting the national Foster-Ford campaign in the national electoral race. His later activity included organizing the Catering Industry Employees Union, Local 758, an African-American local of the Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders International Union (AFL), serving as an elected officers of both unions in the later 1930s and early 1940s. A longtime activist in Pennsylvania, <mask> subsequently worked for the Gulf Oil Company, while continuing his radical union and community organizing activities. <mask> died in Alexandria, Virginia on June 9, 1993, thirty days before his 97th birthday – committed to his radical principles throughout his life. <mask>' son <mask><mask>, a Professor of Education at Michigan State and Purdue universities, helped pioneer the development of African-American literature courses at Michigan State. Amis' archive of papers and important documents, made public for the interests of general research by the Communist Party, presently reside at New York University's Tamiment Library. See also Civil rights movement (1896–1954) The Communist Party USA and African-Americans The Scottsboro Boys Communist Party USA League of Struggle for Negro Rights The Liberator (magazine) References Further reading Walter T. Howard (Ed.)B.D<mask>, African American Radical: A Short Anthology of Writings and Speeches. Lanham, Md. : University Press of America, 2007. Walter T. Howard, We Shall Be Free! : Black Communist Protests in Seven Voices. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2013.External links "B.D<mask> – Black Communist and Labor Leader" – A remembrance by B. D<mask>' son, Dr. <mask><mask> (People's Weekly World). "Guide to the B. D. Amis Papers, 1930–2004 (Bulk 1930–1949): Tamiment 355" – A biographical introduction from New York University's Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive. 1896 births 1993 deaths People from Chicago African-American people in Pennsylvania politics American Marxists American socialists American communists African-American trade unionists American anti-racism activists American community activists African-American Marxists Communist Party USA politicians Pennsylvania politicians Trade unionists from Pennsylvania Activists from Philadelphia Activists from Chicago

Keith Carradine

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<mask> ( ; born August 8, 1949) is an American actor who has had success on stage, film, and television. He is known for his roles as Tom Frank in Robert Altman's film Nashville, Wild Bill Hickok in the HBO series Deadwood, FBI agent Frank Lundy in Dexter, Lou Solverson in the first season of Fargo, and US president Conrad Dalton in Madam Secretary. As a member of the Carradine family, he is part of an acting dynasty that began with his father, John Carradine. Early life Carradine was born in San Mateo, California. He is the son of actress and artist Sonia Sorel (née Henius), and actor <mask>. His full brothers are Christopher and Robert Carradine, both of whom are actors. His paternal half-brothers are Bruce and David Carradine.His maternal half-brother is Michael Bowen. His maternal great-grandfather was biochemist Max Henius, and his maternal great-grandmother was the sister of historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg. Carradine's childhood was troubled; he has said that his father drank and his mother "was a manic depressive paranoid schizophrenic catatonic—she had it all." His parents were divorced in 1957, when he was eight years old. A bitter custody battle led to his father gaining custody of him and his brothers, Christopher and Robert, after the children had spent three months in a home for abused children as wards of the court. <mask> said of the experience, "It was like being in jail. There were bars on the windows, and we were only allowed to see our parents through glass doors.It was very sad. We would stand there on either side of the glass door crying." He was raised in San Mateo primarily by his maternal grandmother, and he rarely saw either of his parents. His mother was not permitted to see him for eight years following the custody settlement. Carradine attended the Ojai Valley School, where he was active in the school's theater department, performing in productions of Aria da Capo and The Madwoman of Chaillot. After high school, Carradine entertained the thought of becoming a forest ranger, and enrolled at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. "I had this idyllic fantasy of sitting somewhere communing with nature and chatting with the bears," he recalled, "[but] I didn't want to have to learn anything."He changed his major to drama after enrolling, but dropped out after one semester and returned to California, moving in with his older half-brother, David, who encouraged him to pursue an acting career, paid for his acting and vocal lessons, and helped him get an agent. Career Stage As a youth, Carradine had opportunities to appear on stage with his father in the latter's productions of Shakespeare. Thus, he had some background in theater when he was cast in the original Broadway run of Hair (1969), which launched his acting career. In that production he started out in the chorus and worked his way up to the lead roles playing Woof and Claude. He said of his involvement in Hair, "I really didn't plan to audition. I just went along with my brother, David, and his girlfriend at the time, Barbara Hershey, and two of their friends. I was simply going to play the piano for them while they sang, but I'm the one the staff wound up getting interested in."His stage career is further distinguished by his Tony-nominated performance for Best Actor (Musical) as the title character in the Tony Award-winning musical, The Will Rogers Follies in 1991, for which he also received a Drama Desk Award nomination. He won the Outer Critics Circle Award for Foxfire with Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy, and appeared as Lawrence in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at the Imperial Theater. In 2008, he appeared as Dr. Farquhar Off-Broadway in Mindgame, a thriller by Antony Horowitz, directed by Ken Russell, who made his New York directorial debut with the production. In March and April 2013, he starred in the Broadway production of Hands on a Hardbody. He was nominated for the Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for his work. Film Carradine's first notable film appearance was in director Robert Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971). His next film, Emperor of the North Pole (1973), was re-released with a shorter title Emperor of the North.Carradine played a young aspiring hobo. The film was directed by Robert Aldrich and also starred Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine. Carradine then starred in Altman's film Thieves Like Us (1974), then played a principal character, a callow, womanizing folk singer, Tom Frank, in Altman's critically acclaimed film Nashville (1975; see "Music and songwriting"). He had difficulty shaking the image of Tom Frank following the popularity of the film. He felt the role gave him the reputation of being "a cad." In 1977 Aldrich said "I think that <mask>ne, if he's careful—I don't think he is careful—and if he's prudent about the selection of his parts, can be a great big movie star. I think that whoever's advising him is making some terrible selections about material.Because I think the guy is gifted, he's talented, he's attractive." In 1977, Carradine starred opposite Harvey Keitel in Ridley Scott's The Duellists. Pretty Baby followed in 1978. He has acted in several offbeat films of Altman's protege Alan Rudolph, playing a disarmingly candid madman in Choose Me (1984), an incompetent petty criminal in Trouble in Mind (1985), and an American artist in 1930s Paris in The Moderns (1988). He appeared with brothers David and Robert as the Younger brothers in Walter Hill's film The Long Riders (1980). <mask> played Jim Younger in that film. In 1981, he appeared again under Hill's direction in Southern Comfort.In 1994, he had a cameo role as Will Rogers in Rudolph's film about Dorothy Parker, Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle. He co-starred with Daryl Hannah as homicidal sociopath John Netherwood in the thriller The Tie That Binds (1995). In 2011, he starred in Cowboys and Aliens, an American science fiction western film directed by Jon Favreau also starring Daniel Craig, Harrison Ford, and Olivia Wilde. Carradine traveled to Tuscany in 2012 to executive produce and star in John Jopson's Edgar Allan Poe inspired film Terroir. In 2013, he starred in Ain't Them Bodies Saints, which won the 2013 Sundance Film Festival award for cinematography. In 2016 <mask> played Edward Dickinson, father of Emily Dickinson, in A Quiet Passion, a biographical film directed and written by Terence Davies about the life of the American poet. In 2016 Carradine returned to star in his fourth Alan Rudolph film Ray Meets Helen, which was the final screen appearance of Sondra Locke.Music and songwriting His brother, David, said in an interview that <mask> could play any instrument he wanted, including bagpipes and the French horn. Like David, <mask> integrated his musical talents with his acting performances. In 1975, he performed a song he had written, "I'm Easy", in the movie Nashville. It was a popular hit, and Carradine won a Golden Globe and an Oscar for Best Original Song for the tune. This led to a brief singing career; he signed a contract with Asylum Records and released two albums – I'm Easy (1976) and Lost & Found (1978). His song "Mr. Blue" was number 44 in the Canadian AC charts in April 1978. In 1984, he appeared in the music video for Madonna's single "Material Girl".In the early 1990s, he played the lead role in the Tony Award-winning musical The Will Rogers Follies. Television In 1972, Carradine appeared briefly in the first season of the hit television series, Kung Fu, which starred his brother, David. <mask> played a younger version of David's character, Kwai Chang Caine. In 1987, he starred in the highly rated CBS miniseries Murder Ordained with JoBeth Williams and Kathy Bates. Other TV appearances include My Father My Son (1988), a television film. In 1983, he appeared as Foxy Funderburke, a murderous pedophile, in the television miniseries Chiefs, based on the Stuart Woods novel of the same name. His performance in Chiefs earned him a nomination for an Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Special" category.Carradine also starred in the ABC sitcom Complete Savages, and he played Wild Bill Hickok in the HBO series Deadwood. Carradine hosted the documentary Wild West Tech series on the History Channel in the 2003–2004 season, before handing the job over to his brother, David. In the 2005 miniseries Into the West, produced by Steven Spielberg and DreamWorks, Carradine played Richard Henry Pratt. During the second and fourth seasons of the Showtime series Dexter, he appeared numerous times as FBI Special Agent Frank Lundy. Carradine is credited with guest starring twice on the suspense-drama Criminal Minds, as the psychopathic serial killer Frank Breitkopf. Other shows he appeared in include The Big Bang Theory (as Penny's father Wyatt), Star Trek: Enterprise ("First Flight" episode) and the Starz series Crash. Carradine also made a guest appearance on NCIS in 2014.Also in 2014, he had a recurring role as Lou Solverson in the FX series Fargo, followed by a recurring role as President Conrad Dalton on Madam Secretary. He was promoted to series regular starting with the show's second season. In July 2016, Carradine hosted a month-long series of Western films on Turner Classic Movies. He appeared in dozens of wraparounds on the channel, discussing such films as Stagecoach, featuring his father, and McCabe and Mrs. Miller, in which he himself appears in a small role. Video games In 2012, Carradine lent his voice to the video game Hitman: Absolution, voicing the primary antagonist Blake Dexter. Personal life Carradine met actress Shelley Plimpton in the Broadway musical Hair. She was married to actor Steve Curry, although they were separated; she and Carradine became romantically involved.After <mask> left the show and was in California he learned that Shelley was pregnant and had reunited with Curry. He met his daughter, Martha Plimpton, when she was four years old, after Shelley and Steve Curry had divorced. He said of Shelley, "She did a hell of a job raising Martha. I was not there. I was a very young man, absolutely terrified. She just took that in, and then she welcomed me into Martha's life when I was ready." <mask> married Sandra Will on February 6, 1982.They were separated in 1993, before Will filed for divorce in 1999. The couple had two children: Cade Richmond Carradine (born July 19, 1982) and Sorel Johannah Carradine (born June 18, 1985). In 2006, Will pleaded guilty to two counts of perjury for lying to a grand jury about her involvement in the Anthony Pellicano wire tap scandal. She hired and then became romantically involved with Pellicano after her divorce from Carradine. According to FBI documents, Pellicano tapped Carradine's telephone and recorded calls between him and girlfriend Hayley Leslie DuMond at Will's request, along with DuMond's parents. Carradine filed a civil lawsuit against Will and Pellicano which was settled in 2013 before it went to trial. On November 18, 2006, Carradine married actress Hayley DuMond, in Turin, Italy.They met in 1997 when they co-starred in the Burt Reynolds film The Hunter's Moon. Filmography Film Television Video games Awards and nominations See also Carradine family List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States References Further reading Pilato, Herbie J. The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western. Boston: Charles A. Tuttle, 1993. External links Official site Mindgame BroadwayWorld.com interview with <mask>ne, October 16, 2008 American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of Danish descent 1949 births Living people Carradine family Male actors from California Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters Golden Globe Award-winning musicians Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area People from Topanga, California Songwriters from California 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors 20th-century American singers 21st-century American singers 20th-century American male singers 21st-century American male singers Audiobook narrators American male songwriters

Ursula Hoff

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<mask> (26 December 1909 in London, UK – 10 January 2005 in Melbourne) was an Australian scholar and prolific author on art. She enjoyed a long career at the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, where she was deputy director from 1968 to 1973. Her involvement then continued when she was appointed London Adviser of the Felton Bequest (1975–83), a major charitable foundation dedicated to the NGV. Early years <mask> was born on 26 December 1909 in London to <mask>, Hamburg-based German Jewish merchant, and his wife, née Thusnelde Margarethe (Tussi) Bulcke, of a German Lutheran upper-middle-class family. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Hamburg, where <mask> grew up and completed her primary and secondary education. In 1930, <mask> commenced academic studies spread between the universities of Frankfurt, Cologne, and Munich; later the same year, she commenced studies at the University of Hamburg; among her teachers were Erwin Panofsky, Aby Warburg, Ernst Cassirer, and Fritz Saxl. Upon Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany and the introduction of anti-Jewish measures in January 1933, <mask>'s father, <mask>, left immediately for London; <mask> and her mother Tussi followed him shortly in July.Because she was born in England, <mask> was able to take up British citizenship, and due to her excellent English, she was quickly absorbed into British academic and cultural institutions. Over the next several years she worked with the curatorial staff at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford; the British Museum; at the Courtauld Institute of Art. However, existing employment regulations in England barred her, and many other refugees, from permanent full-time positions. She was also able to continue working on a doctoral thesis, Rembrandt und England, which investigated the influence of Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn in the eighteenth-century England, primarily through the appointment of Sir Godfrey Kneller to the court of William III of England in 1688. From 1934 to 1935 returned to complete her thesis at the University of Hamburg, where she was awarded a PhD. From 1935 to 1939 <mask> continued living in London and working in a variety of curatorial and research positions at the Royal Academy; National Gallery; and the British Museum; and wrote for the Journal of the Warburg Institute and the Burlington Magazine.National Gallery of Victoria In December 1939, <mask> arrived in Australia to take up a position of secretary at the University Women's College, University of Melbourne. In 1942, she was invited by Sir Daryl Lindsay, the newly appointed director of the National Gallery of Victoria, to deliver a series of lunch time lectures at Melbourne's premier cultural institution. In 1943, Lindsay appointed <mask> as the NGV's Assistant Keeper of Prints and Drawings. She thus became the first woman and first tertiary qualified art historian to work within a state gallery in Australia. <mask> remained at the NGV until her retirement in 1973, becoming Keeper of Prints and Drawings in 1949, and its deputy director in 1968. During her tenure at the National Gallery of Victoria, Hoff pioneered the professional cataloguing of the NGV's holdings; produced important and internationally recognised publications and catalogues of its collections; curated numerous important exhibitions; published monographs on Charles Conder, William Blake, Rembrandt, and many others; secured important works by Paul Klee, Marc Chagall, Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Pablo Picasso, Anthony van Dyck, Giovanni Batista Tiepolo, Salvador Dalí, and innumerable others for the NGV's collection; became Founding Editor of the Art Bulletin of Victoria; and published extensively in Australian and International art journals. An excellent source on <mask>'s early years and her work at the National Gallery of Victoria is Sheridan Palmer's Centre of the Periphery: Three European Art Historians in Melbourne (Nth Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008).London advisor to the Felton Bequest In 1975, <mask> was appointed advisor to the Felton Bequest and moved to London. Over her tenure as the London Advisor, she secured many outstanding works for the National Gallery of Victoria, including Francisco de Goya, Robert Rauschenberg, Bridget Riley, François Boucher, Canaletto, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and an important suite of 16th- and 17th-century Indian Mughal miniatures. She continued travelling extensively to research the NGV's collection; assist with the loan exhibition of masterpieces from the State Hermitage, Leningrad, USSR (now St Petersburg, Russia), which toured Australian galleries 1979–80; and continued contributing articles to Australian and International art journals. During her time overseas, she also advised the Everard Studley Miller Bequest, the Art Foundation of Victoria, Art Gallery of South Australia, National Gallery of Australia, as well as a number of high-profile private collections, notably that of James Fairfax. <mask> retired as London Advisor of the Felton Bequest in April 1983. Important sources on Hoff's years as London Advisor of the Felton Bequest are her meticulously kept diaries, which had been donated to the University of Melbourne Archives; and Colin Holden's The Outsider: A Portrait of <mask> (Nth Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2009). Educational role <mask> also played an important role in education of art history in Australia.In 1947, she was invited by Professor Joseph Burke, the inaugural Herald Chair of Fine Arts at the University of Melbourne, to join the teaching staff of his new department. In consequence of her appointment at the National Gallery of Victoria, Hoff taught part-time and in the evenings. <mask>'s teaching was firmly in the tradition of Erwin Panofsky, revealing the meaning of disguised symbols. First-year students had to read Panofsky's Studies in Iconology (1939) and Meaning in the Visual Arts (1955). She reinforced her lectures by conducting seminars for students in the NGV's Print Room. <mask> continued her dual position of the NGV curator and the University of Melbourne lecturer until her move to London in 1974. Upon her return from London in 1984, <mask> was invited to resume her teaching at the University of Melbourne, and in 1986 she was appointed senior associate, Department of Fine Arts, University of Melbourne.The importance of <mask>'s educational role in Australia is extensively discussed in Sheridan Palmer's Centre of the Periphery, 2008. Later years After retiring as London Advisor of the Felton Bequest, <mask> returned to Australia in 1984 and settled in Carlton, Victoria. She was invited to continue lecturing at the University of Melbourne, and in 1986 she was appointed senior associate of the university's department of fine arts. She also continued researching the National Gallery of Victoria's collections; produced the fifth edition of European Paintings before 1800 at the National Gallery of Victoria in 1995; published a monograph on Arthur Boyd; contributed essays to catalogues of exhibitions by Charles Blackman, Arthur Boyd, and John Brack; and wrote for Australian art journals. <mask> died in Heidelberg, Victoria, on 10 January 2005. A private service was organised at St Peter's, Eastern Hill, Melbourne, on 22 January, which was followed by a memorial service on 25 February at the Great Hall of the National Gallery of Victoria. Recognition Awarded PhD (Hamburg), LLD, DLit (Monash), DLitt (honoris causa)(La Trobe) Scholarship from Dutch Ministry of Education to Netherlands Institute of Art History 1963 Britannica Australia Award 1966 Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1970 Awarded Order of Australia (AO) in 1985 Further information Upon her retirement as its London Advisor, the Felton Bequest commissioned from John Brack a portrait of <mask>, which it then donated to the National Gallery of Victoria.<mask> was an active member of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, serving as president in 1970 and vice-president in 1971. Hoff left the sum of AUD600,000 to fund an annual <mask>t and England. Hamburg, 1941. — Charles I, Patron of Artists. London: Collins, 1942. — Art Appreciation.Melbourne: Australian Army Education Services, 1945. — European Art before 1800, 1st edn. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1948. — (with Alan McCulloch, Joan Lindsay, and Daryl Lindsay) Masterpieces of the National Gallery of Victoria. Melbourne: Cheshire, 1949. — (with Laurence Thomas) Jubilee Exhibition of Australian Art. Sydney: Ure Smith, 1951.— National Gallery of Victoria: Catalogue of Selected Pictures. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria for the Education Department, c. 1959. — Charles Conder: His Australian Years. Melbourne: National Gallery Society of Victoria, 1960. — The Melbourne Dante Illustrations by William Blake. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1961. — European Art before 1800, 2nd edn.Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1961. — (and Margaret Plant) National Gallery of Victoria: Painting, Drawing, Sculpture. Melbourne: Cheshire, 1968. — European Art before 1800, 3rd edn. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1948. — (with Nicholas Draffin) Rembrandt 1606-1696. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1969.— (and Martin Davies) Les Primitifs Flamands I: Corpus de la Peinture des Anciens Pays-Bas Méridionaux au Quinzième Siècle 12: National Gallery of Victoria. Brussels: Centre National de Recherches Primitifs Flamands, 1971. — Charles Conder. Melbourne: Lansdowne Press, 1972. — Goethe and the Dutch Interior: a Study in the Imagery of Romanticism. Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1972. — (with introduction by Eric Westbrook) National Gallery of Victoria.London: Thames & Hudson, 1973; reprint 1979. — European Painting and Sculpture before 1800, 4th edn. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1973. — The National Gallery of Victoria. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973. — Comments on the London Art Scene touching on changing attitudes in the art trade and on exhibition policies of public galleries and museums. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1978.— The Felton Bequest. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1983. — (with introduction by T.G. Rosenthal) The Art of Arthur Boyd. London: Deutsch, 1986. — (by Robert Lindsay, with essays by <mask> and Patrick McCaughey) John Brack: A Retrospective Exhibition. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1987.— (with Emma Davapriam) European Paintings before 1800 in the National Gallery of Victoria, 5th edn. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1995. Articles, in chronological order — “Meditation in Solitude”, Journal of the Warburg Institute, 1:4, April 1938, 292–294. — “Peter Paul Rubens”, Old Master Drawings, XIII, June 1938, 14–16. — “Das Wesen der Französischen Kunst in Späten Mittelalter” [Book Review], The Burlington Magazine for Conoisseurs, 73:428, November 1938, 229–30. — “Albert Eckhout, ein niederländischer Maler...” [Book Review], The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 74:434, May 1939, 248. — “Some Aspects of Adam Elsheimer’s Artistic Development”, The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 75:437, August 1939, 58–64.— “Some Drawings in the Print Room of the National Gallery of Victoria”, Australian Artist, I, 1947. — “English Monumental Brasses”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 3:1, 1948, 6–7. — “Rembrandt’s Drawings” [Book Review], Meanjin, 8:3, spring 1949, 188–190. — “Three Panels Reproduced Here…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 3:4, 1949, 3–4. — “Landscape into Art” [Book Review], Meanjin, 9:4, summer 1950, 313–314. — “The Print Collection”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 4:3, 1950, 1–6. — “The Ideals of Topography and Illustration”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 5:1, 1951, 4.— “Rembrandt’s Portrait of a Man”, Meanjin, 10:1, autumn 1951: 48–49. — “Reflections

Ursula Hoff

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on the Heidelberg School”, Meanjin, 10:2, winter 1951, 125–33. — “Notes on the Jubilee Exhibition”, Meanjin, 10:2, winter 1951, 145–8. — “Rouault’s Christ’s Head; Constable’s The Loch”, Meanjin, 10:3, spring 1951: 257–8. — “Liotard’s Lady in a Turkish Dress”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 5:2, 1951, 3–4. — “Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 5:2, 1951, 2–3. — “The Drawing Reproduced Here…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 5:4, 1951, 4.— “St John the Baptist”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 6:1, 1952, 3–4. — “Georges Rouault”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 6:1, 1952, 5–6. — “The Art of Jean Bellette”, Meanjin, 11:4, summer 1952, 358–60. — “Catalan Stone Figure, 13th Century”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 7:1, 1953, 4. — “Australian Paintings”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 7:2, 1953, 1–2. — “Matisse’s revolutionary break-away from realistic representation”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 7:2, 1953, 3. — “Géricault’s Entombment”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 7:3, 1953, 1–2.— “These three recent acquisitions…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 7:3, 1953, 5–6. — “Content and Form in Modern Art”, Meanjin, 12:4, summer 1953, 449–50. — “Charles Conder”, The Burlington Magazine, 96:611, February 1954, 61. — “The Counts Czartoryski of Cracow”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 8:2, 1954, 1–2. — “A recent acquisition…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 8:4, 1954, 4. — “Goethe and the Dutch Interior”, Australian Goethe Society Proceedings, 5, 1954/55, 43–48. — “Frederick McCubbin”, Frederick McCubbin, exhib.cat., Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 1955. — “In the early nineties of the last century…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 9:1, 1955, 5–6. — “A group of recently acquired paintings…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 9:2, 1955, 5–6. — “The recently acquired plaque of Christ…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 9:3, 1955, 1–2. — “The landscape with a group of trees…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 9:3, 1955, 3–4. — “The Phases of McCubbin’s Art”, Meanjin, 15:3, spring 1956, 301–6. — “The acquisition through the Felton Bequest…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 10:3, 1956, 1–2.— “By their decision to lend…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 11:1, 1957, 1–2. — “From about 1927 onwards…”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 11:2, 1957, 5–6. — “The bicentenary of William Blake”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 11:4, 1957, 4–6. — “Albrecht Dürer: the Barlow Collection of Prints in the National Gallery of Victoria”, Meanjin, 16:2, winter 1957, 162–8. — “The Paintings of Arthur Boyd”, Meanjin, 17:2, 1958, 143–7. — “Recent acquisitions to the Print Room”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 12:1, 1958, 1–4. — “Two valuable prints”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 12:1, 1958, 5–6.— “A pupil of Giulio Campagnola”, Quarterly Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 12:2, 1958, 4. — “A Sculptor’s Thoughts, by Vera Mukhina” [Book Review], Meanjin, 18:1, 1959, 125–7. — “The Thomas D. Barlow Collection of Dürer’s engravings and woodcuts”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 1, 1959, 14–19. — “Rachel de Ruvigny, Countess of Southampton, by Sir Anthony van Dyck”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 2, 1960, 1–4. — “Portraits Acquired under the Everard Studley Miller Bequest”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 2, 1960, 15–20. — “An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book”, Special Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 1961. — “The Woburn Abbey Paintings”, Meanjin, 21:1, 1962, 93–4.— “Paintings of S.T. Gill” [Book Review], Meanjin, 21:2, 1962, 247–51. — “A Constable Landscape after Claude”, Art Gallery of New South Wales Quarterly, 4:3, 1962, 111–113. — “A New Double Portrait by Rigaud”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 5, 1963, 11–14. — “Recent Additions to the National Gallery”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 5, 1963, 27–30. — “A History of Australian Painting [Book Review], Meanjin, 22:2, winter 1963, 227-35. — “John Olsen” [Book Review], Art and Australia, 1:2, summer 1963, 120.— “A.J.L. McDonnell as adviser to the Felton Bequest and its purchasing policy during the post-war period”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 6, 1964, 2–7. — “Recent Additions to the National Gallery…”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 6, 1964, 27–8. — “Australia’s National Gallery: Dutch and Flemish Pictures in Melbourne”, Apollo, 1964, 448–57. — “Alfred Felton’s Bequest” [Book Review], Meanjin, 23:1, 1964, 103–5. — “The Sources of Hercules and Antaeus by Rubens”, in In Honour of Daryl Lindsay: Essays and Studies, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1964. — “Charles Conder”, Art and Australia, 2:1, Summer 1964, 30–7.— “John Brack”, Art and Australia, 2:4, spring 1965, 276–81. — “Perth Art Prize”, Art and Australia, autumn 1965, 107. — “Recent Additions to the National Gallery…”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 7, 1965, 26–31. — “Two Rococo Drawings by Boucher in the Print Room Collection”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 8, 1966/67, 16–25. — “Clark on Rembrandt” [Book Review], The Age, 1967. — “Arthur Streeton at Coogee”, Art and Australia, 5:1, spring 1967, 286–9. — “Charles Conder”, Charles Conder, exhib.cat., Sydney: Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1966; Sheffield: Graves Art Gallery, 1967. — “Recent Additions to the National Gallery…”, Annual Bulletin of the National Gallery of Victoria, 8, 1967–68, 27–33. — “Foreword” [with Eric Westbrook]”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 9, 1967-68, 3-5. — “Recent Additions to the National Gallery…”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 9, 1967–68, 38–44. — “European Paintings”, Art and Australia: The National Gallery of Victoria Special Issue, 6:3, Summer 1968, 211–3. — “Prints and Drawings”, Art and Australia: The National Gallery of Victoria Special Issue, 6:3, Summer 1968, 217. — “Witt Collection Drawings in Adelaide”, Art and Australia, 5:4, Autumn 1968, 582.— “Recent Acquisitions and Donations”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 10, 1968–69, 48–59. — “Rembrandt’s Image in the Twentieth Century”, Art and Australia, 7:1, winter 1969, 58–60. — “Pablo Picasso”, Picasso: La Suite Vollard, exhib. cat., Sydney: Bonython Art Gallery, and Melbourne: Tolarno Gallery, 1969. — “Editorial”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 11, 1969–70, 2–3. — “Vale Franz Philipp”, Meanjin, 29:3, 1970, 337. — “Tobit Burying the Dead, a Newly Acquired Drawing by G.B.Castiglione”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 12, 1970–71, 19–20. — “In Memory of Franz Philipp”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 12, 1970–71, 30. — “Bendigo Art Gallery: Louis Buvelot”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 12, 1970–71, 26. — “A tapestry from a painting by Simon Vouet”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 13, 1971–72, 25–9. — “Editorial”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 14, 1973, 4–5. — “Creative though Notorious: Charles Conder”, Hemisphere, 18, 6 Jun 1974, 16–22. — “Tribute to Ian Fairweather”, Meanjin, 33:4, summer 1974, 438–9.— “Rembrandt’s Shell – Conus Marmoreus”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 16, 1975, 16–19. — “Three newly-acquired Symbolist Graphics by Ensor, Aman-Jean and Munch”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 17, 1976, 20–28. — “Art Exhibitions in London and Edinburgh May–December 1975”, Art and Australia, 13:4, April–June 1976, 375–80. — “The Print Collection”, Art and Australia: Australian National Gallery Special Issue, 14:4, winter 1977, 308–11. — “Elitism and the Arts: How to Widen the Elite”, Art and Australia, XV:1, September 1977, 73–6. — “Tribute: Anthony Underhill”, Art and Australia, 15:2, summer 1977, 141–3. — “London Letter June 1976 to June 1977”, Art and Australia, 15:2, summer 1977, 200.— “National Gallery” [Book Review], Art and Australia, 15:3, autumn 1978, 247. — “Australian Paintings in British Collections”, Art and Australia, 16:2, summer 1978, 172. — “The Feat of Klee” [Book Review], Meanjin, 38:4, summer 1979, 529–34. — “Paul Klee: Figures and Faces” [Book Review], Art and Australia, 16:3, autumn 1979, 227. — “The Everard Studley Miller Bequest”, in Anthony Bradley and Terry Smith (eds), Australian Art and Architecture: Essays Presented to Bernard Smith. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1980. — “USSR: Old Master Paintings”, Art and Australia, 17:3, Autumn 1980, 232–3.— “Australian Paintings in the Royal Collections”, Art and Australia, 17:3, Autumn 1980, 267–9. — “London Letter”, 17:3, Art and Australia, March 1980, 274–5. — “View from London: Observations on the Art in the 1970s”, Art and Australia, 18:2, summer 1980, 138–40. — “USSR: Old Master Paintings”, Art and Australia, 17:3, March 1980, 232–3. — “Jack Manton Collection” [Book Review], Art and Australia, 18:1, spring 1980, 21. — “View from London: Observations on Art in the 1970s”, Art and Australia, 18:2, summer 1980, 138–40. — “Picasso and Velasquez”, Art and Australia, 18:3, autumn 1981, 280.— “London Letter”, Art and Australia, 19:2, summer 1981, 205–8. — “Gustave Courbet: Study for Young Ladies on the Banks of the Seine in Summer”, Art and Australia: Australian National Gallery Special Issue, 20:1, spring 1982, 52–4. — “Cross-currents in Dutch and Flemish painting in the Seventeenth Century”, Apollo, 118, 1983, 57–63. — “Charles Conder, Arthur Streeton, and Tom Roberts”, Apollo, 1983, 508–512. — “Letter from Texas”, Art and Australia, 20:4, winter 1983, 456–60. — “Observations of Art History in Melbourne 1946-1964”, Australian Journal of Art, 3, 1983, 5–9. — Charles Blackman: Works on Paper 1948-1957, exhib.cat., Melbourne: Tolarno Gallery, 1984; Sydney: Holdsworth Gallery, 1985. — “Letter from Italy: Arthur Boyd’s Casa Parentaio and Sculpture Park at Celle”, Art and Australia, 21:4, 1984, 448–9. — “London Letter”, Art and Australia, 22:2, summer 1984, 170–6. — “Saenredam and his Critics”, Australian Journal of Art, 4, 1985, 5–13. — “City Bushmen: the Heidelberg School and the Rural Mythology” [Book Review], Art and Australia, 24:3, winter 1986, 466–71. — “The Landscapes of Arthur Boyd”, Jillian Bradshaw Memorial Lecture, Bentley, WA: Western Australian Institute of Technology, 1986. — “Arthur Boyd, exhib.cat., London: Fischer Fine Art, 1986. — “Obituary: Dr Mary Woodall 1901-1988”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 29, 1989, 61–3. — “Variation, transformation, and interpretation: Watteau and Lucian Freud”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 31, 1990, 26–31. — “Arthur Boyd”, Arthur Boyd: The Magic Flute and Other Paintings, exhib. cat., Sydney: Wagner Art Gallery, 1991; New York: Pyramid Gallery, 1991. — “Obituary: Prof. A.D. Trendall”, Art Bulletin of Victoria, 36, 1996, 61. — "Greta Hort”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996, 14: 499–500.References Sources http://www.ursulahoff.org/ A Tribute to Dr <mask> AO OBE. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2005 Holden, Colin. The Outsider: A Portrait of <mask>. North Melbourne, Victoria: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2009. Palmer, Sheridan. Centre of the Periphery: Three European Art Historians in Melbourne. Nth Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008.Poynter, John. Mr Felton’s Bequests. Melbourne: Miegunyah, 2003. 1909 births 2005 deaths Australian art historians Australian people of German-Jewish descent University of Melbourne faculty Australian women historians English emigrants to Australia Women art historians Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire Officers of the Order of Australia Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United

Louis I of Naples

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<mask> (Italian: Luigi, Aloisio or "Ludovico" ; 1320 – 26 May 1362), also known as <mask> of Taranto, was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou who reigned as King of Naples, Count of Provence and Forcalquier, and Prince of Taranto. <mask> gained the crown of Naples by marrying his first cousin, Queen <mask>, whose prior husband, Andrew, had died as a result of a conspiracy that may have involved both of them. Immediately after securing his status as her co-ruler, <mask> successfully wrested away all power from his wife, leaving her a sovereign in name only. Their disastrous marriage resulted in the birth of two daughters, Catherine and Frances, neither of whom survived their parents. During their joint reign, <mask> dealt with numerous uprisings, attacks, and unsuccessful military operations; he is generally considered an inefficient monarch. Following his death, Joanna resumed her power and refused to share it with her subsequent husbands. Background and family A member of the Capetian House of Anjou, <mask> was born in Naples as the second son of Philip I, Prince of Taranto, and Catherine of Valois.He was a patrilineal first cousin once removed of both Queen <mask> of Naples and her husband Andrew, Duke of Calabria, in addition to being Joanna's maternal first cousin. <mask>' older brother Robert, Prince of Taranto, was having an open affair with Queen Joanna. When the 17-year-old Andrew was assassinated on 18 September 1345 for seeking to co-reign with his wife, Joanna was immediately suspected of ordering the murder with the help of <mask> and Robert. Following her husband's death, the young queen was strongly influenced by Robert, but by October 1346, she had become closer to <mask>. The brothers' mother died the same month, leaving her claim to the Latin Empire to Robert, who in turn ceded the Principality of Taranto to <mask>. Marriage <mask> and Joanna married in Naples on 22 August 1347, without seeking dispensation from Pope Clement VI – necessary because of their being closely related. The marriage was an attempt to secure the kingdom for <mask> rather than to pacify the belligerent branches of the House of Anjou.Ascension to power The couple fled to Provence, which Joanna ruled as countess, after King <mask> of Hungary invaded Naples to avenge the murder of his brother Andrew. They met Clement, feudal overlord of the Kingdom of Naples, in Avignon. To secure his acceptance of their marriage and support against the accusations of Andrew's murder, Joanna sold him the city. The Black Death forced the Hungarians to retreat from Naples in August 1348. <mask> and Joanna, who had just had their elder daughter, Catherine, immediately returned to the kingdom. From early 1349 onwards, all documents for the kingdom were issued in the names of both husband and wife, and <mask> was indisputably in control of military fortresses. On coins issued during their joint reign, <mask>' name always preceded Joanna's.Although he was not officially recognised by Clement as king and co-ruler until 1352, it is likely that Neapolitans considered him their monarch from the moment he started acting as such. <mask> took advantage of the turmoil caused by yet another Hungarian attack to wrest complete royal authority from his wife. He purged the court of her supporters, and struck down her favourite, Enrico Caracciolo, whom he accused of adultery in April 1349 and very likely had executed. Official reign In 1350, the King of Hungary launched another invasion, forcing <mask> and Joanna to flee to Gaeta. <mask> narrowly defeated Hungarian forces with Pope Clement's help. The Pope, however, reprimanded <mask> for "treating the Queen as a prisoner and servant", and agreed to recognise <mask> as king and co-ruler only on the condition that he accepted the fact that he held the crown in Joanna's right. Their younger daughter, Frances, was born soon thereafter.<mask> received Clement's formal recognition as his wife's co-ruler in all her realms on 20 or 23 March 1352, and was crowned king alongside her on Pentecost on 25 or 27 May 1352. Frances, by then the couple's only surviving child, died on their coronation day; Joanna never conceived again. <mask> founded the Order of the Knot on the occasion of the coronation, most likely hoping to enhance the tarnished reputation he shared with Joanna. In 1356, they were crowned in Messina as rulers of Sicily, but failed to capture the entire island, which had been seized from the House of Anjou by the House of Barcelona in 1285 and thereafter ruled as a separate kingdom. The death of their supporter, <mask>, was a blow to <mask> and Joanna. His successor, <mask>, excommunicated them for failing to pay their annual tribute to the Holy See. The issue was resolved by a visit to Avignon in 1360.<mask>' attempt in 1360 to dethrone Frederick the Simple and regain Sicily ended in a failure, though he did manage to occupy much of the island (including Palermo, the capital) before its barons rebelled. At home, he faced opposition from his and his wife's cousins, the House of Anjou-Durazzo, who strongly resented his dominance, with <mask> of Gravina stirring revolts in Apulia. Death and legacy <mask> died, probably of bubonic plague, in Naples on 26 May 1362. Joanna immediately resumed authority in her realms. Although she remarried twice more, to <mask> of Majorca and Otto of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, <mask> remained the only husband of hers whom she accorded status of co-monarch. Taranto passed to his younger brother, <mask>. Upon <mask>' death, the order he had created simply dissolved.He was buried in the Territorial Abbey of Montevergine, next to his mother. Though a chronicler wrote that the "death of <mask> of Taranto caused great corruption in all the kingdom", his contemporaries unanimously thought him to be lacking in both ability and character. Petrarch, familiar with the members of the Neapolitan court, described him as "violent and mendacious, prodigal and avaricious, debauched and cruel", a person who "knew neither how to make his subjects love him" and who even had no "need of their love". <mask>'s greatest achievement was appointing Niccolò Acciaioli as grand seneschal, which provided Naples with a capable administrator and military leader. Family tree See also Jure uxoris, principle by which a man owns the property of his wife James II, Count of La Marche, husband of Joanna II of Naples who tried to usurp her authority References Bibliography External links <mask> (king of Naples), article on Encyclopædia Britannica 1320 births 1362 deaths 14th-century monarchs of Naples 14th-century deaths from plague (disease) Claimant Kings of Jerusalem Counts of Provence House of Anjou-Taranto Jure uxoris kings Princes of Taranto Husbands of <mask> of Naples

John Lawson Walton

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<mask> KC (4 August 1852 – 19 January 1908) was a British barrister and Liberal politician. Family and education <mask> was the son of the Reverend <mask>, a Wesleyan missionary in Ceylon who later preached at Grahamstown in South Africa and who became President of the Wesleyan Conference for Great Britain in 1887 and was later President of the Wesleyan Conference for South Africa. His mother was Emma, the daughter of the Reverend Thomas Harris. <mask> was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Great Crosby and at London University where he matriculated but did not graduate. In 1882 at Glasgow Cathedral he married Joanna Hedderwick, the daughter of Robert Hedderwick who founded the newspaper the Glasgow Citizen who was the son of Thomas Hedderwick, Liberal MP for Wick Burghs from 1896–1900. They had three sons and two daughters. <mask>, intending to become a barrister, joined the Inner Temple as a student on 2 November 1874.He was called to the bar in June 1877, having the previous year gained first prize in the common law examination. He was appointed Queen's Counsel on 4 February 1890, swearing the oath in the company of two other illustrious Liberals R B Haldane and H H Asquith. His early career was boosted by his close association with the Methodist Church in the West Riding of Yorkshire but he soon built up a large practice in London as well as on the circuit. He took part in many famous cases, most notably a victory in 1896 with a lawsuit brought against Dr William Smoult Playfair, a well-known London obstetrician, for libel and slander arising from Playfair's indiscretion concerning one of his medical cases. The £12,000 damages awarded against Playfair was at the time the largest sum awarded by a jury. <mask> often appeared on behalf of trade unions, including in 1898 in the case of Allen v. Flood, a leading case in English law on intentionally inflicted economic loss. <mask> became close legal colleagues with Rufus Isaacs who was destined to have a glittering political and public career.He first encountered Isaacs in the latter's final year of study at the Middle Temple when Isaacs joined his chambers as a pupil. <mask> was elected Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1897. Politics In 1891, <mask> was selected as Liberal candidate for Battersea to replace the sitting Liberal MP Octavius Vaughan Morgan who was standing down. However, <mask>, the well-known trade unionist and Lib-Lab politician, who was Progressive Party member of the London County Council for Battersea, had announced he intended to stand for election in Battersea at the next general election. <mask> decided to stand aside so Burns could contest the seat. Burns was returned as MP for Battersea in 1892 as an Independent Labour Party candidate but soon after changed his description to Liberal-Labour and sat as a Lib-Lab until he stepped down from Parliamentary life at the 1918 general election. <mask> then sought adoption as Liberal candidate for Central Leeds and was selected to fight the 1892 general election.He lost narrowly to the sitting Conservative MP G. W. Balfour, but was given another chance to enter the House of Commons when the Liberal MP for the neighbouring Leeds South constituency, Sir Lyon Playfair went to the House of Lords, creating a by-election. <mask> won the ensuing contest on 22 September 1892 beating his Conservative opponent R J N Neville by 948 votes (12 percent of the poll). He held the seat at each subsequent election until his death. Political orientation <mask> was said to be a strong radical in domestic politics, especially on issues concerning the House of Lords and the established church. He was a member of the Liberal Imperialist group associated with Lord Rosebery during the South African War of 1899–1902. The Liberal Imperialists were a centrist faction within the Liberal Party in the late Victorian and Edwardian period. They were in favour of a more positive attitude towards the development of the British Empire and Imperialism, ending the primacy of the party's commitment to Irish Home Rule.In domestic affairs they advocated the concept of "national efficiency." This policy was never definitively set out, but the implication in the speeches of its leading lights was that the Liberal Party in government should take action to improve the social conditions, the education and welfare of the population, as well as to reform aspects of the administration of government so as to maintain British economic, industrial and military competitiveness. Although <mask> was not himself an Anglican he took an interest in religious questions. He was a witness before the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline of 1904 when he spoke in favour of more effective procedure against clergy charged with breaking the law. Honours and appointments Rosebery became more alienated by the Home Rule policy, dispiriting the moderates. <mask> moving towards the centralists position was appointed Attorney-General in the newly formed government of Henry Campbell-Bannerman on 14 December 1905, and he was knighted on 18 December. He also sat as a Justice of the Peace for the county of Buckinghamshire where he had a country home at Butlers Cross.Trades Disputes Bill One of <mask>'s first tasks as Attorney-General was to introduce the Trade Disputes Bill. As first drafted, the Bill made trade unions responsible for breaches of the law committed by their members and <mask> defended the Bill against trade union calls for immunity, which he attacked as "class privileges". The Bill caused a major disagreement between the government and the Labour Party. Keir Hardie who was Leader of the Labour Party introduced a Bill of his own to give complete immunity. Campbell-Bannerman and the cabinet did a U-turn and instructed <mask> to redraft the Trades Disputes Bill allowing immunity clauses, undermining <mask>'s position. Death <mask> had a history of ill-health and general frailty. As the 1906 Parliament wore on, his appearances in the House of Commons got rarer and he cut down his ministerial duties as much as possible.It was reported that attendance in the House through two all-night sittings when in charge of the Criminal Court Appeal Bill proved the last straw, and in January 1908 <mask> developed a chill which developed into double pneumonia; he died on Saturday 18 January 1908, aged 55, at his house in Great Cumberland Place, London. He was buried at Ellesborough, near Wendover in Buckinghamshire on 22 January, and a memorial service was held at the Temple Church the following day. Papers A number of letters written by <mask> to Herbert Gladstone are deposited in the British Library manuscript collections. References External links 1852 births 1908 deaths People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby Alumni of the University of London English barristers Members of the Inner Temple English Methodists Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1892–1895 UK MPs 1895–1900 UK MPs 1900–1906 UK MPs 1906–1910 Attorneys General for England and Wales Politics of West Yorkshire Politicians from Leeds Knights Bachelor

Greg Robinson (American football coach)

