Datasets:

rcds

/

wikipedia-for-mask-filling

like 0

Follow

Institute for Public Sector Transformation IPST - Digital Sustainability Lab DSL 19

Willy van der Kuijlen

original

Wilhelmus Martinus Leonardus Johannes "<mask><mask> (; 6 December 1946 – 19 April 2021) was a Dutch football player and a scout for PSV Eindhoven. <mask> was born in Helmond and started his youth career at local club HVV. In 1964, he was signed by PSV Eindhoven. <mask> ended up playing for the club 18 years, winning three Eredivisie titles, two domestic cups and the UEFA Cup in 1978. He was also crowned Eredivisie top scorer three times. After short periods with MVV Maastricht and Overpelt, he retired at age 37. After his playing career, <mask> returned to PSV as assistant manager, first team coach, youth coach and scout.He also briefly served as assistant manager at Roda JC. <mask> Kuijlen played 528 league games and scored 308 times for PSV, both being all-time club records. With 311 career goals in total, <mask> <mask> also holds the all-time Eredivisie goal record. He won 22 caps and scored seven goals for the Dutch national team in the 1960s and 1970s, but his international career was marred by frequent clashes with Johan Cruyff and his allies. Early years <mask> <mask> was raised in Helmond and started playing football from an early age. At eight years old, he joined local club HVV Helmond, even though boys were not able to join until the age of nine. <mask> Kuijlen became noteworthy because of his goalscoring abilities.He attended school to become a tiler, but quit in favour of becoming a football player. At the age of fifteen, <mask> <mask> debuted in the HVV Helmond first team. In 1963, he attracted interest from PSV Eindhoven and played a test match for them against De Valk in May. The team offered him a contract, but <mask> Kuijlen declined; he could only receive a youth contract and the offered wages were lower than his deal with HVV at the time. While playing for HVV Helmond, he managed to score 69 goals in 63 matches for the amateur side. In 1964, PSV and thirteen other clubs (including Belgian sides) were interested in signing the youngster. This time, <mask> <mask> opted to play for PSV.Club career Early career <mask> Kuijlen started out with a semi-professional contract; signing a contract with PSV Eindhoven meant that he could also work at Philips. On weekdays, he would work as a warehouse worker. <mask> Kuijlen debuted in a friendly match on 7 August 1964 against SVV, scoring five goals in a 6–1 victory. His Eredivisie debut was on 23 August 1964 in a match against Fortuna ’54. <mask> Kuijlen scored the only goal in a 2–1 loss. In the second league match, he managed to score three goals in PSV's 3–1 victory over SC Enschede. In his first season at PSV (as the youngest player in the league), the team finished second in the league and <mask> Kuijlen also finished second in the Eredivisie top scorer ranking with twenty goals.In the 1965–66 season, <mask> <mask>, who just turned 20, became league topscorer with 23 goals. In the final league round, PSV managed to beat FC Twente 7–1 in Enschede; <mask> Kuijlen scored four times in that match. In the following years, <mask> Kuijlen faced a few struggles in his career. His Philips job and a call up for the military draft proved difficult to combine with his football. In both the 1966–67 and the 1967–68 season, <mask> Kuijlen still produced 21 league goals but a lack of chemistry between him and PSV coach Milan Nikolić (football manager) also made his performances suffer. In 1968, PSV was struggling in the league and battling relegation. As a result, Nikolić was sacked and in the wake of his departure, <mask> Kuijlen immediately scored four goals in a 5–1 victory against DWS.After a few important wins, PSV ended 14th in the Eredivisie. In the 1968–69 season PSV appointed <mask> as the new coach. But once again, <mask> <mask> did not get along with his coach, having trouble with <mask>'s harsh coaching style. This situation almost led to a transfer by <mask> <mask> to Helmond Sport, his hometown side. They could not afford his transfer fee though, and <mask> <mask> ultimately signed a new contract with PSV. In both the 1968–69 and the 1969–70 season, PSV reaches (but loses) the cup final. In the latter season, <mask> <mask> becomes Eredivisie top scorer for the second time with 26 goals.The following two seasons prove to be less successful for <mask> Kuijlen, with 14 goals in the 1970–71 season, and 6 goals in the 1971–72 season. <mask>'s departure in 1972 changed his situation at the club. PSV's new coach was Kees Rijvers, who would connect very well with <mask> Kuijlen in the coming years. Domestic success and the UEFA Cup victory Rijvers had given <mask> Kuijlen free playmaker role in the team. He also formed a successful striker partnership with new signing Ralf Edström. In 1974, <mask> Kuijlen scored 27 goals (which included four in a 10–0 victory against Go Ahead Eagles) and was once again crowned league topscorer. Real Madrid, Nice, Anderlecht and Valencia CF became interested in signing him, but PSV rejected any incoming offers.The offer from Madrid was kept secret by PSV director <mask> <mask> and <mask> Kuijlen's agent Jo Verstappen. The season finale was the KNVB beker final against NAC, which PSV won with 6–0. <mask> <mask> scored a hat-trick in that match. In the 1974–75 season, <mask> <mask> won his first Eredivisie title. He contributed to the success with 28 league goals. In November of that season, a peculiar moment occurred for <mask> Kuijlen when he shot a free kick at goal in a match against FC Wageningen. The ball entered the goal, but ended up outside the goal because of a hole in the netting.After long deliberation, the referee acknowledged the goal. In the following year, PSV won the league and the domestic cup, and reached the semifinals of the European Cup. <mask> Kuijlen scored 27 league goals. After the two consecutive titles, PSV ended second in 1977. Edström left the squad after the season, breaking up his partnership with <mask> Kuijlen, but also giving way for a new playing style. PSV's game would become more varied, with Rijvers making the team play without a set striker. <mask> <mask> and Gerrie Deijkers would take turns during matches in becoming the front man.Although he was not keen on becoming captain (declaring that he was "too busy with his own game"), <mask> <mask> was appointed the team skipper before the 1977–78 season. That year turned out to be the most successful season in his career, after PSV won