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<mask> (October 9, 1951 – January 5, 2022) was an American college and professional football coach. <mask> served as the head football coach at Syracuse University from 2005 to 2008. He has served as an assistant coach with several other college football programs and for three teams in the National Football League (NFL): the New York Jets from 1990 to 1994, the Denver Broncos from 1995 to 2000, and the Kansas City Chiefs from 2001 to 2003. With the Broncos, <mask> was a member of two Super Bowl championship teams. In more recent years he has served as the defensive coordinator at the University of Texas at Austin, in 2004 and for part of the 2013 season, and at the University of Michigan, from 2009 to 2010. <mask> was hired as head coach of the Syracuse Orange football program in January 2005 after the firing of head coach Paul Pasqualoni, who had been Syracuse's head coach since 1991. On November 17, 2008, with the Orange reeling from their fourth straight losing season under <mask> and their only double-digit losing seasons in program history, it was announced that <mask> would be fired from his coaching duties at the end of the season.He finished his tenure with a 5–37 record overall, the worst record for a non-interim coach in the history of the program, and a 2–25 record in Big East Conference play. Early in the 2013 season after the Texas Longhorns suffered a 40–21 upset loss to BYU, allowing a record rushing yardage total, defensive coordinator Manny Diaz was replaced by <mask>. <mask> had been serving as a video analyst for Texas at the time of his hiring. Early years and education <mask> graduated from Garces Memorial High School in Bakersfield, California; then attended and played at Bakersfield College, a junior college, before transferring to University of the Pacific. During his collegiate coaching career, <mask> was an assistant coach at North Carolina State University, Cal State Fullerton, UCLA and his alma mater, University of the Pacific, in addition to his roles at both the University of Texas and Syracuse University. Coaching career NFL <mask>'s tenure as defensive coordinator with the Denver Broncos occurred during their Super Bowl (XXXII & XXXIII) seasons in 1997 and 1998. <mask>'s Bronco defense played superbly during the 1998 playoff run.The Broncos defense held the Miami Dolphins scoreless in the divisional playoffs, allowed only a touchdown as a result of a fumble on the one yard line against the New York Jets in the AFC Championship Game, and then allowed a single touchdown to the Atlanta Falcons in the fourth quarter of the Super Bowl after the outcome was secure. In 2001, he was hired by Dick Vermeil to be the defensive coordinator of the Kansas City Chiefs. He would coach the team until the end of the 2003 season. The Chiefs defense struggled under <mask> finishing in the bottom 10 in yards allowed each season and finishing last in 2002. Texas (first stint) In 2004, <mask> was hired to be the co-defensive coordinator at Texas. He coached at Texas for one season. Syracuse Robinson installed a new West Coast offense scheme, replacing the option run style of offense previously run by Pasqualoni, as well as new defensive schemes.<mask> had a 5–37 overall record, and a 2–25 record in the Big East, which is the lowest winning percentage for a non-interim coach in school history. In two of those four years, Syracuse suffered the only double-digit losing seasons in program history. By contrast, Pasqualoni only had one losing season on the field in his entire 14-year career at Syracuse, and only two in his head coaching career (a 2–7 season at Western Connecticut his rookie year). Additionally, after Syracuse vacated all of its wins in 2005 and 2006 due to ineligible players, <mask> also "officially" owns two of Syracuse's only three winless seasons in school history. In his final press conference as Syracuse coach, after the Orange had concluded a fourth straight losing campaign (3–9), <mask> likened his relentless positivity to the famous children's story The Little Engine That Could, even pausing to read a description of the story directly from its Wikipedia page. <mask>, in the words of one reporter "defiant as always and perhaps in a bit of denial", told the assembled press that in spite of his shortcomings at Syracuse, "I still think I can." Early in the 2008 campaign, the decline of Syracuse football was the subject of an ESPN College GameDay piece in which Syracuse athletic director Daryl Gross and Syracuse greats Floyd Little and Jim Brown registered their disgust with <mask>.<mask> was fired November 17, 2008, two games before the end of the season. He had one year left on a contract that paid him $1.1 million per season. In 2012, Athlon Sports named <mask> as the sixth worst college football head coach of the last 50 years. Michigan <mask> was hired by Michigan on January 20, 2009, as their defensive coordinator, replacing Scott Shafer. (Coincidentally, Shafer would be hired as Syracuse's defensive coordinator before the 2009 season, and would later succeed Doug Marrone as head coach when Marrone departed before the 2013 season for the NFL to coach the Buffalo Bills.) In 2009, Michigan ranked 82nd of 120 teams in the Football Bowl Subdivision and ninth of 11 teams in the Big Ten Conference in total defense. In 2010, the Wolverines ranked 110th of 120 teams in FBS and 11th of 11 teams in the Big Ten in total defense.<mask> was fired with head coach Rich Rodriguez and the majority of his staff on January 5, 2011. <mask> served as an assistant coach at Saint Francis High School (La Cañada Flintridge) in 2012. Saint Francis was coached by Jim Bonds who was a quarterback at UCLA when <mask> was an assistant coach. Texas (second stint) <mask> was hired by Texas on July 17, 2013, as a football analyst to "handle quality control evaluation for the team, provide team video review, oversee the Longhorns self-scouting and provide assistance in opponent scouting." Less than two months later, the Longhorns' defense allowed Brigham Young University to rush for a record-setting 550 yards in the second game of the 2013 season. The following day, Texas head coach Mack Brown described the defensive performance as "unacceptable" and removed Manny Diaz from the position of defensive coordinator. <mask> was promoted to take his place.As defensive coordinator, <mask> was able to turn one of the worst defenses in the Big 12 to one of the best in a shockingly short amount of time, especially considering his 2-year absence from coaching preceded by high-profile failures at Syracuse and Michigan. By the end of the season, Texas led the conference in sacks. The turnaround was clearly evident in the 2013 Alamo Bowl, in which Texas took on the Oregon Ducks and their elite offense. Oregon's offense was #2 in the country and averaged over 45 points scored per game. <mask>'s Texas defense held the Oregon offense to one touchdown and 3 field goals for a total of 16 points. No defense gave up fewer points to Oregon in 2013. However, poor offensive play by the Longhorns only yielded one touchdown and allowed Oregon's defense to score two additional touchdowns by returning intercepted passes.Oregon went on to win the game 30–7 despite the excellent performance by <mask>'s defensive unit. Following the end of the 2013 season and the departure of head coach Mack Brown, new head coach Charlie Strong announced that Vance Bedford (Strong's defensive coordinator from his previous job at the University of Louisville and a former star player on the Texas defense) would take over as the defensive coordinator at Texas. <mask> was not announced as part of the new staff. San Jose State <mask> became the San Jose State defensive coordinator for the 2014 and 2015 seasons. On December 18, 2015, San Jose State announced <mask> would be retiring following the Spartans' bowl game. Death <mask> died in Carpinteria, California from a form of Alzheimer's disease on January 5, 2022, at the age of 70. Head coaching record Notes References 1951 births 2022 deaths American football linebackers Bakersfield Renegades football players Cal State Fullerton Titans football coaches Coaches of American football from California Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Denver Broncos coaches High school football coaches in California Kansas City Chiefs coaches Michigan Wolverines football coaches NC State Wolfpack football coaches Neurological disease deaths in California New York Jets coaches Pacific Tigers football coaches Pacific Tigers football players Players of American football from Bakersfield, California Players of American football from Los Angeles San Jose State Spartans football coaches Sports coaches from Los Angeles Syracuse Orange football coaches Texas Longhorns football coaches UCLA Bruins football coaches

Khora Ramji Chawda

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<mask> (1860–1923), better known as <mask>, was a reputed railway contractor, coal mines owner, banker and philanthropist of the early 20th century in India, who worked from Dhanbad and Jharia. Life-sketch He was born in a small village called Sinugra in Cutch and belonged to small but enterprising Mestri community. He was one of the reputed Railway Contractors of his times and his exploits were mentioned by British authorities. He is also credited by them to be the first Indian to break monopoly of Europeans in Jharia coalfields. He established his first Colliery name Khas Jharia Colliery in 1895 and moved on to establish five more by 1910. He was also a financing partner in many coalfields of Jharia coal belt and additionally worked as a Private Banker. With his half-brother, Jethabhai Lira Jethwa (1862-1932) he owned Khas Jinagora Colliery, which operated under name & style of J.& K. Ramji. As per British records – a few lines are quoted – Some of the works done by <mask> <mask> Chawda of Sinugra are : 1880 : Hubli Loco Shed & other Works, 100 Miles work in North Western Railway, 20 Miles Work in Southern Maratta Railway, 177 miles in 1882–84 Hotgi to Gadag with his brothers in SMR, 22 Miles Railway in East Bengal Railway, 1888 – 128 miles in Bilaspur to Jharsuguda with fellow Mistris section including Bridge over Champa River in BNR, in 1894 Jharia Branch line of EIR, 1895 : Railway line in East Coast State Railway & Bridge over Ganjam. His last Railway work was in 1903 : Bridge over Ganges river in Allahbad – Lucknow section. While working for this bridge, he was harassed by Engineer I.L. Gail, so he decided to stop Railway Contracts. By this time since 1895 to 1901 he had already started two collieries in Jharia. A.B. Gale later realised his mistake and offered him contracts in other section. But <mask> <mask> declined the offer and diverted all his energy to Coal Mining business, in which he was assisted by his & his brother's son. He also started a new venture as a private banker at Jharia. He rose to such a height by 1920 and became <mask> <mask> from Khora Ramji that British had to mention his name in Encyclopaedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa. He had studied up to fourth standard in his native village school but still managed to erect & build Railway bridges requiring deep technical knowledge and mathematical calculations. Khora Ramji and Brothers established collieries at Khas Jharia, Jeenagora, Jamadoba, Balihari, Fatehpur, Gareria, Bansjora & Bagadih. In Pure Jharia Colliery <mask> <mask> and brothers were partners with Diwan Bahadur D.D.Thacker. <mask> <mask> was also partner in Khimji Walji & Company's Indian Jharia Colliery located at Tisra. The credit of being first Indian to break the monopoly of British in Jharia Coalfields goes to <mask> <mask> Chawda of Sinugra. In the life sketch of <mask> <mask> given in Encyclopedia of Bengal, Bihar & Orissa – the British have noted this fact in year 1920 – "In Jharia Coalfield he was first Indian to seize the opportunity and by his prompt entry into colliery business, he was able to remove the stigma that would otherwise be levelled against his community as backward class." Further, details are given in the book Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa -Quote: He similarly purchased about eight coal-fields from years 1895–1909. Further, he also encouraged fellow Mistri contractors to purchase the land and even financed them to do so. He later approached Raja of Jharia for lease of mining rights and laid foundation of his colliery business.The location of his three collieries named Jeenagora, Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar & Orissa. :- Unquote As per details given in Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa – Quote: "<mask> <mask> headed the first association as mentioned by British authorities in Encyclopaedia Bengal, Bihar & Orissa (1920). <mask> <mask> died in year 1923. Several after his death two of his collieries, Khas Jharia & Golden Jharia, which worked on maximum 260-foot-deep shafts, collapsed due to now infamous underground fires, in which their house & bungalow also collapsed on 8 November 1930, causing 18 feet subsidence and widespread destruction. The coal mines at that time were run by his sons Karamshi <mask>, Ambalal <mask> and others. Ambalal <mask> also carried on father's legacy as a railway contractor, who died in a railway accident. The Khas Jeenagora mine was later on run solely by sons of Jetha Lira Jethwa, Karsanjee Jethabhai and later Devram Jethabhai Jethwa till 1938–39 after which the mine was sold and family established themselves as importers of coal mining machinery in Calcutta.The business of some other coal mines in Jharia of <mask> <mask> were carried on by his successors, which were finally taken over by government when the coal mines in India were nationalized in 1971–72. As a philanthropist, in his native village Sinugra, he had built and donated in year 1910 a Hindu temple, wells, welcome-gate, Chabutro and a primary school, which is now named Seth Khora Ramji Prathmik Shala. He also donated major fund along with some other Mistri colliery owners to start a Gujarati school named the Jharia Anglo-Gujarati School at Jharia in 1905. He also owned farm-lands, the produce of which was given away to poor and needy. In the year 1920, when he held a large public charity event and a yagna at Sinugra. At the time of this event, <mask> <mask> was honoured by Maharao of Cutch, H.H Sir Khengarji III Sawai Bahadur, who sent him a Paghdi by hands of royal messenger. Further, at Mathura he along with Jetha Lira Jethwa of Sinugra had built and donated a Dharamashala now named Kutch Kadia Dharamshala in the years 1889–1900, when they were stationed there for railway contract job.See also Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas contributions to the Indian railways Jagmal Raja Chauhan References People from Kutch district People from Dhanbad Indian people in rail transport 1923 deaths Indian bankers 1860 births Founders of Indian schools and colleges Indian philanthropists Indian businesspeople in coal Indian businesspeople in mining Gujarati people People from Jharia

Maria Bethânia

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<mask> (; born June 18, 1946) is a Brazilian singer and songwriter. Born in Santo Amaro, Bahia, she started her career in Rio de Janeiro in 1964 with the show "Opinião" ("Opinion"). Due to its popularity, with performances all over the country, and the popularity of her 1965 single "Carcará", the artist became a star in Brazil. Bethânia is the sister of the singer-songwriter Caetano Veloso and of the writer-songwriter Mabel Velloso, as well as being aunt of the singers Belô Velloso and Jota Velloso. The singer has released 50 studio albums in 47 years of career, and is among the 10 best-selling music artists in Brazil, having sold more than 26 million records. Bethânia was ranked in 2012, by Rolling Stone Brasil magazine, as the fifth biggest voice of Brazilian music. Early life and initial artistic activities Bethânia is the sixth out of eight children born into the family of José Telles Veloso (Seu Zeca), a government official, and Claudionor Viana Telles Veloso (Dona Canô), a housewife.The name <mask>ia was chosen by her brother Caetano Veloso after the homonymous hit song written by composer Capiba and famous at the time in the voice of Nélson Gonçalves. In her childhood, she had aspirations to become an actress. However, her mother was a musician, so music was prevalent in the Veloso household. Though Bethânia was born in Santo Amaro da Purifição, her family moved to Salvador, Bahia when she was 13. The move allowed her to experience the bohemian, intellectual circles of the city as well as to visit theaters. When she was 16, her brother Caetano Veloso invited her to sing in a film for which he was producing the soundtrack, but she refused. Nevertheless, the film's director, Álvaro Guimarães, liked her voice and invited the young musician to perform in the 1963 Nélson Rodrigues's musical Boca de Ouro.This time Bethânia accepted, and for the first time in her life she went on stage to sing for an audience, opening the play performing a samba by Ataulfo Alves. That same year, Bethãnia and her sister met singers Gilberto Gil and Gal Costa; Caetano had been invited to put on an MPB show to inaugurate the Teatro Vila Velha. The four artists got together and, in 1964, staged Nós, por exemplo (We, for example). The show was a success and was presented again twenty months later, with the participation of singer-songwriter Tom Zé. That same year, the group mounted another show called Nova Bossa Velha e Velha Bossa Nova (New Old Bossa and Old New Bossa). Still in that year, directed by Caetano and Gil, Bethânia performed another musical, this time on her own, called Mora na Filosofia (Lives in Philosophy). She began performing again with her brother, as well as Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, at the opening of the Vila Velha Theater in the next year.During one of these performances, the bossa nova musician Nara Leão offered her an opportunity to take her place in a series of performances titled "Opinião". Career She released her first single, a protest song called "Carcará", in 1965, the same year that her brother released his first recording. After releasing "Carcará" Bethânia returned from Rio de Janeiro, where she had gone to attend college, to Bahia. This was to only be a brief visit, as around that time she was performing at nightclubs and other venues throughout Brazil. This song also got her an offer from an RCA Records representative to record for the company. However Bethânia continually changed record labels throughout the 1970s. In 1973 Bethânia released Drama, Luz Da Noite, in which she performed traditional Brazilian songs, as well as incorporating literary elements.In 1977 Bethânia went on tour and released a gold-certified album, both with the name of Pássaro da Manhã. She released Álibi a year later which was also gold-certified with over a million copies sold. Around the end of the 1970s, Bethânia became more artistically conservative, moving away from the Tropicalismo music her frequent collaborators, including Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, had been playing. During the 1980s and '90s Bethânia continued to record and perform, with 1993's As Canções Que Você Fez Para Mim becoming the year's most successful album in Brazil. In 1976, she released a live album with Doces Bárbaros, a Música popular brasileira supergroup. It was recorded June 24 of that year at Anhembi Stadium in São Paulo. Its members were Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, <mask> and Gal Costa, four of the biggest names in the history of the Music of Brazil.The band was the subject of a 1977 documentary directed by Jom Tob Azulay. In 1994, they performed a tribute concert to Mangueira school of samba. French filmmaker Georges Gachot completed a documentary film "Musica é perfume" about her which was worldwide distributed. In 2008 she recorded an album with the Cuban singer Omara Portuondo which was followed by a Live DVD In 2015, her album Meus Quintais was nominated for the 16th Latin Grammy Awards in the Best MPB Album category. Controversy In March 2011, Bethânia found herself in the midst of a controversy after receiving permission from the Ministry of Culture of Brazil to make a poetry blog budgeted for $1.3 million tax free Reais ($783,000 USD). The financing of the project would fall under the so-called Lei Rouanet (English: Rouanet Law), which is designed as an incentive to promote Brazilian culture. The law allows companies and individuals to invest part of their income tax in cultural projects.The singer, considered one of the greats in Brazilian music and who has a track record of working with poets and reading bits of her favorite poetry, would use the platform to interpret poetry, both of her own and from other authors, in song through a daily series of videos, 365 in total, for the blog O Mundo Precisa de Poesia (English: The World Needs Poetry). Much of the criticisms surrounds on the project's cost and the fact that a rich and well-known artist like Bethânia can rely on such a process to get sponsored, while hundreds of other minor artists cannot find ways to survive. Pablo Villaça, from the blog Cinema em Cena (Movie Theater at Home) estimated that, taking out the amount that would go to the collectors, around R$1.17 million would go toward the blog's production. Each video, then, would cost about R$3,200. He stated that this cost would not be compatible with videos of 3–5 minutes length consisting of just one person reciting poetry. Blogger, journalist and filmmaker Mauricio Caleiro explained that this process, appropriated by the interests of big names and governed by the market, has suffered from great distortions over the years, favoring respected names over beginners, according to him: "(…) the imbroglio involving the baiana singer revealed the problems of the “Rouanet Law”, a tool that, shortly after being created, played a key role in the survival of certain artistic areas during the neoliberal autumn, but as the episode in question shows, it eventually lead to serious distortions in relations between economy, ideology and cultural production." To mock the whole situation, a satirical blog entitled Bethania: 1 million reasons for you to access was created by blogger Raphael Quatroci.On March 16, the Ministry of Culture released a statement affirming the legality of the process and reiterating that the approval had strictly followed the rules. It said that "the criteria in the CNIC (National Commission on Cultural Incentives) are technical and legal, so to reject an applicant because she/he is famous, or not, would set up obvious and untenable discrimination." Then, on March 27, Caetano Veloso, Bethânia's brother, came out to defend his sister, noting that other projects by many other artists, both known and unknown, were authorized to raise larger amounts. Personal life She moved to Rio de Janeiro alone, at age 17, in 1963, where she lives today. Very discreet, she is not often seen in social events. Currently she lives alone in a residence that she bought in a neighborhood far away, close to the nature and bush, far from the bustle of Rio. The singer does not have children, and is adept to Brazilian religions of African origin, such as the Candomblés.

Erkin Vohidov

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<mask> (; December 28, 1936 – May 30, 2016) was an Uzbek poet, playwright, literary translator, and statesman. In addition to writing his own poetry, <mask>v translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Muhammad Iqbal, Rasul Gamzatov, and Sergey Yesenin into the Uzbek language. Particularly noteworthy are his translations of Yesenin's works and Goethe's Faust. In 1983, Vahidov was awarded the State Hamza Prize. He became a People's Poet of Uzbekistan in 1987. In 1999, he was awarded the title Hero of Uzbekistan, the highest honorary title that can be bestowed on a citizen by Uzbekistan. Vohidov's poems remain popular and are frequently published in anthologies.Dozens of his poems have been set to music by various artists, mostly notably by Sherali Joʻrayev. On occasion of the 75th anniversary of the United Nations in October 2020, a song entitled "Human" and based on <mask>'s poem "Inson" ("Human") was released with lyrics in Arabic, English, Italian, Kazakh, Russian, Tajik, Turkish and Uzbek. Life <mask> <mask> Vohidov was born on December 28, 1936, in Oltiariq District, Fergana Region, then the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. His father, Choʻyanboy Vohidov, fought in the Soviet-German war against Nazi Germany and its allies and died in Tashkent after his return from the war. Vohidov was nine years old at the time. He reminisced about the hardships of the war years as follows: In 1945, Vohidov moved to Tashkent with his mother, Roziyaxon Vohidova, who also soon passed away. He was raised by his uncle, Karimboy Sohiboyev.It was <mask>'s uncle who sparked his interest in poetry: After graduating from the National University of Uzbekistan (then Tashkent State University) with a degree in philology in 1960, he started working at various publishing houses. <mask> died on May 30, 2016, at the age of 79. Work <mask> worked as an editor at Yosh Gvardiya, the Uzbek branch of Molodaya Gvardiya, from 1960 to 1963. He also worked as editor-in-chief at the same publishing house from 1975 to 1982. <mask> also served as editor-in-chief (1963-1970) and director (1985-1987) of Gʻafur Gʻulom, another publishing house in Tashkent. From 1982 until 1985, he worked as the head of the monthly periodical Yoshlik (Childhood). After Uzbekistan gained independence, he worked as chairman of the Committee on International Affairs and Inter-parliamentary Relations of the Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan (1995-2005) and chairman of the Senate Committee on Science, Education, Culture and Sport (2005-2009).Vohidov started writing poetry during his student years. His first poem was published in the Mushtum magazine when he was fourteen years old. <mask>'s first collection of poems, Tong nafasi (The Breath of Morning), was published in 1961. In 1987, he published a collection of literary essays entitled Shoiru, sheʼru shuur: Adabiy esselar (The Poet, the Poem, and the Mind: Literary Essays). Vohidov wrote three plays, namely, Oltin devor (The Golden Wall), Istanbul fojiasi (The Istanbul Tragedy), and Ikkinchi tumor (The Second Talisman). His play Oltin devor was staged in Lahore, Pakistan. The following is a list of his poetry books that were published in Russian: Лирика (Lyricism) (1970) Стихи (Poems) (1974) Узелок на память (A Knot to Remember) (1980) Восстание бессмертных (The Rise of the Spirits) (1983) Линия жизни (The Line of Life) (1984) В минуту песни не порвись, струна... (Don't Let the Strings Brake While Playing) (1986) Literary translations Vohidov translated the works of many famous foreign poets, such as Alexander Blok, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lesya Ukrainka, Mikhail Svetlov, Muhammad Iqbal, Rasul Gamzatov, Sergey Yesenin, and Silva Kaputikyan into the Uzbek language.In particular, he translated Goethe's Faust into Uzbek in 1974. Especially noteworthy are his translations of Yesenin's works into Uzbek. Below is <mask>'s translation of Yesenin's farewell poem "Goodbye, my friend, goodbye" (1925): Vohidov's own works in Uzbek have been translated into Russian, German, French, English, Urdu, Hindi, Arabic and many other Turkic languages. The Soviet poet Robert Rozhdestvensky thought very highly of Vohidov's work. An example of Vohidov's original work follows (from his poem "Oʻzbegim/Ўзбегим" ("My Uzbek People"): Poems set to music Many of his poems have been turned into songs by Uzbek artists. Two of the most famous Vohidov poems that have become the lyrics to well-known Uzbek songs are "Inson" ("Human") and "Oʻzbegim" ("My Uzbek People"), both sung by Sherali Joʻrayev. Legacy Vohidov is one of the most beloved poets among Uzbeks.Many places and institutions in Uzbekistan are named after him. In 2018, a boarding school bearing his name was established in the city of Margilan. The following year the Erkin Vohidov museum opened its doors in Margilan. Several books have been written on the life and works of Vohidov, including Erkin Vohidov saboqlari (Lessons by <mask> Vohidov) (2016), To quyosh sochgayki nur (As Long As the Sun Shines) (2016), Soʻz sehri (The Magic of Language), Oʻzbegimning Erkin oʻzbegi (The Erkin of My Uzbek People). References External links Website dedicated to Vohidov's life and work 1936 births 2016 deaths People from Fergana Region Ethnic Uzbek people 20th-century Uzbekistani poets Uzbekistani translators Translators from Russian Translators to Uzbek Uzbekistani male poets 20th-century male writers Translators of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Mitch Snyder

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<mask> (August 14, 1943 – July 3, 1990) was an American advocate for the homeless. He was the subject of a made-for-television 1986 biopic, Samaritan: The <mask> Story, starring Martin Sheen. <mask> grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, where at age 9 his father abandoned the family. After a stint in a correctional facility for breaking into parking meters, <mask> worked in job counseling on Madison Avenue in New York City, as well as selling appliances and construction work. In 1969 he left his wife and children and started hitchhiking west. Police found him in a stolen vehicle, and he was arrested and convicted of grand theft auto. He served two years in federal prison, 1970–1972, for violating the Dyer Act, which outlaws the interstate transportation of a stolen vehicle.<mask> ended up in Danbury Federal Correctional Institution in Danbury, Connecticut, where he served time with Philip and Daniel Berrigan. Following meetings with them and prolific reading, especially of the Bible, <mask> started participating in hunger strikes and work stoppages over prisoners' rights issues. Affiliation with CCNV Upon being released in 1973 <mask> came home to rejoin his family. Less than one year later he left his family again and joined the Community for Creative Non Violence (CCNV) in Washington, D.C., founded by J. Edward Guinan. CCNV was at that time operating a medical clinic, a pretrial house, a soup kitchen, a thrift store and a halfway house. CCNV came out of a discussion group about the Vietnam War at George Washington University. CCNV was also very active in nonviolent direct action in opposition to the Vietnam War.<mask> became the driving force of CCNV but worked with many deeply committed people including his wife and professional partner, Carol Fennelly; Mary Ellen Hombs, with whom he co authored Homelessness in America: A Forced March to Nowhere; and Ed and Kathleen Guinan. He and CCNV pushed and prodded the District of Columbia, the local churches and temples and mosques, as well as the federal government to open space at night for homeless people, and worked to staff the space that was made available. Through demonstrations, public funerals for people who had frozen to death on DC streets, breaking into public buildings, and fasting, CCNV forced the creation of shelters in Washington and made homelessness a national and international issue. In the 1980s <mask>, Fennelly, and other CCNV activists entered and occupied an abandoned federal building at 425 2nd Street N.W. (now Mitch Snyder Place) and housed hundreds overnight while demanding that the government renovate the building. Under intense pressure, the Reagan administration agreed to lease the Federal property to CCNV for $1 a year. Later the Federal government transferred the property to DC.It remains the largest shelter in Washington to this day. <mask> fasted twice to force the Reagan administration to renovate the building. The first fast ended on the eve of Reagan's second election when Reagan promised to execute necessary repairs. Reagan failed to follow through on this promise, and litigation ensued. An Oscar-nominated documentary, Promises to Keep, narrated by Martin Sheen, follows that story and tells why a second fast was conducted. Sheen also played <mask> in the made-for-TV movie, Samaritan: The <mask> Story. Angered that Holy Trinity Parish in Georgetown planned an expensive renovation of that historic church, and maintaining that the money involved should be given instead to the poor, <mask> stood in the middle of the congregation throughout the Sunday Mass for many weeks as a protest, while other congregants knelt or sat during the service as was customary.In 1985, Snyder and CCNV hired sculptor James Earl Reid to create a display for the annual Christmastime Pageant of Peace in Washington which would dramatize the plight of the homeless. The display, titled "Third World America," featured a nativity scene in which the Holy Family was represented by contemporary homeless people huddled around a steam grate. The figures were atop a pedestal that stated "And Still There is No Room at the Inn." In 1986, <mask> and CCNV wanted to take "Third World America" on tour, but Reid refused. Snyder and CCNV sued Reid, claiming that "Third World America" was a work for hire under § 101 of the United States Copyright Act. In the case Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the sculpture was not a work for hire because Reid was not an employee under the general common law of agency. Thus, the work was not subject to the § 201(b) rule that when a work is made for hire, the employer is considered the author.In 1989, <mask> gave a presentation at the American Library Association conference which was published in the journal, Public Libraries. Death Three months before his death, <mask> and his companion of 15 years, Carol Fennelly, had announced that they would marry in September on the street in front of the 1,400-bed shelter that had been the focus of <mask>'s work. But their relationship faltered and <mask> hanged himself in his room at the CCNV shelter on July 3, 1990, where his body remained for several days before being discovered. <mask>'s suicide note spoke of Carol Fennelly, stating that he wished she loved him as much as he loved her. He is survived by Fennelly, his ex-wife, and his two sons. The <mask> Papers A collection of primary source material related to <mask> is currently under the care of the Special Collections Research Center at The George Washington University. The materials include diaries, correspondence, legal documents, articles, photographs, and family papers.See also Thomas (activist) Guide to the <mask> Papers, 1970-1991, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University Sources New York Times obituary. Gay, Kathlyn and Martin K. Gay. Heroes of Conscience: A Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Inc., 1996. Levitt, Steven D. and Steven J. Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything New York: William Morrow, 2005. Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989).External links CCNV website Guide to the <mask> Papers, 1970-1991, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University 1987 WANE-TV Special Report 1943 births 1990 suicides People from Washington, D.C. Suicides by hanging in Washington, D.C. Homelessness activists People from Flatbush, Brooklyn Anti-poverty advocates 20th-century American Jews Hunger strikers

Robert Foulk

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<mask><mask> (May 5, 1908 – February 25, 1989), was an American television and film character actor who portrayed Sheriff H. Miller in the CBS series Lassie from 1958 to 1962. Early years Foulk attended the University of Pennsylvania, studying to be an architectural draftsman. Stage Acting Foulk's Broadway credits include What a Life, Brother Rat (1936), Boy Meets Girl (1935), and two productions of As Husbands Go in 1930 and in 1932. Directing Foulk was an aide to producer-director George Abbott, and he went on to direct productions in places such as Palos Verdes. Television Between 1953 and 1959, Foulk was in thirteen episodes of the NBC anthology series, The Loretta Young Show. From 1954 to 1957, he was in five episodes as Ed Davis in the sitcom Father Knows Best with <mask>, when the series aired on NBC. In 1956, he played Jackley in the Walt Disney Mickey Mouse Club serial "The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure".In 1957 and 1958, Foulk played the outlaw Curly Bill Brocius in three episodes, "Gunslinger from Galeville", "Ride Out at Noon", and "Skeleton Canyon Massacre", of the western television series Tombstone Territory. In 1958, Foulk portrayed Sheriff Brady in the film, The Left Handed Gun. From 1959 to 1960, he had the recurring role of bartender Joe Kingston in the NBC western series Wichita Town. Foulk appeared in five episodes of The Rifleman. He played the blacksmith in "The Second Witness" (episode 23), "Three Legged Terror" (episode 30) and "Outlaw's Inheritance" (episode 38). He played Johannson in "The Raid" (episode 37) and Herbert Newman in "The Lost Treasure of Canyon Town" (episode 99). Foulk made four appearances on CBS's Perry Mason, all of them as a law-enforcement officer including the 1958 episode 'The Case of the Buried Clock'.He appeared as the sheriff of Cloverville, California in the two-part episode of The Untouchables, "The Big Train," which dealt with the attempt to free Al Capone from the train transporting him to Alcatraz. He made thirteen appearances on NBC's Bonanza, mostly as a sheriff or deputy sheriff. He also had recurring roles as Mr. Wheeler and Roy Trendall, former Hooterville phone company president, in sixteen episodes of CBS's Green Acres. In 1960, he guest starred in the TV Western Bat Masterson, playing Judge Pete Perkins, the town's crooked judge in S2E30's "Welcome To Paradise". In the early 1970s, Foulk made four guest appearances on CBS's Here's Lucy in various roles. Architecture In addition to acting, Foulk worked as an architectural draftsman. An article in the Chicago Tribune reported, "... he keeps his finger in architecture because he finds it good therapy for the tensions that build up while performing."Personal life In the 1930s, Foulk was married to actress Alice Frost. In 1947, he married Barbara Slater, an actress who appeared in two Three Stooges short features. She left Hollywood in the same year. They remained married to each other until his death in 1989. Tim McGrossin (uncredited) Backlash (1956) as Sheriff John F. Olson Indestructible Man (1956) as Harry – Bar Owner The Rawhide Years (1956) as Mate The Great Locomotive Chase (1956) as Confederate Gen. Ledbetter (uncredited) A Cry in the Night (1956) as Jack – a Jailer (uncredited) The Great Man (1956) as Mike Jackson, radio engineer Last of the Badmen (1957) as Taylor Hold That Hypnotist (1957) as Dr. Simon Noble Sierra Stranger (1957) as Tom Simmons Untamed Youth (1957) as Sheriff Mitch Bowers Johnny Tremain (1957) as Mr. Larkin (uncredited) Raintree County (1957) as Pantomimist (uncredited) My Man Godfrey (1957) as Motor Cop The Tall Stranger (1957) as Pagones Day of the Bad Man (1958) as Silas Mordigan, Store Keeper Hell's Five Hours (1958) as Jack Fife Quantrill's Raiders (1958) as Hager The Left Handed Gun (1958) as Sheriff Brady Ask Any Girl (1959) as Lt. O'Shea (uncredited) Go, Johnny Go! (1959) as Policeman Born to Be Loved (1959) as Drunk (as <mask>. Foulk) Cast a Long Shadow (1959) as Hugh Rigdon Ocean's 11 (1960) as Sheriff Wimmer Where The Boys Are (1960) as "Elbow Room Bar" Manager (uncredited) Swingin' Along (1961) as Piano Mover (uncredited) All Hands on Deck (1961) as Naval Inspector (uncredited) State Fair (1962) as Mincemeat Judge The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1962) as The Hunter ('The Cobbler and the Elves') The Man from the Diners' Club (1963) as Policeman (uncredited) Tammy and the Doctor (1963) as Surgeon A Ticklish Affair (1963) as Policeman Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) as Sheriff Glick Sex and the Single Girl (1964) as Arresting Police Detective (uncredited) Once a Thief (1965) as George (uncredited) Harlow (1965) as Marvin Silver – Producer (uncredited) Lord Love a Duck (1966) as Uniformed Police Sgt. Prouty in "A Matter of Honor" (1974) Little House on the Prairie, as Peterson (1975) Barbary Coast'', as Kingsford (1975) References External links 1908 births 1989 deaths American male television actors American male film actors Male actors from Philadelphia Male actors from Los Angeles 20th-century American male actors

Juan Diego Flórez

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<mask> (born <mask>, January 13, 1973) is a Peruvian operatic tenor, particularly known for his roles in bel canto operas. On June 4, 2007, he received his country's highest decoration, the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Sun of Peru. Biography Early years <mask> was born in Lima, Peru in 1973, the son of María Teresa Salom and <mask>, a noted guitarist and singer of Peruvian popular and criolla music. In an interview in the Peruvian newspaper Ojo, <mask> recounted his early days when his mother managed a pub with live music and he worked as a replacement singer whenever the main attraction called in sick. "It was a tremendous experience for me, since most of those who were regulars at the pub were of a certain age, so I had to be ready to sing anything from huaynos to Elvis Presley music and, in my mind, that served me a great deal because, in the final analysis, any music that is well structured—whether it is jazz, opera, or pop—is good music". Initially intending to pursue a career in popular music, he entered the Conservatorio Nacional de Música in Lima at the age of 17. His classical voice emerged in the course of his studies there.During this time, he became a member of the Coro Nacional of Peru and sang as a soloist in Mozart's Coronation Mass and Rossini's Petite messe solennelle. He received a scholarship to the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia where he studied from 1993 to 1996 and began singing in student opera productions in the repertory that is still his specialty today, Rossini and the bel canto operas of Bellini and Donizetti. During this period, he also studied with Marilyn Horne at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara. In 1994 the Peruvian tenor, Ernesto Palacio invited him to Italy to work on a recording of Vicente Martín y Soler's opera Il Tutore Burlato. Palacio subsequently became Flórez's teacher, mentor and manager and has had a profound influence on his career. International career <mask>'s first breakthrough and professional debut came in 1996 at the Rossini Festival in the Italian city of Pesaro, Rossini's birthplace. At the age of 23, he stepped in to take the leading tenor role in Matilde di Shabran when Bruce Ford became ill.He made his debut at La Scala in the same year as the Chevalier danois (Danish Knight) in Gluck's Armide, and later in the year he sang the role of Georges in Meyerbeer's L'étoile du nord with Wexford Festival Opera. His Covent Garden debut followed in 1997 where he sang the role of Count Potoski in a world premiere concert performance of Donizetti's Elisabetta. Debuts followed at the Vienna State Opera in 1999 as Count Almaviva in Il barbiere di Siviglia and at the New York Metropolitan Opera in 2002, again as Count Almaviva. On February 20, 2007, the opening night of Donizetti's La fille du régiment at La Scala, Flórez broke the theater's 74-year-old tradition of no encores when he reprised "Ah! mes amis" with its nine high C's following an "overwhelming" ovation from the audience. He repeated this solo encore at New York's Metropolitan Opera House on April 21, 2008, the first singer to do so there since 1994. Flórez is also active on the concert stages of Europe, North America, and South America.Amongst the many venues in which he has given concerts and recitals are the Wigmore Hall in London, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall in New York, the Palau de la Música in Barcelona, the Teatro Segura in Lima, and the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In a departure from his usual repertoire, he sang "You'll Never Walk Alone" from the Broadway musical Carousel at the Berlin Live 8 concert in 2005. He was signed by Decca in 2001 and since then has released six solo recital CDs on the Decca label: Rossini Arias, which won the 2003 Cannes Classical Award; Una furtiva lagrima, which won the 2004 Cannes Classical Award; Great Tenor Arias which won the 2005 Echo Klassik award for the best arias and duets recital; Sentimiento Latino; Arias for Rubini, Bel Canto Spectacular and Gluck's Orphée et Eurydice, recorded live in May 2008. In addition to his official discography, almost all his professionally performed roles have been preserved in radio broadcasts, and many also by television. He also sang the UEFA Champions League Final Anthem in Madrid at the Santiago Bernabeu in 2010. Moving into more lyric roles, he made his debut in Massenet's Werther in Bologna in December 2016, returning to the role in Zurich in April 2017. The Diapason magazine critic described Flórez performance as a triumph, demonstrating his exemplary discipline in accent and phrasing, excellent shading and with the natural allure of a poet.Voice Flórez's head and chest registers are perfectly integrated, with no audible break in the passaggio. The ornaments of bel canto, including the trill, are well executed, and stylistic errors such as intrusive aspirates generally avoided. The singer's mastery of coloratura, typified in his Idreno (Semiramide) and Corradino (Matilde di Shabran), has been noted by multiple critics. Awards and distinctions Flórez has been recognized by his native country with several awards and distinctions. In May 2004, he received the Order of merit, from the Mayor of Lima; the Orden al Mérito por servicios distinguidos en el grado de Gran Cruz from President Alejandro Toledo; and was named an Honorary Professor of San Martín de Porres University. On June 4, 2007, he received his country's highest honor, the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Sun of Peru, from President Alan García. He has been an Austrian Kammersänger since 2012.Flórez also appeared on the 2-sol stamp, part of a series of five stamps honouring contemporary Peruvian musicians issued on November 29, 2004. It is highly unusual for a living opera singer to have been honoured in his home country this way, particularly one so young. (Flórez was 31 at the time). (The portrait of Flórez used on the stamp was by British photographer, Trevor Leighton, and was also used for the cover of his 2003 CD Una Furtiva Lagrima.) From the classical music world he has received the Premio Abbiati 2000 (awarded by Italian critics for the best singer of the year); the Rossini d'oro; the Bellini d'oro; the Premio Aureliano Pertile; the Tamagno Prize; and the L'Opera award (Migliore Tenore) for his 2001 performance in La sonnambula at La Scala. In 2009, <mask> was nominated for the Best Classical Vocal Performance in the 52nd Grammy Awards for his album, Bel Canto Spectacular (Decca). Personal life Flórez married German-born Australian Julia Trappe in a private civil ceremony on April 23, 2007 in Vienna.They held a religious ceremony at the Basilica Cathedral in Lima on April 5, 2008, which some of Peru's leading citizens, including President Alan García and author Mario Vargas Llosa, attended. <mask> was present at the birth of his son, Leandro, who was born in April 2011, less than an hour before his father took to the stage in Le comte Ory, broadcast live around the world from the Met. A daughter, Lucia Stella, was born in the family home in Pesaro, Italy, in January 2014. Conductor: Josep Pons, CD: Almaviva, 1999 Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Ralf Weikert CD: Live performance (1997), Nightingale Classics, 2004 Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti, DVD & Blu-ray: Live performance (2005), Decca, 2005 Il barbiere di Siviglia, Rossini. Conductor: Antonio Pappano, DVD: Live performance (2009), Virgin Classics, 2010 La Cenerentola, Rossini.Conductor: Carlo Rizzi, CD: Live performance (2000), Rossini Opera Festival & Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Pesaro, 2001 La Cenerentola, Rossini. Conductor: Patrick Summers, DVD: Live performance (2008), Decca, 2009 Le Comte Ory Rossini. Conductor: Jesus Lopez-Cobos, CD: Live performance (2003), Deutsche Grammophon, 2004 Le Comte Ory Rossini. Conductor: Maurizio Benini, DVD: Live performance (2011), Virgin Classics, 2012 Don Pasquale, Donizetti. Conductor: Maurizio Benini, DVD & Blu-ray: Live performance (2006), Decca, 2007 L'Etoile du Nord, Meyerbeer. Conductor: Wladimir Jurowski, CD: Marco Polo, 1997 Falstaff, Verdi. Conductor: Riccardo Muti, DVD: Live performance (2001), EuroArts, 2003 La Fille du régiment, Donizetti.Conductor: Riccardo Frizza, DVD: Live performance (2005), Decca, 2006 La Fille du régiment, Donizetti. Conductor: Bruno Campanella, DVD: Live performance (2007), Virgin Classics, 2008 Matilde di Shabran, Rossini. Conductor: Riccardo Frizza, CD: Live performance (2004), Decca, 2006 Matilde di Shabran, Rossini. Conductor: Michele Mariotti, DVD: Live performance (2012), Decca Classics, 2013 Mitridate, Mozart. Conductor: Christophe Rousset, CD: Decca, 1999 Nina, o sia La pazza per amore, Paisiello. Conductor: Riccardo Muti, CD: Ricordi, 2000 Orphée et Eurydice, Gluck. Conductor: Jesus Lopez-Cobos, CD: Live performance (2008), Decca, 2010 Orphee et Eurydice, Gluck.Conductor: Michele Mariotti, DVD : Live performance (2018), Classart Clasic ( 2018) I puritani, Bellini. Conductor: Michele Mariotti, DVD: Live performance (2009), Decca, 2010 Rigoletto, Verdi. Conductor: Fabio Luisi, DVD: Live performance (2008), Virgin Classics, 2010 Semiramide, Rossini. Conductor Marcello Panni, CD: Nightingale Classics, 2001 La sonnambula, Bellini. Conductor: Alessandro de Marchi, CD: Decca (2008) La sonnambula, Bellini. Conductor: Evelino Pidò, DVD: Live performance (2009), Decca (2010) La traviata, Verdi. Conductor: Yannick Nézet-Séguin.Streaming video: Live performance (15 December 2018), Met Opera on Demand (2019) Il tutore burlato, Martin y Soler. Conductor: Miguel Harth-Bedoya, CD: Bongiovanni, 1995 Zelmira, Rossini. Conductor: Roberto Abbado, DVD & Blu-ray: Decca, 2012 Oratorio & Sacred Music Cantatas Vol.2, Rossini. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2001 Messa Solenne, Verdi. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2000 Stabat Mater, Rossini. Conductor: Gianluigi Gelmetti, CD: Agora, 1998 Le tre ore dell'agonia del Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo, Niccolò Zingarelli. Conductor: Pierangelo Pelucchi, CD: Agora, 1995 Recital Flórez para Chabuca (with Rubén <mask>, his father).Quadrasonic Ideas y Morrison Music & Video. Canto al Peru (with Ernesto Palacio). Piano: Samuele Pala, CD: Bongiovanni, 1997 Rossiniana. Conductor: Manlio Benzi, CD: Agora, 1998 Vesselina Kasarova Arias & Duets. Conductor: Arthur Fagen, CD: RCA, 1999 Rossini Arias. Conductor: Riccardo Chailly, CD: Decca, 2002 Una Furtiva Lagrima, Bellini, Donizetti. Conductor: Riccardo Frizza, CD: Decca, 2003 Great Tenor Arias, Verdi, Gluck, Rossini.Conductor: Carlo Rizzi, CD: Decca, 2004 Sentimiento Latino, Spanish & Latin American songs. Conductor: Miguel Harth-Bedoya, CD: Decca, 2006 Arias for Rubini, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini. Conductor: Roberto Abbado, CD: Decca 2007 Bel Canto Spectacular, Bellini & Donizetti arias & duets. Conductor: Daniel Oren, CD: Decca 2008 Celebración – 2010 Opening night concert at Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, Rossini, Donizetti and Verdi arias and Latin American songs. Conductor: Gustavo Dudamel, DVD: Deutsche Grammophon 2010 Santo, sacred songs. Conductor: Michele Mariotti, CD: Decca 2010 L'amour, French arias.

Sam Woolf

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<mask> (born April 19, 1996) is an American singer-songwriter from Bradenton, Florida, who finished in fifth place on the thirteenth season of American Idol. Shortly after his participation on the series, he released the EP Pretend, which reached the top ten on Billboards Heatseekers chart. Since then, he has released several non-album singles. Early life <mask> was born on April 19, 1996, in West Bloomfield, Michigan to Mary and <mask>. His great-grandfather, <mask>, was a well-known Detroit bandleader, his uncle is composer <mask>, and pianist Kathleen Supové is his aunt (by marriage). His great-uncle, <mask>, was a musician prominent in Detroit's Jewish community. Woolf was a student at the Scotch Elementary School in West Bloomfield, but moved to North Port, Florida in 2006 when he was 9.When he was 13, his mother remarried and moved to another city in Florida, and Woolf and his older sister Emily remained in North Port with their father. Woolf and his father moved to Bradenton just prior to his second year of high school, where he attended Braden River High School. At the beginning of his junior year, he moved in with his grandparents who also live in Bradenton. Woolf's first live public performance was at his sixth grade talent show where he performed The Beatles' "Hey Jude." Woolf later became interested in music as a career, took singing lessons from an opera teacher, Bob Lischetti, and performed locally in Bradenton. He also was mentored at the Del Couch Music Education Foundation and went to Interlochen Arts Camp in Michigan for four weeks the summer after his second year of high school. In the summer of 2013, Woolf completed a five-week program at the Berklee College of Music and was selected as one of the top four songwriters for their singer showcase, where he performed an original song, "The Same."While he was in Boston, the audition for the thirteenth season of American Idol was held near Berklee College of Music and at his mother's suggestion, he decided to attend the audition. He attended Berklee College of Music, briefly, before pursuing his full time career as a singer songwriter. American Idol Woolf auditioned in Boston, singing "Lego House" by Ed Sheeran. He sang "Waiting on the World to Change" on the first round in Hollywood, and his original composition entitled "I Tried" in the final solo of the Hollywood Round. When Ryan Seacrest announced the results in this particular night, Woolf was among the bottom 3, but was declared safe first, as Ben Briley was eliminated. When Ryan Seacrest announced the results in this particular night, Woolf was among the bottom 3, but was declared safe, as Majesty Rose was eliminated. Woolf received the lowest number of votes; however, the judges decided to use their one save of the season to allow him to remain in the competition.Due to the judges using their one save on Woolf, the top 8 remained intact for another week. Post-Idol After his appearance on Idol, Woolf deferred for one year an offer of admissions to Berklee College of Music until fall 2015. Woolf performed nationally in the American Idol season 13 tour, then held a 'Welcome Home' concert in Bradenton, Florida at IMG Academy Stadium on September 27, 2014. He opened a similar homecoming concert for his fellow American Idol season 13 finalist, Alex Preston, at the Capitol Center For the Arts in Concord, New Hampshire on November 8, 2014, and on February 28, 2015, he performed in Lakewood Ranch, Florida's Winterfest, along with The Doobie Brothers, War, Jefferson Starship, Matt Walden and performers from the Del Couch Music Education Foundation. Woolf wrote and recorded a five-song EP, Pretend, which he self-released on December 18, 2014. The album was funded in part by crowdfunding, and was produced by Danny Blume who co-wrote some of the songs with Woolf. On September 1, 2016, Woolf released the standalone single "Stop Thinking About It", and on January 1, 2017, he released the standalone single "Fast 'n' Dirty".Music videos were released for both singles. Woolf co-wrote "Fast 'n' Dirty" with Orion Meshorer and Stephen Puthon. Explaining the song, he said, "Never in a million years did I think I'd have a song called 'Fast and Dirty'...I'd just like to say that this song/video is supposed to be a joke, in a way...don't take it seriously." On April 19, 2017, he released the standalone single "Call Me Crazy", which features Christina Galligan. Woolf co-wrote "Call Me Crazy" with Meshorer and Parker James. On August 25, 2018, he released the standalone single "You", and on August 12, 2020, he released the standalone single "Ease My Mind". Live at 89 North, a 2015 EP by the Como Brothers, features Woolf on a cover of "Hey Jude".<mask> and the Como Brothers have since continued to collaborate. In 2018, they released the single "On It" and announced an upcoming six-track EP titled Backbeat in the Morning. Leading up to the release of their EP, they have released three more tracks: "Diamonds on my Chain" in 2019, "Twisted" in January 2020, and "Coming Home" in September 2020. Backbeat in the Morning was recorded with Grammy-winning engineer Kenta Yonesaka at Germano Studios in New York City. Music videos have been released for all four songs. Woolf has opened multiple concerts for We The Kings. He has also performed at Dream Fest in Tampa, the Warwick Summer Concert Series in New York, the Boston Arts Festival, and the Riverwalk Regatta in Florida.He often performs at events, both public and private, in Florida, the Midwest, and the Northeast. Discography Extended plays Singles As featured artist American Idol digital singles References External links Official site American Idol participants American people of Jewish descent Living people 1996 births 21st-century American singers People from Bradenton, Florida People from West Bloomfield, Michigan Singers from Florida Singers from Detroit 21st-century American male singers

Edward Lazear

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<mask> (, ; August 17, 1948November 23, 2020) was an American economist, the Morris Arnold and Nona Jean Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the Davies Family Professor of Economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business. Lazear served as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2006 to 2009, replacing Ben Bernanke. As Chairman, he was the chief economic advisor to President George W. Bush, holding a cabinet-level post as part of the White House team that led the response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. <mask> has been called the founder of personnel economics a subfield of economics that applies economic models to the study of the management of human resources in the firm. His research advanced new models of employee incentives, promotions, compensation and productivity in firms. He is also credited with developing a theory of entrepreneurship and leadership that emphasizes skill acquisition. In addition to personnel economics, <mask> was a labor economist known for his work on the educational production function, teaching to the test, and the importance of culture and language in explaining the rise of multiculturalism.Early life and education <mask> was born on August 17, 1948, in New York City. He grew up in Brooklyn, New York, before moving to Los Altos, California. His father was a shipyard worker during World War II, and had also been a janitor at a hospital, while his mother was a salesperson at a jewelry shop. As a high school student, he worked at a hospital mailroom and was also a member of the school cross-country running team. Lazear graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles, with AB and AM degrees in 1971. His wife said he struggled at first, until he took an economics course and did well. He went on to major in Economics.He received his doctorate in economics from Harvard University in 1974. <mask> began his career in 1974 at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business as an assistant professor. He went on to be the Gladys J. Brown Professor of Urban and Labor Economics from 1985 to 1992. During his time at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Nobel Prize winning economist Gary Becker and collaborated with him in adopting and applying economic tools to alternate domains. He worked here for twenty years before joining the faculty of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. At Stanford University, he was the Jack Steele Parker Professor of Human Resources Management and Economics from 1995 to 2017, and he went on to be the Davies Family Professor of Economics in 2017.He had also been the Morris A. Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution since 1985. During his time here, he was the founding editor of the Journal of Labor Economics, and the founder of the Society of Labor Economists. He served as a Research Fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Center for Corporate Performance at the Copenhagen Business School in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the IZA Institute for the Study of Labor in Bonn, Germany. He was the Astra-Erikkson Lecturer and the 1993 Wicksell Lecturer in Stockholm, Sweden. He had also been a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research since 1974. He had also been a visiting professor at the Center for the Study of New Institutional Economics at the University of the Saarland in Germany, the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Paris, and at the Institutes for Advanced Study in Vienna and Jerusalem. He had also delivered lectures across Australia, England, India, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain.Since leaving his post as Chairman of the Bush Council of Economic Advisors, Lazear made regular appearances on CNBC and Fox Business News. He was a frequent contributor to the Wall Street Journal op-ed pages. Labor and personnel economics <mask> was considered one of the pioneers of labor economics, and personnel economics, branches of economics that studies market dynamics between wages and labor. His 1995 book, Personnel Economics, was a seminal work that in addition to introducing the topic, encouraged a wave of subsequent research into labor and management relations. In a transformative paper in the American Economic Review, in 2000, he studied the relationship between incentive-based pay and productivity and concluded that a shift towards incentive-based attracted more efficient workers and contributed to an increased worker output. In a case study that examined management and workers at Safelight Glass Company, he noted that when the company moved towards a variable and incentive based pay from the earlier hourly pay, the company saw an increase in worker output and productivity by about 44%. He argued that this increase in productivity and output was not driven by workers just working harder, but, it also included substitution of the labor force, with the company attracting and holding on to more efficient workers.In a paper earlier in his career in 1979 in the Journal of Political Economy, titled, Why is there Mandatory Retirement?, he had explored the driving motivations behind mandatory retirement. In this paper he argued that companies should adjust the payout structures to pay less during workers' younger days when their productivity is presumably higher and they are worth more to businesses, and pay more to workers in their older days. He goes on to say that while this would mean that employees would hold on to their jobs, mandatory retirement would help solve this problem. The Congress outlawed this practice in 1986. Lazear built on the lifetime payout thinking, and working with Professor Sherwin Rosen from the University of Chicago, introduced Tournament theory as a way to allocate wages and compensation where wage differences are based not on marginal productivity but instead upon relative differences between the individuals. In a paper titled Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts in Journal of Political Economy in 1981, Lazear and Rosen analyze compensation schemes in which workers' compensations are determined not by their output, but by their rank in their organization. They go on to show that in certain conditions compensation based on rank can result in efficient allocation of resources and also serve as an incentive for workers as they look to advancing through the ranks.He was a proponent of market dynamics and efficiency and argued in favor of market driven actions rather than wage guarantees like minimum wages and other governmental interventions. At the same time, he also argued that European state policies toward job stability amongst workers did not necessarily mean higher unemployment and lower productivity levels in the European labor markets. He further went on to make the case that free markets contribute to increased well-being of the poor. In an article for National Review's Capital Matters, two months prior to his death, he goes on to quote President Kennedy to state, "a rising tide lifts all boats" implying that general economic growth benefits all population. His study also found interesting findings including the fact that when a country changes its name to drop terms like "democratic,", "people's," or "socialist," there is a corresponding 18% increase in incomes of the poor. In a commentary on the job growth in 2018, when the jobless growth rate was below 4%, he had said that the Federal Reserve did not need to intervene on fears of the economy overheating, and had suggested that economists didn't need to worry if the job growth could continue much further. The job growth went on for an additional year and a half before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic hit the world.Role during the financial crisis Professor <mask> served as the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors during the Financial Crisis and through the Great Recession of 2007–2009. As the chief economic advisor to President Bush, he joined the White House economic team that orchestrated the policy response to the financial crisis and that restructured the financial system. <mask>'s team developed the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 which provided the first rounds of economic stimuli intended to boost the United States economy in the face of unprecedented shocks to the financial and housing sectors. The bill was implemented rapidly: passing the U.S House of Representatives on January 29, 2008, and then the U.S Senate on February 7, 2008, to be signed into law on February 13, 2008 by President Bush with bi-partisan support. During this period it is mentioned that he was a regular at Camp David, and accompanied President George W. Bush on bike rides in the country retreat, and had been nicknamed as 'stork' by the President. Prior to serving as Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, <mask> was a member of President Bush's President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform, established in 2005. He had worked with nine other members on reforms to the Internal Revenue Code to provide policy options without impacting the revenue collections.Other research Educational production In a paper in 2001, in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Lazear introduced the idea of an education production function in a classroom. He stated that an optimal classroom size is larger for well behaved students, with the argument that classrooms had a public good element to them and when one student disrupts the class, learning is reduced for all students. He introduces an educational production function that maps student discipline to class size and says that this may explain why Catholic schools despite their larger sizes might outperform public schools. Lazear also studied high-stakes testing, and educator fears that high-stakes testing will incentivize students to focus on learning to the tests at the cost of not learning aspects that are less likely to be included in the tests. In a paper in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 2006, he compares this to deterrents that deter drivers from speeding, and emphasizes the costs of learning and of monitoring. When police locations are mentioned to drivers on a freeway, speeding occurrences are reduced. So, when the fines from speeding tickets are higher relative to benefits from speeding and there are sufficient police personnel, it is better to keep the locations a secret, resulting in higher compliance levels across all locations.Similarly, with the introduction of costs of learning and costs of monitoring, he goes on to say that high cost learners will learn more when they are told of the contents of the exam. He further goes on to make a case that tests should be well defined for younger students and more amorphous for advanced students. Culture and language Lazear also attempted to study the rise of multiculturalism and linked it to the importance of the linkages between culture and language to the overall population. In a paper in the Journal of Political Economy, he considers culture and language as means to facilitate trade between people and goes on to state that minority populations have incentives to be better assimilated to the larger society and learn the majority language and cultural elements so as to have a larger pool of potential trading partners. Assimilation is less likely when the incoming population's culture and language is broadly represented in the larger society. He goes on to say that in a pluralistic society, governmental actions that encourage diverse cultural-immigration over concentrated immigration can increase societal welfare. Entrepreneurship and skill acquisition Attempting to identify attributes that enable entrepreneurship, Lazear drew a correlation between successful entrepreneurs and skill acquisition.In a paper in the Journal of Labor Economics in 2005, he states that successful entrepreneurs would need to be broad based in their skills or 'jacks-of-all-trades,' rather than excelling in any one specific skill. With data from Stanford alumni, he draws a correlation between students who have had a diverse work and educational backgrounds being more likely to be successful entrepreneurs than those who have focused on one role or on one subject. Awards and recognition <mask> won a number of awards over his career. Among those are: 1994 Distinguished Teaching Award, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University 1998 Leo Melamed Biennial Prize, for the best research by a business school professor. 2003 Adam Smith Prize, European Association of Labor Economists. 2004 IZA Prize in Labor Economics, Institute for the Study of Labor. 2006 Jacob Mincer Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Field of Labor Economics.2019 Elected Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. His book, Personnel Economics (MIT Press, 1995) was selected as a MIT Press Outstanding Book in 1996, and as one of the ten most important books in Labor Economics by Princeton in 1996. Professor Lazear had also received honorary degrees from Albertson College of Idaho (1997), Aarhus School of Business (2006), the University of Zurich (2010), and Copenhagen Business School (2013). Lazear was an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Econometric Society, and the Society of Labor Economists. He had also been the recipient of numerous National Science Foundation grants. Personal life Lazear was married to his wife Victoria, a litigation consultant, and had a daughter. He was known to enjoy outdoor activities, and was an avid traveler, skier and mountain biker.<mask> died from pancreatic cancer on November 23, 2020. Publications Books Chapter-preview links. Description and preview. <mask>, <mask> et al., ed. (2004). Personnel Economics, Elgar, with 43 articles dating from 1962 to 2000 (link to contents link here). Articles/research papers <mask>, <mask>. (1979)."Why Is There Mandatory Retirement?" Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), pp. 1261-1284. <mask>, <mask>., and Sherwin Rosen (1981). "Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts," Journal of Political Economy, 89(5), pp. 841-864. <mask>, <mask>. (1986)."Salaries and Piece Rates," Journal of Business, 59(3), pp. 405-431. <mask>, <mask>. (1999). "Personnel Economics: Past Lessons and Future Directions," Journal of Labor Economics, 17(2), p. 233 [pp. 199-236. (Presidential address to the Society of Labor Economists.) <mask>, <mask>. (2000a)."Economic Imperialism," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), pp. 99-146. <mask>, <mask>. (2000b). "The Future of Personnel Economics," Economic Journal, 110(467), pp. F611-F639. <mask>, <mask>. (2000c). "Performance Pay and Productivity," American Economic Review, 90(5), pp.1346-1361. <mask>, <mask>., and Kathryn L. Shaw (2007). "Personnel Economics: The Economist's View of Human Resources," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(4), pp. 91-114. <mask>, <mask>, P. (2008). "personnel economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, v. 6, pp. 380–84].Abstract. References External links <mask>'s personal homepage. <mask>'s Hoover Institute bio. 1948 births 2020 deaths Writers from New York City 21st-century American economists George W. Bush administration personnel Fellows of the Econometric Society Harvard University alumni Labor economists Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty University of California, Los Angeles alumni University of Chicago faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences National Bureau of Economic Research Deaths from pancreatic cancer Chairs of the United States Council of Economic Advisers

Franz Ziegler

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<mask> (3 February 1803 – 1 October 1876) was a lawyer, politician and writer. In 1848 he was a member of the Prussian National Assembly that emerged as part of the democratic revolutionary movement of the time, and in 1849 he was sentenced to a prison term because of his support for a motion of refusal to pay a supplementary tax to fund military expansion. As the Prussian state moved hesitantly towards a version of parliamentary democracy, <mask> sat as a member of parliament. He was an early member of the Progressive Party, but differed with it in 1866 over the issue of war with Austria. <mask> was born in Warchau, at that time a hamlet separated by a series of marshes and lakes from Brandenburg an der Havel nearby. He was the thirteenth recorded child of the local Protestant minister. He attended secondary school at Brandenburg and went on to study Jurisprudence (Law) at Halle, qualifying and then working as a lawyer.In 1839 or 1840, on the recommendation of the town council, the king appointed <mask> to the office of Lord Mayor of Brandenburg. He proved a superb organiser, displaying perhaps the greatest administrative talent of any state officer in Prussia. As Lord Mayor he lost little time in issuing a set of guidelines and protocols on how the municipal officials and councillors should conduct their work, setting out clear divisions between different areas of responsibility, and rules for the timely implementation of duties. By streamlining the municipal police force he restored much needed order on the streets. He implemented national strategy by setting up a "Forced Labour Institution" (a so-called "poor house"), and through strict supervision of the work-shy he succeeded in clearing the streets of beggars and whores. He then turned his attention to sorting out the municipal finances. His reforms of municipal taxation included the first imposition in German of a progressive income tax and earned him denunciations and enduring enmity from members of the town council.From collection of the simplified municipal income tax he was able to finance a communal system of poor relief. In 1844 <mask> became the first Lord Mayor in Prussia to publish municipal budgets, giving rise to the possibility of a certain level of public verification. This made the municipal administration accountable to the people on whose behalf it operated. The first open meeting of the town council took place at Ziegler's instigation on 11 February 1848, enabling the councillors to interact with members of the public. In 1848 <mask> was a member of the short-lived Prussian National Assembly, and in 1849 he was elected to the second chamber of the Prussian House of Representatives (as the second chamber of the country's new parliament later came to be known), where for most purposes he occupied a position on the moderate left. There were two members representing the Brandenburg constituency: <mask> was one and the other was the future Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. As a member of the second chamber in 1849 <mask> voted in support of "taxation rejection".Context for the vote involved a liberal majority in the Second Chamber refusing to vote for a supplementary income tax which the king wished to levy in order to fund increased military spending in the wake of the 1848 revolutions, the democratising impact of which he was keen to restrict. Despite being rejected by the vote in the assembly, the supplementary tax was levied anyway, and the subservience of the new parliament was thereby asserted. Further demonstration of government supremacy came when <mask> was charged with High treason and Sedition. Even though a majority in the assembly had voted down the supplementary tax, <mask> was the only assembly member to face indictment, apparently because he had been the one who had proposed the motion rejecting the tax. He was convicted, deprived of his public offices, and sentenced to a prison term which he served in Magdeburg. The terms of his sentence also included exclusion from his home region, the voting district of Brandenburg for a further year following his release, and accordingly he now moved to Berlin where through hard work he was able to restore his fortunes. He also became a writer, publishing poems as well as books on social and political themes.It was only in 1855 that he was able to return to his family in Brandenburg. An amnesty in 1861 opened the way for a resumption of his career in politics, and between 1865 and 1870 <mask> was back as a member of the Prussian House of Representatives, this time representing Breslau. In August 1867 he was elected to the Reichstag of the newly established North German Confederation, representing Breslau-West on behalf of the Progressive Party. In 1866 he found himself at odds with the mainstream party over his support for the war with Austria. He was not one of those who formally broke away from the party, but after this his conduct in the Reichstag was increasingly independent, while his contributions were chiefly on matters such as taxation which, within the party, were relatively uncontentious. Following unification, in 1871 and again in 1874 he was re-elected to the Reichstag, still as a Progressive Party member representing Breslau-West. Family Sources mention that <mask> had a wife and family, but are for the most part silent on their names.The exception is his daughter <mask> von Béguelin (1828–1892) who, following her brief marriage, became a published author herself. She expended time and energy trying to persuade someone with the appropriate political insights to produce a biography of her father, but she was unsuccessful. She did, however, have a 260-page book of his principal speeches published. References 1803 births 1876 deaths People from Potsdam-Mittelmark People from the Duchy of Magdeburg German Protestants German Progress Party politicians Members of the Frankfurt Parliament Members of the Prussian House of Representatives Members of the 1st Reichstag of the German Empire Members of the 2nd Reichstag of the German Empire Politicians from Brandenburg 19th-century German lawyers 19th-century German writers 19th-century German male writers

Les Otten

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<mask>. "<mask>" <mask> (born 1949) is the former CEO of the American Skiing Company. Since resigning as chief executive officer in 2001, <mask> has been involved in numerous other businesses and industries, including Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox. Early life and career <mask> was born in Teaneck, New Jersey, where he received his early education. He graduated high school from the Hun School of Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey in 1967 and was named an Alumnus of the Year in 1999. <mask> received a B.S. in Business Administration from Ithaca College in 1971, after which he worked for Killington and Sunday River ski resorts.In 1980 he purchased Sunday River, and his company, LBO Resort Enterprises, grew by acquiring Sugarbush, Attitash Bear Peak, and Cranmore Ski industry career <mask> started his career at Killington Ski Resort in Vermont in 1971. In 1973, at the age of 23, <mask> was named ski operation manager of Sunday River in Newry, Maine. In 1980 <mask> purchased Sunday River. In 1989, <mask> was named Inc. Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year, Turnaround Category. In 1995 he formed American Skiing Company by acquiring S-K-I, and this expanded his resorts to include Killington, Mount Snow, Haystack, Waterville Valley, and Sugarloaf/USA. He was forced to divest his interests in Waterville Valley and Cranmore but went on to buy Pico Peak in Vermont. Under <mask>, American Skiing Company invested heavily in marketing and infrastructure.While these investments are credited with major turnaround and growth, they overleveraged the company. A later bailout by an investment firm ultimately caused him to leave day-to-day operations while remaining on the Board of Directors. <mask> resigned this position on February 26, 2007, effective immediately, to pursue other options. The Boston Globe reported "I leave the board with mixed feelings," <mask> said. "It's been a pleasure to serve and help guide the Company and I wish everyone well. I truly enjoyed my tenure with the board, but now it's time to look at other options." In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the Maine Ski Hall of Fame.Boston Red Sox From 2002 through 2007, <mask> was vice chairman and minority partner of the Boston Red Sox American Major League Baseball franchise. In 2004, the Red Sox won their first World Series Championship since 1918 while <mask> was part of the ownership group. Maine Energy Systems In 2008, <mask> and two other partners started Maine Energy Systems, whose stated goal is to support a transition to the use of renewable energy for homes and businesses. The company originated from a series of informal seminars organized by <mask> in 2007, where he assembled experts in various fields of energy to biweekly meetings. The meetings were broadly focused to allow for highly speculative thinking about Maine's economy and energy usage. The group settled on a strategy that would involve the conversion of a significant proportion of the central home heating systems in Maine from oil to renewable fuel sources. The conversion to renewable fuels is expected to significantly cut long term heating costs in homes and businesses.The production of the fuel from Maine forests would also employ many Maine workers and keep the money spent on home heating in Maine. To implement the solution, <mask>, Dutch Dresser, and Bill Strauss formed Maine Energy Systems, LLC. In January 2009, Maine Energy Systems was recognized by Senator Olympia Snowe (R – ME) as a small business that is using technology and innovative thinking to help solve our nation's energy crisis and keep Mainers warm during the lengthy winter. Senator Snowe commented that Maine Energy Systems is at the vanguard of the "green" product revolution, creating a product that is beneficial to the environment, saves consumers money, and produces profits and jobs. <mask> is a past President of the Maine Pellet Fuels Association. FutureMetrics <mask> is an early investor in the consultancy FutureMetrics. FutureMetrics' team are leading experts in the wood pellet manufacturing sector.Other ventures <mask> is currently involved in a number of ventures including Cartera Commerce (provides online shopping for loyalty programs) and Sports Vision Technologies (produces P3ProSwing, a golf swing analyzer and golf simulator). He is current board chairman for the Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness in Portland, Maine. The Center provides disabilities awareness education in schools, for prospective educators, and in workplaces. <mask> is involved in several other businesses in Maine, including the Phoenix House and Well restaurant in Newry, Colony Development Company in Bethel and Sports Vision Technologies in Bethel and Portland. Sports Vision Technologies currently employees nearly a dozen people that live in Maine. Governor's Wood-to-Energy Task Force In 2008, <mask> was asked by Maine Governor John Baldacci to chair the Governor's Wood-to-Energy Task Force which was charged with finding ways to reduce the state's reliance on foreign oil and stimulate Maine's economy by developing renewable sources of energy made in Maine, by Maine businesses, for Maine people. The initiative sought to capitalize on opportunities to convert public buildings to wood biomass heat; encourage homeowners to switch from oil heat to heat from renewable energy sources; and, promote Maine-grown alternative energy industries.This Wood-to-Energy Task Force reported that Maine is the most heating oil dependent state in the country with 440,000 households consuming an average of 900 gallons of heating oil a year. At a July 2008 price of $4.64 a gallon that amounts to $4,100 per Maine household. The Task Force concluded that wood-to-energy can lower the cost of home heating approximately 25 to 50% of the cost of No. 2 heating oil. Maine Handicapped Skiing Otten founded Maine Handicapped Skiing with Omar D. "Chip" Crothers, M.D. to ensure access to and participation in the recreational sports that are integral to a well-rounded life for every person. Maine Handicapped Skiing is the largest year-round adaptive recreation program east of the Mississippi for adults and children with physical disabilities.From Veterans No Boundaries to children with cerebral palsy, Maine Handicapped Skiing helps a wide spectrum of Mainers. In 2013 Maine Handicapped Skiing changed its name to Maine Adaptive Sports and Recreation. Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness Otten is currently serving as chairman of the Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness, an organization dedicated to ensuring that people with all types of disabilities are afforded the same dignity, inclusion, and respect that every person deserves as a birthright. <mask> was honored as the Cromwell Center Person of the Year for 2009. Western Mountains Alliance In 1987, <mask> was part of a group of civic-minded individuals from across western Maine who came together to form the Western Mountains Alliance in order to seek a sustainable development strategy for western Maine, a region struggling with long-term economic decline. <mask> acted as first chairman of the Western Mountains Alliance. Maine Chamber Alliance In 1990, <mask> co-founded and served as the first chairman of the Economic Environmental Council of Maine, which merged with the Maine Chamber to become the Maine Chamber Alliance, where <mask> also served as the first chair of that organization.The goal of these organizations was to create an environment where the needs of the paper industry could find middle ground with the environmental concerns of Maine citizens. Portland Museum of Art <mask> is past chairman and current Board of Trustees member of the Portland Museum of Art, since the collection put together by his father, the former German steel magnate <mask> (in German: <mask>), is hosted there. <mask> became owner of Albot Industries in New Jersey when he had to emigrate from Germany. Project Opportunity In 1988 <mask> started Project Opportunity in Bethel by donating the initial grant and creating its goal of helping late bloomers. Project Opportunity is a unique Grant and Scholarship Program benefitting Telstar Regional High School students. From the generous donations Project Opportunity has received, students have been able to attend colleges throughout the United States as well experience educational trips throughout the World. Political career <mask> is a former candidate for Governor of Maine in the 2010 election.On October 19, 2009, <mask> formally announced his candidacy for the Republican gubernatorial primary in the 2010 election. In his announcement speech, <mask> emphasized the need for Maine to create jobs, lower taxes, prepare its students for the global economy and take control of its energy future. On June 22, 2009, after months of speculation, word broke that <mask> will announce the formation of an exploratory committee for a potential bid for Governor of Maine on June 29. <mask> is running as a Republican. The campaign was criticized by the Maine Democratic Party for allegedly copying President Barack Obama's famous "O" insignia and website layout from the 2008 presidential election cycle. A statement from <mask>'s website claims that it was actually the Obama campaign who first "copied" the logo from the new Pepsi logo. This claim was too refuted, as the Obama "O" was first used months before Pepsi revamped their logo.Counting among his campaign staff is Christian Potholm, a Maine political consultant that helped Democratic Governor John Baldacci defeat Republican candidate Chandler Woodcock in 2006. Potholm is Professor of Government at Bowdoin College who has authored several books on Maine politics including, Maine: The Dynamics of Political Change, This Splendid Game: Maine Campaigns and Elections, 1940–2002 and An Insider's Guide to Maine Politics:1946–1996. William J. Ryan, Chairman, President and CEO of TD Banknorth Group, Inc. served as Treasurer of the Exploratory Committee for <mask>'s potential bid for Governor of Maine in 2010. After the official announcement of the formal campaign, Bruce Chalmers, President of Chalmers Insurance Group in Bridgton, Maine took over as Campaign Treasurer. He confirmed in 2020 that he will vote for Joe Biden, even though he is a Republican. Balsams Resort rebuilding On February 28, 2016, The Boston Globe reported that <mask> had purchased part of the now-closed Balsams Resort in Dixville Notch, New Hampshire. According to the article, <mask> plans to spend over $100 million to renovate and rebuild the resort with the goal of turning it into a four seasons destination.When finished, the skiing area would be the largest in New England, with 2,200 acres of skiable terrain. Personal life and family <mask> lives in Dixville Notch, NH. He raised three children. References External links <mask> for Governor (official web site) (2009 archived copy) Cromwell Center for Disabilities Awareness Maine Energy Systems FutureMetrics Phoenix House and Well The Colony Development Cartera Commerce P3ProSwing 1949 births Living people Boston Red Sox owners Boston Red Sox executives Businesspeople from Maine Hun School of Princeton alumni Ithaca College alumni Maine Republicans People from Greenwood, Maine People from Teaneck, New Jersey

Mahmud II of Johor

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Paduka Sri Sultan <mask>hum Sultan Ibrahim Syah (1675 or 1680 – 1699) was the Sultan of Johor, Pahang and Lingga (1685 – 3 September 1699). As he was young upon assumption of the throne, regents oversaw the affairs of state in Johor until the death of the Bendahara, a high official, in 1697. Upon assuming duties as sultan, <mask> II undermined stability in the state due to his erratic behavior. As a result, he was murdered by members of his advisory council in 1699. The death of the Johor sultan led to a period of upheaval and chaos in the southern Melaka Straits, as successors jockeyed for control of the state. Life The birth year of <mask> is uncertain. Many sources report that he was born in 1675, while other state that it more likely closer to 1680.Much of this is obscured due to the circumstances of his rule and death. <mask> Syah <mask> became sultan in 1685, following the death of his father Ibrahim Syah, who had overseen an expansion of territorial control and economic prosperity of the state of Johor until it encompassed much of the southern reaches of the Melaka Straits and the Malay Peninsula as well as eastern Sumatra. As <mask> Syah was a young child at the time, the state operated under the joint regency of his mother and the Bendahara Paduka Raja until the death of the latter (27 July 1697). <mask> Syah <mask> then took on all official duties as sultan. The reign of Sultan <mask> Syah II was disastrous. He was erratic and – according to contemporary European trade company sources as well as local texts – exhibited a "cruel nature" leading the state to be described as "ungovernable." Much of this was exhibited in sadistic behavior.Local texts contain references to the sultan being violent towards women, even ordering their execution for minor offences. The Scottish country trader Alexander Hamilton vividly recorded several incidents, including the discharge of a firearm into a servant to test its efficacy, which further supports these larger accounts. This behavior threatened the well-being of the state, as traders and merchants began avoiding the main port. The economic turmoil that ensued, combined with violence directed toward women related to the Orang Kaya oligarchy, led high officials of the state to decide to act collectively against the sultan. Death of Sultan <mask> II By August 1699 the Orang Kaya enacted a plan to eliminate Sultan Mahmud. According to both European and local texts, the various officials of state descended upon the young sultan and stabbed him to death in masse. Many later accounts claim this occurred when <mask> II was making his way to the royal mosque, while others describe it as occurring in the market.According to VOC (Dutch United East India Company) reports, the naked corpse was dragged to the Bendahara's residence, where it lay exposed until late afternoon. Later that night the body of Sultan <mask> II was wrapped in cloth, taken away and buried with little ceremony. His grave still exists in a village near Kota Tinggi in Johor, which is still known today as Kampung Makam (Village of the Tomb). Aftermath of his murder The regicide of Sultan <mask> Syah II created a crisis in the Johor state as he was considered to be the last in line of a dynasty of the Sultanate of Johor (founded by his grandfather, Sultan Alauddin Ri'ayat <mask>) descended from the line of rulers of Johor-Melaka-Srivijaya. After the murder, the Bendahara (chief minister) Abdul Jalil declared himself the next Sultan of Johor. Over the next two decades, the Bendahara dynasty had difficulty gaining support, leading to attempts from communities living in peripheral areas under Johor control to exert their own sovereignty. By 1718, a usurper from eastern Sumatra known as Raja Kecil, and claiming to be the son of <mask> Syah <mask>, attacked Johor with the support of Orang Laut and a variety of diverse ethnic groups.Following four years of chaotic rule, Raja Kecil retreated to eastern Sumatra, where he founded the Siak Sultanate in 1722, and descendants of the Bendahara sultan returned to power under a new arrangement with Bugis mercenaries, thus laying the foundation for the Johor-Riau-Lingga sultanate. <mask> <mask> in Malay legend and historiography As he was the last ruler of dynasty descended from the Sultans of Melaka (Malacca), and regicide was an unimaginable act in Malay culture, the murder of Sultan <mask> Syah II created numerous difficulties for the society. Legends, tales, and alternative accounts quickly sprang up, mainly to reduce the complicity of the ruling elite in his death. Among the most popularly accepted retellings of these events placed blame for the regicide on one official, Laksamana Megat Sri Rama (hailing from Bintan), who was supposedly motivated by the execution of his own wife for a minor offense. Enraged by this injustice, Megat Sri Rama attacked the sultan while he was being carried to Friday prayers, resulting in the common appellation "Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang," in remembrance of the way he was killed (mangkat being the Malay word referring specifically to a royal death) while being carried (dijulang) in a royal litter or dais. This tale was recreated in court texts for the next two centuries, particularly in the Tuhfat al-Nafis and the Hikayat Siak. As Sultan <mask> Syah II was childless at the time of his death, other legends arose related to Raja Kecil, who claimed that he was conceived in a supernatural manner on the eve of the murder.Although Raja Kecil already had adult children at the time of his attack upon the Johor state in 1718, his use of this legend in eastern Sumatra enabled him to attract followers hoping to continue the legacy of traditional Johor rulers and revenge the murder of a spiritually powerful ruler. The supposed connection between Raja Kecil and Sultan <mask> Syah <mask> was subsequently used to legitimatize the Siak Sultanate, which Raja Kecil founded in 1722, as a Malay state. The legend of Sultan <mask> Syah II become the subject matter for popular culture texts in the 1950s and 1960s, including the 1961 film Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Dijulang directed by K.M. Basker starring M. Amin as the Sultan. References Sultans of Johor 1675 births 1699 deaths 17th-century Sultans of Pahang Child rulers from Asia 17th-century murdered monarchs 17th-century monarchs in Asia

Charley Crockett

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<mask> (born 1984) is an American blues, country and Americana singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He has released nine albums since 2015, with Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza peaking at number 11 on the US Billboard Blues Albums chart. In 2020, <mask> released his eighth album titled Welcome to Hard Times. In 2021, <mask> released his next album titled 10 for Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand a tribute album, to James "Slim" Hand, and released his tenth album Music City USA, on September 17, 2021. Early life A distant relative of <mask>, <mask> was born in San Benito, Texas, United States. The son of a single mother with an older brother and sister, <mask> was raised in a trailer park in Los Fresnos, Texas.His mother relocated the family to Dallas, and <mask> spent the summer months with his uncle, who lived in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Upon leaving high school, at the age of 17 <mask> decided to travel with his guitar, acquired by his mother from a pawn shop. <mask> noted "I taught myself how to play and started to write songs immediately, without any chord knowledge or anything. I didn't know what key I was in for 12 years, but my ear was really good, and I could play in any key and any chord. I just didn't know what it was." His early musical influences came from hearing hip hop, and became fascinated with the samples used. <mask> said "I got into Curtis Mayfield through samples of his songs by other artists, and Nina Simone was through a sample.Even J. Cole, I was listening to a song of his ("Kenny Lofton"), and it was based on the sample from the Manhattans version of "Hurt". <mask> played music on the streets in the French Quarter of New Orleans and in Deep Ellum, Dallas as a teenager. Later he traveled further afield by hitchhiking and riding freight, before by 2009 busking in New York City. As he improved his performing, <mask> organized a street band called the Trainrobbers, which caught the attention of a Manhattan-based representative for Sony Music. She signed the 26 years old <mask> to a two-year management contract, although he rejected a publishing deal. Eventually tired of life on the streets and the pending expiry of the contract, <mask> relocated to Northern California, where he combined working on farms and communes with performing for three more years. <mask> then existed on the streets in Paris, France, for a year, and briefly lived in Spain and Morocco.During these years, <mask> struggled to stay on the right side of the law. In the US, he sold weed to get by, at one point working the harvest in clandestine marijuana field in the northwest, and was arrested for possession in 2014. He was convicted of a felony crime twice. Music provided the way out. <mask> noted later, "People think my story is far-fetched, but the thing is, I've toned it down." Career In 2015, <mask> returned to Texas and after settling in Dallas, self-released his debut album, A Stolen Jewel, in May. It landed him the Dallas Observer Music Award for 'Best Blues Act'.The lo-fi collection contained a cover of the Flying Burrito Brothers' "Juanita." <mask> also befriended Leon Bridges at this time, before <mask> released a blues dominated album, In The Night, in 2016. In The Night contained a selection of <mask> penned numbers, along with a cover of his hometown hero Freddy Fender's "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights". Fort Worth Star-Telegram called In The Night "an impressive calling card, full of <mask>'s plaintive soulfulness and swinging tempos". <mask> spent the next year touring to promote his work, playing over 125 shows in total. He toured with the Turnpike Troubadours, Lucero, Shinyribs, Samantha Fish, and Old 97's, among others. After relocating to Austin, Texas, <mask>'s next release was a collection of covers of country songs, Lil G.L.'s Honky Tonk Jubilee (2017), which was issued on Thirty Tigers. Tracks included the Roy Acuff penned "Night Train to Memphis", Tanya Tucker’s "The Jamestown Ferry" plus Hank Williams' "Honky Tonkin'", all incorporating <mask>'s clipped, hiccuped Texan drawl. Other tracks on the album were originally recorded by Ernest Tubb, Loretta Lynn, and Webb Pierce ("I Ain't Never"). In 2018, he released Lonesome as a Shadow, a collection of purely original songs. It was recorded at Sam C. Phillips Recording Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, and produced by Matt Ross-Spang. The opening track, "I Wanna Cry" was written for his sister who had died from a methamphetamine overdose. The album was dedicated to Henry "Ragtime Texas" Thomas.Following its April release date, <mask> toured again backed by his band the Blue Drifters. His dates included venues such as the House of Blues in Houston, Washington, D.C.'s 9:30 Club, The Mint in Los Angeles and The Fillmore in San Francisco. In addition, he performed at festival dates such as the Wheatland Music Festival, Portland, Oregon's Pickathon and Austin City Limits Music Festival. In late 2018, <mask> issued Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza. <mask> noted that "Lil G.L. is my side name, like Hank [Williams] had Luke the Drifter.I use it for all my side projects and cover projects". He explained the moniker was given to him by a local blues drummer, Jay Moeller, in reference to the obscure R&B singer G. L<mask>. AllMusic stated "Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza is a companion of sorts to <mask>'s 2017 Lil G.L. 's Honky Tonk Jubilee". The album was primarily another compilation of cover versions, although <mask>'s definition of the blues encompasses tracks including Jimmy Reed's "Bright Lights, Big City"; Tom T. Hall's "That's How I Got to Memphis" and Danny O'Keefe's "Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues". In addition, Crockett covered work made in the past by Ernest Tubb, George Jones, and T-Bone Walker.Lil G.L. 's Blue Bonanza peaked at number 10 in the Billboard Blues Albums chart. In early January 2019, <mask> underwent open-heart surgery. Pre-assessments for the surgery exposed that <mask> had a congenital heart condition where his heart had two out of three aortic valve flaps fused together, leading to Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome <mask> released The Valley on September 20, 2019. The album features the single "Borrowed Time", which was co-written with Evan Felker of Turnpike Troubadours. Field Recordings Vol. 1 was released on April 3, 2020 and is a collection of 30 lo-fi covers and originals recorded in Mendocino County, California.<mask> released his eighth album Welcome to Hard Times on July 31, 2020. It was produced by Mark Neill and includes songwriting contributions from The Black Keys' Dan Auerbach and singer/songwriter Pat McLaughlin. The album followed a life-threatening health scare in which he was diagnosed with a congenital heart condition that required heart surgery. It received glowing reviews, including American Songwriter who raved "<mask> finds the sweet spot between country, soul, blues and folk on deceptively modest songs, effortless in their easy-going groove," while Texas Monthly stated, "<mask> makes a beeline for the album's central theme: wily survival in a socially, politically, and economically rigged system." On February 26, 2021, <mask> released his next album, titled 10 For Slim: <mask> Sings James Hand, a tribute album to James "Slim" Hand. It was met with critical acclaim from Rolling Stone, The Boot, Austin American-Statesman, Forbes, Saving Country Music, and American Songwriter among others. In July 2021, <mask> announced his tenth album Music City USA which was released on September 17, 2021 via Son of Davy/Thirty Tigers, and shared the lead single "I Need Your Love."Brooklyn Vegan called it "a sweet and sultry slice of southern soul" while The Boot called it "a dose of horn-filled soul." Discography Studio albums Extended plays Singles Music videos References External links Official website 1984 births Living people People from San Benito, Texas American blues singers American country singer-songwriters Singer-songwriters from Texas American blues guitarists American male guitarists American country guitarists Americana musicians 21st-century American guitarists Guitarists from Texas African-American male songwriters Country musicians from Texas Davy Crockett American people of Jewish descent Cajun guitarists American people of Creole descent African-American country musicians African-American guitarists Jewish singers African-American Jews Jewish American songwriters 21st-century African-American male singers Singer-songwriters from Louisiana

Gerda Lerner

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<mask> (née Kronstein; April 30, 1920 – January 2, 2013) was an Austrian-born American historian and woman's history author. In addition to her numerous scholarly publications, she wrote poetry, fiction, theatre pieces, screenplays, and an autobiography. She served as president of the Organization of American Historians from 1980 to 1981. In 1980, she was appointed Robinson Edwards Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she taught until retiring in 1991. <mask> was one of the founders of the academic field of women's history. In 1963, while still an undergraduate at the New School for Social Research, she taught "Great Women in American History", which is considered to be the first regular college course on women's history offered anywhere. She taught at Long Island University from 1965 to 1967.She played a key role in the development of women's history curricula and was involved in the development of degree programs in women's history at Sarah Lawrence College (where she taught from 1968 to 1979 and established the nation's first master's degree program in women's history) and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she launched the first Ph.D. program in women's history. She also worked at Duke University and Columbia University, where she was a co-founder of the Seminar on Women. Early life She was born <mask> Hedwig Kronstein in Vienna, Austria, on April 30, 1920, the first child of Ilona Kronstein (née Neumann, 1897, Budapest1948, Zürich) and Robert Kronstein (1888, Vienna1952, Vaduz), an affluent Jewish couple. Her family are originating and relating to Breslau, Berlin, (, ), (Turdos, , ) (Upper Hungary), Helishoy (, ) (Moravia), and Reichenberg () (Bohemia). Her father was a pharmacist, and her mother an artist, with whom Gerda, according to her autobiography, had a strained relationship as a child. As an adult, Gerda believed that her mother Ilona struggled because she did not fit in the role of a Viennese wife and mother. Gerda had a younger sister, and they attended local schools and gymnasium.Following the 1938 Anschluss, Kronstein became involved with the anti-Nazi resistance. She and her mother were jailed that year after her father had escaped to Liechtenstein and Switzerland, where he stayed during the war. <mask> Kronstein occupied a cell for six weeks with two Christian women held on political grounds. They shared their prison food with her because Jews received restricted rations. In 1939, her mother moved to France, and <mask>'s sister relocated to Palestine. That year, <mask> immigrated to the United States under the sponsorship of the family of Bobby Jensen, her socialist fiancé. Career Settling in New York, Kronstein married Jensen.She worked in a variety of jobs as a waitress, salesperson, office clerk, and X-ray technician, while also writing fiction and poetry. She published two short stories featuring first-person accounts of the Nazi annexation of Austria. Her marriage with Jensen was failing when she met <mask> (1912–1973), a married theater director who was a member of the Communist Party USA. They both established temporary residence in Nevada and obtained divorces in Reno; the state offered easier terms for divorce than did most others. Kronstein and <mask> married and moved to Hollywood, where Carl pursued a career in film-making. In 1946, <mask> <mask> helped found the Los Angeles chapter of the Congress of American Women, a Communist front organization. The Lerners engaged in CPUSA activities involving trade unionism, civil rights, and anti-militarism.They suffered under the rise of McCarthyism in the 1950s, especially the Hollywood blacklist. The <mask>s returned to New York. In 1951, <mask> <mask> collaborated with poet Eve Merriam on a musical, The Singing of Women. <mask>'s novel No Farewell was published in 1955. <mask> returned to New York to study at the New School for Social Research, where she received a bachelor's degree in 1963. She has said that her frequent status made her think about "people who did not have a voice in telling their own stories. <mask>'s insights eventually influenced her decision to earn a Ph.D. in history and then to help establish women's history as a standard academic discipline."In 1963, she offered the first regular college course in women's history, which at the time had no status as a field of study in academia. In the early 1960s, <mask> and her husband coauthored the screenplay of the film Black Like Me (1964), based on the book by white journalist John Howard Griffin,, who had reported on six weeks of travel in small towns and cities of the Deep South passing as a black man. <mask> directed the film, starring James Whitmore. <mask> continued with graduate studies at Columbia University, where she earned both the M.A. (1965) and Ph.D. (1966). Her doctoral dissertation was published as The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina: Rebels Against Slavery (1967), a study of Sarah Moore Grimké and Angelina Grimké, sisters from a slaveholding family who became abolitionists in the North. Learning that their late brother had mixed-race sons, they helped pay to educate the boys.In 1966, <mask> became a founding member of the National Organization for Women (NOW), and she served as a local and national leader for a short period. In 1968, she received her first academic appointment at Sarah Lawrence College. There <mask> developed a Master of Arts Program in Women's History, which Sarah Lawrence offered beginning in 1972; it was the first American graduate degree in the field. <mask> also taught at Long Island University in Brooklyn. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> published scholarly books and articles that helped establish women's history as a recognized field of study. Her 1969 article "The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson", published in the journal American Studies, was an early and influential example of class analysis in women's history. She was among the first to bring a consciously feminist lens to the study of history.Among her most important works are the documentary anthologies Black Women in White America (1972) and The Female Experience (1976), which she edited, along with her essay collection, The Majority Finds Its Past (1979). In 1979, <mask> chaired The Women's History Institute, a fifteen-day conference (July 13–29) at Sarah Lawrence College, co-sponsored by the college, the Women's Action Alliance, and the Smithsonian Institution. It was attended by leaders of national organizations for women and girls. When the Institute participants learned about the success of the Women's History Week celebrated in Sonoma County, California, they decided to initiate similar commemorations within their own organizations, communities, and school districts. They also agreed to support an effort to secure a "National Women's History Week". This helped lead to the national establishment of Women's History Month. In 1980, <mask> moved to the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where she established the nation's first Ph.D. program in women's history.At this institution, she wrote The Creation of Patriarchy (1986), The Creation of Feminist Consciousness (1993), parts one and two of Women and History; Why History Matters (1997), and Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (2002). From 1981 to 1982, <mask> served as president of the Organization of American Historians. As an educational director for the organization, she helped make women's history accessible to leaders of women's organizations and high school teachers. Selected works Black Women in White America <mask> edited Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (1972), which chronicles 350 years of black women's contributions to history, despite centuries of being enslaved and treated as property. It was one of the first books to detail the contributions of black women in history. The Creation of Patriarchy In The Creation of Patriarchy (1986), volume one of Women and History, <mask> ventured into prehistory, attempting to trace the roots of patriarchal dominance. She concluded that patriarchy was part of archaic states forming in the 2nd millennium BCE.<mask> provides historical, archeological, literary, and artistic evidence for the idea that patriarchy is a cultural construct. She believed that the main strength of patriarchy was ideological and that in western societies it "severed the connection between women and the Divine". The Creation of Feminist Consciousness The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870 (1993) is her second volume of Women and History. In this book, she reviews European culture from the seventh century through the nineteenth centuries, showing the limitations imposed by a male-dominated culture. After the seventh century, more of women's writings began to survive, and <mask> uses these to show the development of what she defines as feminist thought. She demonstrates the numerous ways that women "have bypassed or redefined or undermined 'male thought'". She examines in detail the educational deprivation of women, their isolation from many of the traditions of their societies, and the expressive outlet many women have found through writing.Often beginning in religious or prophetic writing, this was a way for women to engage in what Lerner calls "ideological production", including defining alternative futures and "think themselves out of patriarchy". Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (2003) is a detailed account of <mask>'s life from her childhood in Vienna through war and emigration, to 1958. That year, she began her formal studies at the New School for Social Research in New York, an institution established by numerous European refugees from the Nazi persecution. She believed that education and life work were critical to women's self-realization and happiness. Legacy and honors In 1998, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1986, <mask> won the American Historical Association's Joan Kelly Prize for her book The Creation of Patriarchy, on the roots of women's oppression. She received the Bruce Catton Prize for Lifetime Achievement in Historical Writing from the Society of American Historians, and the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians Special Book Award.In 1992, the Organization of American Historians established the annual Lerner-Scott Prize, named for her and Anne Firor Scott. It is awarded annually to the writer of the best doctoral dissertation that year in U.S. women's history. She is the subject of a full-length documentary film, Why Women Need to Climb Mountains (2016), by Renata Keller. <mask> died on January 2, 2013, in Madison, Wisconsin, at the age of 92. She was survived by her grown children Dan and <mask>. Other works Musical Singing of Women (1951, with Eve Merriam) Screenplays Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957) Black Like Me (1964) Home for Easter (n.d.) Books No Farewell (1955) an autobiographical novel; originally in German under the pseudonym Margaret Rainer: Es git keinen Abschied (1953) The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Rebels against Authority (1967) The Woman in American History [ed.] (1971) Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (1972) The Female Experience: An American Documentary (1976) A Death of One's Own (1978/2006) The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History (1979) Teaching Women's History (1981) Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (1982) The Creation of Patriarchy (1986) The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy (1994) Scholarship in Women's History Rediscovered & New (1994) Why History Matters (1997) Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (Temple University Press, 2003) Living with History/Making Social Change (2009) References Notes Biographies Ransby, Barbabra.2002. "A Historian Who Takes Sides", The Progressive, September. <mask>, Gerda. 2005. "Life of Learning", Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 2005. MacLean, Nancy. 2002."Rethinking the Second Wave", The Nation, October 14. Gordon, Linda; Kerber, Linda K.; Kessler-Harris, Alice. 2013. "<mask> <mask> (1920–2013). Pioneering Historian and Feminist", Clio. Women, Gender, History. Keller, Renata.2015. "Why Women Need to Climb Mountains - on a journey through the life and vision of Dr. <mask> <mask>" Further reading Daum, Andreas W., "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities," in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide, ed. Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016 , 1‒52. Felder, Deborah G., and Diana Rosen. 2003.Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World. New York: Citadel Press (Kensington Publishing), pp. 216–220. Scanlon, Jennifer, and Shaaron Cosner. 1996. American Women Historians, 1700s–1990s: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, pp.144–146. Weigand, Kate. 2001. Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Multiple references, indexed.) External links Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive <mask> <mask> - Corporatizing Higher Education Papers, 1950–1995.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Papers, 1924–2006. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Additional papers of <mask> <mask>, 1916–2013. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 1920 births 2013 deaths American communists American feminist writers American socialist feminists Columbia University alumni Communist women writers Duke University faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Feminist historians Historians from New York (state) Historians of the United States Jewish American historians Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss Jewish feminists Jewish socialists Marxist feminists Radical feminists The New School alumni University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty Women historians Women's historians Writers from Wisconsin

Barbara M. Carey-Shuler

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<mask>. Carey-Shuler, public servant, community activist and educator served as the first African American woman on the Board of County Commissioners for Miami-Dade County, Florida (formerly Metro-Dade County) when she was appointed by then-Governor Robert Bob Graham on December 10, 1979. She was elected to the Commission in 1982, 1986, 1996, 2000, and 2004 while serving as the Chairwoman of the Board of County Commissioners from 2002-2004, when she became the first African-American to hold the position in the 60 years of Miami-Dade County governance. Early life and education <mask> was born and raised in the small coastal town of Fernandina Beach, Florida by her parents Wendell H. and <mask>. In 1957, she graduated as the valedictorian from Peck High School, a segregated school for African Americans. <mask> attended Florida A&M University, a historically Black university, where she graduated in 1961 with a Bachelor of Science degree in speech. In 1962, she earned a Master of Arts in speech and communications from Ohio State University. Furthering her education while working as a public-school teacher and later as an administrator for the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, <mask> earned a Master of Education in Guidance at the University of Miami in 1969.She also completed a Doctorate in Educational Supervision and Administration from the University of Florida in 1978. Appointment As a civic activist, <mask> co-chaired the 1978 Dade County election campaign of Governor-to-be Robert Bob Graham. When sitting County Commissioner Neal Adams was removed from office, Governor Graham, announced on December 10, 1979 that he was appointing Carey as the first black female to sit on the nine-member Metropolitan Dade County Board of County Commissioners. At the time of her appointment <mask> was married to Archibald Carey, Sr. with a 12 year old son Archibald, Jr. Archibald Sr. later died in August 1981 after a long period of illness. Miami-Dade County Commission Within days of Carey’s appointment, <mask>, an insurance agent, was killed by Metro-Dade Police Officers. On May 17, 1980 an all-white jury acquitted the officers, and after an initial non-violent protest, riots lasting three days broke out and caused 18 deaths and an estimated $100 million in property damage. The McDuffie Riot was the most destructive race riot at that time in the United States.Carey led the effort at the Metro-Dade County Commission to compensate the <mask>ie family, stating "We can never compensate a family adequately for the life of loved ones particularly in these circumstances. It is in the best interest of everyone to settle out of court. We can't open up these wounds in the community again". She additionally sought federal support for the rebuilding of the Liberty City community, while also advocating for police reforms, including a civilian-led police oversight panel and minority hiring Before <mask> King Jr. Day became a federal holiday, Carey spearheaded a resolution designating the January 15th birthday of Dr <mask> King, Jr. as an official county holiday in Miami-Dade County. Carey authored and secured passage of legislation requiring every motorist to observe a 15-mph speed limit while driving in school zones. Her leadership also led to black employees of the County’s Solid Waste Department who only had been hired as part-time employees, being hired as full-time employees eligible for all benefits. In addition, Carey introduced and led the effort to pass the set-aside law and the affirmative action policy, which was argued all the way to the United States Supreme Court, resulting in creating more jobs and business opportunities for minorities and women than any other economic measure passed by the County Commission.Carey sponsored at the local level the State of Florida’s Affordable Housing Surtax program. At the time, it was the first in the nation to establish a funding vehicle to provide home ownership, housing rehabilitation and affordable rental options. By 2017, the program had created over 10,000 single family homeowners and exceeded 15,000 affordable rental units throughout Miami-Dade County, Florida. In 1990, Carey was defeated by Arthur Teele, Jr., who Carey had introduced to the Miami-Dade community. After reclaiming her Commission seat in the election of 1996, she married James Lamar Shuler in early 1999, the owner of Shuler's Memorial Funeral Home in Palm Beach County, FL. The newly married Carey-Shuler went on to win the elections of 2000 and 2004. She held the position of Chairwoman of the Board of County Commissioners from 2002-2004, one of the most powerful positions in Miami-Dade County.She was the first elected official to lead the 13-member Board through its inaugural session exercising the greater legislative powers as approved by the voters of Miami-Dade County in September 2002. Several of Carey-Shuler’s national award-winning programs were: Partners for Youth Program, Epilepsy Education for Minorities, Afrocentric Enhancement and Self-Esteem Opportunity Program (AESOP). She led the effort to implement and increase the development of transit-oriented developments along major transit corridors and high traffic community enclaves. Her leadership in the formation and chairing of the Transit Center Connections Committee developed a blueprint for multi-use transit villages along the northern leg of the Metrorail line in her commission district, including: the Martin Luther King Transit Station Complex, the Brownsville Transit Village, the Overtown Transit Village and the Seventh Avenue Transit Village, later renamed in 2016. Culturally, Carey-Shuler secured funding for the construction and renovation of Virginia Key Beach Park Civil Rights Museum and Cultural Center. A major restoration of The Historic Lyric Theater in Overtown was accomplished by the Black Archives through a continuing resolution of funding, sponsored by Carey-Shuler; becoming one of the first jewels of the Overtown renaissance. The Historic Hampton House Hotel was saved from demolition by a Carey-Shuler-led coalition of preservation activist.She steered the Performing Arts Center project through the County Commission during a difficult period of delayed construction and over-budget spending. Her efforts and leadership contributed to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts becoming a financial success and a world renown facility of the arts. She was responsible for the concept and creation of Music Fest Miami, a multi-cultural festivity on Labor Day Weekend centered around the global music community of Miami and South Florida. The three-year event featured music, food and culture events in numerous neighborhood mini-festivals around Miami-Dade County. Local high school students were introduced to nationally known musicians during interactive presentations and in-school concerts. The culminating event was an all-day music festival of world music at Miami’s Bayfront Park, featuring artists Isaac Hayes, <mask>, Arturo Sandoval, Jonathan Butler, Inner Circle, Earth, Wind and Fire, Charlie Haden and Patti Labelle. After serving more than twenty years, on December 6, 2005 Carey-Shuler resigned from the Miami-Dade County Commission to care for ailing family members.Less than seven weeks later, her mother died on January 8, 2006; her husband, James Lamar Shuler, died on October 1 2006; and her mentor M. Athalie Range died on November 14th of the same year. Philanthropist, volunteer and civic activist In 2017, Carey-Shuler was instrumental in advocating for the City of Delray Beach to rename a street after her late husband, James Lamar Shuler as an ode to his work in redeveloping the blighted areas of Delray Beach, FL. As Carey-Shuler has managed and maintained her husband’s legacy at the Shuler’s Memorial Chapel, she has continued her civic and social activism within the African American community of south Palm Beach County. Carey-Shuler, provided a gift to Palm Beach State College which afforded the college the opportunity to establish the Cross-Cultural Equity Institute to improve retention and graduation rates among minority students. Carey-Shuler adopted Inlet Grove Community High School and volunteers as President of the foundation and Vice President of the governing board. Inlet Grove High School is a training ground that educates students to be career or college ready upon graduation. Carey-Shuler serves as the Secretary on the Board of Trustees of Technology, Enterprise and Development Center, which provides business experience in its programming to clients and customers.She also serves as a member of the Board of Directors for Pathways to Prosperity, a non-profit organization based in Boynton Beach, Florida, which is dedicated to strengthening the communityby providing educational and social service resources. <mask> Carey-Shuler’s continued activism for history and community preservation is fulfilled by her service as a board member of the Spady Museum in Delray Beach, Florida. In 2013, Carey-Shuler was recognized for her business success and personal contributions to the Greater West Palm Beach community by Delta Sigma Theta sorority of West Palm Beach and the Delta Heritage Foundation. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people People from Fernandina Beach, Florida County commissioners in Florida People from Miami-Dade County, Florida

Michael Thomas Sadler

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<mask> (3 January 1780 – 29 July 1835) was a British Tory Member of Parliament (MP) whose Evangelical Anglicanism and prior experience as a Poor Law administrator in Leeds led him to oppose Malthusian theories of population and their use to decry state provision for the poor. Overview <mask> entered the British House of Commons at the behest of the 4th Duke of Newcastle, returned by the pocket borough of Newark as an 'Ultra' opponent of Catholic emancipation, but he devoted much effort in Parliament to urging the extension of the Poor Law to Ireland. In 1832, in the last session of the unreformed House of Commons he brought forward a Bill to regulate the minimum age and maximum working hours of children (no more than ten hours for persons under eighteen) in the textile industry. He chaired a Select Committee on the Bill which heard evidence from witnesses on overwork and ill-treatment of factory children. No legislation had resulted before the Reform Act passed and in the election which followed <mask> stood for Leeds but failed to be elected. Parliamentary leadership of the factory reform movement passed to Lord Ashley. Publication of the evidence gathered by Sadler's Select Committee had a considerable effect on public opinion: the effect of Sadler's Bill and Committee on the Whig government was to persuade them that new factory legislation was required but that this should be based upon evidence gathered on a sounder basis.When he died, contemporaries mentioned his work on Ireland, population, and poverty as well as his ten-hour bill, but only the latter is now remembered. Early years <mask> was born in Snelston, Derbyshire, on 3 January 1780, the son of <mask> a minor local squire ; according to tradition his family came from Warwickshire and was descended from Sir <mask>. He was educated at home; when newly elected an MP he was said to have a 'rather broad' Yorkshire accent. In 1800 on the death of his mother he moved to Leeds to work with an elder brother (Benjamin); his father died soon afterwards. <mask> and his brother were linen-drapers; in 1810 they gave up the retail trade and went into partnership with the widow of an importer of Irish linen (in 1816 he married her eldest daughter Anne), but his biographer comments that <mask> was lucky to have competent partners as his mind, nature, and habits were unfitted to business. His biographer reports that his family were Anglicans but his mother was sympathetic to Methodism adding that "He had always entertained a decided preference for the Church of England, but after his marriage he became more regular and undeviating in his attendance on her ordinances. "with no indication of the nature of the pre-marital irregularities and deviations.One of his earliest publications was An Apology for Methodists written in 1797 and in 1831 the Leeds Mercury published a letter from a Methodist dignitary to the superintendent of the Leeds circuit which advised Methodists not to vote for Sadler because he had been insufficiently active in the anti-slavery cause "to say nothing of the ambition which has made him court the High Church and despise us". A correspondent in the Leeds Intelligencer confirmed that <mask> (now an Anglican Alderman and J.P.) had once been a Methodist circuit-steward and <mask> had regularly gone to chapel with him, but denied that <mask> had ever been a Methodist. Religious affiliation was not merely a matter of private conscience (or social status) but also had political implications: Dissenters objected to paying for the Established Church, and were therefore favourable to any reform which might address this, and antagonistic to any steps which might increase the burden. A specific local instance of this arose in Leeds: additional Anglican churches were built in Leeds parish; Dissenters passed a motion at the vestry meeting forbidding any expenditure by the parish on equipping the new churches, and then voted out (in the middle of his term in office) a churchwarden who ignored the motion (having legal advice that the parish was legally required to pay for the fitting out of the churches). Sadler attempted to dissuade the vestry meeting from this, but was shouted down. His interests lay largely outside business; he became a member of Leeds Corporation (soon after his marriage), contributed articles to the Leeds Intelligencer (the local Tory paper) and commanded a company in the local volunteers ; he also visited the sick and destitute as a member of the 'Stranger's Friend Society', was superintendent of a large Sunday School, and sat on the Poor Law board for Leeds, eventually becoming Poor-rates Treasurer. These latter activities, especially the last, gave him a familiarity with the habits, the wants, and the sufferings of the poor, and a concern with them which stayed with him for the rest of his days.He became active in politics; a supporter of the Tories and strongly opposed to Catholic Emancipation. In 1817, he wrote a pamphlet First Letter to a Reformer countering the argument of a recent MP for Yorkshire that corruption and the power of the Crown were increasing and should be decreased, and that this showed the necessity for Parliamentary reform. He was a founder member (and eventually President) of the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society, and in 1825 delivered there a course of lectures on the Poor Laws. He disagreed strongly with the orthodox authorities of the age on economics and poverty such as David Ricardo and Malthus, believing that their views tended to a destruction of traditional society. As for his own views on these topics, he told a political dinner in 1826 " I .. simply sum them up in these terms, namely : – To extend the utmost possible degree of human happiness to the greatest possible number of human beings. To do this, seems to me to require far less of art than of benevolence ; our duties are sufficiently plain, and fortunately for mankind, duty and interest are at length always found inseparably connected." In 1828 he published an essay on Ireland; its Evils and their Remedies, in which he argued (against the conventional wisdom) for the establishment of poor laws there, and denied that the ills of Ireland were due to over population, since Ulster was both the most prosperous province and the most densely populated one.Election to parliament Before the 1832 Reform Act Newark a borough in Nottinghamshire returned 2 MPs, chosen for it by a coalition of local landed interests; those of the Duke of Newcastle (the 'Reds') and other Tories chiefly Lord Middleton (the 'Yellows'). The vote for these candidates was supported by the 4th Duke of Newcastle's policy of unfailingly evicting any tenant who gave a vote to the 'Blues' (opponents of the Red/Yellow candidates); his allies took similar measures but less implacably. In 1829 one of Newark's MPs was General Sir William Henry Clinton GCB, a kinsman of the Duke of Newcastle. He held a minor post (Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance) under the Duke of Wellington, whom he had served under in the Peninsula. Wellington had formed a government from the opponents of Catholic Emancipation, but by 1829 the state of Ireland was such that – despite his previous strong opposition to Catholic Emancipation – Robert Peel, the leading MP in the government became convinced that granting it was the only safe way to defuse the situation. Wellington's government therefore brought in a Catholic Relief Bill. Since Clinton felt unable to vote against this Bill, and Newcastle was strongly opposed to it, Clinton offered to resign as MP for Newark.Without consulting his allies, Newcastle accepted Clinton's resignation ; he did not inform his allies of this. Again without consulting them, he searched for Clinton's replacement, eventually picking <mask> as a good public speaker with suitably hard-line views against Emancipation. In 1813 at a meeting in Leeds he had seconded a petition to be sent to Parliament against any relief of Catholic disabilities. Sir, the Protestant cause has long been identified with that of the British nation. May they never be separated ! But we are firmly convinced, that to concede to its grand adversary the power it seeks to recover, to resign that influence which it would infalllibly exert, would be to dilapidate the venerable fabric of that happy constitution erected by the wisdom and cemented by the blood of our ancestors ; would shake the very pillars on which the Protestant throne of these realms is founded ; would invalidate the title of the present Protestant royal family ; would threaten the existence of the Protestant establishment; would change many of our laws and subvert many of our sacred institutions; would extinguish the very spirit of the glorious revolution of 1688, and pour contempt on those great characters, who, under divine providence, brought about that happy event ; and in fine, would, in the present state of political parties, deliver up the country to Roman Catholic ascendancy. but his objections were not merely political or constitutional; he held – he said in his declaration speech in 1829 – that "No man is properly qualified to fulfil the duties of any important office whose religion is not founded upon the sacred book of God – who does not derive his faith from that only source -who is prevented from reading it in his native language – who is deprived of the translated Bible".In the by-election following Clinton's resignation, <mask> campaigned against Catholic Emancipation, but his Blue opponent campaigned against Newcastle's electoral tyranny as evidenced by <mask> being imposed on the borough without consultation: the candidate (or rather the selection process) had become the issue. <mask> was elected with a majority of 214, but at the General Election of 1830 was ahead of the Blue candidate by only 94 votes, the Blue cause having gained adherents and the Yellows having become less keen to enforce support of the Red candidate. In 1831, it was therefore thought prudent that <mask> should stand for Aldborough, rather than Newark where his election would be ensured as the borough, which had less than 80 electors, was securly under the control of the Duke of Newcastle. The Duke's candidates for Aldborough were always returned. In the 1831 election <mask>, and the man who stood with him Clinton James Fynes-Clinton, were therefore returned unopposed as the representatives for Aldborough. In parliament Catholic relief <mask>'s first major speech in the House of Commons was against the Second Reading of the Catholic Relief Bill. The speech was well received, but it was rapidly concluded that <mask> could never expect a government post under George IV (apparently because he lacked social polish).His speech against the Third Reading was less successful an opponent describing his performance as the most perfect specimen of a canting Methodist I ever saw. <mask>'s reputation as a Parliamentary debater declined; in March 1830, Hansard recorded mockery by a colleague which the House apparently thought a definite "hit""... he meant the able, the enlightened, the accomplished Member for Newark —able as a writer and as a reasoner, – striking in his eloquence, – well versed in ancient and modern learning, and accomplished in his mode of applying that learning." [The loud and general burst of laughter which followed this sentence prevented our hearing whether the hon. and learned Member finished the encomium here.] Irish Poor Laws He took up in Parliament the argument he had already made outside it that the English Poor Law system should be extended to Ireland (which at that point had no Poor Laws), presenting a petition in 1829 and the next year making a long speech in favour on his own motion, which he then withdrew; it being clear from the debate that his motion would be defeated: there already being a Committee sitting on measures to be taken on Irish poverty. <mask> had been invited to serve on it, but declined because (he said) the selection of MPs for the committee had ensured a built-in majority for opponents of an Irish Poor Law: he also had declined to give evidence to it. In a speech in Leeds in 1831 he described the introduction of Irish Poor Laws as "not a measure of politics, but a measure of justice, policy and mercy" It lies at the very foundation of all civil institutions that where property is appropriated there should be a reservation for those who are left without provision when their labour is no longer demanded, when sickness assails them, and when calamity overtakes them.Whoever the authority might be, you will find that these rights of human nature are clearly recognised, and it is not denied by any jurist in the world that every human being whom the Providence of God has placed upon earth has a claim to sustenation and relief when his honest labour will no longer afford him the necessities of life He initiated a debate on a declaratory resolution that the Poor Laws should be extended to Ireland on 29 August 1831: the resolution was defeated 52–64, a margin so narrow as to be regarded as a moral victory, making it virtually inevitable that the Government would have to act. Reporting his final illness in 1835, the Yorkshire Gazette described him as "this philanthropic gentleman, whose great exertions to ameliorate the condition of the poor of the sister isle will never be forgotten". The Poor Law system was introduced to Ireland in 1838 (when <mask> was no longer in Parliament (or alive)) but this was based not upon the Elizabethan Poor Law system which Sadler knew, but upon the 'New Poor Law' of 1834. Work on population His argument for a Poor Law supporting the poor ran entirely contrary to the advice of orthodox political economists of the day, who held with Malthus; Since population increased by geometrical progression whilst production increased by arithmetical progression, population was only held in check by the want and distress of the poor; hence to relieve that want and distress whether by charity or by the poor-rates was (however kind-hearted) wrong-headed since it would artificially sustain a greater number of the poor (and hence increase the number of those in distress). <mask> scrutinised Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population and became convinced that the statistics it quoted in support were unsound (or where sound mis-used). From his own studies of census data for England in 1810 and 1820 he concluded that the birthrate per hundred marriages was lower in the more densely populated counties; he went on to argue that this was because the more densely populated counties enjoyed a higher standard of living, and that prosperity, not poverty, was the more effective check on population growth. Sadler published (1830) the Law of Population which he derived from this detailed examination of available population statistics (The Prolificness of human beings, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers) in a large book of the same name "more than thirteen hundred closely-printed pages, crowded with an hundred-and-four statistical tables" which left most reviewers at a loss for words.However, <mask> Macaulay writing in the Edinburgh Review, was neither daunted nor impressed, beginning his review We did not expect a good book from Mr <mask> ; and it is well that we did not ; for he has given us a very bad one. The matter of his treatise is extraordinary ; the manner more extraordinary still. His arrangement is confused, his repetitions endless, his style every thing which it ought not to be. Instead of saying what he has to say with the perspicuity, the precision, and the simplicity in which consists the eloquence proper to scientific writing, he indulges without measure in vague, bombastic declamation, made up of those fine things which boys of fifteen admire, and which every body, who is not destined to be a boy all his life, weeds vigorously out of his compositions after five-and-twenty. going on to point out that even <mask>'s analysis did not support an inverse relationship in the technical/accurate meaning of the term, but rather a mild tailing off of fecundity at higher population densities which did not invalidate Malthus, attacking various details of <mask>'s analysis, and ending 25 pages later: We have shown that Mr <mask> is careless in the collection of facts, — that he is incapable of reasoning on facts when he has collected them, — that he does not understand the simplest terms of science, — that he has enounced a proposition of which he does not know the meaning,— that the proposition which he means to enounce, and which he tries to prove, leads directly to all those consequences which he represents as impious and immoral, — and that, from the very documents to which he has himself appealed, it may be demonstrated that his theory is false. <mask> replied in a pamphlet showing that Macaulay had indulged in considerable misrepresentation of the content of the book. In June 1832, Sadler was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.Defence of his patron Newcastle's intimidatory power in Newark was strengthened by his holding (on -it was alleged – advantageous terms) the lease of Crown lands in the neighbourhood ; the leases had come into his family by being granted by a previous Duke of Newcastle (when Prime Minister) to a close relative. A public meeting was held in Newark against these leases: Newcastle responded to an invitation to the meeting in a letter in which he asked "Is it presumed, then, that I am not to do what I will with my own ?". Newcastle meant the properties he leased to his tenants, but it did not take too much ill-will to take him to mean his tenants' votes; and the phrase was widely quoted on that basis. In a Commons debate on the Crown leases <mask> spoke in defence of his patron, effusively and not entirely accurately. John Cam Hobhouse claimed that <mask> had admitted in his speech that he owed his return for Newark to the Duke (it was contrary to the privileges of the House of Commons for a member of the House of Lords to procure the election of an MP); <mask> rapidly denied he had said this, or that it was true. 1831; parliamentary reform The Catholic Relief Bill duly passed, but the Tory Ultras (those – such as <mask> – irreconcilably opposed to Catholic Relief) withdrew their support from the Wellington administration, which then fell. Their Whig opponents came to power, committed to Parliamentary Reform ( sweeping away many of the 'rotten boroughs', creating new borough constituencies for unrepresented towns

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like Manchester and Leeds, and equalising the franchise).The 'Reform Bill' introduced in 1831 in fact consisted of separate Bills for England, for Scotland, and for Ireland. The English Bill went first; it passed its Second Reading, but upon it entering Committee stage, the first amendment to the Bill (a wrecking one, deploring the reduction in the number of English MPs, seconded by <mask>("Mr <mask>, in seconding the amendment, inflicted upon the house a most discursive speech of three closely printed columns, amid general yawning and coughing") was carried by a majority of 8. The Government then withdrew the Bill and called a General Election. <mask> (having been burnt in effigy at Newark) was now returned for Aldborough; the Whigs retained power and introduced a revised Reform Bill, which eventually passed the House of Commons. <mask> voted against the Reform Bill; he spoke at Committee stage when boroughs in schedule B (those formerly returning two MPs, but now to return one: Aldborough was to be one of these, but with revised boundaries, and hence no longer in the pocket of the Duke of Newcastle) were under consideration His main contribution was to (like a few Radicals such as Henry Hunt) deplore the introduction of a uniform qualification for the vote sweeping away much wider "scot & lot" franchises in the few boroughs where they existed. Otherwise he spoke rarely on the Reform Bill; during its passage through the Commons he made more speeches on Irish poverty and Irish Poor Laws. The debate he initiated on Irish Poor Laws (29 August 1831) was held on the next sitting day after Sir Robert Peel had supported ministers by appealing to members to "avoid every other business which should interfere with the progress of the Reform Bill".In October he moved the First Reading of a Bill to improve the lot of the (agricultural) labouring poor (by Government building respectable cottages with land attached and letting them at an economic rent.) Both sides of the House agreed that in any reformed House of Commons Manchester Birmingham and Leeds should be represented, and in September 1831 <mask> was approached (and agreed) to stand as the Tory candidate for Leeds in the election that would follow passage of the Bill. However, in October 1831 the second Reform Bill was rejected by the Lords; Parliament was prorogued and <mask>'s 'labouring poor' Bill lost. Sadler gave advance notice of three further Bills he might wish to bring in in the next session; for the relief of the Irish poor, for bettering the condition of the manufacturing poor, and for regulating the labour of Children in Factories. Attempts to form a Tory government failed, and Parliament reassembled before Christmas, still with a Whig government committed to the early passage of a Reform Bill. <mask> did not revive his 'labouring poor' Bill; instead he announced his intention to bring in a Bill regulating the Labour of Children in Mills and Factories. 1832: The Ten Hour Bill Parliamentary time in 1832 was largely taken up with passage of the third Reform Bill.<mask>'s only recorded speech in the Reform Bill debates was a short one on Hunt's amendment for a 'scot-and-lot' franchise "That all householders paying taxes, shall have a vote for the respective Members to be chosen in the next, and every succeeding Parliament. ": <mask> supported an even wider 'pot-walloper' franchise ("Every one above the rank of a pauper was entitled to the elective franchise.") and did not vote for Hunt's amendment. His efforts were concentrated upon a Bill extending the existing Factory Acts (which gave some protection to children working in the cotton industry) to other textile industries, and reducing to ten per day the working hours of children in the industries legislated for. In 1815 Sir Robert Peel (father of the Sir Robert Peel leading the Tories in the Commons when <mask> was an MP) had introduced a Bill which was to apply to all children in textile mills and factories. Children under ten were not to be employed; children between ten and eighteen could work no more than ten hours a day, and nightworking by them was banned. After four years and three Committees taking evidence, Peel got an Act passed in 1819 which only applied to children in cotton mills and factories.Children under nine were not to be employed; children between nine and sixteen could work no more than twelve hours a day; the ban on nightworking remained. In 1825 John Cam Hobhouse had introduced a Bill to reduce the working day for children in cotton mills to eleven hours, but in face of organised opposition had settled for a three-hour reduction in their working week by a short Saturday. In 1831 Hobhouse introduced a Bill to consolidate the cotton mills Factory Acts and apply them to all textile mills; again there was considerable opposition and the Act passed applied only to cotton mills (and banned nightworking up to the age of 21). <mask> had been absent from Parliament because of ill-health, but attended specifically to speak on the Third Reading of Hobhouse's Bill, regretting its reduced scope (and referring to a petition in its favour from Dundee spinners to whom it was now irrelevant). A network of 'Short Time Committees' had grown up in the textile districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire, working for a 'ten-hour day Act ' for children, with many millhands in the Ten Hour Movement hoping that this would in practice also limit the adult working day. Witnesses to one of the Committees taking evidence on Peel's Bill had noted that there were few millworkers over forty, and that they themselves expected to have to stop mill work at that age because of 'the pace of the mill' unless working hours were reduced. Hobhouse advised Richard Oastler, a Yorkshire supporter of <mask>, that Hobhouse had got as much as he could, given the opposition of Scottish flax-spinners and 'the state of public business': if Sadler put forward a Bill matching the aims of the Short Time Committees “he will not be allowed to proceed a single stage with any enactment, and … he will only throw an air of ridicule and extravagance over the whole of this kind of legislation”.Oastler responded that a failure with a Ten Hour Bill would "not dishearten its friends. It will only spur them on to greater exertions, and would undoubtedly lead to certain success " <mask>'s Bill when introduced indeed corresponded closely to the aims of the Short Time Committees. Hobhouse's ban on nightwork up to 21 was retained; no child under nine was to be employed; and the working day for under-eighteens was to be no more than ten hours (eight on Saturday). These restrictions were to apply across all textile industries. The Second Reading debate on <mask>'s bill did not take place until 16 March 1832, the Reform Bill having taken precedence over all other legislation. Meanwhile, petitions both for and against the Bill had been presented to the Commons; both Peel and Sir George Strickland had warned that the Bill as it stood was too ambitious: more MPs had spoken for further factory legislation than against, but many supporters wanted the subject to be considered by a Select Committee. <mask> had resisted this "if the present Bill was referred to one, it would not become a law this Session, and the necessity of legislating was so apparent, that he was unwilling to submit to the delay of a Committee, when he considered they could obtain no new evidence on the subject".In his long Second Reading speech, <mask> argued repeatedly that a Committee was unnecessary, but concluded by accepting that he had not convinced the House or the Government of this, and that the Bill would be referred to a Select Committee. (Lord Althorp, responding for the Government, noted that <mask>'s speech made a strong case for considering legislation, thought it did little to directly support the details of the Bill; the Government supported the Bill as leading to a Select Committee, but would not in advance pledge support for whatever legislation the Committee might recommend). This effectively removed any chance of a Factories Regulation Act being passed before Parliament was dissolved. <mask> was made chairman of the committee, which allowed him to make his case by hearing evidence from witnesses of <mask>'s selection, on the understanding that opponents of the Bill (or of some feature of it) would then have their innings. <mask> attempted (31 July 1832) to progress his Bill without waiting for the committee's report; when this abnormal procedure was objected to by other MPs, he withdrew the Bill. <mask>, as chairman of the committee, reported the minutes of evidence on 8 August 1832, when they were ordered to be printed. Parliament was prorogued shortly afterwards: <mask> gave notice of his intention to reintroduce a Ten-Hour Bill in the next session Leeds Election 1832 At the 1832 election <mask> stood for the newly enfranchised seat of Leeds.His rival candidates were <mask> Macaulay a Whig politician of national standing (as well as a prolific reviewer for the Edinburgh Review) and John Marshall. Marshall's father had been a Leeds linen-draper and had become a millionaire by developing the spinning of flax by machinery, but as a Dissenter (Unitarian) had been excluded from Leeds Corporation (a'close corporation') – and hence prevented from becoming a magistrate – by the Anglican Tory circles which the Sadlers had joined. By 1832, the Marshalls were members of the Church of England, and Marshall's father had been Sheriff of Cumberland and MP for Yorkshire. Sadler's Committee had taken testimony from multiple Leeds-based witnesses who as children two decades before had been ill-treated at a mill in Shrewsbury owned by the Marshalls, and then employing children as young as six, but in 1832 Marshall's Mill in Leeds (although outside the existing Factory Act as it span flax, not cotton) normally worked the 69-hour week specified by the Factory Act; from information given by the younger Marshall at a public meeting in Leeds it voluntarily complied with the age limit as well: The campaign began with a boisterous public meeting at which all three candidates spoke. Sadler was escorted to the meeting by a procession organised by the local Short-Time Committee, and all the candidates declared their views on factory legislation. Sadler was for a ten-hour bill; Marshall held that no great injury would come to children working cotton-mill hours in a well-regulated mill, but that it would be well for Parliament to reduce the working week to 65 or 66 hours; it was not necessary to set a 58-hour limit. Macaulay supported regulation in principle; he had not yet seen enough evidence for him to come to a view on the appropriate limits, but he would support "any system of legislation which shall secure the children against the rapacity either of officers of the parish or of their parents".These exchanges (together with a prolonged scuffle at the meeting over a Ten-Hour banner depicting small ragged children entering Marshall's mill at 5 am on a winter morning) have sometimes been taken to show the Leeds campaign was "a hard fight which hinged largely on the factory question" but (if the newspapers supporting the rival parties reported the campaign with any accuracy) after this meeting factory reform was never a major campaign issue; in its account of the next week's canvassing the Intelligencer noted Sadler to have raised the issue, but reported in detail only his denial that he had taken up the issue for electioneering purposes – no millchild had a vote, nor did their mothers, nor (as the Whigs had been careful to ensure) did any but a handful of their fathers: its report of the following week has nothing on the subject. Equally, if not an issue, it may have been a factor: Richard Oastler later said that Sadler's efforts on behalf of the factory children had "offended some of the Tory party of Leeds" and the contemporary papers give no indication of support for Sadler by the Gotts, leading millowners and prominent supporters of the Tory candidate in the 1834 elections. Sadler's previous speeches and actions meant that there were substantive differences between the candidates on church rates, the Corn Laws and close corporations; these were supplemented by repeated claims by Whig supporters that Sadler's declared views on other issues were not his real views; he pretended to be the friend of the poor so that he could return to being the lackey of the Duke of Newcastle. Macaulay called Sadler 'a convenient philanthropist' and likened him to 'the Hyaena who, when it wishes to decoy the unwary into its den, has a singular knack of imitating the cries of little children . . .'. The 'hard fight' descended further into personalities; the accusation that Sadler had deserted Methodism for Anglicanism from worldly motives and now despised Methodists was repeated; countered by Sadler's supporters by an assertion that no orthodox Christian should vote for Marshall or Macaulay as they were both Socinians, which accusation the Whigs met with the revelation that Sadler was "sadly addicted to PROFANE SWEARING" and had "attended the SUNDAY parties of a certain Dowager not noted for keeping all the Ten Commandments" When the result was declared, Marshall had 2012 votes, and Macaulay 1984; Sadler failed to be elected, trailing badly with 1596 votes Final years Fate of the Ten Hour Bill Extracts from 'the report of Mr Sadler's Committee' began to appear in newspapers in January 1833 and painted a picture of the life of a mill-child as one of systematic over-work and systematic brutality. The conclusion many papers drew was that Sadler's Bill should be revived and passed.Lord Ashley, eldest son of the 6th Earl of Shaftesbury, took <mask>'s place as the leading spokesman in Parliament for the factory reform movement, and reintroduced the Bill. However MPs criticised both the report (since the only witnesses heard had been <mask>'s, the report was unbalanced; since witnesses had not testified on oath, doubts were expressed about the accuracy/veracity of the more lurid accounts of factory life) and <mask>'s conduct. 'An air of ridicule and extravagance' had been thrown not upon factory legislation, but upon the use of Select Committees for fact-finding on factory conditions. A Factory Commission was set up to investigate and report. <mask> and the Short Time Committees objected to any further fact-finding and attempted to obstruct the work of the Commissioners. Ashley's Bill proceeded to a Second Reading in early July 1833 (when the likely main recommendations of the commission were known, but its report was not yet available to MPs); Ashley wanted the Bill to then be considered by a Committee of the whole House and defeated Lord Althorp's amendment to refer the Bill to a Select Committee. However at Committee stage the first point considered where the Bill differed from the commission's was the age up to which hours of work should be limited Ashley lost (heavily) the vote on this, and left it to Althorp to pilot through a Factory Act based upon the commission's recommendations.Huddersfield by-election 1834 In the autumn of 1834, it became clear that a by-election at Leeds was imminent as Macaulay intended to resign his seat in Parliament. It was widely assumed that <mask> would be the Tory candidate. However, there was an unexpected by-election at Huddersfield. The Whig MP elected in 1832, had been opposed only by a Radical (Captain Wood) : since then Wood had converted to Catholicism and felt (or was advised) that this made it unlikely that he would win the by-election. Wood therefore advised his supporters to invite <mask> to stand as a Tory with Radical support. Whig papers then publicised allegations by John Foster, a former editor of the Leeds Patriot. The Patriot had been a Radical paper supporting the Ten-Hour movement which had been bankrupted by the legal costs of preparing to defend a libel action.Foster said that he had been promised that the Ten-Hour committee would pay all his legal costs and hadn't done so; that <mask> had promised before the Leeds election to pay a handsome price for the Patriot and reneged on the agreement post-election; that money collected for the Ten-Hour campaign had been misappropriated by Oastler; and that <mask> had been evasive and duplicitous. This mud-slinging aside, there were also underlying policy differences between the Tories and the Radicals (e.g. attitude to the Corn Laws) and the passage of Althorp's Factory Act had for the moment removed the Ten-Hour Bill as a cause behind which they could easily unite. For whichever reason, the Huddersfield Radicals refused to support <mask> (whose campaign was already well under way) and persuaded Wood to stand as their candidate. At the election, <mask> came second with 147 votes, Wood third (108), behind the successful Whig candidate (234 votes). This was the last election at which he stood: requisitioned to stand at the Leeds by-election, he declined the invitation. He and his family moved in July 1834 to Belfast, where he died in 1835 and was buried in Ballylesson churchyard.There is a Grade II listed statue of <mask> in St George's Fields (the former Woodhouse Cemetery) in Leeds. Major works Ireland, Its Evils and their Remedies(first published 1828) The Law of Population: A Treatise, in Six Books; (first published 1830) Report of the Select Committee on his Factory Regulation Bill, 1832 Minor works A refutation of an article in the Edinburgh Review (1830 : the article was the review by <mask> Macaulay of Sadler's Law of Population) The Factory Girl's Last Day a poem Notes References External links (This gives only partial coverage: the electronic Hansard does not cover 1829 and therefore misses – amongst other things – his speeches against Catholic Relief; for other years the speeches are there, but the Hansard search engine does not find all of them : for example his speech on the need for a Poor Law for Ireland 3 June 1830 is there, but not flagged up) British Anti-classical economists at the History of Economic Thought website. Aspects of the Industrial Revolution in Britain : Working Conditions and Government Regulation – a selection of primary documents The Factory Girl's Last Day 1780 births 1835 deaths People from Derbyshire Dales (district) Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Tory MPs (pre-1834) UK MPs 1826–1830 UK MPs 1830–1831 UK MPs 1831–1832 Fellows of the Royal Society British reformers Ultra-Tory

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<mask> (18 August 1937 – 11 December 1996) was an English cartoonist, satirist, comedian, actor and performer who co-founded the satirical magazine Private Eye. Early life <mask> was born 18 August 1937 in 3 Wilbraham Place, Chelsea, London, the only child of publisher <mask> (1908-1958) and his Welsh wife Veronica (née James, 1910-1977). He was educated at Shrewsbury School, where he was not academically successful but met his future Private Eye colleagues Richard Ingrams, Paul Foot and Christopher Booker. He also contributed to the satirical magazine The Wallopian, (a play on the school magazine name The Salopian) mocking school spirit, traditions and the masters. Later, he said he recalled little of his schooldays, except that "it was Blandings country. The sort of place you go to die, not to be educated". After school Rushton had to perform two years of national service in the army, where he failed officer selection.He later commented, "The Army is, God bless it, one of the funniest institutions on earth and also a sort of microcosm of the world. It's split almost perfectly into our class system. Through serving in the ranks I discovered the basic wit of my fellow man – whom basically, to tell the truth, I'd never met before." On leaving the army, he worked in a solicitor's office for a short period. Private Eye and the satire boom Rushton remained in contact with his Shrewsbury friends, who had added John Wells to their number and were now running their own humour magazines at Oxford, Parsons Pleasure and Mesopotamia, to which Rushton made many contributions during his frequent visits. A cartoon of a giraffe in a bar saying "The high balls are on me" was not met with approval by everyone in the university administrative quarters. Rushton suggested that Mesopotamia could continue after they left university.During his time as a clerk he had been sending his cartoons out to Punch but none had been accepted. After being knocked over by a bus, he gave up his job as a clerk, determined not to waste another day. After almost but not quite being accepted by Tribune (a Labour-supporting newspaper edited by Michael Foot, Paul's uncle), Rushton found a place at the Liberal News, which was also employing Christopher Booker as a journalist. From June 1960 until March 1961, he contributed a weekly strip, "Brimstone Belcher", following the exploits of the titular journalist (a fore-runner of Private Eyes Lunchtime O'Booze), from bizarre skulduggery in the British colonies (where the soldiers holding back the politicised rabble bear a strong resemblance to privates <mask> and Ingrams), travelogues through the US, and the hazards of by-electioneering as the independent candidate for the constituency of Gumboot North. After the strip folded, Rushton still contributed a weekly political cartoon to the Liberal News until mid-1962. The Salopians finally found a financier for their magazine and the first issue of Private Eye was published on 25 October 1961. Rushton put it together in his bedroom in Scarsdale Villas using Letraset and cow-gumming illustrations onto cards which were taken away to be photo-lithographed.He also contributed all the illustrations and the mast-head figure of Little Gnitty (who still appears on the cover, a blended caricature of John Wells and the Daily Express standard-head). One critic described the original lay-out of the magazine as owing much to "Neo-Brechtian Nihilism", although Rushton thought it resembled a betting shop floor. One feature in the early issues was the "Aesop Revisited", a full-page comic strip which let him work in a wealth of puns and background jokes. With Private Eye riding the satire boom, Peter Cook soon took an interest and contributed two serials recounting the bizarre adventures of Sir Basil Nardly-Stoads and the Rhandi Phurr, both of which were illustrated by Rushton, as was "Mrs Wilson's Diary". In the early days the team also worked on two books, Private Eye on London and Private Eye's Romantic England that make heavy use of his cartooning talents. One of the first Private Eye-published books was <mask>'s first collection of cartoons, <mask>'s Dirty Weekend Book (banned in Ireland). Reuniting with his Salopian chums had also reawakened Rushton's taste for acting.After they had finished university, he had accompanied his friends in a well-received revue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. (Richard Burton even appeared one night in their parody of Luther.) In 1961, Richard Ingrams directed a production of Spike Milligan's surreal post-nuclear apocalypse farce The Bed-Sitting Room, in which Rushton was hailed by Kenneth Tynan as "brilliant". But it was a cabaret at the Room at the Top, a chicken-in-a-basket nightclub at the top of a department store in Ilford, that really launched his career. Rushton recalled meeting the Kray twins in the audience one night and that fellow performer Barbara Windsor "wouldn't come out for a drink that night". The revue also starred John Wells. Rushton's impersonation of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan caught the attention of Ned Sherrin, a young BBC producer searching for talent to appear in a forthcoming TV satire series.That Was the Week That Was (aka "TW3") ran from November 1962 until December 1963. It drew audiences of up to 13 million, making stars of its cast, particularly David Frost. Rushton became known for his impersonation of the Prime Minister, a daring novelty in those respectful days. "It's the only impersonation that people have ever actually recognised – so I'm very grateful to the old bugger ... But then I had voted for him, so he owed me something." Rushton also appeared on the original flexi-discs of skits, squibs and invective that Private Eye gave away, having success with two self-penned songs: "Neasden" ("you won't be sorry that you breezed in ... where the rissoles are deep-freezed-en") and the "Bum Song" ("if you’re feeling glum / stick a finger up your bum / and the world is a happier place"). He also wrote songs for TW3, many of which were revisited on later solo albums like Now in Bottles and The Complete Works.In the autumn of 1963, a health scare led Macmillan to resign and Sir Alec Douglas-Home became Prime Minister. It was necessary that Douglas-Home resign his peerage to find a safe Parliamentary seat. The Private Eye team were so disgusted by the Conservative Party's machinations that they decided to stand their own protest candidate in the Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election. Since he was the most well-known member of the team, <mask> was the obvious choice to stand. Rushton gained much attention from journalists, since he stood under the slogan "Death to the Tories". He polled only 45 votes, having advised his supporters at the last minute to vote Liberal, the Conservatives' only credible challenger. Douglas-Home won.Films, television and radio When TW3 was cancelled in anticipation of the 1964 election, <mask> and some of the cast, as well as some of the members of the Cambridge University revue Cambridge Circus (including future Goodies Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie), went on tour in America as David Frost Presents TW3. <mask> and Barry Fantoni (another Private Eye contributor) entered a painting titled Nude Reclining, a satirical portrait of three establishment types, for the 1963 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition under the name of Stuart Harris, which excited much controversy. He also began a career as a character actor for films in 1963. In late 1964 <mask> was involved as one of the hosts in the early episodes of another satirical programme, Not So Much a Programme, but drifted away as it became the vehicle that launched David Frost as a chat show host. In 1964 he appeared as Richard Burbage in Sherrin and Caryl Brahms' musical of No Bed for Bacon, while his early stature as a personality was confirmed by a cartoon advert he devised for the Brewers' Society proclaiming the charms of the local pub. Rushton did his own host duties for New Stars and Garters, a variety entertainment show in 1965, where he first met Arlene Dorgan. He also appeared as a guest in programmes including Not Only...But Also with Peter Cook and Dudley Moore. During the late 1960s, Rushton spent much of his time in Australia, following Dorgan back to her homeland. He married her in 1968. He also had several series of his own on Australian television, Don’t Adjust Your Set – The Programme is at Fault and From Rushton with Love. He said of Australia, "They've got their priorities right, they're dedicated to lying in the sun, knocking back ice-cold beer". During this period he found time to model for She magazine and also appear in a 1967 stage production of Treasure Island as Squire Trelawney, alongside Spike Milligan and Barry Humphries, at the Mermaid Theatre in London. It was on one of his return visits to the UK in 1968 that he also brought back the late Tony Hancock's ashes to the UK in an Air France bag – "My session with the Customs was a Hancock's Half Hour in itself."He appeared in cameo roles in films, including Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965), Monte Carlo or Bust (1969), The Best House in London (1969) and The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972). He played Tim Brooke-Taylor's gay husband in Sharon Tate's last film before her murder, The Thirteen Chairs (1969), and Tobias Cromwell in Flight of the Doves (1971), as well as appearing in sex comedies such as Keep It Up Downstairs (1976), Adventures of a Private Eye (1977) and Adventures of a Plumber's Mate (1978). His final film appearance was as Big Teddy in Consuming Passions released in 1988. As a TV actor in the 1970s he appeared in episodes of popular programmes as different as The Persuaders!, Colditz (episode: "The Guests" – Major Trumpington in a kilt) and Up Pompeii! as the narrator Plautus. He was Dr Watson to John Cleese's Sherlock Holmes in N. F. Simpson's surreal comedy Elementary, My Dear Watson. In 1975 and 1976 he appeared in well-received pantomimes of Gulliver’s Travels; in 1981 in Eric Idle's Pass the Butler; and in 1988 as Peter Tinniswood's irascible Brigadier in Tales from a Long Room.<mask> also wrote two musicals: Liz of Lambeth in 1976. Tallulah Who? in 1991, with Suzi Quatro and Shirlie Roden. In this period, he also found time to contribute seven humorous, spoken word pieces for the double LP, Tale of Ale. His last major solo TV project was Rushton's Illustrated (1980; partially wiped by ATV which often did not keep programmes considered of no international sales value). By now he was an established guest on quiz shows and celebrity panel games: Celebrity Squares, Blankety Blank, Countdown and Through the Keyhole. When asked why he appeared on these "ludicrous programmes", his answer was simple: "Because I meet everybody there".For 22 years until his death, he was a panellist in the long-running BBC Radio 4 panel comedy game show I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, which he joined as a regular team member in the third series in 1974. In its later years, the show's wealth of silliness, smut and punning was drawing audiences of up to a thousand people for its recordings. In 1990 he teamed up with his co-panellist Barry Cryer in their own show Two old Farts in the Night, performing to full audiences at the Edinburgh festival, the Royal Albert Hall and the Festival Hall, touring the country irregularly until Rushton's death. He played a recurring character as a policeman in Southern Television's 1970–73 children's show Little Big Time with Freddie Garrity; his policeman's helmet bore a

Willie Rushton

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blue flashing light. His manner and voice meant Rushton was in constant demand for adverts, voice-overs and presenting jobs. In the mid-1970s, his reading of Winnie the Pooh for the BBC's Jackanory was particularly popular. He also provided all the voices for the claymation animated series The Trap Door in the late 1980s.He was a popular choice for narrating audio books, especially those for children. In particular he recorded 18 of the books by the Rev. W. Awdry for The Railway Stories series. He also recorded adaptations of Asterix books and Alice in Wonderland, and provided the voice of the King in the early animated Muzzy films. In the early 1980s he wrote and illustrated a series of children's books about "The Incredible Cottage", and provided illustrations for many children's books. <mask> had not been involved in Private Eye since the latter part of the 1960s, other than a brief stint illustrating "Mrs Wilson's Diary" when the Labour Party came back into power in the mid-1970s. He returned to Private Eye in 1978 to take over the task of illustrating "Auberon Waugh's Diary", which continued until 1986.The cartoons perfectly complemented Auberon Waugh's scabrous and surreal flights of invective, and when Waugh moved his column to The Daily Telegraph as the "Way of the World" in 1990, Rushton followed, drawing at Waugh's instruction such surreal concepts as Richard Ingrams pretending to be a seven-year-old choirgirl, the head of a dead cow coming out of a computer connected to the then-new (in common usage) internet and a nude statue of Benjamin Britten with a bird bath discreetly covering its private parts. The Victoria and Albert Museum, recognising his accomplishments, commissioned 24 large colour illustrations which were collected as <mask>'s Great Moments of History. (<mask> had previous experience with the V&A when he had pulled a prank on the institution by labelling an electric plug socket in one of the galleries: "Plug hole designed by Hans Plug (b. 1908)", which remained for a full year – to the great annoyance of a cleaner who had to use a hefty extension lead for 12 months so as not to damage the exhibit.) This large-scale excursion into the use of colour was good practice for the monthly colour covers he created for the Literary Review when Waugh became its editor in 1986. <mask> drew these covers along with the fortnightly caricatures for Private Eyes literary review page until he died. <mask> had always been conscious of his weight, listing his recreations in Who's Who as "gaining weight, losing weight and parking", and in 1973 he had been the host of a slimming programme, Don't Just Sit There.His first major health scare had been the onset of diabetes (the cause of his father's death in 1958). Having to give up beer, Rushton became, according to Ingrams, "quite grumpy as a result, but his grumpiness had an admirable and jaunty quality to it." A sudden loss of three stone had prevented him from playing in Prince Rainier's XI at Monte Carlo, Monaco. Rushton was always passionate about cricket. His father had sent him for coaching at Lord's before he went to Shrewsbury. His cricket and general knowledge were called upon in his role as a regular team captain on BBC Radio 4's quiz show Trivia Test Match with Tim Rice and Brian Johnston, which ran from 1986 to 1993. Rushton was always an enthusiastic cricketer, playing in the Lord's Taverners, a charity celebrity cricket team.In 1989 he performed in The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball. His act consisted of singing "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" and acting out the lyrics, which left him standing in a top hat, white tie, and tails – but no trousers. In his later years his cartoons were part of an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery. Death and memorials <mask> died of a heart attack at Cromwell Hospital, Kensington, in 1996, aged 59. He had predicted this ten years earlier, presumably in jest, on I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. In the first episode of Series 13, which aired on 26 July 1986, Chairman Humphrey Lyttelton asked the panellists to "gaze into their crystal balls" and make predictions for 1996. Rushton said, "I'm sorry you introduced this round, because I just spotted a memorial service for myself in Westminster Abbey".Among his last words was the advice, "Tell Bazza he's too old to do pantomime", meant for his long-time friend Barry Cryer. Rushton is honoured by a Comic Heritage blue plaque at Mornington Crescent tube station, a reference to the game Mornington Crescent on I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue. BBC7 showcased his contribution to I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue – in the week of the 10th anniversary of his death – by rebroadcasting five episodes of the show, one on each weekday night (11–15 December 2006). The broadcasts chosen included the last shows he recorded for the programme. According to the autobiography of Nicholas Parsons, <mask>'s ashes were buried by the boundary at The Oval Cricket Ground. Filmography Bibliography Novels The Day of the Grocer <mask> (Andre Deutsch, 1971) W. G. Grace's Last Case <mask> (Methuen, 1984) Spy Thatcher; The Collected Ravings of a Senior MI5 Officer <mask> (Pavilion, 1987) Solo works <mask>'s Dirty Book <mask> (Private Eye Productions, 1964) The 'I Didn’t Know The Way To Kings Cross When I First Came Here But Look at Me Now' Book By <mask>, Author, Artist And Beer-Drinker Extraordinary <mask> (New English Library, 1966) Sassenach's Scotland <mask> (Seagram, 1975) Superpig: A Gentleman's Guide To Everyday Survival <mask> (Macdonald And Janes, 1976) The Reluctant Euro – Rushton Versus Europe <mask> (Queen Anne Press/Macdonald Futura 1980) The Filth Amendment <mask> (Queen Anne Press, 1981) Think of England. An Identikit Preview of the New Heir to the Throne William Rushton (Penguin Books, 1982) The Naughty French Wine Book William Rushton (G & J Greenall, 1983?)Queen's English: High Taw Tawk Prawpah-leah (Pelham Books, 1985) On sport How To Play Football <mask> (Margaret & Jack Hobbs, 1968) Pigsticking – A Joy For Life <mask> (Macdonald, 1978) Marylebone Versus The World <mask> (Pavilion Books, 1987) The Thoughts of Trueman Now Fred Trueman, Eric Morecambe, and Fred Rumsey (Rushton illustrations only) (Macdonald & Janes, 1978) The Lord's Taverners Sticky Wicket Book with Tim Rice (eds.) (Queen Anne Press/Macdonald & Jane's: 1979) The Compleat Cricketer Jonathan Rice (Rushton illustrations only) (Blandford Press, 1985) Cricket Balls Rory Bremner (Rushton illustrations only) (Robson Books, 1994) Children's books Ebbledum E. Elephant Iris Degg (Rushton illustrations only) (George G. Harrap, 1961.) Sunny Bell and The Shrimp Street Gang Iris Degg (Rushton illustrations only) (George G. Harrap, 1962) The Geranium of Flüt William Rushton (Andre Deutsch, 1975) Jubilee Jackanory (Rushton story with illustrations) (BBC, 1977) The Discontented Dervishes And Other Persian Tales From Sa'di Arthur Scholey (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1977) Elephant on the Line! Talbot Jon (Rushton illustrations only) (Kaye And Ward, 1979) Wild Wood Jan Needle (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1981) The Stupid Tiger And Other Tales Raychaudhuri, Upendrakishore (Translated By William Radice) (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1981) Ancient George Gets His Wish William Rushton (Golden Acorn Pub, 1981) The Story of the Incredible Cottage William Rushton (Golden Acorn Pub, 1981) The Incredible Cottage Goes to the Moon William Rushton (Golden Acorn, 1981) Waldo Meets The Witch William Rushton (Golden Acorn Pub, 1981) The Incredible Cottage Annual William Rushton (Grandreams Ltd, 1982) A Cat And Mouse Story. An Old Tale Michael Rosen (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1982) Losers Weepers Jan Needle (Rushton illustrations only) (Magnet Books, 1983) How To Keep Dinosaurs Robert Mash (Rushton illustrations only) (Penguin Books, 1983) The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen Terence Blacker (Rushton illustrations only) (Hodder Stoughton, 1989) Books illustrated by Rushton The Stag Cook Book: Being a Low Guide to the High Art of Nosh Peter Evans (Four Square, 1967) This England – Selection of Pieces from the New Statesman Michael Bateman (ed). (Penguin, 1969) Comic Cuts: A Bedside Sampler of Censorship in Action Richard Findlater (ed) (Andre Deutsch, 1970) Practical Decorating for Practically Everyone (essay and illustrations by Rushton) (Polycell, 1976, 1977?) Duckworth Vedah Hamon Moody (World's Work.1977) Unarmed Gardening Frank Ward (Macdonald & Janes, 1979) I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue with Tim Brooke-Taylor, Barry Cryer, Graeme Garden, and Humphrey Lyttelton (Robson Books, London, 1980) The First Impossible Quiz Book Ian Messiter (Star, 1980) Bureaucrats. How To Annoy Them! R.T. Fishall (Sidgwick & Jackson. 1981) Health for Hooligans Sandy Fawkes (John Pascoe, 1982) I Could Have Kicked Myself David Frost and Michael Deakin (Andre Deutsch, 1982) Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? Frost David And Michael Deakin (Andre Deutsch Hutchinson, 1983) Molesworth Rites Again Simon Brett (London: Hutchinson, 1983) 1956 And All That :A Memorable History of England Since The War To End All Wars (Two) Ned Sherrin and Neil Shand (Michael Joseph, 1984) Animal Quotations G. F. Lamb (ed) (Longman, 1985) Adam And Eve Willie Rushton ; And The Artists of the Portal Gallery (Bell & Hyman, 1985.) If You'll Believe That... David Frost (ed) (Methuen, 1986) Nudge Nudge, Wink Wink : A Quotebook of Love And Sex Nigel Rees (Javelin Books, 1986) Scenes From Hysterical Life: Diary of a Mad Housewife Dorothy Baker Tarrant (Sidgewick And Jackson, 1986) World’s Shortest Books David Frost (Collins/Fontana, 1987) Please Give Generously Anthony Swainson (David & Charles, 1987) A Family at Law Douglas Stewart and Gavin Campbell (Fourmat, 1988) Dear Pup Letters to a Young Dog Diana Pullein-Thompson (Barrie & Jenkins, 1988) Bad Behaviour Guy Philipps (ed.) (Elm Tree, 1988) You Might As Well Be Dead Richard Ingrams (Quartet, 1988) But I Digress: The Collected Monologues of Ramblin' Ronnie Corbett David Renwick (New English Library, 1989.)Agreeable World of Wallace Arnold Craig Brown (Fourth Estate, 1990) Soft Targets From The Weekend Guardian: Poems Simon Rae (Bloodaxe Books, 1991) Thatcher's Inferno Simon Rae (Smith/Doorstop, 1992) A Burning Candle, The Literary Review Anthology of Poetry Edited By Dariane Pictet, Introduced By Auberon Waugh (Peterborough, Uk: Poetry No, 1993) Happy Families: An Old Game With New Faces (Mandarin, 1993) The Mad Officials Christopher Booker and Dr. Richard North (Constable, 1994) When the Lights Went Out Wanda Anderson (ed) (Friends of St. Helena Hospice, Colchester, 1995) Gullible's Travails Brian Rix (ed) (André Deutsch, 1996) References Pigs Can Fly. Barry Cryer, 2003. (Several references to some items in this article.) External links BBC biography gallery of <mask> cartoons British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent 1937 births 1996 deaths 20th-century British Army personnel 20th-century English comedians 20th-century English male actors Audiobook narrators English cartoonists English illustrators English male comedians English male voice actors English male radio actors English male television actors English male film actors English people of Welsh descent English radio personalities English satirists English television personalities I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue Independent British political candidates People educated at Shrewsbury School People from Chelsea, London Private Eye contributors Writers who illustrated their own

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<mask>, Emilio Giordana (27 July 1913 – 13 March 1998) was an Italian actor and film director. He was particularly prolific, making some 155 appearances in film and television over nearly 60 years (from 1939 to 1997). In the 1950s he did dabble with directing and screenwriting and directed the film Three Strangers in Rome in 1958 which was incidentally the first leading role by Claudia Cardinale. Some of his notable roles includes Adua e le compagne, directed by Antonio Pietrangeli, Tutti a casa by Luigi Comencini, and Dino Risi's A Difficult Life and Il Sorpasso. Selected filmography Torna, caro ideal! (1939) - Francesco Paolo Tosti Wealth Without a Future (1940) - Giovanni Di Cora (1940) - Il fidanzato della segretaria Il Bazar delle idee (1940) Love Me, Alfredo! (1940) - Il compositore Giacomo Varni Eternal Melodies (1940) - L'imperatore Giuseppe Amore imperiale (1941) - Alessio Romowski A Woman Has Fallen (1941) - Mario Document Z-3 (1942) - Paolo Sullich Quarta pagina (1942) - <mask>, l'avvocato Signorinette (1942) - Marco Lancia, lo scrittore Dove andiamo, signora?(1942) - Rudi Lindt, conte di Lerchmann Mater dolorosa (1943) - Giorgio della Valle L'amico delle donne (1943) - Il conte De Simerose La storia di una capinera (1943) - Nino Valentini National Velvet (1944) - Andrea Squadriglia Bianca (1944) - Alessandro, il pilota istruttore Resurrection (1944) - Dimitri Neklindoff Il fiore sotto gli occhi (1944) - Silvio Aroca Nessuno torna indietro (1945) - Andrea The Ten Commandments (1945) - (segment "Non dire falsa testimonianza") Il fabbro del convento (1945) - Des Measures I Met You in Naples (1946) The Models of Margutta (1946) - Andrea Saveri Trepidazione (1946) Fatal Symphony (1947) Preludio d'amore (1947) - Giovanni The Charterhouse of Parma (1948) - Le marquis Crescenzi Veglia nella notte (1948) L'isola di Montecristo (1948) - Dott. Paolo Fabbri I contrabbandieri del mare (1948) - Petropoulos The Enchanting Enemy (1953) Finishing School (1953) - Professor Charpentier Marie Antoinette Queen of France (1956) - Kreutz Il canto dell'emigrante (1956) - Il giudice The Goddess of Love (1957) - Armodio Tempest (1958) - Ministro di Caterine II The Facts of Murder (1959) - Il Marito Silver Spoon Set (1960) - Ridolfi Adua and Her Friends (1960) - Ercoli Via Margutta (1960) - Pippo Contigliani Sweet Deceptions (1960) - (scenes deleted) Everybody Go Home (1960) - Colonnello Love in Rome (1960) - Engineer Curtatoni Sword Without a Country (1961) - Duca di Belvarco A porte chiuse (1961) - Il presidente del tribunale Ghosts of Rome (1961) - Ingegner Tellandi Le Pavé de Paris (1961) - Agostino Gioventù di notte (1961) - Padre di Marco Les hommes veulent vivre (1961) - Rossi A Difficult Life (1961) - Commendator Bracci Ultimatum alla vita (1962) - Cap. It's Free (1968) - The Primary L'età del malessere (1968) Catch As Catch Can (1968) - Cabinet Minister Temptation (1969) - Cesare Veraldi Zingara (1969) - Camillo Ricci The Five Man Army (1969) - Esteban Il Prof. Dott. Rossini! (1991) - Dott. Bardos Vacanze di Natale '91 (1991) - Onorevele Mariotti External links 1913 births 1998 deaths Actors from Genoa Italian male film actors Italian film directors Nastro d'Argento winners 20th-century Italian male actors

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Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (), also known simply as Tarik in English, was a Berber Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal) in 711–718 AD. He led a large army and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from the North African coast, consolidating his troops at what is today known as the Rock of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Ṭāriq", which is named after him. Origins Medieval Arabic historians give contradictory data about Ṭāriq's origins and nationality. Some conclusions about his personality and the circumstances of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty. The vast majority of modern sources state that Ṭāriq was a Berber mawla of <mask>, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya. History According to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), <mask>yr appointed Ṭāriq governor of Tangier after its conquest in 710-711 but an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a stronghold commanded by a nobleman named Julian, Count of Ceuta.After Roderic came to power in Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his daughter, Florinda la Cava, to the court of the Visigothic king for education. It is said that Roderic raped her, and that Julian was so incensed he resolved to have the Muslims bring down the Visigothic kingdom. Accordingly, he entered into a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) to secretly convoy the Muslim army across the Straits of Gibraltar, as he owned a number of merchant ships and had his own forts on the Spanish mainland. On or about April 26, 711, the army of Ṭāriq Bin <mask>, composed of recent converts to Islam, was landed on the Iberian peninsula (in what is now Spain) by Julian. They debarked at the foothills of a mountain which was henceforth named after him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). Ṭāriq's army contained about 7,000 soldiers, composed largely of Berber stock but also Arab troops. Roderic, to meet the threat of the Umayyads, assembled an army said to number 100,000, though the real number may well have been much lower.Most of the army was commanded by, and loyal to, the sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic had brutally deposed. Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19 at the Battle of Guadalete. Ṭāriq Bin <mask> split his army into four divisions, which went on to capture Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, Granada, and other places, while he remained at the head of the division which captured Toledo. Afterwards, he continued advancing towards the north, reaching Guadalajara and Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until the arrival of Mūsā a year later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a second invasion, and within a few years Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian peninsula from the Visigoths. Both Ṭāriq and Musa were simultaneously ordered back to Damascus by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they spent the rest of their lives.The son of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the troops of al-Andalus, was assassinated in 716. In the many Arabic histories written about the conquest of southern Spain, there is a definite division of opinion regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Some relate episodes of anger and envy on the part of Mūsā that his freedman had conquered an entire country. Others do not mention, or play down, any such bad blood. On the other hand, another early historian, al-Baladhuri, writing in the 9th century, merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq a "severe letter" and that the two were later reconciled. Speech The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, in his The Breath of Perfume, attributes a long speech by Ṭāriq to his troops before the Battle of Guadalete. Notes References Sources Primary sources Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.vol. 1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari. al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English translation by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of the Islamic State (1916, 1924). Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Spanish translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol.1, Madrid, 1867. Anon., Mozarab Chronicle. Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of the whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Spanish translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African and Spanish parts of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa del Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. This is to be preferred to the obsolete 19th-century English translation at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154). Critical edition of the Arabic text: Opus geographicum: sive "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. French translation: . Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira.Partial French translation by E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382. Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān. English translation by M. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Biographical dictionary, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843. Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Arabic text ed.G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948. Secondary sources External links Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Authoritative English translation of al-Maqqari available from Google eBooks.This is the translation still cited by modern historians. Tarik's Address to His Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes. A translation of al-Maqqari's work included in Charles F. Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the translator is not identified. NB: the online extract, often cited, does not include the warning on p. 238 (download the whole book from other sites): "This speech does not, however, preserve the actual words of Tarik; it only presents the tradition of them as preserved by the Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long after the last of the Moors had been driven out of Spain.In Al Maggari's day the older Arabic traditions of exact service had quite faded. The Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians." Ibn Abd al-Hakam, rather outdated English translation in Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Conquest of Spain 7th-century births 720 deaths Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate 8th-century Al-Andalus people Berbers in Gibraltar 7th-century Berber people 8th-century Berber people Islam in Gibraltar Military history of Gibraltar Umayyad governors of Al-Andalus 8th-century Muslims 7th-century Muslims Umayyad conquest of Hispania Al-Andalus military personnel

Gay McDougall

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<mask> (born August 13, 1947, in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American lawyer who has spent her career addressing international human rights and racial discrimination. She is currently a Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence at the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice of Fordham University Law School. She was Executive Director of Global Rights, Partners for Justice (from September 1994 to 2006). In August 2005, she was named the first United Nations Independent Expert on Minority Issues, serving until 2011. Early years <mask> was born August 13, 1947 to Louis and <mask>. Her father was a hospital cook and her mother a high school math teacher. She grew up in the Dixie Hills neighborhood of Atlanta.She attended Atlanta public schools and in 1965 graduated from Booker T. Washington High School. As a child, <mask> was banned from many public places in Atlanta. When she finished high school, she was chosen to be the first black student to integrate Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia. Looking back on the experiences of her early years, she has said: "We believed then that our situation was uniquely tragic ... We often looked to the international community with the hope that somehow the world beyond this country operated on different rules…We were both right and wrong." Education and private law career After two years at Agnes Scott, she transferred to Bennington College in Bennington, Vermont. She earned her BA in social science from Bennington, her JD at Yale Law School, and her LLM in public international law at the London School of Economics and Politics. After graduating from Yale Law School, she joined the New York City corporate law firm of Debevoise, Plimpton, Lyons & Gates.Non-profit career McDougall is currently a Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence at the Leitner Center on International Law and Justice, Fordham University Law School In 1998, she was first elected to serve as an independent expert on the United Nations treaty body that oversees the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). She was the first American to be elected to the body of 18 international experts who oversee compliance by governments worldwide with the obligations established under the treaty. She served a four-year term, from 1998 to 2001. She was elected to another four-year term on the CERD Committee in June 2015, and served on the Committee for a term that began on January 20, 2016, and ended on January 19, 2020. She was a Vice-chairperson of the Committee. At its 1996 session, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights elected her to serve a four-year term as a member (alternate) of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the Human Rights commission. She also served as Special Rapporteur on the issue of systematic rape, sexual slavery, and slavery-like practices in armed conflict, in which capacity she presented a study to the United Nations Sub-Commission on Human Rights that called for international legal standards for prosecuting acts of systematic rape and sexual slavery committed during armed conflict.As Special Rapporteur she also toured Sierra Leone with the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights to assess the devastating impact the civil war had on civilian populations. Prior to joining Global Rights, <mask> served as one of five international members of South Africa's 16-member Independent Electoral Commission which successfully organized and administered that country's first non-racial elections. During southern Africa's apartheid era, she was director of the Southern African Project of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law from 1980 until early 1994 and gave direct assistance to the defense of thousands of political prisoners in South Africa and Namibia by financing the defense and collaborating with attorneys. In 1989, <mask> founded the Commission on Independence for Namibia, a bipartisan group of 31 distinguished Americans who monitored in detail the year-long process to independence mandated by the U.N. The Commission intervened to force modifications in critical legislation, such as the voter registration and election laws, which as drafted, threatened the fairness of the election process. Honors <mask> was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1999 for her "innovative and highly effective" work on behalf of international human rights. She has Honorary Doctor of Law degrees from Georgetown University Law Center, the University of Witwatersrand (South Africa), the School of Law of the City University of New York, Agnes Scott College and the School of Advanced Study, University of London.McDougall received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1990. Other positions Senior Scholars 2002, Institute for Policy Studies Board Member, Africare Board Member, CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) Board Member, Global Fund for Women Advisory Council, Realizing Rights Executive Council, American Society of International Law Distinguished Scholar in Residence, American University's College of Law Faculty Visiting Scholar, American University Washington College of Law Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Mulligan Distinguished Visiting Professor of International Law, and Distinguished Scholar-in-Residence, Leitner Center for International Law and Justice, Fordham University School of Law Board member of the Open Society Justice Initiative of the Open Society Foundations References External links Interview with <mask> on the African Activist Archive Project website Global Rights website Institute for Policy Studies/Senior Scholars American University, Washington D.C. website/McDougall bio African National Congress speech Leitner Center for International Law and Justice African-American lawyers African-American academics African-American activists African-American educators American educators New York (state) lawyers Living people Minority rights People from Atlanta United Nations special rapporteurs Members of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Yale Law School alumni 1947 births African-American women lawyers American women lawyers Bennington College alumni MacArthur Fellows American officials of the United Nations

Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal

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<mask>, 1st Marquis of Pombal and 1st Count of Oeiras (13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782), known as the Marquis of Pombal (Marquês <mask>mbal; ), was a Portuguese statesman and diplomat who effectively ruled the Portuguese Empire from 1750 to 1777 as chief minister to King <mask>. A liberal reformer influenced by the Age of Enlightenment, Pombal led Portugal's recovery from the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and modernized the kingdom's administrative, economic, and ecclesiastical institutions. During his lengthy ministerial career, Pombal accumulated and exercised autocratic power. The son of a country squire and nephew of a prominent cleric, Pombal studied at the University of Coimbra before enlisting in the Portuguese Army, where he reached the rank of corporal. Pombal subsequently returned to academic life in Lisbon, but retired to his family's estates in 1733 after eloping with a nobleman's niece. In 1738, with his uncle's assistance, he secured an appointment as King John V's ambassador to Great Britain. In 1745, he was named ambassador to Austria and served until 1749.When <mask> acceded to the throne in 1750, <mask> was appointed as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Despite entrenched opposition from the hereditary Portuguese nobility, Pombal gained <mask>'s confidence and, by 1755, was the king's de facto chief minister. Pombal secured his preeminence through his decisive management of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, one of the deadliest earthquakes in history; he maintained public order, organized relief efforts, and supervised the capital's reconstruction in the Pombaline architectural style. Pombal was appointed as Secretary of State for Internal Affairs in 1757 and consolidated his authority during the Távora affair of 1759, which resulted in the execution of leading members of the aristocratic party and allowed Pombal to suppress the Society of Jesus. In 1759, <mask> granted Pombal the title of Count of Oeiras and, in 1769, that of Marquis of Pombal. A leading estrangeirado strongly influenced by his observations of British commercial and domestic policy, Pombal implemented sweeping commercial reforms, establishing a system of companies and guilds governing each industry. These efforts included the demarcation of the Douro wine region, created to regulate the production and trade of port wine.In foreign policy, although <mask> desired to decrease Portuguese reliance on Great Britain, he maintained the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which successfully defended Portugal from Spanish invasion during the Seven Years' War. Pombal enacted liberal domestic policies, including the prohibition of the import of black slaves within Portugal and Portuguese India, and greatly weakened the Portuguese Inquisition, and granting civil rights to the New Christians. Despite these reforms, Pombal governed autocratically, curtailing individual liberties , suppressing political opposition, and fostered the slave trade to Brazil. Following the accession of Queen Maria I in 1777, Pombal was stripped of his offices and ultimately exiled to his estates, where he died in 1782. Early life <mask> <mask> <mask> <mask> () was born in Lisbon, the son of <mask> <mask> e Ataíde, a country squire with properties in the Leiria region, and of his wife <mask> <mask> <mask>. His uncle, <mask> <mask>, was a politically-influential cleric and professor at the University of Coimbra. During his youth he studied at the University of Coimbra and then served briefly in the army, reaching the rank of corporal, before returning to academic study.He then moved to Lisbon and eloped with <mask> <mask> <mask> (1689–1737), the niece of the Count of Arcos. The marriage was a turbulent one, as she had married him against her family's wishes. Her parents made life unbearable for the young couple; they eventually moved to Melo properties near Pombal. Pombal continued his academic pursuits, studying law and history and securing admission in 1734 to a royal historical society. Political career In 1738, with his uncle's assistance, Pombal received his first public appointment as the Portuguese ambassador to Great Britain, where, in 1740, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. This author points out that <mask> <mask> used his circulation among influential people to "investigate the causes, techniques, and mechanisms of British commercial and naval power." In 1745, he served as the Portuguese ambassador to Austria.The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess <mask> <mask> of Austria (1683–1754), was fond of him; after his first wife died she arranged for him to marry the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal <mask>, Count von Daun. The King, John V, was not pleased, however, and recalled him in 1749. John V died the following year and his son <mask> of Portugal was crowned king. <mask> was fond of Pombal; with the Queen <mask>'s approval he appointed him as Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in him increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, the King appointed him Prime Minister. Impressed by English economic success which he had witnessed as ambassador, Pombal successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal.He abolished slavery in Portugal and the Portuguese colonies in India, reorganised the army and the navy, abolished the autos-da-fé and ended the Limpeza de Sangue (cleanliness of blood) civil statutes and their discrimination against New Christians, the Jews that had converted to Christianity, and their descendants regardless of genealogical distance, to escape the Portuguese Inquisition. Pombaline Reforms The Pombaline Reforms were a series of reforms intended to make Portugal an economically self-sufficient and commercially strong nation, by means of expanding Brazilian territory, streamlining the administration of colonial Brazil, and fiscal and economic reforms both in the colony and in Portugal. During the Age of Enlightenment Portugal was considered small and unprogressive. It was a country of three million people in 1750. The economy of Portugal before the reforms was a relatively stable one, though it had become dependent on colonial Brazil for much of its economic support, and England for much of its manufacturing support, based on the Methuen Treaty of 1703. Even exports from Portugal went mostly through expatriate merchants like the English port wine shippers and French businessmen like <mask> Ratton, whose memoirs are scathing about the efficiency of his Portuguese counterparts. The need to grow a manufacturing sector in Portugal was made more imperative by the excessive spending of the Portuguese crown, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the expenditures on wars with Spain for South American territories, and the exhaustion of gold mines and diamond mines in Brazil.His greatest reforms were, however, economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He created the Douro Wine Company which demarcated the Douro wine region for production of Port, to ensure the wine's quality; his was the second attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe, after the Tokaj region of Hungary. He ruled with a heavy hand, imposing strict laws upon all classes of Portuguese society, from the high nobility to the poorest working class, and via his widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart. Further important reforms were carried out in education by Pombal: he expelled the Jesuits in 1759, created the basis for secular public primary and secondary schools, introduced vocational training, created hundreds of new teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences to the University of Coimbra, and introduced new taxes to pay for these reforms. Lisbon earthquake Disaster fell upon Portugal on the morning of 1 November 1755, when Lisbon was awakened by a violent earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9 on the <mask> scale. The city was razed by the earthquake and ensuing tsunami and fires.<mask> survived by a stroke of luck and, unshaken, immediately took upon the task of rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: What now? We bury the dead and heal the living. Despite the calamity, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and, within less than a year, was already partially rebuilt. The new central area of Lisbon was designed by a group of architects specifically to resist subsequent earthquakes, employing a new construction method, "caging", which consisted of a wooden framework erected in the early stages of construction, granting the building a better chance of withstanding an earthquake due to the inherent flexibility of the material. Architectural models were built for tests, with the effects of an earthquake being simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and major squares of the Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon are one of its main attractions: they are the world's first earthquake-resistant buildings. Pombal made also an important contribution to the study of seismology, by designing a survey that was sent to every parish in the country — the Parochial Memories of 1758.The questionnaire asked whether dogs or other animals behaved strangely prior to the earthquake, whether there was a noticeable difference in the rise or fall of the water level in wells, and how many buildings had been destroyed and what kind of destruction had occurred. The answers have allowed modern Portuguese scientists to reconstruct the event with precision. Because the marquis was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists. Spanish invasion In 1761 Spain concluded an alliance with France by which Spain would enter the Seven Years' War in an effort to prevent British hegemony. The two countries saw Portugal as Britain's closest ally, due to the Treaty of Windsor. As part of a wider plan to isolate and defeat Britain, Spanish and French envoys were sent to Lisbon to demand that the King and Pombal agree to cease all trade or co-operation with Britain or face war. While Pombal was keen to make Portugal less dependent on Britain, this was a long-term goal, and he and the King rejected the Bourbon ultimatum.On 5 May 1762, Spain sent troops across the border and penetrated into Trás-os-Montes to capture Porto, but they were repelled by the guerrillas and forced to abandon all their conquests but Chaves, after suffering huge losses (10,000 casualties). Thereby the Spanish general, Nicolás <mask>, Marquis of Sarriá, soon lost the Spanish King's confidence, and was replaced by Count of Aranda. In a second invasion (Province of Lower Beira, July 1762) a combined Franco-Spanish army was initially successful in capturing Almeida and several almost undefended fortresses, but they were soon ground to a halt by a small Anglo-Portuguese force entrenched in the hills East of Abrantes. Pombal had sent urgent messages to London requesting military assistance, consequently 7,104 British troops were sent together with William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe and military staff to organise the Portuguese Army. Victory in the battles of Valencia de Alcántara and Vila Velha – and above all – a scorched earth tactic coupled with guerrilla actions in the Spanish logistic lines induced starvation and eventually the disintegration of the Franco-Spanish army (15,000 casualties, many of them inflicted by the peasants), whose remnants were driven back and pursued to Spain. The Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco was taken by a Portuguese force under <mask>, and all the strongholds that had previously been occupied by the Bourbon invaders were retaken, with the exception of Almeida. A third Spanish offensive in the Alentejo (November 1762) also met defeat in Ouguela, Marvão and Codiceira.The invaders were chased again back into Spain and saw several men captured by the advancing allies. According to a report sent to the British government by British ambassador in Portugal, Edward Hay, the Bourbon armies had suffered 30,000 casualties during their invasion of Portugal. In the Treaty of Paris, Spain had to restore to Portugal Chaves and Almeida plus all the territory taken from Portugal in South America in 1763 (most of Rio Grande do Sul and Colonia do Sacramento). Only the second was given back, while the vast territory of Rio Grande do Sul (together with present-day Roraima) would be reconquered from Spain in the undeclared Hispano-Portuguese war of 1763–1777. However, Portugal also conquered Spanish territory in South America during the Seven Years' War: most of the Rio Negro Valley (1763) and defeated a Spanish invasion aiming to occupy the right bank of the Guaporé River (in Mato Grosso, 1763) and also in the battle of Santa Bárbara, Rio Grande do Sul (1 January 1763). Portugal was able to keep all these territorial gains. In the years after the invasion, and despite the crucial British assistance, Pombal began to be increasingly concerned at the rise of British power.Despite being an Anglophile he suspected the British were interested in acquiring Brazil and he was alarmed by the seeming ease by which they had taken Havana and Manila from Spain in 1762. As noted by historian <mask>: Opposition of the Jesuits Having lived outside of Portugal in Vienna and London, the latter city in particular being a major centre of the Enlightenment, Pombal increasingly believed that the Society of Jesus, also known as the "Jesuits", had a grip on science and education, and that they were an inherent drag on an independent, Portuguese-style iluminismo. He was especially familiar with the anti-Jesuit tradition of Britain, and in Vienna he had made friends with <mask> Swieten, a confidant of <mask> of Austria and a staunch adversary of the Austrian Jesuits' influence. As prime minister Pombal engaged the Jesuits in a propaganda war, which was watched closely by the rest of Europe, and he launched a number of conspiracy theories regarding the order's desire for power. During the Távora affair (see below) he accused the Society of Jesus of treason and attempted regicide, a major public relations catastrophe for the order, in the age of absolutism. Historians today emphasise the Society's role in trying to protect Native Americans in the Portuguese and Spanish colonies, and the fact that the limitations placed upon the order resulted in the so-called Guarani War in which the Guarani tribesmen were halved by Spanish and Portuguese troops. According to a census conducted in 1756 the population of the Guarani from the seven missions was 14,284, which was about 15,000 less than the population in 1750.The former Jesuit missions were occupied by the Portuguese until 1759. Pombal named his brother, D. Paulo António <mask> <mask>, chief inquisitor and used the inquisition against the Jesuits. Pombal was thus an important precursor for the suppression of the Jesuits throughout Europe and its colonies, which culminated in 1773, when European absolutists forced Pope <mask> to issue a bull empowering them to suppress the order in their domains. Expulsion of the Jesuits and consolidation of power Following the earthquake, <mask> gave his Prime Minister even more authority, and Pombal became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758, <mask> was wounded in an attempted assassination when he was returning from a visit to his mistress, the young Távora Marchioness. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated, and they were executed after a quick trial.There were long-standing tensions between the Portuguese crown and the Jesuits, so that the Távora affair could be considered a pretext for the climax to the conflict that resulted in the Jesuits’ expulsion from Portugal and its empire in 1759. Jesuit assets were confiscated by the crown. According to historians <mask> and Stuart Schwartz, the Jesuits' "independence, power, wealth, control of education, and ties to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's brand of extreme regalism." Pombal showed no mercy, prosecuting every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy and ensured the Prime Minister's victory against his enemies. In reward for his swift resolve, <mask> made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition.Having become the Marquis of Pombal in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until <mask>'s death in 1777. In 1771, botanist <mask> published Pombalia, a genus of flowering plants from America, belonging to the family Violaceae and named in honour of the Marquis of Pombal. Decline and death King <mask>'s daughter and successor, Queen Maria I of Portugal, loathed Pombal. She was a devout woman and was influenced by the Jesuits, and upon her ascension to the throne, she did what she had long vowed to do: she withdrew all his political offices. She also issued one of history's first restraining orders, commanding that Pombal not be closer than 20 miles to her presence. If she were to travel near his estates, he was compelled to remove himself from his house to fulfill the royal decree. The slightest reference in her hearing to Pombal is said to have induced fits of rage in the Queen.Pombal built a palace in Oeiras, designed by <mask>. The palace featured formal French gardens enlivened with traditional Portuguese glazed tile walls. There were waterfalls and waterworks set within vineyards. <mask> died peacefully on his estate at Pombal in 1782. He was a controversial figure in his own era; today one of Lisbon's busiest squares and the busiest underground station is named Marquês de <mask> in his honour. There is an imposing statue of the Marquis depicting a lion next to him in the square as well. João Francisco <mask> <mask> Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha was his grandson.See also History of Portugal Marquis of Pombal (title) List of marquises in Portugal Precedence among European monarchies References <mask> <mask>, <mask> <mask> <mask> <mask>, Marquês de. Cartas e outras obras selectas do Marquez de Pombal [selection], 1775–1780. <mask>ge, Edgar. ed. Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911: <mask> Pombal External links |- <mask>, Marquis of Pombal, Marquis of 18th-century Portuguese people Ambassadors of Portugal to the United Kingdom Ambassadors of Portugal to Austria Counts of Oeiras Sebastio People from Lisbon People from Leiria District Portuguese nobility Portuguese Roman Catholics Seismologists University of Coimbra alumni Fellows of the Royal Society Portuguese Freemasons Age of Enlightenment

Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester

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<mask>, 3rd Earl of Chester (1070−1129) was a Norman magnate based in northern and central England. Originating in Bessin in Normandy, Ranulf made his career in England thanks to his kinship with Hugh d'Avranches - the Earl of Chester, the patronage of kings William II Rufus and <mask>rc, and his marriage to Lucy, heiress of the Bolingbroke-Spalding estates in Lincolnshire. Ranulf fought in Normandy on behalf of Henry I, and served the English king as a kind of semi-independent governor in the far north-west, in Cumberland and Westmorland, founding Wetheral Priory. After the death of his cousin Richard d'Avranches in the White Ship Disaster of November 1120, Ranulf became earl of the county of Chester on the Anglo-Welsh marches. He held this position for the remainder of his life, and passed the title on to his son, <mask>. Biography Family and origins <mask>in's father and mother represented two different families of viscounts in Normandy, and both of them were strongly tied to Henry, son of William the Conqueror. His father was <mask>t, and likely for this reason the former <mask> was styled <mask>schin, "the younger".<mask>'s father was viscount of the Bessin, the area around Bayeux. Besides Odo, bishop of Bayeux, <mask> the elder was the most powerful magnate in the Bessin region of Normandy. <mask> <mask>in's great-grandmother may even have been from the ducal family of Normandy, as <mask>in's paternal great-grandfather viscount Anschitil is known to have married a daughter of Duke Richard III. <mask> <mask>in's mother, Margaret, was the daughter of <mask> Goz, Viscount of Avranches. Richard's father Thurstan Goz had become viscount of the Hiémois between 1017 and 1025, while Richard himself became viscount of the Avranchin in either 1055 or 1056. Her brother (Richard Goz's son) was Hugh d'Avranches "Lupus" ("the Wolf"), viscount of the Avranchin and Earl of Chester (from c. 1070). <mask> was thus, in addition to being heir to the Bessin, the nephew of one of Norman England's most powerful and prestigious families.We know from an entry in the Durham Liber Vitae, c. 1098 x 1120, that <mask> <mask>in had an older brother named Richard (who died in youth), and a younger brother named William. He had a sister called Agnes, who later married Robert de Grandmesnil (died 1136). Early career Historian C. Warren Hollister thought that <mask>'s father <mask> de Briquessart was one of the early close companions of Prince Henry, the future Henry I. Hollister called <mask> the Elder "a friend from Henry's youthful days in western Normandy", and argued that the homeland of the two Ranulfs had been under Henry's overlordship since 1088, despite both ducal and royal authority lying with Henry's two brothers. Hollister further suggested that <mask> <mask>in may have had a role in persuading Robert Curthose to free Henry from captivity in 1089. The date of <mask> senior's death, and succession of Ranulf junior, is unclear, but the former's last and the latter's earliest appearance in extant historical records coincides, dating to 24 April 1089 in charter of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, to Bayeux Cathedral. <mask> <mask>in appears as "Ranulf son of Ranulf the viscount". In the foundation charter of Chester Abbey granted by his uncle Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester, and purportedly issued in 1093, <mask> <mask>in is listed as a witness.His attestation to this grant is written Signum Ranulfi nepotis comitis, "signature of Ranulf nephew of the earl". However, the editor of the Chester comital charters, <mask>, thought this charter was forged in the period of Earl <mask> II. Between 1098 and 1101 (probably in 1098) Ranulf became a major English landowner in his own right when he became the third husband of Lucy, heiress of the honour of Bolingbroke in Lincolnshire. This acquisition also brought him the lordship of Appleby in Westmorland, previously held by Lucy's second husband Ivo <mask>is. Marriage to a great heiress came only with royal patronage, which in turn meant that Ranulf had to be respected and trusted by the king. Ranulf was probably, like his father, among the earliest and most loyal of Henry's followers, and was noted as such by Orderic Vitalis. Ranulf was however not recorded often at the court of Henry I, and did not form part of the king's closest group of administrative advisers.He witnessed charters only occasionally, though this became more frequent after he became earl. In 1106 he is found serving as one of several justiciars at York hearing a case about the lordship of Ripon. In 1116 he is recorded in a similar context. Ranulf was, however, one of the king's military companions. When, soon after Whitsun 1101 Henry heard news of a planned invasion of England by his brother Robert Curthose, he sought promises from his subjects to defend the kingdom. A letter to the men of Lincolnshire names Ranulf as one of four figures entrusted with collecting these oaths. Ranulf was one of the magnates who accompanied King Henry on his invasion of Duke Robert's Norman territory in 1106.Ranulf served under Henry as an officer of the royal household when the latter was on campaign; Ranulf was in fact one of his three commanders at the Battle of Tinchebrai. The first line of Henry's force was led by Ranulf, the second (with the king) by Robert of Meulan, and third by William de Warrene, with another thousand knights from Brittany and Maine led by Helias, Count of Maine. Ranulf's line consisted of the men of Bayeux, Avranches and Coutances. Lord of Cumberland A charter issued in 1124 by David I, King of the Scots, to Robert I de Brus cited Ranulf's lordship of Carlisle and Cumberland as a model for Robert's new lordship in Annandale. This is significant because Robert is known from other sources to have acted with semi-regal authority in this region. A source from 1212 attests that the jurors of Cumberland remembered Ranulf as quondam dominus Cumberland ("sometime Lord of Cumberland"). Ranulf possessed the power and in some respects the dignity of a semi-independent earl in the region, though he lacked the formal status of being called such.A contemporary illustration of this authority comes from the records of Wetheral Priory, where Ranulf is found addressing his own sheriff, "Richer" (probably Richard de Boivill, baron of Kirklinton). No royal activity occurred in Cumberland or Westmorland during Ranulf's time in charge there, testimony to the fullness of his powers in the region. Ivo <mask>, when he married <mask>'s future wife Lucy, had acquired her Lincolnshire lands but sometime after 1086 he acquired estates in Kendal and elsewhere in Westmorland. Adjacent lands in Westmorland and Lancashire that had previously been controlled by Earl Tostig Godwinson were probably carved up between Roger the Poitevin and Ivo in the 1080s, a territorial division at least partially responsible for the later boundary between the two counties. Norman lordship in the heartland of Cumberland can be dated from chronicle sources to around 1092, the year King William Rufus seized the region from its previous ruler, Dolfin. There is inconclusive evidence that settlers from Ivo's Lincolnshire lands had come into Cumberland as a result. Between 1094 and 1098 Lucy was married to Roger fitz Gerold de Roumare, and it is probable that this marriage was the king's way of transferring authority in the region to Roger fitz Gerold.Only from 1106 however, well into the reign of Henry I, do we have certain evidence that this authority had come to Ranulf. The "traditional view", held by the historian <mask>, was that Ranulf's authority in the region did not come about until 1106 or after, as a reward for participation in the Battle of Tinchebrai. Another historian, Richard Sharpe, has recently attacked this view and argued that it probably came in or soon after 1098. Sharpe stressed that Lucy was the mechanism by which this authority changed hands, and pointed out that Ranulf had been married to Lucy years before Tinchebrai and can be found months before Tinchebrai taking evidence from county jurors at York (which may have been responsible for Cumbria at this point). Ranulf likewise distributed land to the church, founding a Benedictine monastic house at Wetheral. This he established as a daughter-house of St Mary's Abbey, York, a house that in turn had been generously endowed by Ivo <mask>is. This had occurred by 1112, the year of the death of Abbot Stephen of St Mary's, named in the foundation deed.In later times at least, the priory of Wetheral was dedicated to St Mary and the Holy Trinity, as well as another saint named Constantine. Ranulf gave Wetheral, among other things, his two churches at Appleby, St Lawrences (Burgate) and St Michaels (Bongate). As an incoming regional magnate Ranulf would be expected to distribute land to his own followers, and indeed the record of the jurors of Cumberland dating to 1212 claimed that Ranulf created two baronies in the region. Ranulf's brother-in-law Robert de Trevers received the barony of Burgh-by-Sands, while the barony of Liddel went to Turgis Brandos. He appears to have attempted to give the large compact barony of Gilsland to his brother William, but failed to dislodge the native lord, the eponymous "Gille" son of Boite; later the lordship of Allerdale (including Copeland), even larger than Gilsland stretching along the coast from the River Ellen to the River Esk, was given to William. Kirklinton may have been given to Richard de Boivill, Ranulf's sheriff. Earl of Chester 1120 was a fateful year for both Henry I and Ranulf.Richard, earl of Chester, like Henry's son and heir William Adeling, died in the White Ship Disaster near Barfleur on 25 November. Only four days before the disaster, Ranulf and his cousin Richard had witnessed a charter together at Cerisy. Henry probably could not wait long to replace Richard, as the Welsh were resurgent under the charismatic leadership of Gruffudd ap Cynan. According to the Historia Regum, Richard's death prompted the Welsh to raid Cheshire, looting, killing, and burning two castles. Perhaps because of his recognised military ability and social strength, because he was loyal and because he was the closest male relation to Earl Richard, Henry recognized Ranulf as Richard's successor to the county of Chester. In 1123, Henry sent Ranulf to Normandy with a large number of knights and with his bastard son, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, to strengthen the garrisons there. Ranulf commanded the king's garrison at Évreux and governed the county of Évreux during the 1123-1124 war with William Clito, Robert Curthose's son and heir.In March 1124 Ranulf assisted in the capture of <mask>, Count of Meulan. Scouts informed Ranulf that <mask>ran's forces were planning an expedition to Vatteville, and Ranulf planned an to intercept them, a plan carried out by Henry de Pommeroy, Odo Borleng and William de Pont-Authou, with 300 knights. A battle followed, perhaps at Rougemontier (or Bourgthéroulde), in which <mask>ran was captured. Although Ranulf bore the title "earl of Chester", the honour (i.e., group of estates) which formed the holdings of the earl of Chester were scattered throughout England, and during the rule of his predecessors included the cantref of Tegeingl in Perfeddwlad in north-western Wales. Around 1100, only a quarter of the value of the honour actually lay in Cheshire, which was one of England's poorest and least developed counties. The estates elsewhere were probably given to the earls in compensation for Cheshire's poverty, in order to strengthen its vulnerable position on the Anglo-Welsh border. The possibility of conquest and booty in Wales should have supplemented the lordship's wealth and attractiveness, but for much of Henry's reign the English king tried to keep the neighboring Welsh princes under his peace.Ranulf's accession may have involved him giving up many of his other lands, including much of his wife's Lincolnshire lands as well as his lands in Cumbria, though direct evidence for this beyond convenient timing is lacking. That Cumberland was given up at this point is likely, as King Henry visited Carlisle in December 1122, where, according to the Historia Regum, he ordered the strengthening of the castle. Hollister believed that Ranulf offered the Bolingbroke lands to Henry in exchange for Henry's bestowal of the earldom. The historian A. T. Thacker believed that Henry I forced Ranulf to give up most of the Bolingbroke lands through fear that Ranulf would become too powerful, dominating both Cheshire and the richer county of Lincoln. Sharpe, however, suggested that Ranulf may have had to sell a great deal of land in order to pay the king for the county of Chester, though it could not have covered the whole fee, as Ranulf's son Ranulf de Gernon, when he succeeded his father to Chester in 1129, owed the king £1000 "from his father's debt for the land of Earl Hugh". Hollister thought this debt was merely the normal feudal relief expected to be paid on a large honour, and suggested that Ranulf's partial non-payment, or Henry's forgiveness for non-payment, was a form of royal patronage. Ranulf died in January 1129, and was buried in Chester Abbey.He was survived by his wife and countess, Lucy, and succeeded by his son <mask> de Gernon. A daughter, Alicia, married Richard de Clare, a lord in the Anglo-Welsh marches. One of his offspring, his fifth son, participated in the Siege of Lisbon, and for this aid was granted the Lordship of Azambuja by King Afonso I of Portugal. That his career had some claim on the popular imagination may be inferred from lines in William Langland's Piers Plowman (c. 1362–c. 1386) in which Sloth, the lazy priest, confesses: "I kan [know] not parfitly [perfectly] my Paternoster as the preest it singeth,/ But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre." References Sources 1070 births <mask>, <mask> <mask>, 3rd Earl of 11th-century English landowners 12th-century English landowners 12th-century English nobility <mask>, <mask> <mask>, 3rd Earl of Norman warriors Burials at Chester Cathedral Earls of Chester (1121) William II of England Henry I of England

Owen Moore

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<mask> (12 December 1886 – 9 June 1939) was an Irish-born American actor, appearing in more than 279 movies spanning from 1908 to 1937. Early life and career <mask> was born in Fordstown Crossroads, County Meath, Ireland. Along with his parents, John and <mask>, brothers Tom, Matt, and Joe, and sister Mary (1890–1919), he emigrated to the United States as a steerage passenger on board the S.S. Anchoria. The <mask> family were inspected on Ellis Island in May 1896 and settled in the Toledo, Ohio area. <mask> and his siblings went on to successful careers in motion pictures in Hollywood, California. While working at D. W. Griffith's Biograph Studios, <mask> met a young Canadian actress named Gladys Smith, whom he married on January 7, 1911. Their marriage was kept secret at first because of the strong opposition of her mother.However, <mask> would soon overshadow her husband under her stage name, Mary Pickford. In 1912, he signed on with Victor Studios, co-starring in a number of their films with studio owner/actress Florence Lawrence. Mary Pickford left Biograph Studios to join the Independent Moving Pictures (IMP) to replace their star, Florence Lawrence. Carl Laemmle, the owner of IMP (IMP later merged into Universal Studios), agreed to sign <mask> as part of the deal. This humiliation, together with his wife's meteoric rise to fame, drastically affected <mask>, and alcohol became a problem that led to violent behavior and his physically abusing Pickford. In 1916, Pickford met actor Douglas Fairbanks. In 1920, Pickford filed for divorce from <mask> when she agreed to his demand of $100,000 settlement.Pickford and Fairbanks married days later. <mask> appeared in many successful films for Lewis J. Selznick (father of producer David O. Selznick and agent Myron Selznick), in the late teens and early 1920s. He was a popular star at Selznick Pictures along with Olive Thomas, Elaine Hammerstein, Eugene O'Brien and Conway Tearle. He also appeared in films for his own production company as well as Goldwyn and Triangle. <mask> married a second time to silent film actress, Katherine Perry, in 1921. With the advent of sound film, <mask>'s career declined, and he became a supporting actor for newer stars. He competed, as the third lead, with Cary Grant and Noah Beery, Sr. for the attentions of Mae West in She Done Him Wrong, Paramount's most lucrative film of 1933.His last film appearance was as a movie director in the 1937 drama A Star Is Born, starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March – ironically a movie about a former film star who turned to alcohol, much like himself at that time. Death After years of fighting alcoholism, <mask> died in Beverly Hills, California, from a heart attack and was interred in the Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles, California. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6727 Hollywood Boulevard. (1926) as Dennis Shawn Money Talks (1926) as Sam Starling The Road to Mandalay (1926) as The Admiral The Red Mill (1927) as Dennis The Taxi Dancer (1927) as Lee Rogers Women Love Diamonds (1927) as Patrick Michael Regan Tea for Three (1927) as Philip Collamore Becky (1927) as Dan Scarlett Husbands for Rent (1927) as Herbert Willis The Actress (1928) as Tom Wrench Stolen Love (1928) as Curtis Barstow High Voltage (1929) as Det. Dan Egan Side Street (1929) as Dennis O'Farrell What a Widow! (1930) as Gerry Morgan Outside the Law (1930) as Harry 'Fingers' O'Dell Extravagance (1930) as Jim Hamilton Stout Hearts and Willing Hands (1931, Short) as Lookalike Bartender 1 Hush Money (1931) as Steve Pelton As You Desire Me (1932) as Tony Boffie She Done Him Wrong (1933) as Chick Clark A Man of Sentiment (1933) as Stanley Colton A Star Is Born (1937) as Casey Burke - Director (final film role) References External links kinotv.com 1886 births 1939 deaths 20th-century American male actors 20th-century Irish male actors Actors from County Meath American male film actors American male silent film actors Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles) Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923) Irish male film actors Irish male silent film actors

Joe Mohen

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Joseph T<mask> (born July 19, 1956) is CEO of Chimes Broadcasting, having been CEO of Nylon Media, best known for having been founder and CEO and co-founder of election.com, which ran the Arizona Democratic Primary in March 2000, the world’s first legally binding election conducted on the Internet, according to the company. <mask> was also a force in creating the era of free legal music, as the founder of SpiralFrog, an ad-supported free music service, which even before Spotify was able secure the rights to free music distribution from the major record labels in return for a share of the advertising revenues; SpiralFrog ultimately failed because it not create an iPhone APP, but the licensees that he negotiated paved the way for the streaming music era. In March 2016, <mask> published a guest blog predicting the collapse of baseball World Series television revenues unless its schedule is revamped. Early life and childhood <mask> was born in the New York City borough of Queens, the oldest of twelve children of <mask> (1935-2017) and Virginia Ann (Kelly<mask> (born 1935), both descendants of Irish immigrants. His maternal great-grandfather, James Morris, an immigrant from Liverpool, was one of the first full time staff of any motion picture studio, being hired by Adolph Zukor in 1912, at Famous Players, making sets for the silent films at Chelsea Studios in Manhattan; Famous Players was later merged with a competitor and renamed Paramount Pictures. In 1960, when <mask> was four, the family moved to Garden City on Long Island. There he attended a local Catholic School, St. Anne’s, and later an Episcopal Preparatory School, St. Paul’s; while in high school he attended Boys State, and was captain of the Cross Country and Track teams.He was offered a track scholarship to the University of Ohio, which he declined, instead electing to attend Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore where he studied Mathematics and Biochemistry, and Manhattan College in New York City studying Business. Early career <mask> started his career working for Chase Bank on Wall Street, and became an officer at Citibank at 24 years old. Having worked as a software engineer for six years, <mask> became a Certified Computer Professional in Systems Development in 1985. The following year he founded Proginet Corporation of which he served as CEO until September 1996, and remained a Chairman through 1998. In 1987, Proginet created a complex software package called XCOM, which sold in 1992 to a predecessor company of Computer Associates, and was one of the software products to span more than eleven computer operating systems. The renamed CA-XCOM was sold by Computer Associates through 2017. As CEO, <mask> secured equity stakes from both Novell and Microsoft in Proginet; Proginet was later acquired by Tibco Software.<mask> also was a contributing editor and columnist for PC Week (now eWeek), Data Communications Magazine, and Network World; in 1989, he wrote a widely quoted article, called "Seeking a Cure for the Vaporware Epidemic", writing "my own estimate is that at the time of announcement, 10% of software products don't actually exist ... Vendors that are unwilling to [prove it exists] shouldn't announce their packages to the press", blaming the press for not investigating claims by developers, saying "If the pharmaceutical industry were this careless, I could announce a cure for cancer today – to a believing press." In 1990-1992, <mask> was a committee member for setting standards for Open Systems Interconnections Protocols, with representatives from computer and telecommunications organizations from around the world. election.com <mask> co-founded election.com, with which in 1999 he was able to recruit Jack Kemp and former Irish Taoiseach (i.e. Prime Minister) Garret FitzGerald to the board. election.com [sic] is best known for administering the 2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary Internet election. The company, originally called Votation.com, was started in part with equity investments from VeriSign and Accenture.In February election.com acquired NewVoter.com with then internet entrepreneur and civil rights advocate Mark Strama (who was subsequently elected to the Texas State legislature in 2004), who joined election.com as Vice President. During the second week of March 2000, election.com administered the Arizona Democratic Presidential Primary, which was the first time in American history that a statewide election offered citizens the choice to cast their ballots over the web. The candidates were Vice President Al Gore, Senator Bill Bradley, and Dr. Heather Harder. Voter turnout was shocking: turnout was up more 500% versus the previous primary, and more than double the previous record turnout. Six months later, the Internet Corporation for Assigning Names and Numbers (ICANN), the technical coordination body for the internet, chose election.com to run their worldwide vote for its board of directors. Voters came from every continent. Mohen expanded the company to New York, Washington, Texas, London, Paris, Sydney, Australia, and Christchurch, New Zealand, and saw Election.com named to the Red Herring 100, as well as its top 50 Private Companies list.<mask> stepped down as CEO of election.com in 2001. Two years after <mask> left, the public sector elections business of election.com was acquired by Accenture. Automating Catholic Church finance In late 2001, <mask> founded ParishPay, a Fintech company which automated handling of money for churches around the United States. The company replaced the envelope system, whereby donations were placed into envelopes each Sabbath, with a system in which parish members could have their donations automatically debited from their bank or credit card accounts each month. Shortly after its launch, the system was featured in a front page story in the New York Times, after signing the Catholic Dioceses of Chicago, San Jose, and Orlando, and ParishPay received Venture Capital financing in late 2002. <mask> sold his interest In ParishPay to start SpiralFrog, although ParishPay grew substantially and was later merged with SmartTuition; ParishPay was sold to Yapstone in April 2012. Digital music and SpiralFrog <mask> started SpiralFrog, Inc. in an effort to create a market-driven solution to digital music piracy.In 2004, a focus group in New York City was held to determine how to solve the problem of young people stealing music. One of the attendees in the focus group responded "Why don’t you just give away the music"….and show advertising during the downloads. Most doubted the four major record labels would ever go along with the idea, especially the largest music company – Universal Music Group, Mohen set out to recruit directors from music and advertising to obtain the needed licenses. Among those recruited included former CEOs Jay Bernman (IFPI), Frances Preston (BMI), and Robin Kent (Interpublic Universal McCann). Finally, on August 28, 2006, the Financial Times reported in its lead story, that it had granted SpiralFrog the first ever license to give away its complete catalog of music to consumers for free, in return for a share of the advertising revenues. "This is really promising that the labels are going to finally stop kvetching and start thinking intelligently about where their money's going to come from in the 21st century," said Aram Sinnreich, of Radar Research, being quoted in the Los Angeles Times. "SpiralFrog is one small step for the record labels, one great leap for music kind."While SpiralFrog service was one of the earliest free internet music services to be supported by advertising instead of charging users, predating Spotify and YouTube music by several years, it used a temporary download model, which was not compatible with Apple or Android devices. The launch of SpiralFrog was delayed, due to technical and licensing delays, and an internal control fight. Robin Kent, the British advertising executive who had been recruited by Mohen the year before, attempted a spectacular corporate takeover in December 2006, which was widely reported in the press. <mask> emerged the winner in what was later known as the "Boxing Day Massacre", but most industry observers believed that SpiralFrog.com would never launch. <mask> continued to insist that he would overcome these obstacles and launch the site. He went on to sign all remaining major music publishers, and performing rights societies, financed the company with exchangeable debt, and SpiralFrog.com finally launched on September 17, 2007. In June 2008, Mohen concluded an agreement with the British music company EMI, whose catalog was added to SpiralFrog prior to the Coldplay Viva La Vida tour.However, the collapse of the stock market in September 2008, and the ensuing credit crisis, combined with contraction of the advertising markets, left SpiralFrog unable to meet its collateralized note agreements. SpiralFrog was particularly vulnerable to the credit crisis because it was debt-financed as opposed to equity-financed, and its backers were hedge funds who were themselves facing huge redemptions. Its loans were called and SpiralFrog was forced to close. Retrospectively, while other free ad-supported music services that came later did succeed like Spotify, the SpiralFrog download (rather than streaming) model limited the number of devices on which SpiralFrog could be used, and ultimately prevent its long term success. Fashion Media and Nylon Magazine In May 2014, <mask> was part of a group, also including Dana Fields, that purchased Nylon Magazine, a fashion magazine for young women that focused on gritty street fashion, which was merged with digital media company FashionIndie. Following the merger, he became interim CEO of the combined company, and served as an adviser afterwards. The Nylon Media transaction was significant because it laid the foundation for the transformation of a traditional media print business into one that was primarily digital, facilitated in part by the young demographic of its audience, part by the merger with the fashion blogger company, and because of the focus of the new management team.Holographic Tourist Attractions In 2014 <mask> founded Chimes Broadcasting, the developer of the systems management software called the Holographic Operating System. It has the world's first platform dedicated to managing holographic tourist attractions, fashion shows, retail locations, and television; it also acquired music meta databases and began repurposing them to manage holographic music media assets. The company also pioneered blockchain media research for this sector. In 2019 he spoke at the Light Field and Holographic Display Summit. Awards and miscellaneous <mask> gave the keynote address at the Interop Conference in Washington in 1993, and an address to the South African Technology leadership in Pretoria in 1990 on transition after Apartheid. He won the Long Island Software Awards in 1997, 2000, and 2008. He is a former member of the National Association of Corporate Directors Blue Ribbon Commission on Corporate Governance, and of Legatus, the organization of Catholic Chief Executive Officers.<mask> was also selected to speak onstage with Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer when Microsoft announced that it had broken the previous record for the TPS benchmark for scalable systems in September 2000. He served on the Interactive Advertising Bureau's Broadband Committee in 2006. In June 2011, the Montreal based technology accelerator program, FounderFuel, selected <mask> among its Entrepreneur Mentors, along with David Cancel, David Hauser, and Jean-Sebastien Cournoyer, among others. In 2013, Mohen published two controversial and provocative Op Ed pieces on digital media in Computerworld and Ad Age. The former chastises text book publishers for failing to make all the text books available in electronic form, while the latter states that vendor claims about a new advertising technology were over-hyped. <mask> has been active in the charity organized by Major League Baseball for keeping minority and underprivileged youth active in sports. He ran the Long Island, New York, chapter of Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), through Garden City Bombers Baseball non-profit organization, of which he was one of the founders; this organizations combines young people from minority and affluent neighborhoods on the same baseball teams, and combines the teaching of baseball skills, with academic support, and other life lessons.In 2006 and 2007, he organized a number of baseball tournaments in the Dominican Republic, and in July 2010 he helped organize the first Governor's tee ball game at the Executive Mansion in Albany, New York. References American chief executives in the media industry Living people 1956 births American technology chief executives Johns Hopkins University alumni Manhattan College alumni People from Queens, New York

Krste Misirkov

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<mask> (; ; 18 November 1874 – 26 July 1926) was a philologist, journalist, historian and ethnographer from the region of Macedonia. In the period between 1903 and 1905, he published a book and a scientific magazine in which he affirmed the existence of a Macedonian national identity separate from other Balkan nations, and attempted to codify a standard Macedonian language based on the central Western Macedonian dialects. A survey conducted in the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) found <mask> to be "the most significant Macedonian of the 20th century". For his efforts to codify a standard Macedonian language, he is often considered "the founder of the modern Macedonian literary language". Though, the 2006 discovery of his diary written during the Balkan Wars, where he advocated pro-Bulgarian views, sparked off a controversy in Skopje. In 1905 he began publishing predominantly articles, written from a Bulgarian nationalist perspective in the IMARO-affiliated press. During the First World War, he became a member of the local parliament in Bessarabia as a representative of the Bulgarian minority there.<mask> reverted to Macedonian nationalism for a period in 1919. During the 1920s his views changed again, and he encouraged the Macedonian Slavs to adopt a Bulgarian national identity. <mask> died in 1926 and was buried in the Sofia Central Cemetery with the financial support from the Ministry of Education, as a honoured Bulgarian educator. Because <mask> expressed conflicting views about the national identity of the Macedonian Slavs at different points in his life, his national affiliation and legacy remains a matter of dispute between Bulgaria and North Macedonia. While <mask>'s work and personality remain highly controversial and disputed, there have been attempts among international scholars to reconcile the conflicting and self-contradictory statements made by <mask>. According to historian Ivo Banac, <mask> viewed both himself and the Slavs of Macedonia as Bulgarians, and espoused pan-Bulgarian patriotism in a larger Balkan context. However, in the context of the larger Bulgarian unit/nation, <mask> sought both cultural and national differentiation from the other Bulgarians and called both himself and the Slavs of Macedonia, Macedonians.Biography Early years <mask> Petkov <mask> was born on 18 November 1874 in the village of Postol in the Salonica Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day Greece). He started his elementary education in the local Greek school, where he was studying until the sixth grade elementary school, but the bad financial situation of his family could not support his further education at that point and he left the school. At that period, the Serbian government began to promote efforts to espouse a pro-Serbian Macedonian nationalism and to recruit young people in order to "Serbianize" them. After some period, <mask> applied and was granted a scholarship by a Serbian association, "The Society of St. Sava". Misirkov in Serbia For a period, <mask> studied in Serbia, and soon after he realized that the promotion of pro-Serbian ideas and propaganda was the main goal of the education provided by the Society of St. Sava. The politics practiced by the association forced <mask> and the other Macedonian students to participate in a students protest and revolt against the Society of St. Sava. As a result, <mask> and other companions moved from Belgrade to Sofia.He then faced a similar situation in Bulgaria, this time being confronted with pro-Bulgarian propaganda. <mask> again went to Serbia to continue his education, but without any success as he was rejected by the Society of St. Sava, most likely for his part in the protests conducted against it. Since he was willing to get higher education, he was forced, by a chain of events, to enroll in a theological school for teachers. Similar to the Society of St. Sava, this school as well had its own propagandistic goals which resulted in another revolt of the students. As a result of it, the school had ended its programs and the students were sent throughout Serbia. <mask> was sent to Šabac, where he finished his fourth course of secondary education, but this time in the local gymnasium, which happened to be his last course. In both Serbia and Bulgaria, <mask> and his friend were treated as Serbs or Bulgarians in order to be accepted in the educational system.After the gymnasium, even though he graduated, <mask> enrolled in another secondary school for teachers in Belgrade, where he graduated in 1895. During this time, particularly in 1893, <mask> founded an association of students called "Vardar". Misirkov in the Russian Empire His qualifications obtained in Belgrade were not recognized in Russia. <mask> had to study from the very beginning in the Seminary at Poltava. In 1897, he was able to enter the Saint Petersburg Imperial University. Here he entered at first in the Bulgarian Students Association. <mask> wrote about that part of his life in the article "School and socialism" "– In 1897 I went to Petrograd University and for five years was among the Bulgarian studentship as Bulgarian and member of the Bulgarian Student Society."<mask> carried out here his first scholarly lecture on the ethnography and history of the Balkan Peninsula before the members of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society. On November 15, 1900, <mask>, who was a third year student in the Faculty of History and Philosophy at the time, along with other students in Russia created a students circle in Saint Petersburg. The main objective of the circle was political autonomy of the populations of Macedonia and Thrace, declared by IMRO, and implemented and guaranteed by the Great Powers. In a letter sent to the President of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee on 28 November of the same year, the founders of the circle stated that, "there's no Bulgarian who is not interested in the situation and fate of that part of our homeland, which continue to groan under the yoke of the tyrant." At that time, <mask> considered the Slavic peoples of Macedonia and Thrace as Bulgarian. Later <mask> abandoned the university and left for Ottoman Macedonia. Returning to the Ottoman Macedonia Facing financial obstacles to continue his postgraduate education, he accepted the proposal of the Bulgarian Exarchate to be appointed teacher in one of the high schools in Bitola.There he befriended the Russian consul in Bitola. He began to plan opening of local schools and publishing textbooks in Macedonian, but the Ilinden Uprising in 1903 and the assassination of the Russian Consul changed his plans and he soon returned to Russia. In Russia, <mask> published different articles about the Ilinden Uprising and the justifications and causes as to why the Consul was assassinated. Soon afterwards, he wrote the brochure, "The Macedonian Matters" and published it in Sofia. This book, was written in the Central Macedonian dialect, and <mask> attacked in his writings, the Bulgarian Exarchate, the Ilinden Uprising and the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) as Bulgarian creations. As result, he was persecuted by IMRO, and it is believed that its members destroyed a sizable amount of copies of his book. Furthermore, he recounts that Dame Gruev, Gotse Delchev, Boris Sarafov and other IMRO members were persecuted by Bulgarian and Ottoman governmental officials as they were considered by the officials as anti-Bulgarian separatists and/or Macedonian nationalists and as a result, had to flee from the region.Again in the Russian Empire In 1905, he left Saint Petersburg for Berdiansk in Southern Russia. There, he resumed publication of the journal "Vardar" and was given a post as assistant master in a grammar school. In many of his next articles after 1905, <mask> espoused pro-Bulgarian views and even categorically renounced the point of his book "The Macedonian Matters", although this behavior might have been caused by many threats made towards him warning him to stop fighting for Macedonian separatism from Bulgaria. On 18 April 1907, <mask> began to cooperate with the Sofia magazine "Macedonian-Adrianople Review", edited by Nikola Naumov, which was de facto organ of the IMRO. On 24 April 1909, in Odessa, <mask> printed his work about the South Slavic epic legends on Krali Marko. On 1 October 1909, he printed the article, "The foundations of a Serbian-Bulgarian rapprochement" in the magazine, "Bulgarian Collection", edited by Bulgarian diplomats and officials in St. Petersburg. During this period, a Slavic Festival was held in Sofia in 1910 with <mask> invited to attend as its guest of honor.In 1910–1911, he translated the book of the Bulgarian geographer Prof. Atanas Ishirkov, "Bulgaria" from Bulgarian to Russian. When the First Balkan War had begun, <mask> went to Macedonia as a Russian war correspondent. In Macedonia, he could follow the military operations of the Bulgarian Army. <mask> published some articles in the Russian press demanding that the Ottomans should be driven out of Macedonia. In 1913 after the outbreak of the Second Balkan War, <mask> went back to Russia, where he worked as a teacher in the Bulgarian language schools in Odessa. Some period of time later, he was appointed teacher of the Bulgarian language school in Chișinău. While working as a teacher in Chișinău, <mask> sent а letter to the Bulgarian academic Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan with a request to be assigned as a professor at Sofia University.That request clearly indicates his self-identification at that time "– As a Bulgarian, I would willingly return to Bulgaria, if there is a need of a scientific research of the fate of the Bulgarian lands, especially Macedonia..." A shorter letter with similar content was sent to another professor at Sofia University – Vasil Zlatarski with the request to be assigned as a chosen at the newly established department for history of Macedonia and the other western Bulgarian lands. At that point, <mask> made contacts with the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society, which started publishing the journal, "Makedonski glas" ("The Voice of Macedonia") in Russian. <mask> was publishing in this magazine for some period under the pseudonym "K. Pelski". The journal mostly wrote about happenings in the Macedonian community in Russia as well as issues surrounding the Macedonian people as a whole. In the "Voice of Macedonia", <mask> defended and wrote about Macedonian ideals which, according to him, were in contrast with Bulgarian ideals and the general Bulgarian populace. After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Bessarabia became a democratic republic, and he was elected a member of the local parliament Sfatul Țării as a representative of the Bulgarian minority. At the same time, <mask> worked as a secretary in the Bulgarian educational commission in Bessarabia.In March 1918, unification between Bessarabia and Romania was

Krste Misirkov

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declared. On 21 May 1918, <mask> openеd a Bulgarian language course in Bolhrad. <mask> proceeded to take a clandestine trip to Bulgaria in order to procure textbooks for the students, but after his return in November, he was arrested by the Kingdom of Romania authorities, still at war with Bulgaria and was extradited to Bulgaria. Last years in Bulgaria After being expelled by the Romanian authorities, <mask> returned to Sofia at the end of 1918, where he spent one year as a head of the Historical Department of the National Museum of Ethnography. He proceeded to work as a teacher and director of the high schools in Karlovo and Koprivshtitsa. During this period (but before 1923), the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) marked <mask> as harmful to its cause and supposedly considering his assassination, but reconsidered after he met with a representative of the organization. He also resumed his journalistic activity and published many articles on the Macedonian Question in the Bulgarian press.<mask> died in 1926 and was buried in the graveyards in Sofia with the financial support of 5000 levs from the Ministry of Education, as an honoured educator. Works In his life, <mask> wrote one book, one diary, published one issue of a magazine and wrote more than thirty articles. His book "On the Macedonian Matters" was published in Sofia in 1903. The magazine was called "Vardar" and was published in 1905 in Odessa, Russian Empire. The articles that <mask> wrote have been published in different newspapers and they were focused on different topics. The book, magazine and a number of his article were written in the Central Macedonian dialects, which are basis of Modern Macedonian. "On the Macedonian Matters" One of the most important works of <mask> is the Macedonian book On the Macedonian Matters (Orig: За македонцките работи) published in 1903 in Sofia, in which he laid down the principles of modern Macedonian.This book was written in a Macedonian dialects from the area between Prilep and Bitola. It argued in favor of national separation, the establishment of autonomous national institutions within the Ottoman empire, and the standardization of a distinct Macedonian language. <mask> attacked both the Bulgarian Exarchate and the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) as agents of the Bulgarian interests in Macedonia. According to this book and <mask> himself, the Macedonian literary language should be based on dialects from the central part of Macedonia, which were used in the book itself. Furthermore, <mask> appealed to the Ottoman authorities for eventual recognition of a separate Macedonian nation. During this period, there was no independent Macedonian state, and most of the Macedonian Slavs called themselves Bulgarians as a result of Ottoman religious classifications classifying most Slavic Christians as aligning with the Bulgarian Exarchate, but it should be created, when the necessary historical circumstances would arise. "Vardar" magazine Besides On Macedonian Matters, <mask> is author of the first scientific magazine in Macedonian.The magazine Vardar was published in 1905 in Odessa, Russian Empire. The magazine was published only once, because of the financial problems that <mask> had been facing with at that time. "Vardar" has been published in Macedonian, and the orthography that has been used is almost same as the orthography of standard Macedonian. The magazine was meant to include several different scientific disciplines, mostly concerned with Macedonia. Articles During his life, <mask> published many articles for different newspapers and magazines. The articles deal with Macedonia, Macedonian culture, ethnology, politics and nation on one hand and with the Bulgarian nation, politics and ethnography on the other. <mask> published his articles in Macedonian, Russian and Bulgarian and he published them either in Russia or in Bulgaria.Most of the articles were signed by his birth name, but there are articles that are signed with his pseudonym K. Pelski. Diary In 2006, a handwritten diary by <mask> written during his stay in Russia in 1913 was discovered. It was declared authentic by Bulgarian and Macedonian experts and was published in 2008. The content of the diary clearly shows that at the time, <mask> was a Bulgarian nationalist. It has given rise to new public discussion over <mask>'s stances on Bulgarian and Macedonian ethnicity. The manuscript, includes 381 pages written in Russian language. <mask> wrote it in Kotovsk's nearby village of Klimentove, where he lived and worked at the time.It contains also articles and excerpts from the Russian press of that time. Dialectology and ethnography In several publications, <mask> made an attempt to determine the border between the Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian language, including in the Bulgarian dialect area, nearly all of Torlakian and Macedonian dialects. <mask> pointed there, that the population in Pomoravlje is autochthonous and Bulgarian by origin, excluding any later migrations during the Ottoman rule from Bulgaria. According to <mask> <mask>, Krali Marko epic songs in Serbia, the so-called Bugarstici are a result from Bulgarian musical influence over the Serbian folk music. Controversies about <mask>'s ethnicity and views During the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the idea of a separate Macedonian ethnicity was as of yet promoted by small circles of intellectuals. Then, most of the Slavic people in Macedonia considered themselves Bulgarian, in line with Ottoman classification of Bulgarian Millet, and Macedonian separatist ideas failed to gain wide popular support. At different points in his life, <mask> expressed conflicting statements about the ethnicity of the Slavs living in Macedonia, including his own ethnicity.View of <mask> in Bulgaria In Bulgaria, <mask> is regarded as a controversial educator with scientific contribution to Bulgarian dialectology and ethnography. He graduated from the Belgrade University as a student of Prof. Stojan Novaković and was influenced by his ideas. At that time, Novaković was a prominent proponent of the Macedonism, thereby promoting Serbian interests in the region of Macedonia. Afterwards <mask> met several times with him and Novaković's diplomatic activity in St. Petersburg played significant role for the foundation of the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society. However, after 1906 <mask> rejected these ideas, opposing the Serbian theory about the "floating mass" of the "Macedonian Slavs" and even developed a kind of Serbophobia. In this period he became evidently bulgarophile and argued that the Slavic population of Macedonia was not "a formless paste" but a "well baked Bulgarian bread", even though in his book and part of his articles writes about the existence of a separate Macedonian nation. Later in 1913, in his diary from the Balkan wars, he explicitly identifies himself as Macedonian Bulgarian.Bulgarian historians believe that his writings were significantly altered by the post-WWII Yugoslavian Communist regime to support the notion of a "Macedonian nation", distinct from the Bulgarian one. Bulgarians also note that <mask> worked as a Bulgarian teacher in Russia, was Bulgarian deputy in Bessarabia, chose Bulgarian citizenship, lived and died in Bulgaria and worked there until his death in 1926. Nevertheless, Bulgarian scholarship points out that despite <mask> in many cases defending the cause of Bulgarian nationalism, he several times switched during the 1920s, from Bulgarian to Macedonian one, and vice versa. According to Bulgarian observers, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, in the Republic of Macedonia polemics have also arisen about the identity of <mask>. View of <mask> in North Macedonia In North Macedonia, <mask> is regarded as the most prominent Macedonian publicist, philologist and linguist who set the principles of the standard Macedonian in the early 20th century. In some of his writings he identifies the Macedonians as separate nation and the Macedonian as a separate South Slavic language. Also, <mask> is the author of the first scientific magazine in Macedonian and because of his contributions to the Macedonian national cause, he is regarded as the greatest Macedonian of the 20th century.In his honor, many books and scientific works have been published and the Institute for Macedonian language "Krste Misirkov" is named after him. There is not an important debate about <mask>'s ethnicity in Macedonia, since he is always regarded as Macedonian as it is obvious in most of his major writings. Since he was not allowed to live and work in Macedonia by the Yugoslav authorities, unwillingly he remained in Bulgaria where he got Bulgarian citizenship since he needed it for his job. Regarding <mask>'s signature under the phrase "Macedonian Bulgarian", the Macedonian historians and linguists argue that it means nothing but a Macedonian person with a Bulgarian citizenship, in a political sense, or just a Macedonian person living in Bulgaria. However, the fact is that <mask> gained Bulgarian citizenship after World War I (1915–1918) and has declared as Bulgarian Macedonian in 1913, which is against the claims of the Macedonian historians and linguists. On the other hand, some Macedonian scholars, like PhD Vlado Popovski, the academician Blaže Ristovski and others, say that <mask>'s usage of the term "Macedonian Bulgarian" was only a tactic, because in 1914 and many times after that, he repeated his views about the Macedonian national existence. See also History of the Macedonian language Institute for Macedonian language "Krste Misirkov" Macedonian nationalism Macedonian studies Notes External links Works Krste Misirkov – <mask>'s work on the Macedonian Wikisource.Complete text of his book, magazine and articles. Magazine "Vardar" on Wikisource. "On Macedonian matters" – complete text on Wikisource. "On Macedonian matters" – scan of the original book. "On Macedonian Matters" – complete text. Project: <mask> <mask> – on line interactive site about <mask>'s life and work. "On Macedonian Matters" – complete text.<mask>'s diary – downloadable link. General Biography of <mask> <mask> "<mask> <mask> also on the Bulgarian matters in Macedonia" by Veselin Trajkov Signature of Krste Misirkov in his diary. A letter by Kole Nedelkovski to Sergej <mask> regarding <mask> <mask> and his work. 1874 births 1926 deaths People from Salonica vilayet Bulgarian educators Bulgarian writers Macedonian writers War correspondents of the Balkan Wars People extradited to Bulgaria Moldovan MPs 1917–1918 Bulgarian philologists Early Macedonists University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy alumni Slavists Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia Bulgarian people of the Balkan Wars Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery Bulgarian expatriates in Russia Bulgarian expatriates in Moldova People from Pella (regional

Matthew Dellavedova

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<mask> (born 8 September 1990) is an Australian professional basketball player for Melbourne United of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played college basketball for Saint Mary's College before playing eight seasons in the NBA. In 2016, he won the NBA championship as a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers. A regular member of the Australian national team, he won bronze at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Early life <mask> was born and raised in Maryborough, Victoria, as a sixth-generation Italian Australian. As a junior, he played basketball, tennis, soccer, and Australian rules football. On the football field, <mask> played the position of wing and kicked a total of 32 goals in 26 games between 1999 and 2001, but gave the game away to focus solely on basketball.<mask> played junior basketball for the Maryborough Blazers and Bendigo Braves. After playing State basketball for Victoria Country, he attended the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) in Canberra for three years. Prior to leaving for the AIS on a scholarship, he attended Maryborough Regional College. While in Canberra, he attended Lake Ginninderra Secondary College. In 2017, he was inducted into the Lake Ginninderra Hall of Fame. Between 2007 and 2009, <mask> played for the AIS in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). He averaged 15.2 points, 4.8 rebounds and 3.5 assists in 18 games in 2008, and 10.9 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 3.0 assists in nine games in 2009.College career <mask> was recruited by Randy Bennett and the Saint Mary's College of California in 2009 and signed with the Gaels before the 2009–10 season. He was ranked by ESPN as one of the top junior players in Australia. <mask> immediately contributed for the Gaels and started all 34 games as a freshman. In 2009–10, he averaged 12.1 points, 3.5 rebounds, and 4.5 assists per game. That season, the Gaels won 28 games and reached the Sweet Sixteen of the 2010 NCAA men's basketball tournament. The Gaels reached the Sweet Sixteen by upsetting Villanova, 75–68. <mask>'s crucial late free throws iced the game against the Wildcats.On 16 January 2013, <mask> scored 18 points, including a game-winning three-point buzzer-beater, in a 70–69 victory over the BYU Cougars. The forty-foot shot soon became known as the "Dellavedagger." In 2012–13, <mask> was an Academic All-America selection and a Senior CLASS Award finalist. <mask> graduated from Saint Mary's in 2013 with a degree in psychology. He finished his college career as Saint Mary's all-time leader in scoring, assists, games played, free throw percentage, and three-point shots. St. Mary's retired his jersey on 15 February 2014. <mask>'s #4 was the second retired by the school's men's basketball program, joining Tom Meschery in the rafters of McKeon Pavilion.Professional career Cleveland Cavaliers (2013–2016) 2013–14 season After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, <mask> joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2013 NBA Summer League. On 12 September 2013, he signed a two-year, $1.3 million contract with the Cavaliers, with $100,000 guaranteed. On 26 March 2014, he scored a career-high 21 points in a 97–96 win over the Detroit Pistons. 2014–15 season In July 2014, <mask> re-joined the Cavaliers for the 2014 NBA Summer League. Between 5 November and 5 December, <mask> was sidelined with a sprained medial collateral ligament (MCL). In February 2015, he participated in the Rising Stars Challenge as part of the NBA All-Star weekend. In the regular-season finale on 15 April, he recorded 18 points and 12 assists in a 113–108 overtime win over the Washington Wizards.In Game 6 of the Eastern Conference semifinals, <mask> scored a team-high 19 points to help the Cavaliers defeat the Chicago Bulls and advance to the Conference Finals. Following the Cavaliers' Game 3 win over the Atlanta Hawks in Eastern Conference Finals, <mask>'s aggressive play became a major talking point with some describing him as a "dirty" player. Despite this criticism, teammate LeBron James and NBA great Charles Barkley both defended <mask>'s style of play. The Cavaliers defeated the Hawks 4–0 to advance to the 2015 NBA Finals. In Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the Golden State Warriors, in the absence of the injured Kyrie Irving, <mask> held Stephen Curry to 0-of-8 shooting and four turnovers while guarding him. The Cavaliers won Game 2 in double-overtime, 95–93, for their first victory of an NBA Finals game in franchise history. In Game 3, <mask> scored a playoff career-high 20 points as the Cavaliers defeated the Warriors to take a 2–1 series lead.After the game, <mask> was so dehydrated that he needed an IV, and he was quickly taken to the Cleveland Clinic for medical attention. The Cavaliers went on to lose the last three games of the series, however, as <mask> shot just 19% from the field in those three games. 2015–16 season On 27 July 2015, <mask> re-signed with the Cavaliers. On 19 November 2015, he recorded a then career-high 13 assists in a 115–100 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On 20 December, he scored a season-high 20 points on 7-of-10 shooting in a 108–86 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. He missed five straight games in February 2016 with a strained hamstring. The Cavaliers returned to the NBA Finals in 2016 with a 4–2 series win over the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals.In a Finals rematch with the Golden State Warriors, the Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to win the championship after being down 3–1 in the series. Milwaukee Bucks (2016–2018) On 7 July 2016, <mask> was acquired by the Milwaukee Bucks in a sign-and-trade deal with the Cavaliers, in which Cleveland received a $4.8 million trade exception and the rights to Albert Miralles, while Milwaukee also received cash considerations. <mask>'s contract gave him $38 million over four years. <mask> made his debut for the Bucks in their season opener on 26 October 2016, scoring 11 points in 29 minutes as a starter in a 107–96 loss to the Charlotte Hornets. On 3 December 2016, he scored 12 of his season-high 18 points in the fourth quarter of the Bucks' 112–103 win over the Brooklyn Nets. After starting all 30 games to begin the season, he missed five straight games in late December and early January with a strained right hamstring. In 2016–17, he averaged career highs in points (7.6) and assists (4.7) in a career-high 26.1 minutes per game over 76 contests with a career-high 54 starts.<mask> missed 15 consecutive games with left knee tendinitis during November and December of the 2017–18 season. On 1 January 2018, <mask> had a season-high 10 assists in a 131–127 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors. A right ankle sprain suffered on 4 February against the Nets saw <mask> miss 29 straight games, returning to action in the Bucks' regular-season finale against the Philadelphia 76ers on 11 April. He went on to play in six of the Bucks' seven playoff games. Return to Cleveland (2018–2021) On 7 December 2018, <mask> was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Bucks and the Washington Wizards. In his return game for the Cavaliers in Milwaukee three days later, <mask> received an ovation when he entered the game and finished with 11 points in 16 minutes in a 108–92 loss to the Bucks. On 7 March 2020, <mask> recorded a career-high 14 assists in a 104–102 win over the Denver Nuggets.On 25 November 2020, <mask> re-signed with the Cavaliers. He appeared in just 13 games with the Cavaliers during the 2020–21 season as he suffered a variety of ailments, including a concussion, whiplash, an emergency appendectomy, and a neck strain. Melbourne United (2021–present) On 9 July 2021, <mask> signed a three-year deal with Melbourne United of the Australian NBL. On 16 January 2022, he scored a career-high 33 points with seven 3-pointers and nine assists in an 88–84 win over the Illawarra Hawks. Multiple players, coaches, and commentators have praised his toughness and competitiveness, particularly on defense. On account of his aggressiveness, some have cast <mask> as reckless or dirty. However, multiple current and former players have spoken in defense of <mask>, including LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Charles Barkley, and Antonio Davis.<mask>'s offensive strengths includes his three-point shot, his floater, and his passing ability. International career <mask> competed for the Australian junior national team at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship. He was the team's third leading scorer – averaging 10.1 points per game – for the fourth-place Australians. He was named in the Australian senior national team, the Boomers, to compete for the first time at the 2009 FIBA Oceania Championship. At age 19, he was the youngest Australian player at the competition. He went on to compete for the Boomers at the 2012 London Olympics, the 2014 World Cup in Spain, the 2016 Rio Olympics, and the 2019 World Cup in China. At the 2020 Olympics, he helped Australia win bronze.Personal life <mask>'s father, Mark, grew up playing Australian rules football and his mother, Leanne, played netball. Both of <mask>'s sisters, Yana and Ingrid, play basketball as well. <mask> married his long-time girlfriend, Anna Schroeder, on 1 July 2017, after proposing to her on 10 September 2016. <mask> met Schroeder at Saint Mary's, where she played volleyball and was an honor roll student. They started dating after his senior year. On 5 July 2019, the couple announced they were expecting their first child, a boy. On 6 November, he announced the birth of his son, Anders Ralph <mask>.He has a second cousin, also named <mask>, who is a tennis player in Australia. <mask> is good friends with his former Cavaliers teammate, Joe Harris. <mask> is an avid supporter of the Collingwood Magpies in the Australian Football League. Community involvement On 28 March 2015, Dellavedova escorted Jackie Custer, a 17-year-old cancer patient, to Akron Children's Hospital's "A Prom to Remember" event. Custer was asked to choose a celebrity guest to escort her to the event, and chose <mask>. Custer stated, "Going to prom with Delly was a night I'll never forget. It was definitely magical, and he's the sweetest guy I've ever met."References External links NBL profile 2012 Olympic profile Saint Mary's Gaels bio 1990 births Living people 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States Australian Institute of Sport basketball players Australian people of Italian descent Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics Cleveland Cavaliers players Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Melbourne United players Milwaukee Bucks players National Basketball Association players from Australia Australian men's basketball players Olympic basketball players of Australia Olympic bronze medalists for Australia Olympic medalists in basketball People educated at Lake Ginninderra College People from Maryborough, Victoria Point guards Saint Mary's Gaels men's basketball players Shooting guards Undrafted National Basketball Association players

Elaine Carbines

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<mask>s (born 4 February 1957) is an Australian politician. She was a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Council from September 1999 to November 2006, representing Geelong Province. A former teacher and community campaigner, Carbines was a prominent backbench member of the government, often raising issues of local concern. She was a member of the Labor Right faction. Early life Carbines was <mask>ty born in Manchester, England, but moved to Australia in 1968 after completing her elementary schooling. She received her secondary education at Mitcham High School, and studied teaching (BA 1978, Dip Ed 1979) at Monash University. It was at university where she joined the Labor Party, in response to the controversial dismissal of Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam by Governor-General John Kerr.She worked as a secondary school teacher, mostly in underprivileged areas for the next twenty years. In 1988 she gained a Diploma of Humanities from La Trobe University. She is married to <mask>, a former umpire and senior official with the Geelong Football Umpires League. They have two children, Hannah and Scott. <mask> is also stepmother to Anthony and Nick. Political life Throughout her working life, Carbines remained active in politics, having been a party member since university. She was the secretary of Labor's Belmont branch in 1994, and of the Portarlington branch from 1995 to 1997.In 1996, she made an unsuccessful bid for the seat of Bellarine in the Legislative Assembly. She was a delegate to the party's state conference, representing the federal electorate of Corangamite, from 1995 to 2009. Carbines was also actively involved in several environmental campaigns, most notably the attempt to stop the move of the Coode Island chemical plant to the environmentally sensitive Point Lillias, and a proposal to build a rowing course on the site of the Belmont Common, another environmentally sensitive area on the outskirts of Geelong. When Carbines won Labor pre-selection to make a second run for office - this time for the Legislative Council seat of Geelong Province in the lead-up to the 1999 state election, the campaign against both developments became a key part of her platform. On election day, she received a swing of nearly five percent, and defeated sitting Liberal member Bill Hartigan on preferences. Carbines was a member of the Road Safety and Library Committees in her first three years in office, but was initially overlooked for ministerial duties. She also led the Live Music Taskforce, which attempted to solve issues related to the future of the live music scene in Melbourne, which many perceived to be under threat as a result of venues closing due to noise complaints and development.In March 2002, in the leadup to the election due later that year, she was made Parliamentary Secretary for Education and Training. In December that year, after Labor's election victory, she was instead made Parliamentary Secretary for the Environment. Carbines was by far the most visible of the four Geelong MPs, and is regularly seen in the media engaging with local issues. A popular local member, she campaigned for improved roads in the region, improved facilities in some of its smaller towns and repeatedly voice concerns about environmental issues, including the fate of Corio Bay and the Otway Ranges. She also actively tried to engage with the community, frequently attending public meetings and raising community concerns in parliament. This earned her some prominent supporters in the Geelong community; despite her often left-wing views, the head of the city's Chamber of Commerce, in noting that the state's second-largest city had no members of the ministry, prominently singled out Carbines as the city's best hope of obtaining one. Carbines also been vocal on issues of broader social significance, such as the treatment of refugees, recognition of the Australian Aboriginal flag and the issue of Tibetan independence.As a member of the Parliamentary Friends of Tibet Group, Carbines was among those who put their names to an advertisement taken out by the Australia-Tibet Council during a visit to Australia by Chinese President Hu Jintao during 2003. There was some controversy when it became public that the Chinese Consul-General, Junting Tian, had raised the matter of her involvement in the campaign with Premier Steve Bracks and had sent Carbines a letter warning her against becoming involved in Tibet-related issues, which she later described as "intimidatory". Despite Carbines' local popularity, rumors began circulating as early as 2004 that she would face a challenge to her preselection for the 2006 state election due to factional issues. The situation has been further complicated by major changes to the format of the Legislative Council due to be introduced at the election, which will see Carbines' two-member electorate be merged into a significantly larger five-member electorate. Local media reported in October 2005 that two factionally connected Melbourne unionists were being tipped for the first two easily winnable positions on the party's ticket, with Carbines likely to be faced with the choice of taking the third potentially winnable "death seat" or contesting Legislative Assembly preselection against lower-profile, but better-connected colleagues Ian Trezise or Michael Crutchfield. Carbines was apparently saved when Bracks personally intervened on her behalf in January 2006, asking factional chiefs to find her and four upper house MPs a safe seat. This did not happen and Carbines lost her seat to Peter Kavanagh of the Democratic Labor Party after a recount.References 1957 births Living people Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria Members of the Victorian Legislative Council Monash University alumni Politicians from Geelong Politicians from Manchester Australian schoolteachers English emigrants to Australia 21st-century Australian politicians 21st-century British women politicians Women members of the Victorian Legislative Council 21st-century Australian women politicians

Anna May Hutchison

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<mask> ["Hutch"] (May 1, 1925 – January 29, 1998) was a female pitcher and catcher who played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. Listed at , 149 lb., she batted and threw right-handed. Sometimes she is credited as <mask> (or Hutchinson). A native of Louisville, Kentucky, <mask> was one of the most dominant sidearm pitchers in All-American Girls Professional Baseball League history and holds the all-time record for most pitching appearances in a single season. A two-time All-Star, she pitched a no-hitter, led her team to a championship title, and topped the league in wins in a regular season. Her promising career was cut short with a succession of injuries in her throwing arm. Career summary <mask> grew up in Louisville and played softball in the local Girls Athletic Association (GAA) during her high school years.She later played for the Camera Corner team, who won the Louisville city championship. After that, the club was invited to participate in the regional tournament in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where an AAGPBL scout spotted her and decided to talk to her parents about joining the league. She attended to spring training in 1944 after graduating from the University of Wisconsin-Parkside and was rewarded with a contract to play in the league. <mask> entered the AAGPBL in 1944 with the Racine Belles, playing for them five years before joining the Muskegon Lassies (1949). She spent her first two seasons serving as a backup to Belles incumbent catcher Irene Hickson, who was a member of the team that won the first league championship in 1943. Nevertheless, <mask> was able to make the adjustment to pitching before the 1946 season, when Leo Murphy, former Pittsburgh Pirates catcher and Belles manager, helped her to throw a fastpitch underhand delivery during spring training. She would join a pitching rotation bolstered by Doris Barr and Joanne Winter.For the first time in 1946, league pitching rules were relaxed sufficiently to allow for a limited side-arm pitch from an underhand delivery with certain restrictions and the season saw the rapid development of many pitchers as the adoption of the new style of pitching became general. A better and smaller ball, however, reacted to the benefit of the hitters and batting averages generally were on the up-trend. In 1946 <mask> mastered the new side-arm delivery and responded with a 26–14 record and 102 strikeouts in 51 games, setting an all-time, single-season record for games pitched. She also collected more low-hit games than any pitcher in the league, while teaming up with Joanne Winter (33–9) to give Racine a strong one-two punch pitching combination in the eight-team circuit. In addition, <mask> hurled the first nine-inning no-hitter in Belles history, a 1–0 victory over the Kenosha Comets. I pitched the first nine-inning no-hitter game by a Belles pitcher, she recalled on an interview. It was again the Kenosha Comets.I don't remember the year, but it was a tense, tense game, and we won, 1–0. Irene was catching, and she kept telling me, 'You're doing OK. Keep putting the ball where you are putting it''', she added. <mask> capped his successful pitching debut with her first All-Star selection. <mask> also pitched two 19-inning games in that season. The first one was a 1–1 tie against the Peoria Redwings, which was called because of darkness. Amazingly, the next day she relieved Winter and pitched three innings of shutout ball, protecting the victory for Winter while earning the save. Her other 19-inning marathon was a 1–0 defeat to the Grand Rapids Chicks, after giving two walks and a RBI-single in the half of the 19th inning.We lost, 1–0, she said. I had walked one or two girls in the 19th inning. It was one of those unfortunate things, but somebody hit a ball, and it just fell between our left fielder and center fielder, and the run scored. The Belles finished in first place with a league-best 74–38 record, and won the semifinal round of playoffs by defeating the South Bend Blue Sox in four games. In Game 1 of the first round, <mask> won a 17-inning pitching duel against the stellar Jean Faut. After South Bend evened the series in Game 2, <mask> hurled a two-hitter in Game 3 and Winter held the hard-hitting Blue Sox to three singles in the final game. Racine advanced to the final round to face the defending AAGPBL champion Rockford Peaches, who have eliminated Grand Rapids in the other playoff contention.In the finals Racine beat Rockford, four to two games. Throughout the playoffs Sophie Kurys was the biggest Racine star. She led all hitters in average, stolen bases, and runs scored. The Belles also showed a great defense, notably by Edythe Perlick (LF), Eleanor Dapkus (RF), Margaret Danhauser (1B), Betty Trezza (SS) and Maddy English (3B). On the other hand, Winter collected four wins in all series, including three against Rockford, despite allowing 19 base runners in a 14-inning, 1–0 shutout victory over the Peaches in decisive Game Six. The winning run was scored by Kurys on an RBI-single by Trezza. Meanwhile, <mask> pitched in eight of the ten playoff games and collected three of the seven wins.<mask> enjoyed a season highlight in 1947. She completed her 40 starts, ending with a 27–13 record and 120 strikeouts, allowing only 230 hits in 360 innings of work. She registered career-highs in wins, strikeouts and innings pitched, while leading the league with her 27 victories and innings. She also hurled 12 shutouts and made the All-Star Team for the second consecutive year. That season Racine finished with a 65–47 record, tying for second with Grand Rapids. The Muskegon Lassies, who finished in first place with a 69–43 ledger, were beaten by Racine in the first round, four games to one, thanks in part to superb pitching by <mask>. In the championship, however, Racine fell to Grand Rapids in seven games, losing the title as they won it the year before, by a similar 1–0 score.The first three games went into extra innings, with <mask> and the Belles claiming the opener in twelve innings, 2–0. But Grand Rapids came back to win Game 2 in ten innings, 3–2, and Game 3 in ten innings, 2–1. Backed by the fine pitching of Mildred Earp, Grand Rapids won Game 4 by a 3–0 margin, and needed only one more victory for the championship. But Racine reacted in Game 5, when Perlick belted a three-run home run in the first inning and <mask> dominated the Chicks hitters for a 3–2 victory. Against the wall, Racine won Game 6 by a 4–3 score, breaking a 3–3 tie in the bottom of the ninth inning to force a decisive Game 7. Then, in a tough pitcher's duel, Earp beat <mask> and the Belles, 1–0, to clinch the championship. The official summary of the league about the playoffs praised Racine: The work of pitcher <mask> for the Belles was exceptional, and it is hard to conceive that Racine could have made any progress without her strong right arm.Other references in the report included Perlick, who led her team at bat and helped to keep them in the series with her stick work and fine defensive play. An especially worthy of mention was the heroic work of Belles catcher Irene Hickson – who played throughout the twelve-game series with a broken finger on her throwing hand, to give stirring and convincing demonstrations of why girls baseball as played in the All-American Girls Baseball League has earned itself a place among of the top attractions of the nation''. <mask> was never the same pitcher again for Racine, as a result of being overworked in her first two seasons. Her strong delivery eventually caused arm problems that affected her baseball career. In 1948 she slipped to a 3–6 record in 14 games and was traded to Muskegon at the end of the season. Then, she went 8–12 in 25 games in 1949, in what would be her last season in the league. After baseball Following her baseball career, <mask> went on to be a respected golfer and bowler and became a longtime resident of Kenosha, Wisconsin, while working as an elementary teacher with Kenosha Unified Schools for 16 years before retiring in 1987.After that, she moved to Racine, Wisconsin. <mask> is part of the AAGPBL permanent display at the Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum at Cooperstown, New York, which was opened on November 5, in honor of the entire league rather than individual baseball personalities. About 150 former AAGPBL attended the inaugural ceremony; <mask> and her good friend and batterymate Hickson were two of them. <mask> died at her home in Racine at the age of 72. Pitching statistics Sources All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players Racine Belles (1943–1950) players Muskegon Lassies players Baseball players from Louisville, Kentucky Sportspeople from Racine, Wisconsin Deaths from cancer in Wisconsin 1925 births 1998 deaths University of Wisconsin–Parkside alumni 20th-century American women 20th-century American people

Lou Savarese

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<mask> (born July 14, 1965) is an American former professional boxer from Greenwood Lake, New York. On April 26, 1997, he challenged for the Lineal Heavyweight Championship, and lost by a controversial split decision to the Lineal World Heavyweight Champion George Foreman. A year later on June 25, 1998, <mask> won the IBA World Heavyweight title against former Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion Buster Douglas by way of a first-round knockout. On June 24, 2000, he lost by a first-round technical knockout to former Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson. On September 22, 2002, <mask> won the vacant WBO Inter-Continental Heavyweight title, by way of a fifth-round TKO against former two-time World Heavyweight Champion Tim Witherspoon. On June 30, 2007, <mask> fought former four-time World Heavyweight Champion Evander Holyfield. He fought with great heart but lost by unanimous decision to a sharp looking Holyfield.<mask> announced after the fight that he had given it his all but it wasn't good enough, and this would be his last bout. Amateur career <mask> won two New York Golden Gloves Championships. <mask> won the 1985 Super-Heavyweight Novice Championship and the 1986 Super-Heavyweight Open Championship. In 1985 <mask> stopped (RSC-2) Jonathan Hill of Gleason's Gym in the finals to win the Championship and in 1986 <mask> defeated Alex Stewart of the Uptown Gym in the finals to win the Championship. In July 1986 he won gold at the U.S. Olympic Festival in Houston, Texas, defeating Kevin Ford on points (5–0) in the finals. In 1987 <mask> advanced to the finals of the Super Heavyweight Open division. He was to have met future Heavyweight Champion Riddick Bowe but <mask> was injured and could not box.In October 1987 he won the National PAL Championships in Jacksonville, Florida, defeating Farns Bryant. <mask> trained at the Cage Recreation Center in White Plains, New York. <mask> is originally from Greenwood Lake, New York. He now resides in Houston. Professional career <mask>, a Roberts Elementarian, began his professional boxing career on April 30, 1989, knocking out James Smith (not the former world Heavyweight champion) in four rounds at Galveston, Texas. <mask>'s first win by first round knockout came on his second fight, against Terrence Roberts, on May 25, at Atlantic City. <mask> won his first eight fights by knockout.On April 19, 1990, <mask> was forced to fight an entire boxing fight for the first time, when he defeated Mike Robinson in Poughkeepsie, New York by a six-round decision. He proceeded to win his next seven fights by knockout, and, in 1991, Kayo boxing cards published a trading card featuring <mask>. On September 20 of that year, he and Robinson had a rematch, with <mask> knocking Robinson out in the fourth round. His next fight, against Mike Faulkner on November 26, at White Plains, New York, resulted in a five-round disqualification win for <mask>. On November 21, 1992, <mask> fought Larry Givens, who is mostly famous for his incredible lack of success as a professional boxer. Givens retired with a record of 3-46. <mask> managed to KO Givens in the 2nd round.<mask> ran his record to 36–0, with 30 knockouts, but he was a relatively unknown fighter: apart from the 1991 Kayo boxing trading card, no other type of media attempted to make <mask>'s name a household one, partly because of the type of opposition he had met. Of <mask>'s thirty six opponents, none was known to most boxing fans. So the Savarese management team came with an ingenious, and not very often seen, way to draw the public's attention towards Savarese: a <mask> fan club was created, and, by the middle 1990s, the fan club was being advertised on major boxing magazines, such as Ring and KO. The advertisement offered free membership to anyone, and promised free personalized, autographed photos to each new member. The idea worked, and <mask> was next faced with his first relatively known opponent, Buster Mathis Jr. This fight was for the NABF's vacant regional Heavyweight title, and <mask> won the title on November 1, 1996, by knocking Mathis out in round seven, at Indio, California. Next was a major fight against former two-time world Heavyweight champion George Foreman.The fight was held on April 26, 1997, in Atlantic City. It was <mask>'s HBO Boxing television show's debut, and for the WBU "world Heavyweight title" and the Lineal Heavyweight Championship. While <mask> lost for the first time, he nevertheless impressed boxing critics and fans, many of whom felt he deserved the split decision that was given to Foreman. <mask> lost by scorecards of 110–118, 112-115 and a favorable 114–113. Based on his performance against Foreman, the outcome of his next fight, against David Izon on November 1, was considered to be a mild upset. <mask> and Izon fought at New York's famed Apollo Theater, and <mask> suffered his first knockout defeat, when Izon beat him in five rounds. But <mask> would rebound by scoring two important wins: on April 23, 1998, he defeated Jeff Lally by a knockout in round two at the Sheraton Hotel in Houston, and then, on June 25, he scored what was arguably his biggest career win, beating Buster Douglas, a former world Heavyweight champion and the first man to beat Mike Tyson, by knockout in the first round to win IBA's "World" Heavyweight title.After that, he fought only twice in 1999, winning a split decision over then prospect Lance "Mount" Whitaker and losing by ten-round decision against future Lennox Lewis world championship challenger Michael Grant, on June 19 at New York's Madison Square Garden. More than one year later, on June 24, 2000, <mask> had his first fight abroad, when he faced Tyson in Glasgow, Scotland. The fight was stopped thirty eight seconds into the first round. While attempting to stop Tyson, referee John Coyle was accidentally pulled to the floor by him. Tyson was declared the winner by technical knockout. <mask> remained active, and, after two wins, he beat David Bostice on November 2, 2001, by a twelve-round decision. Another major win for <mask> came on September 22, 2002, when he beat former two-time world Heavyweight champion Tim Witherspoon by a knockout in round five at Friant, California.On March 15, 2003, he lost the title to former John Ruiz world title challenger Kirk Johnson, who knocked <mask> out in four rounds at Dallas. Attempting to win another regional Heavyweight title, <mask> fought Leo Nolan, for the IBA's vacant Americas Heavyweight title, but he lost to Nolan by a twelve-round unanimous decision on May 7, 2004. <mask> returned to the ring on March 18, 2006, stopping Marcus Rhode in two rounds at Convention Center in Fort Smith, Arkansas. His record then stood at 44-6, with 36 wins by knockouts. <mask> is trained by Jesse Reid, who survived a shooting in 1984 when another of his boxers, former WBC world Jr. Welterweight champion Bruce Curry shot him two days after losing to Billy Costello. <mask> continued his comeback by stopping Travis Fulton in 3 rounds on January 18, 2007, in Houston TX. <mask> showed he still had decent ability and brought his record to 45-6, 37 wins by knockout.On June 30, 2007, <mask> fought former Heavyweight Champion Evander Holyfield. He fought with great heart but lost by decision to a sharp looking Holyfield. <mask> announced after the fight that he had given it his all but it wasn't good enough, and this would be his last bout. MMA career On June 20, 2013, Savarase competed in a mixed martial arts bout. He won the fight by first-round TKO. Acting career <mask> has been featured in episodes of The Jury, Guiding Light, The Sopranos, Damages, and Rescue Me as well as the movie We Own the Night. He also played a lead role in ESPN’s documentary Cinderella Man: The James J. Braddock Story, for which he received excellent reviews for his portrayal of boxer Max Baer.Other recent works include the independent film Nicky’s Game, A Matter of Honor, and Knock, Knock, a horror film in which he plays Rico, the villain.

Abbas Gharib

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<mask>, (born 16 June 1942) is an Italian-based architect of Iranian origin. His approach to planning and design, which goes beyond the traditional Modernism or Contemporary format, has made him well known as an influential figure in the research, practice and teaching of Post-contemporary art and architecture. Life and formation Early and adult life <mask> was born in Tehran and raised in an Iranian lay family. The house where the family used to live was situated in the old center of the traditional part of Tehran. He completed his primary educations in Tehran, Bersabé primary school, Saint Luis elementary and Ferdowsi middle school. In 1952 the family moved to a new house in the northern part of the city where he resided until 1960 since he had his diploma from Hadaf high school. In 1958 he made his first visit to Europe and the journey in Italy was decisive for him to leave his native home definitively for Italy in 1962, where he enrolled to University IUAV of Venice.He stayed in Venice until 1973, taking part in the educational and artistic city life. As a child and later as a student, was talented for geometric and drawing subjects, therefore in adulthood the interest for architecture. In 1972 he married with an Italian architect, Sandra Villa and from that marriage had two children Samì (12 January 1972) now Sociologist and Leila (28 February 1983), now Musician The choice of Venice In May 1958, at the end of an extensive travel through the main European Capitals and cities, <mask>, then aged sixteen, made his first stay to Italy, as well as to Rome, where he was deeply impressed by the beauty of this city and the richness of its art and architecture heritage. In 1960, therefore, he returned to Europe, principally to Italy, moving through the peninsula from north to south and finally to Venice. The beauty of Venice and its cultural and artistic lifestyle, in the presence of creative figures like Peggy Guggenheim, Lucio Fontana, Allen Ginsberg, Ezra Pound, Carlo Scarpa in the Sixties and Seventies, influenced him to such an extent that he decided to settle there, moving away from his original area of intellectual life in Tehran: a decision which was basic to his consecutive formation. Education He studied architecture at the Università Iuav di Venezia, where in 1969 he became qualified in the urban planning sector in 1969 he never abandoned his interest in architectural projects and design. This dual interest is always evident in his practice.In the Eighties, he shifted from two-dimensional evaluation of projects to three-dimensional evaluation of complex perspectives. This is the most influential topic in his post graduate self-formation, liberating him from the Modernist crisscross grid towards unconfined volumes characterized by transparency, fluidity, flexibility and smooth dynamics curving surfaces. Professional practice <mask>b, Architecture & Design. As of 2015, <mask> still works at the firm, reinventing the built environment, under the guidance of sustainable and innovative architectural spatiality. The design method in his Studio turned out to be fluid and meta-metric, opposed to abstract methods and metric process of Modernism. In fact, the multiple sequences of spatial sections and the successions of constructive models have replaced the flat and static drawings.The Studio, in collaboration with professional individuals, ventured into a wide range of disciplines, striving to break the boundaries imposed by traditional professional constraints. This unconventional approach to design produced a spirit of independence, reflected in the research and carried out in the works created by the Studio. The forms of spaces and objects are reflected in numerous designs for architectural competitions, professional projects and buildings, evidencing true multi-disciplinary approach. Design criteria <mask> has gradually distanced himself from Modern Movement design methods, considering them to be abstract and self-referential, and oriented himself towards the Post-contemporary movement and the Complexity Theory. These, in his view, have a closer relationship with the shifting apparatus of context, aware that these components, interacting with politics, economies, science, technology and social movements, generate sophisticated results that require complex solutions. The Studio transitioned from the traditional notions of modern Rationalism to the concept of anthropo-geo-morpho-genesis, i.e., from concepts of Morphology and Topography to the advanced science of Morphing and Topology. The consequence of this transformation of design criteria, for both architectural spaces, urban planning and physical objects, is that design is based on renewed attention to interactive relationships between space and surrounding context.This recognition of the interactive dynamics between nature and culture, between social and economical components of context, has been accompanied by digital integration of projects into tridimensional spaces in place of linear, flat and two-dimensional projections typical of Modernist methods. Shifting to social architecture The Pritzker Architecture Prize of 2014 awarded to the Japanese architect, Shigeru Ban, a former superstars, takes him to be among the firsts to move towards the Social architecture and to share the new trends in architectural planning. This was an alarm bell for superstars of architecture to think about the life style of Social architecture instead of the personal styles. For the renovated approach of his Studio in Italy, the method of creativity stands in the promotion of design solutions able to feed the urban regeneration as cultural, inventive, educational and functional diversities for the fertile new languages, and lifestyles, without following the repetition mannerist projects and what they produce, believing that, creative solutions fed from the talent of the environmental components rather than from that of the designers His role in evolving the method of creative development in Tenstar Community Association proposes through the development of an integrated set of creative disciplines, an education that transforms the urban regeneration in an added value through the interaction of creative disciplines. An added value that allows the users of the projects to meet their operational needs in an area renovated with sustainable long-term economy based on the use of knowledge (knowledge based production) rather than on the dispersion of energy (energy based production). Approach to cinema and music As one of the founders of Tenstar Community, a multidisciplinary cultural Association, he is particularly involved with Association's sectors such as cinema, music visual arts and photography beside architecture and urban regeneration. “ricerca”, Costruire Magazine 33, Biennale di Venezia issue, Milan – Italy: Abitare Segesta, October 1985, p. 235; The tower where the desire can live Gharib,<mask>.Verticelli, Danilo. Villa, Sandra. “The neo-eclectic house – projects for the cultural design exhibitions for the Italian furniture fair, Abitare il tempo, volume, Venice – Italy: Arsenale, 1992, 93, 112; The self expressive object <mask>,<mask>. Verticelli, Danilo. Villa, Sandra. “Room with a View, Abitare il tempo, volume, Bologna: Grafiche Zanini, 1993, 37–42, 108; Open house, section x – x <mask>, <mask>. Verticelli, Danilo.Villa, Sandra. Abitare il tempo, Volume, “Ten years of research, experimentation and new perspectives”, Bologna – Italy: Grafiche Zanini, 1995, 221; Open house section x – x Dorfles, Gillo. “Events”, Ottagono Magazine 110, Review of Abitare il tempo, Milan – Italy,: CO.P.IN.A., March 1994, 83 – 84, “Accademia G.B. Cignaroli – Verona” “Ricognizioni Design 360° Magazine 14, Oggetto locale Issue, Verona – Italy Grafiche Aurora, 2001, cover, 27 New National Museum of Korea “<mask> – Italy, International Architectural Competition for the new National Museum of Korea" Volume, Seoul: Hae-jak Kang / Ki Moon Dang Editors, 1995, 362 Accademia G.B. Cignaroli – Verona, Ricognizioni Design 360° Magazine, Oggetto locale Issue, No. 14, cover & page 27, Grafiche Aurora Publisher, Verona 2001; Design Works Gharib, <mask>. interviewed by Grego, Susanna.“cronache di design a Verona" in the Magazine of the Architectural Association of the province of Verona 57, Verona – Italy: Studio 12, June 2002, cover, 31–33 Last Works <mask>, <mask>. interviewed by Grego, Susanna. “Ozio Creativo sarà il lavoro del futuro?” in the Magazine of the Architectural Association of the province of Verona, No. 62, Verona – Italy: Studio 12, April 2002, 34 – 35; Iran Oil Industry HQ, Tehran, Arnaboldi, Mario Antoni. “<mask>, due mondi due lingue”, L’Arca, the international magazine of architecture, design and visual communication No. 181, Milan – Italy, l’Arca S.p.A. Editori, May 2003, cover, 68–71; Competition for the Center of Cooperation in High Technology, Iran, Memar Quarterly Magazine of Architecture and Urban Design 13, Tehran – Iran:Kia Naghsh, 2003, 74 – 80 Headquarters of Iran Oil Industry in Tehran Arnaboldi, Mario Antonio. “Architecture: Dialogues and Letters – 12, <mask> Gharib per l’Headquarters dell’ Iran Oil Industry a Tehran", Milan – Italy: Mimesis, 2004, 185, 203–204; Main projects <mask>, <mask>.Interviewed by Ahmad Zohadi. “For a methodology of project. A tool toward the future – An interview with <mask>, Iranian Architect”, Tehran – Iran, Architecture, Construction and E-Sciences Magazine 1, Contemporary challenges, architecture and thought issue, Tehran, Zolal Editors, November 2004, cover, 24–29; <mask> “Pol” Art & Cultural Center, Candani, Elena. “Meeting between two worlds”, L’Arca, the international magazine of architecture, design and visual communication 220, Milan – Italy: l’Arca S.p.A. Editori, December 2006, 48–53; Super Compact, “Progetti per il mobile 2008”, Dossier Compo Mobili, Furniture Design Magazine, European furniture components 53, Snatarcangelo Romagna (RN): Magioli SpA.Editore, January 2009, 68; Recent projects <mask>, <mask>. interviewed by Castelluci, Alessandra. “equilibrio di architettura (tra due mondi)”, Studio Gharib – Verona, In Cariera & Professioni Magazine 2, Bologna – Italy: Golfarelli Editore, June 2008, 36–39; Progetto N. 44 Dell’Osso, Guido R. “Edilpro, Architettura bioclimatica e sostenibilità nella casa per i paesi del Mediterraneo”, Casarano (Le) Italy: Il tacco d’Italia Editore, November 2009, Volume, Cover, 73–79; '''Carso 2014+, International design competition …” “Arch. <mask>b”, Abitare Magazine 509, Milan – Italy: Abitare Segesta, 2011, 25; See also Post-contemporary Tenstar Community References External links Susanna Grego, "Conversazione con Abbas Gharib", Architetti Verona 62 p. 34–35, Abbas Gharib, Digital Scapes: Global Remix, 38° Maromomacc Italy, Ad Abbas Gharib, Google Books; 1942 births Living people 20th-century Italian architects Iranian architects Iranian emigrants to Italy People from Tehran

Jerry Hairston Jr.

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<mask>. (born May 29, 1976) is an American former professional baseball infielder and outfielder. He played sixteen seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Chicago Cubs, Texas Rangers, Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees, San Diego Padres, Washington Nationals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He played every position except pitcher and catcher during his baseball career. He is the grandson of former major leaguer <mask>, the son of former major leaguer <mask>., and the brother of <mask>. He helped the Yankees win the 2009 World Series, beating the Philadelphia Phillies, giving him his only World Series title. High school and college In High School, he was a two-time All-State selection at Naperville North High School in baseball and an all-area selection in basketball. He was drafted in the 42nd round of the 1995 Major League Baseball draft by the Baltimore Orioles but chose instead to go to college.<mask> played college ball at Southern Illinois University in 1996 and 1997, where he batted .360 for his career and was the Missouri Valley Conference Freshman of the Year in 1996. In both years he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League, playing for the Bourne Braves in 1996, and the Wareham Gatemen in 1997. He was later inducted as a member of the Southern Illinois Baseball Hall of Fame. Professional career Baltimore Orioles <mask> was drafted in the 11th round of the 1997 Major League Baseball draft by the Baltimore Orioles. He made his professional debut in 1997 with the rookie-league Bluefield Orioles, where he hit .330 in 59 games. In 1998, he made a fast rise up the farm system, starting in A with the Frederick Keys, where he played in 80 games and hit .302, then he was promoted to the AA Bowie Baysox, where he hit .326 in 55 games and received a September promotion to the Major Leagues. He made his major league debut with the Orioles on September 11, 1998 against the Anaheim Angels at second base, he was hitless in three at-bats in that game.He appeared in a total of 7 games in 1998, primarily as a pinch runner or late inning defensive replacement, and did not get a hit in 7 at-bats. In 1999 and 2000, he split his time between the AAA Rochester Red Wings and the Orioles. He recorded his first Major League hit on June 27, 1999 off of New York Yankees pitcher Orlando Hernández and his first home run came off of Joey Hamilton of the Toronto Blue Jays on July 1, 1999. He had fairly regular playing time with the Orioles in 2001 and 2002 and was used more as a utility player in 2003 and 2004. In his seven seasons with Baltimore, he played in 558 games, batting .261. Chicago Cubs He was traded (along with Oriole prospects Mike Fontenot and David Crouthers) to the Chicago Cubs in the 2005 offseason for Sammy Sosa. The Cubs attempted to use <mask> as a leadoff man, but he finished the 2005 season with an unremarkable on-base percentage of .336 and stole only 8 bases in 17 attempts.Even though most Cubs fans initially welcomed the dismissal of Sosa—whose performance was on the decline and was seen as a problematic teammate—the poor play of <mask> would eventually cause many fans to sour on this particular trade. In two seasons with the Cubs, he hit .251 in 152 games. Texas Rangers <mask>'s statistics declined further at the start of the 2006 season, and on May 31, he was traded to the Texas Rangers for Phil Nevin. <mask> was released from the Rangers after the 2006 season but re-signed to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. <mask> won a spot on the opening day roster, as a reserve outfielder and utility player. A series of injuries to teammates Hank Blalock, Ian Kinsler, Mark Teixeira, and Frank Catalanotto, as well as the trades of Teixeira and Kenny Lofton, led to Hairston playing on a regular basis throughout the 2007 season. <mask> became a free agent after the season.In his two seasons with Texas, he hit .194 in 136 games. Cincinnati Reds On March 3, 2008, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds. On April 21, his contract was purchased by the Reds and was added to the roster. He was re-signed after the season, on January 7, 2009, to a one-year contract; the contract contained $2 million in guaranteed money. In two seasons with the Reds, he hit .287 in 166 games. World Baseball Classic <mask> represented Mexico at the 2009 World Baseball Classic alongside his brother Scott. <mask>'s mother was born in Mexico, making him eligible to play for the Mexican team.He had 4 hits in 14 at-bats in the Classic. New York Yankees On July 31, 2009, he was traded to the New York Yankees for minor league catcher Chase Weems. On August 1, 2009, <mask> got his first hit and RBI as a Yankee. On October 17, 2009, he got his first career post-season hit in his first career post-season at-bat and later ended a 13-inning ALCS Game 2 by scoring on an error by the Angels' Maicer Izturis. This gave the Yankees a 2–0 advantage going into the third game of the series. He had 1 hit in 6 at-bats for the Yankees in the 2009 World Series. In his half season with the Yanks, he hit .237 with 2 homeruns and 12 RBIs in 45 games.San Diego Padres On January 18, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year, $2.15 million contract with the San Diego Padres, the same team as his brother, <mask>, was playing on. <mask>'s 2010 season was cut short in September with a fractured right tibia, but he still played in 119 games with the Padres, hitting .244. Washington Nationals On January 19, 2011, <mask> agreed to a one-year, $2 million contract with the Washington Nationals that included over $1 million in incentives. He played in 75 games for them, hitting .268. Milwaukee Brewers On July 30, 2011, <mask> was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for Double-A outfielder Erik Komatsu. He played in 45 games for the Brewers, hitting .274. Los Angeles Dodgers On December 5, 2011, the Los Angeles Dodgers signed <mask> to a two-year contract worth $6 million.On June 1, 2012 <mask> was part of a Dodgers lineup that featured the sons of five former Major Leaguers (along with Tony Gwynn Jr., Iván DeJesús Jr., Dee Gordon and Scott Van Slyke). This was the first time in Major League history that this had occurred. It was also the first time a starting infield of four major league sons had ever occurred: first baseman Van Slyke, second baseman <mask>, third baseman De Jesus and shortstop Gordon. On August 22, it was determined that <mask> would need surgery on his left hip. The injury had bothered him for some time before he finally went on the disabled list on August 13. The surgery would sideline him for the rest of the season. In 78 games with the Dodgers in 2012, Hairston hit .273 while playing numerous different positions.In 2013, <mask> was a key reserve for the Dodgers, playing 28 games at third base, 23 in left field, 4 in right field, 13 at first base and 1 at second base. He struggled with the bat however, hitting just .211. Broadcasting career On December 11, 2013, it was announced that <mask> would be retiring as an active player to join the Dodgers pre and post game broadcasting crew on SportsNet LA. Performance-enhancing drugs controversy According to Luis Fernando Llosa and L. Jon Wertheim, <mask> received genotropin, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and clomiphene citrate in 2004. One of <mask>'s prescriptions was written by "A. Almarashi." Investigators believe Almarashi is an alias for a Queens, N.Y., doctor stripped of her medical license in 1999.She is awaiting trial on multiple charges after allegedly writing bogus prescriptions for thousands of online customers she never examined. Hairston denied any connection, stating "Not one time have I taken steroids or anything like that. [ . . .] I would never do anything like that to jeopardize my career or my family's name." On December 13, 2007, he was cited in the Mitchell Report to the Commissioner of Baseball of an Independent Investigation Into the Illegal Use of Steroids and Other Performance Enhancing Substances by Players in Major League Baseball. Personal life <mask>'s brother Scott is also a professional baseball player. Their father <mask> Sr. and grandfather <mask> were also major league players, making him the first African American to be a third-generation major-leaguer.<mask>'s heritage is also Mexican American on his mother's side. His uncle <mask> also played in the majors. Several other family members have also played in the minor leagues. He attended Naperville North High School in Naperville, Illinois and Southern Illinois University. Hairston became a Jehovah's Witness in July 2000. See also Third-generation Major League Baseball families List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report References and citations External links , or Retrosheet, or The Baseball Gauge, or Venezuela Winter League 1976 births 2009 World Baseball Classic players Aberdeen IronBirds players African-American baseball players Albuquerque Isotopes players American baseball players of Mexican descent Baltimore Orioles players Baseball players from Chicago Baseball players from Des Moines, Iowa Bluefield Orioles players Bourne Braves players Bowie Baysox players Chicago Cubs players Cincinnati Reds players Frederick Keys players Frisco RoughRiders players Gulf Coast Orioles players Harrisburg Senators players Iowa Cubs players Leones del Caracas players American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Living people Los Angeles Dodgers announcers Los Angeles Dodgers players Louisville Bats players Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball second basemen Milwaukee Brewers players Naranjeros de Hermosillo players New York Yankees players Oklahoma RedHawks players Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players Rochester Red Wings players San Diego Padres players Southern Illinois Salukis baseball players Southern Illinois University alumni Sportspeople from Naperville, Illinois Texas Rangers players Washington Nationals players American Jehovah's Witnesses Converts to Jehovah's Witnesses Wareham Gatemen players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American sportspeople

Tyrone Crawford

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<mask> (born November 22, 1989) is a Canadian former professional defensive end in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys. He was selected in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Boise State University. Early years <mask> attended Catholic Central High School in Windsor, Ontario, where he was a three-sport athlete (football, basketball and track and field). In football, he played running back, outside linebacker and kick returner. As a junior, he was named the conference’s MVP and received the Royal Arcanum Outstanding Athlete Award. He was voted first team all-conference (Windsor & Essex County Secondary School Athletic Association) during every one of his four prep seasons.He practiced track and field as a freshman and sophomore, winning gold medals both years in the shot put and discus in his conference and at the OFSAA championships. In basketball as a senior, he was named the MVP in his conference and received the Bill Rogin Award, for the best player in the Ontario secondary schools. College career Bakersfield College <mask> was recruited by Boise State University and Michigan State University, but the academic curriculum from his Canadian high school didn't meet NCAA requirements, so he enrolled at Bakersfield College in 2008. After concentrating on just playing football and the defensive end position, he appeared in 9 games and was named first-team All-conference as freshman in 2008, while collecting 38 tackles (13 for loss), 6 sacks, one pass breakup and one fumble recovery. As a sophomore in 2009, he was honored as a junior college first-team All-American and was named to both first-team all-state and conference. He also was awarded as the defense's most valuable player for the Renegades. He registered 42 tackles (led the team), including 8 sacks and 14 tackles for loss.Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, <mask> was ranked as one of the most talented JUCO prospects in the nation. He committed to Boise State University. Boise State University In his first season at Boise State University, as a junior in 2010, <mask> appeared in each of the Broncos 13 games as a back-up weak-side defensive end. He registered 32 tackles on the season (13 solo), 13.5 tackles-for-loss (tied for the team lead), 7 sacks (second on the team), one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, one pass breakup and one blocked kick. As a senior in 2011, <mask> started in 11 games, recording 44 tackles (20 solo), 6.5 sacks (led the team) and 13.5 tackles for loss (led the team). He was named first team All-Mountain West Conference for his performance. College statistics Professional career <mask> was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (81st overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft.On June 13, he signed a four-year deal receiving a $575,252 signing bonus. At the 2012 NFL Scouting Combine in February, he was diagnosed with a heart murmur. As a rookie, he played the left defensive end position in defensive coordinator Rob Ryan's 3–4 defense. He was a reserve player and finished with 33 tackles (18 solo) and 5 quarterback pressures. In 2013, defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin was hired to change the defense to a 4-3 alignment and <mask> was expected to backup the strongside defensive end position and play both defensive tackle spots in passing situations. On July 21, 2013, he suffered a torn Achilles on the first full day of training camp and was placed on the injured reserve list. Entering 2014, there were initial plans to evaluate <mask> in the 3-technique defensive tackle spot vacated by free agent Jason Hatcher, but after the signing of Henry Melton he was kept at defensive end.During the regular season Melton struggled as he recovered from offseason surgery and worked through a groin strain, so <mask> was forced to play defensive tackle in week 3 against the New Orleans Saints and would earn the starter job. He finished with three sacks and 29 quarterback pressures. In 2015, <mask> was signed to a five-year, $45 million contract ($25.7 million guaranteed). He was limited with a torn rotator cuff in his right shoulder that required offseason surgery, suffered in the second game of the season against the Philadelphia Eagles. He still managed 44 tackles, 5 sacks (third on the team), and 27 quarterback pressures (third on the team). In 2016, <mask> struggled at the beginning of the season playing defensive tackle. The production of Terrell McClain and rookie Maliek Collins, combined with the need the team had at defensive end, made the Cowboys decide to move him to left defensive end in the fourth quarter of the second game of the season against the Washington Redskins.He would remain the starter at left defensive end for the rest of the season. His best game came in week 8 against the Philadelphia Eagles, registering 5 quarterback hurries, 1.5 sacks, 2 tackles for loss and a fumble recovery. He posted 2 sacks against the Cleveland Browns. He had to be replaced against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with David Irving, because he was playing through shoulder and hamstring injuries. He started 14 games did not play in the last 2 contests of the season, because he was being saved for the playoffs. He finished with 21 tackles (6 tackles for loss), 4.5 sacks (third on the team) and 17 quarterback pressures (second on the team). In 2017, he suffered an ankle injury in training camp on August 8, that looked at the time to be a season ending injury.He missed most of the preseason. He was a backup during the first 2 games of the season, until being moved to right defensive end to help improve the rushing defense. In Week 8 against the Washington Redskins, he had 3 tackles, one quarterback pressure, one forced fumble and blocked a 36-yard field goal attempt, in which teammate Orlando Scandrick returned 90 yards in the 33-19, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week. He started 14 out of 16 games, collecting 38 tackles (2 for loss), 4 sacks (third on the team), 26 quarterback hurries (second on the team), 2 pass breakups, one forced fumble, one recovery and one blocked field goal attempt. In 2018, <mask> was switched back to defensive tackle after Maliek Collins and David Irving both started the league season with injuries or suspensions. He also started games at right defensive end and made his 200th career tackle in the eleventh game against the Washington Redskins. He was bothered by bursitis in his hips late in the season.He was declared inactive in the season finale with a neck injury. He started 15 games, posting 33 tackles, 5.5 sacks (third on the team) and 25 quarterback hurries. In 2019, he missed the entire offseason conditioning program and training camp while recovering from his hip injury. He started the first 2 games of the season, before being held out in the next 2 outings. He returned to play as a backup in Week 5 and Week 6. On October 15, he was placed on injured reserve after undergoing season-ending hip surgery. He finished with 2 tackles (one for loss), one sack and one quarterback pressure.On July 28, 2020, he was placed on the active/physically unable to perform list at the start of training camp, still recovering from his double hip surgery. He was activated on August 14. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on November 11, and activated on November 18. He struggled with his physical health during the season, appearing in 16 games with 3 starts. He had 17 tackles (2 for loss), 2 sacks and 14 quarterback hurries. Cowboys head coach Mike McCarthy announced <mask>'s intention to retire from professional football on March 25, 2021. NFL career statistics References External links <mask>’s Path To Cowboys Not Typical 1989 births Living people American football defensive ends American football defensive tackles Bakersfield Renegades football players Black Canadian players of American football Boise State Broncos football players Dallas Cowboys players Gridiron football people from Ontario Sportspeople from Windsor, Ontario

Travis Kelce

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<mask> (; born October 5, 1989) is an American football tight end for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Chiefs in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft and later won Super Bowl LIV with the team over the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football at the University of Cincinnati. He is a seven-time Pro Bowler and a three-time first-team All-Pro selection. He holds the NFL record for most consecutive seasons with 1,000 yards receiving by a tight end (6), and the record for most receiving yards by a tight end in a single season (1,416). He was named to the NFL 2010s All-Decade Team. Early life Kelce was born on October 5, 1989, in Westlake, Ohio, the son of Ed and Donna and younger brother to fellow NFL player <mask>, who is a center for the Philadelphia Eagles.He attended Cleveland Heights High School in his hometown of Cleveland Heights, Ohio, where he was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball and baseball. Excelling at football, he was a three-year letter winner as quarterback for the Tigers, and recognized with All-Lake Erie League honors after totaling 2,539 yards of total offense as a senior. He ran 1,016 rushing yards and 10 rushing touchdowns, threw for 1,523 passing yards, 21 touchdowns, and eight interceptions in 2007. College career Considered a two-star recruit by Rivals.com, Kelce accepted a scholarship offer from the University of Cincinnati over offers from Akron, Eastern Michigan, and Miami (OH). He joined his brother, Jason Kelce, who was the starting left guard for the Bearcats. After redshirting in 2008, he appeared in 11 games, playing at tight end and quarterback out of the Wildcat formation. He tallied eight rushes for 47 yards and two touchdowns along with one reception for three yards in 2009.The following season, he did not play due to a violation of team rules, which was later revealed to be failing a drug test by testing positive for marijuana. After serving a one-year suspension, <mask> was back with the team to start the 2011 season. For the season, he saw action in games as a tight end and recorded 13 catches totaling 150 yards and two touchdowns. In his last collegiate season, he set personal career highs in receptions (45), receiving yards (722), yards per receptions (16.0), and receiving touchdowns (8), he also earned first-team all-conference honors. In March 2013, <mask> was named winner of the College Football Performance Awards Tight End of the Year. Collegiate statistics Professional career 2013 NFL Draft <mask> was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the third round (63rd pick overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. The Chiefs had hired Andy Reid as their new head coach during the off-season.Reid was familiar with <mask> after he had drafted and coached his brother, <mask>, during his time as the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles. On June 6, 2013, the Chiefs signed him to a four-year, $3.12 million rookie contract that also included a signing bonus of $703,304. Kansas City Chiefs 2013 season On October 12, <mask> was placed on injured reserve after having surgery on his knee. He only played a single snap on special teams in the team’s week 2 game against the Dallas Cowboys. 2014 season During Week 3 against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> recorded his first NFL touchdown on a 20-yard reception from quarterback Alex Smith. On November 30, he was fined $11,025 for "unsportsmanlike conduct" during a 29–16 loss to the Denver Broncos. <mask> made an inappropriate hand gesture and simulated a jerking motion at the Broncos linebacker Von Miller.Chiefs head coach Andy Reid later called this "immature". In the next game against the Arizona Cardinals, <mask> had seven receptions for 110 yards for his first NFL game with over 100 receiving yards. In the regular-season finale against the San Diego Chargers, he had an offensive fumble recovery for a touchdown in the 19–7 victory. <mask> was the Chiefs leading receiver during the 2014 season, totaling 862 yards off 67 receptions. 2015 season <mask> began the 2015 season with his first NFL multiple touchdown game, with six receptions for 106 yards and two touchdowns in the 27–20 victory over the Houston Texans. It was his only 100+ yard game, but he had at least one reception in all 16 games, and was ranked a top-five tight end by ESPN. He started all 16 regular season games and recorded 72 catches for 875 yards and five touchdowns, earning his way to his first Pro Bowl.The Chiefs finished the regular season with an 11–5 record and made the playoffs. In his first NFL playoff game, <mask> had eight receptions for 128 yards in a 30–0 Wild Card Round victory over the Texans. In the Divisional Round against the New England Patriots, <mask> had six receptions for 23 yards as the Chiefs lost 27–20. 2016 season On January 29, 2016, <mask> signed a five-year, $46 million contract extension. He was ranked 91st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016. During Week 8 against the Indianapolis Colts, <mask> had seven receptions for 101 yards and a touchdown. In the next game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he was ejected after receiving two unsportsmanlike conduct penalties after arguing with two referees over not having a pass interference penalty called.The second resulted from him sarcastically throwing his towel at field judge Mike Weatherford in a flagging motion due to being upset about the first penalty. He was later fined $24,309 for his outburst. During Week 13 against the Atlanta Falcons, he had eight receptions for 140 yards. In the next game, <mask> recorded 101 receiving yards against the Oakland Raiders, his fourth consecutive game topping 100. He joined Jimmy Graham and former Chiefs tight end Tony Gonzalez as the only NFL tight ends ever to do so. In a Christmas Day win over the Denver Broncos, <mask> had career bests of 11 receptions for 160 yards and a career long 80-yard touchdown on a screen pass. He finished the season with career highs in yards (1,125) and receptions (85).His 1,125 receiving yards led the league among tight ends and his 85 receptions were second among tight ends behind Dennis Pitta of the Baltimore Ravens. <mask>'s 634 yards after the catch also led all NFL tight ends. He was named as a starter in his second career Pro Bowl, held on December 20, 2016. He was also named First-team All-Pro. He was ranked 26th by his fellow players, and second among tight ends, on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017. The Chiefs finished atop the AFC West with a 12–4 record and earned a first-round bye in the playoffs. In the Divisional Round against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> had five receptions for 77 yards in the 18–16 loss.2017 season During Week 2 against the Philadelphia Eagles, <mask> had eight receptions for 103 yards and a touchdown in the 27–20 victory. After just one reception for one yard in Week 3 against the Los Angeles Chargers, <mask> recorded seven receptions for 111 yards and a touchdown in Week 4 against the Washington Redskins followed by eight for 98 in Week 5 against the Houston Texans. During Week 8, <mask> had seven receptions for 133 yards to pass Zach Ertz as the NFL's leading tight end in both categories, along with a touchdown. During Week 13 against the New York Jets, <mask> opened the game with spectacular fashion, scoring two receiving touchdowns on 90 receiving yards in the first 2 minutes and 46 seconds of regulation. He finished the game with 94 receiving yards on four receptions in the 38–31 loss. On December 19, 2017, <mask> was named to his third straight Pro Bowl. <mask> finished the season with a career-high eight receiving touchdowns.He finished second among tight ends with 1,038 receiving yards, only trailing Gronkowski's 1,084 receiving yards. He was ranked 24th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018. The 10–6 Chiefs entered the Wild Card Round of the playoffs against the Tennessee Titans, where <mask> finished with four receptions for 66 yards and a touchdown in the 21–22 defeat. He was not able to finish the game as he suffered a concussion in the first half on a hit to his helmet. 2018 season In the 2018 season, <mask> benefited from the rise of new quarterback Patrick Mahomes, who had an MVP season. After being held to a lone reception for six yards in the season opener against the Los Angeles Chargers, he rebounded with seven receptions for 106 yards and two touchdowns in a Week 2 road victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers. In two of the next three games, he was able to reach 100 receiving yards against the San Francisco 49ers and the Jacksonville Jaguars.He added 99 yards and two touchdowns in a Week 9 win over the Cleveland Browns, and went into the Week 12 bye with 10 receptions for 127 yards and a touchdown in an offensively-spectacular 54–51 loss to the Los Angeles Rams. In the Week 13 win over the Oakland Raiders, <mask> had career-bests of 12 receptions and 168 yards, including two short touchdowns in the first half. At this point, he was well on his way to an NFL record, but his production tapered off; over the final four weeks, <mask> averaged six receptions for 63.5 yards and had only one touchdown reception. In Week 17, <mask> indeed broke the NFL record for most receiving yards by a tight end in a single season, but 49ers tight end George Kittle passed him to claim the record less than an hour later. <mask> ended the regular season at 10th in the NFL in receptions with 103 and receiving yards with 1,336, and sixth in receiving touchdowns with 10. He was named to the 2018 Pro Bowl and was named first-team All-Pro. The Chiefs finished atop the AFC West with a 12–4 record and earned a first-round bye.In the Divisional Round against the Indianapolis Colts, he had seven receptions for 108 yards in the 31–13 victory. In the AFC Championship against the New England Patriots, he had three receptions for 23 yards and a receiving touchdown in the 37–31 overtime loss. 2019 season: Super Bowl champions During Week 2 against the Oakland Raiders, <mask> caught seven passes for 107 yards and a touchdown of the season as the Chiefs won by a score of 28–10. Despite injuries to quarterback Patrick Mahomes and just two touchdowns, at the midpoint of the season <mask> lead all tight ends and Chiefs players in receiving yards with 604. During Week 11 against the Los Angeles Chargers on Monday Night Football in Mexico, <mask> caught seven passes for 92 yards and a touchdown in the 24–17 win. During Week 14 against the New England Patriots, Kelce caught seven passes for 66 yards and rushed the ball once for a one-yard touchdown during the 23–16 road victory. In the next game against the Denver Broncos, <mask> finished with 11 catches for 142 receiving yards as the Chiefs won 23–3.In the next game against the Chicago Bears on Sunday Night Football, he caught eight passes for 74 yards and a touchdown in the 26–3 win. During the game, he became the fastest tight end in NFL history to record 500 career receptions. <mask> finished the 2019 season with 97 receptions for 1,229 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns to go along with his one rushing touchdown. <mask> became the first tight end in NFL history to record four consecutive seasons with at least 1,000 receiving yards. In the Divisional Round against the Houston Texans, the Chiefs began the game with a 24–0 deficit. The Chiefs would then go on a 51–7 run, including 41 unanswered points, to win 51–31. After a drop on third down on the Chiefs first drive that would have been a first down if it had been caught, <mask> caught 10 passes for 134 yards and three touchdowns (all in the second quarter) as he helped lead the Chiefs to their second consecutive conference championship game.In the AFC Championship Game against the Tennessee Titans, <mask> caught three passes for 30 yards during the 35–24 win. In Super Bowl LIV against the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> caught six passes for 43 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown and had one carry for two rushing yards during the 31–20 win. 2020 season: Second Super Bowl appearance Following the release of long-time Chiefs punter Dustin Colquitt in the offseason, <mask> became tied with Anthony Sherman and fellow 2013 draftee Eric Fisher as the longest tenured members of the Chiefs. On August 14, 2020, <mask> signed a four-year, $57 million contract extension with the Chiefs through the 2025 season. In Week 6, against the Buffalo Bills, he recorded two receiving touchdowns in the 26–17 victory. In Week 8 against the New York Jets, <mask> dunked the ball through the goal posts after scoring a touchdown, paying homage to former Chiefs tight end Tony Gonzalez. He was penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct and was fined $12,500.In Week 9, against the Carolina Panthers, he had ten receptions for 159 receiving yards in the 33–31 victory. In Week 11 against the Las Vegas Raiders on Sunday Night Football, <mask> recorded eight catches for 127 yards including the game-winning touchdown during the 35–31 win. In Week 13 against the Denver Broncos on Sunday Night Football, <mask> recorded eight catches for 136 yards and a touchdown during the 22–16 win. In the following game, he posted an identical statistical performance of eight catches for 136 yards and a touchdown against the Miami Dolphins in a 33–27 victory. In Week 16, <mask> became the first tight end to have two 100-catch seasons. <mask> caught seven passes, giving him a career-high 105 for the season. <mask> set the single-season yardage record for a tight end with 1,416, topping the 1,377 yards posted by George Kittle in 2018.His yardage ranked second overall in the 2020 NFL season (behind Stefon Diggs' 1,535), while his total receptions ranked fifth in the NFL and second among tight ends (behind Darren Waller's 107). In the Divisional Round of the playoffs against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> recorded eight catches for 109 yards and a touchdown during the 22–17 win. In the AFC Championship Game against the Bills, <mask> recorded 13 catches for 118 yards and two touchdowns in a 38–24 win to advance to Super Bowl LV. In the Super Bowl, despite Kelce catching 10 passes for 133 yards which set the record for most receiving yards by a tight end in a single Super Bowl, the Chiefs could not score a touchdown in the 31–9 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. 2021 season Following the release of longtime Chiefs left tackle Eric Fisher and retirement of longtime fullback Anthony Sherman in the offseason, <mask> became the longest-tenured member of the Chiefs. In the Chiefs second game of the season against the Baltimore Ravens, he become the fastest tight end in NFL history to record 8,000 career yards, surpassing Rob Gronkowski's record in 113 games. In the Chiefs week 15 game against the Los Angeles Chargers, he set a career high for receiving yards in a game with 191 yards.He also caught two touchdowns, including the game-winning 34-yard touchdown in overtime. He was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance. The game also put him over 1,000 yards for the season, his NFL record (among tight ends) extending sixth consecutive 1,000 yard season. It also extended his record for most 1,000 yard seasons by a tight end with six. He was placed on the Reserve/COVID-19 list on December 20, 2021. He was activated on December 25, 2021. However, due to NFL protocols for COVID-19, since he tested positive for the virus and did not test negative before the day of the game, he was ruled out for the Chiefs Week 16 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers.It was the first game he's missed due to injury or illness since his rookie season. In the regular season-ending game against the Denver Broncos, <mask> became the fasted tight end in NFL history to reach 9,000 career yards in just 127 games, a record also previously held by Gronkowski with 140 games. He finished the season with 92 receptions for 1,125 receiving yards and nine touchdowns. He was named Second-Team All-Pro by the AP, his sixth overall All-Pro selection. He was also named to his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl. In the Wild Card Round against the Pittsburgh Steelers, <mask> had five receptions for 108 yards and a receiving touchdown to go along with a two-yard touchdown pass to Byron Pringle in the 42–21 victory. In the Divisional Round against the Buffalo Bills, he had eight receptions for 96 yards and the game-winning touchdown in the 42–36 overtime victory.In the AFC Championship against the Cincinnati Bengals, he had 10 receptions for 95 yards and a touchdown in the 27–24 overtime loss. NFL career statistics Records NFL (among tight ends) Consecutive 1,000+ yard seasons (6, 2016–2021) Most 1,000 yard seasons (6, 2016–2021) Receiving yards in a season (1,416, 2020) Most 100+ reception seasons (2) Chiefs franchise history Most 100+ yard receiving games (29) Personal life <mask> is the younger brother of Jason Kelce, center for the Philadelphia Eagles. In January 2016, <mask> starred in the E! Entertainment Television dating show Catching Kelce. The winner picked by Kelce was Maya Benberry, and they started dating after the show ended in April 2016. In January 2017, Benberry confirmed that they had broken up. In May 2017, Kelce was confirmed to be in a relationship with social media influencer Kayla Nicole.In 2015, <mask> started the Eighty-Seven & Running foundation to give mentoring, training, motivation, and opportunities to underprivileged youth. Surname pronunciation During the 2021 offseason, <mask> said he pronounces his surname , because that is the way his father pronounces it, although the rest of the paternal side of his family pronounces it . <mask>'s brother, Jason, later elaborated that their father "at some point ... got tired of correcting everyone calling him 'Kell-see.' ... And now I think we're both at the point where we're riding with Ed 'Kell-see. References External links Cincinnati Bearcats profile Kansas City Chiefs profile Eighty-Seven & Running 1989 births Living people American Conference Pro Bowl players American football tight ends Cincinnati Bearcats football players Cleveland Heights High School alumni Kansas City Chiefs players People from Cleveland Heights, Ohio Players of American football from Ohio Sportspeople from Cuyahoga County, Ohio Unconferenced Pro Bowl players

Pete Myers

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<mask> (born September 15, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player and a former assistant coach for the NBA team Chicago Bulls. Early life and college career Born in Mobile, Alabama, <mask> graduated from Williamson High School of Mobile in 1981. <mask> then attended Faulkner State Community College. At Faulkner State, <mask> averaged nearly 14 points per game in his two-year career and was named to the 1983 All-Southern Division team. <mask> transferred to the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in 1983 and played two seasons on the Arkansas–Little Rock Trojans men's basketball team after redshirting one year. At Arkansas–Little Rock, <mask> was named to the All-Trans American Athletic Conference (TAAC) team both his junior and senior years and was part of the 1986 TAAC Tournament championship team that advanced to the second round of the NCAA Tournament. Pro playing career In the 1986 NBA draft, the Chicago Bulls selected <mask> in the sixth round as the 120th overall pick.As a rookie, <mask> played in 29 games with the Bulls and averaged 5.3 minutes and 2.3 points per game. In 1987, <mask> played for the Rockford Lightning of the CBA, was named a league All-Star, and won second place in the CBA slam dunk contest. <mask> then signed with the San Antonio Spurs in January 1988 and averaged 14.9 minutes, 5.1 points, 1.7 rebounds, and 2.2 assists in 22 games. The Spurs traded <mask> to the Philadelphia 76ers in August 1988. Controversially, <mask> chose to play in the Spanish Liga ACB team Cai Zaragoza during the NBA preseason, and the 76ers sued to stop <mask>. In 4 games with Zaragoza, <mask> made 48.9% of field goals and averaged 12.3 points, 2.3 rebounds, and 2.8 assists. Before being waived by the 76ers on December 15, <mask> played 4 games with an average 10.0 minutes, 3.5 points, 2.5 rebounds, and 0.5 assists.On December 20, 1988, <mask> signed with the New York Knicks and played 29 games with an average 7.9 minutes, 2.8 points, 0.8 rebounds, and 1.6 assists. In the season with the Knicks, <mask> played 24 games with 8.7 minutes per game along with 1.9 points, 1.2 rebounds, and 1.5 assists. Four days after the Knicks waived him, <mask> signed with the New Jersey Nets on February 27, 1990, and played 28 games for the Nets. In those 28 games, <mask> averaged 19.4 minutes, 7.1 points, 2.4 rebounds, and 3.6 assists and made 2 starts for the first starts in his NBA career. On December 10, 1990, <mask> signed as a free agent with the San Antonio Spurs and played 8 games with 1 start before being waived on December 24. <mask> averaged 3.6 points, 2.3 rebounds, and 1.8 assists. <mask> then played for Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna (sponsorship name Aprimatic Bologna) of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A and signed with the CBA team Albany Patroons in April 1991.<mask> returned to Fortitudo Bologna (new sponsorship name Mangiaebevi Bologna) after the CBA season ended. After spending the NBA preseason with the Washington Bullets, <mask> played for Scavolini Pesaro of Serie A in the 1992–1993 season. <mask> averaged 16.1 points, 6.4 rebounds, and 2.1 assists per game. <mask> returned to the NBA in by signing with the Chicago Bulls and replaced the retiring Michael Jordan as starting shooting guard. <mask> played all 82 regular season games for the first time in his NBA career and started 81. <mask> made career-high averages of 24.8 minutes, 7.9 points, 1.0 steal, and 3.0 assists per game as well as 2.2 rebounds. The following season, <mask> played 71 games with 14 starts and averaged 4.5 points, 2.0 rebounds, and 2.1 assists.On March 15, 1995, <mask> scored a season-high 14 points. However, <mask> faced the possibility of being replaced as Michael Jordan was considering a comeback to the NBA. Jordan returned to the NBA for the first time, replacing <mask> in the Bulls starting lineup the next game: March 17, 1995, against the Indiana Pacers. <mask> signed with the Charlotte Hornets on October 3, 1995, but was traded to the Miami Heat on November 3 before playing a game for the Hornets. With the Heat, <mask> started 1 of 39 games played and averaged 4.7 points, 1.9 rebounds, and 2.5 assists. After the Heat waived him, <mask> returned to the Hornets on February 16, 1996. In 32 games and 1 start, <mask> averaged 2.9 points, 2.1 rebounds, and 1.5 assists.In 1997, <mask> played for Polti Cantù and reached the Italian Cup finals. <mask> then signed with the NBA's New York Knicks on October 1, 1997. In 9 games, <mask> averaged 1.6 points, 1.1 rebounds, and 0.3 assist. The Knicks waived <mask> on January 6, 1998. <mask> then re-joined the CBA team Rockford Lightning. In January 1999, <mask> signed with CBA team Quad City Thunder. In 21 games, <mask> averaged 6.4 points per game.Coaching career <mask> became a candidate for the Chicago Bulls assistant coaching staff on January 4, 2000, and joined Chicago's coaching staff on December 28, 2001. He became the interim head coach for two games when Bill Cartwright was fired in 2003. When the Bulls hired Scott Skiles, <mask> went back to his regular duties at assistant coach. When Skiles was fired in 2007, <mask> was named once again the interim head coach for one game before Jim Boylan became the head coach for the rest of the season. <mask>' total head coaching record is 0–3. <mask> was dropped from the Bulls' coaching staff in the summer of 2010, after the arrival of new head coach Tom Thibodeau. For the 2010–11 season, <mask> returned to the Bulls front office as a scout.In 2011, he became an assistant coach with the Golden State Warriors under Mark Jackson. In 2014, <mask> and the rest of Jackson's staff were released by Golden State. On June 25, 2015, <mask> returned to the Bulls as an assistant coach until May 23, 2019, when he departed for personal reasons.

Thomas McInerney

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<mask> (born March 15, 1937) is a political commentator and a retired United States Air Force Lieutenant General, who served in top military positions under the President of the United States and Secretary of Defense. McInerney was a forward air controller and fighter pilot during the Vietnam War and had flown 407 combat missions during his four tours of duty. In addition to his Vietnam service, McInerney served overseas in NATO; Pacific Air Forces and as commander of Eleventh Air Force in Alaska. Since his retirement in 1994, <mask> has been on the boards of several military contractors. He was a frequent guest on Fox News until 2018 when he falsely claimed that John McCain, whom he called "Songbird John", betrayed his country when he was a prisoner of war in Vietnam. He was a staunch advocate of the Iraq War, defended the use of torture, and defended the George W. Bush administration. In 2008, it was revealed that the Pentagon under the Bush administration supplied McInerney with talking points to use in his commentary.Education <mask> was born March 15, 1937, in Havre de Grace, Maryland, and graduated from Garden City (N.Y.) High School in 1955. He earned a BS degree from the United States Military Academy in 1959 and a master's degree in international relations from George Washington University in 1972. McInerney graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College in 1970 and from the National War College in 1973. Military career After graduating from USMA in June 1959, <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army. He then joined the Air Force, and completed initial pilot training at Bartow Air Base, Florida, and Laredo Air Force Base, Texas, in November 1960. He participated in the Berlin and Cuban crises in 1962, flying escort missions in the West Berlin Air Corridor and escort reconnaissance missions over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In April 1963, he was one of the first forward air controllers assigned to South Vietnam with a Vietnamese army division.He participated in three additional Southeast Asia deployments. After completing the Armed Forces Staff College in February 1970, he was transferred to the Directorate of Operational Requirements, Air Force headquarters. Upon graduation from National War College in July 1973, McInerney was assigned to the 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing, Luke Air Force Base, as F-104 and F-5 director of operations. In August 1974, he became the air attaché to the U.S. Embassy in London. From November 1976 until October 1977, he was vice commander of the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing, Royal Air Force Station Upper Heyford, England. McInerney then became military assistant to Ambassador Robert W. Komer. In March 1979, McInerney became commander of the 3d Tactical Fighter Wing, Clark Air Base, Philippines.In February 1981, he became commander of the 313th Air Division, Kadena Air Base, Japan. <mask> then was deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, from June 1983 to July 1985, when he became commander of Third Air Force, Royal Air Force Station Mildenhall, England. In October 1986, <mask> was assigned as vice commander in chief, Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe, Ramstein Air Base, West Germany. He became commander of Alaskan Air Command, Alaskan NORAD Region, and Joint Task Force Alaska in May 1988. <mask> assumed command of Alaskan Command upon its activation in July 1989 and became commander of Eleventh Air Force when Alaskan Air Command was redesignated Eleventh Air Force in August 1990. <mask>'s last active duty assignment was as assistant vice chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. He retired from the Air Force on 1 July 1994.McInerney's military awards and decorations include the following: Distinguished Service Medal with 1 oak leaf cluster Defense Superior Service Medal Legion of Merit with 1 oak leaf cluster Distinguished Flying Cross with 1 oak leaf cluster Bronze Star Medal with 1 oak leaf cluster and "V" device Meritorious Service Medal with 1 oak leaf cluster Air Medal with 17 oak leaf clusters Air Force Commendation Medal with 1 oak leaf cluster National Defense Service Medal Vietnam Service Medal with 1 silver star and 1 bronze star Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with palm Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960- device McInerney has also been awarded the Third Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese government. McInerney was inducted into the USAF Order of the Sword in July 1980. Post military career Beginning in January 2002, McInerney was a military analyst on Fox News until May 2018. McInerney was a staunch advocate for the Iraq War. In 2002, he incorrectly predicted that a military campaign against Iraq would be "shorter" than the 42 days it took to complete the Persian Gulf War in 1991, and further, "It is going to be absolutely awesome, and that's why this war, if we do it properly, will go very quick, and we'll have less civilian casualties than we did last time." In 2004, he claimed without evidence that with the aid of a Russian Special Forces team with GRU, Saddam had transported weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) to Syria and the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon for safekeeping. Although McInerney said they had been moved to three places in Syria and one in Lebanon, the final report of the Iraq Survey Group, by Charles A. Duelfer, special adviser on Iraqi weapons to the C.I.A., concluded that any stockpiles had been destroyed long before the war and that transfers to Syria were "unlikely."In 2006, McInerney advocated for regime change via military action against Iran and North Korea. McInerney has been a member of the Boards of Directors of military contractors, including Alloy Surfaces Company, Kilgore Flares Co, Nortel Government Solutions Inc. Pan American International Academy (Flight Simulators), Agusta Westland NA, and Crescent Partnerships. In 2008, it was revealed that McInerney received email communications from the Pentagon with talking points that he should use to defend the Bush administration in his TV appearances and columns. In 2010, McInerney provided his support against the court martial of fellow birther Terrence Lakin, who refused to deploy to Afghanistan due to his suspicion of President Barack Obama's birthplace. On September 6, 2016, McInerney was 1 of 88 retired military leaders who endorsed the Republican presidential nominee, Donald Trump. On September 15, 2020, McInerney was 1 of 235 retired military leaders who endorsed President Trump's re-election for president. Views McInerney has called President Obama a treasonous leader who is "aiding and abetting the enemy."McInerney also has said there were "widespread and legitimate concerns that the President [Obama] is constitutionally ineligible to hold office." In 2010, McInerney called for strip-searching all Muslim men between the ages of 18 and 28 at airports. In 2015, as a Fox News contributor and a member of the Iran Policy Committee, McInerney was noted for suggesting on Fox News that terrorists could have flown the disappeared Malaysia Airlines 370 to Pakistan. In May 2018, McInerney appeared on Fox Business News and asserted to the show's host Charles Payne, that torture had "worked on" John McCain (when he was a POW in North Vietnam) and "That's why they call him 'Songbird John'," referencing an unverified claim made against McCain during the Republican primary in South Carolina in 2000. After the show, Payne apologized on Twitter to Senator McCain and his family for what McInerney had said which he himself did not hear or challenge because he was being told at the same time by the control room to "wrap the segment". Afterward, Fox News announced that McInerney would never appear on Fox News or Fox Business again. On November 28, 2020, McInerney pushed claims about election fraud after the 2020 elections.He claimed that "US special forces command seized a server farm in Frankfurt, Germany", which was run by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Both the U.S. Army and U.S. Army Special Operations Command denied that such an attack occurred. He later called on President Trump "to declare a national emergency, use the Insurrection Act, declare martial law, suspend habeas corpus, set up military tribunals, and suspend the electoral college [vote for president and vice-president] on December 14 and the presidential inauguration on January 20". He claimed that the election was being stolen from Trump and treasonous parties should be arrested and charged and a "full investigation" must be done by President Trump. See also WMD theories in the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq War Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election References Further reading <mask> and Paul E. Vallely, Endgame: The Blueprint for Victory in the War on Terror, Regnery Publishing, 1 February 2004 External links Official United States Air Force biography <mask> biographical note, NetStar Systems, accessed 23 February 2006. Interview with <mask> and Lt. General Gard from 1999 United States Air Force generals United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War American conspiracy theorists American broadcast news analysts American people of Scotch-Irish descent United States Military Academy alumni Elliott School of International Affairs alumni National War College alumni Living people 1937 births Recipients of the Air Medal Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States) Recipients of the Legion of Merit Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal People from Havre de Grace, Maryland United States air attachés Garden City High School (New York) alumni

Rubén Espinosa

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<mask> (29 November 1983 – 31 July 2015) was a Mexican self-taught photographer and journalist. He worked for AVC News agency and Proceso and Cuartoscuro magazines. He covered daily news and social protests. He documented several protests where individuals were assaulted. <mask> was killed in Narvate, Mexico City, Mexico along with four women. Personal <mask> was born in Mexico City, Mexico. Career For the majority of his career, <mask> concentrated on social movements and protests.As a self-taught photographer and journalist, he began his career with Eclipse Photo in Mexico City, Mexico. While with Eclipse Photo, his primary job was photography. In 2009, he was hired by Javier Duarte during his campaign as governor. <mask> also worked in Xalapa, Mexico for seven years. Xalapa is considered one of the most dangerous places to practice journalism. <mask>'s interest in social movements led him to find employment elsewhere. In Veracruz, <mask> became a correspondent for Proceso and Cuartoscuro magazines.During his employment with the magazine, <mask> voiced his opinion regarding the treatment of journalists in Mexico. Death Before his death, <mask> had received deadly threats. <mask> began to receive threats towards him after the release of a photo of Duarte. During a social protest <mask> was grabbed and told to quit taking photos or else he would end up like other dead journalists. <mask> had also previously reported men standing outside his house and giving him intimidating glares and gestures. In June 2015, <mask> decided to leave Veracruz and return to Mexico City. He reported experiencing symptoms of PTSD.<mask> left his friends and even his dog Cosmos in Veracruz to find safety in Mexico City, which was a known refuge for journalists. <mask> was found dead on 31 July 2015 with four female victims. All five were found beaten and shot execution style. The victims also had various signs of torture on their bodies. The women who were found had all been sexually assaulted by the culprits. The names of the women were not released at the time until days later. The authorities believe that deaths occurred between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. A final text message was placed by <mask> at 2:13 p.m. Investigation Video surveillance caught three suspects walking out of the apartment.One of the suspects took the car of a victim and drove off with it. The car was later found abandoned on the outskirts of Mexico City. The case was viewed as a burglary due to the various objects taken from the residence. In August 2015, an unnamed serial rapist was arrested for the deaths of the victims. His fingerprints matched up to the evidence found in the apartment. There is still an ongoing investigation for the other two suspects caught on the surveillance video. The police department in charge of the investigation do have fifteen statements as well as evidence and photographs.Context <mask> had reported threats being made towards him before his death. <mask> had previously had several run ins with the law while covering several social movements. In 2012, <mask> covered a student protest against Governor Javier Duarte during the anniversary of the revolution. During the protest <mask> was grabbed and the man stated "Stop taking pictures if you don't want to end up like Regina". Regina Martinez Perez, was also a correspondent for Proceso and Cuartoscuro magazines. She had recently been killed after reporting on state official. <mask> released a photograph of Governor Javier Duarte.The photograph showed Governor Duarte wearing a police cap and his stomach hanging over and below his belt. <mask> received multiple threats after the release of the photograph. The governor was outraged by the photograph and article. He sent people to find and buy out all the prints released in various locations. <mask> decided to flee Veracruz and find refugee in Mexico City, Mexico. His decision was made after seeing men standing outside of his house three separate times. He had reported that the men were giving him intimidating glances and gestures.On 31 July 2015 <mask> was found alongside four other women. The women were identified as Nadia Vera, Yesenia Quiroz, Mile Virginia Martin, and Alejandra Negrete. His and the bodies of the women were all found killed execution style. Mile Virginia Marin was the last of the victims to be identified due to having a Colombian origin. <mask> is the seventh journalist that has been killed in Mexico in the year 2015. Since 2011 under Javier Duarte's govern of Mexico 15 journalist have been killed. Regina Martinez Pérez, Miguel Angel Lopez Velasco, Yolanda Ordaz de la Cruz, and the other journalist who have been murdered all have one similar thing.All their murders have had no responsible culprit punished. Regina Martinez Pérez worked alongside <mask> in the past and was murdered on 28 April 2012. According to Reporters without Borders, In 2014 Mexico was the named the 6th country in the world with high rates of journalist being killed. After the death of Espinosa protesters gathered holding cameras and signs that stated "not one more". The protesters also held signs stating "How many more Javier Duarte?". During his funeral journalist traveled to be present. They covered his grave with cameras.State and Legislative committees deal with the complaints made by reporters who has been attacked, harassed, or abused. However, nothing is ever resolved through the offices. Impact According to Article 19, <mask> is the 88th journalist that has been killed in Mexico. <mask> decided to flee to Mexico City in seek of refuge. Until his death Mexico City was seen as a refuge for journalist who were being threatened. Citizens have become angry and disheartened at the lack of safety and protection Governor Duarte has provided for journalists. As a self-taught journalist and photographer, <mask> was motivated and felt strongly about journalist rights in Mexico.However, after reporting and photographing several brutal attacks and protests <mask> began to be a target of threats. After his death Mexico City was no longer a place safe for journalist seeking refugee. Hundreds of journalist and photographers from around the world published a letter in PEN America asking for a clear notice of what occurred that day and who was responsible. They urged for a further investigation into his death. Reactions After the death of <mask>, several protesters have gathered in several different locations in his honor. A colleague of his stated "He was both a photographer and activist...But most of all he was a great friend". The Office of the High Commissioner For Human Rights (OHCHR) stated after the death of <mask>: "If the investigations confirm that this aberrant multiple homicide is related to <mask>'s work as a journalist, then we are in the presence of a grave act against freedom of expression".See also List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico List of unsolved murders Mexican Drug War References 1983 births 2015 deaths Assassinated Mexican journalists Deaths by firearm in Mexico Journalists killed in the Mexican Drug War Mexican journalists Male journalists People from Mexico City Unsolved murders in Mexico

Zeba

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Shaheen Bano (born 10 September 1945), known professionally as <mask> (), is a Pakistani actress. She was one of the top stars of the Pakistani film industry in the 1960s and the early 1970s. She was voted among 25 of the greatest actors of Asia in a 2010 CNN poll. Early life <mask>'s family migrated to Pakistan from India when she was only 3 years old. She received her basic education in Pakistan. She made her screen debut in film Chiragh jalta raha in 1962. During a career that spanned almost three decades, Zeba appeared in numerous commercially successful as well as critically appreciated films, many of which featured her alongside actor and husband Mohammad Ali.She also starred in the 1966 film Arman which was produced by actor and producer Waheed Murad, Pakistan's first Platinum jubilee film. Career In 1961, producer Noor Mohammad Khan offered her a role of heroine in his film Zindagi but later, due to unknown reasons, film was shelved. By then, she accepted a role in another film Shakir. Arif was the hero, and the movie was eventually released in 1962 with a different name Chiragh jalta raha. Other debut cast were Mohammad Ali and Kamal Irani. Her second release of 1962, Jab say dekha hai tumhain, opposite Darpan earned her critical success. Her next film, Baaji was released in 1963 which was also successful.Her first release of 1964 Taubah was a Golden Jubilee movie. Her pair, first with Kamal and then with Waheed Murad, who was the only producer at that time from Karachi. Her second collaboration with Waheed Murad was in 1964 film Heera aur pathar. Her next three successive releases in 1964, Aashiana, Baghi Sipahi and Head Constable. After the introduction of color movies, she first appeared in Najma. Rishtah hey pyar ka was her first film which was shot overseas. Her first release of 1966 was Armaan which was also Pakistan's first Platinum Jubilee Urdu film.Armaan was produced by Waheed Murad himself and directed by Pervaiz Malik. The movie was released on 18 March 1966. She won her first Best Actress award from Nigar Awards for this film. During the same year, <mask> and Waheed Murad were teamed up in two other movies, i.e., Josh and Jaag utha insaan. From 1965 to 1969 <mask> worked in a number of films. Some of her notable and successful films of that time are Eid Mubarak (1964), Kaneez, Dard-e-Dil, Koh-e-Noor, Josh, Suhagan, Taj Mahal, Anjaan, Mohabbat rang laye gi, Ek Phool ek Pathar and Bahoo Rani. In 1970, she played a young-to-old role in Shabab Kiranvi's film Insaan aur Aadmi.Her performance was greatly appreciated and she won her second Best Actress award from Nigar Awards. One of her most memorable role came in 1972 film Mohabbat which was a critical and commercial success and earned her the third Best Actress award from Nigar Awards. She starred in only one Punjabi film named Mehndi wale hath, even though she had worked with a total of 45 film directors over her entire career. She along with Mohammad Ali also worked in 1989 Hindi movie Clerk written, produced, directed by and starring Manoj Kumar alongside an ensemble cast including Rekha, Anita Raj, Shashi Kapoor, Rajendra Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Prem Chopra and Sonu Walia. This was her only Hindi film appearance. <mask> reportedly told a major newspaper of Pakistan in 2021, "I'm not complete without Ali. He was a good husband, a great father and a good friend."Films with Mohammad Ali By the late 1970s, Zeba started to work opposite her husband only. Known as a couple 'Ali-Zeb' in the media, the pair did a number of movies together. Some of their most notable films are: Chiragh jalta raha (1962) – This was a debut movie for both of them Aag (1967) Jaise Jante Naheen (1969) Baharein Phir Bhi Aaeingee Dil Diya Dard Liya (1968) Najma Afsana Zindagi Ka (1972) Mohabbat (1972) Aurat Ek Paheli Naukar Mohabbat Zindagi Hai Jab Jab Phool Khile (Pakistani film) Phool Mere Gulshan Ka Daman Aur Chingari (1973) Her last film was Mohabbat Ho Tau Aesi released in 1989 was also with Mohammad Ali. Personal life Her first marriage was to Khawaja Rehmat Ali (1959–1962), and her second to Sudhir (1964–1966). Although <mask> had met Mohammad Ali on the set of their debut film Chiragh jalta raha (1962) but their affection for each other was rekindled on the set of film Tum mile pyar mila (1966), and they married while the film was still under production on 29 September 1966. The couple remained married until Ali's death from heart attack on 19 March 2006. Zeba had a daughter from her first marriage named Samina, after marrying Mohammad Ali, he legally adopted Samina, giving her the name Samina Ali.Awards and recognition Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Crescent of Excellence) Award in 2016 by the President of Pakistan She received the Nigar Awards three times in her movie career: Nigar Award for Best Actress in film Armaan (1966 film) in 1966 Nigar Award for Best Actress in film Insaan Aur Aadmi in 1970 Nigar Award for Best Actress in film Mohabbat in 1972 She had also received two special awards from Nigar Awards [Millennium award in 1999] and [Ilyas Rashidi gold medal in 2002].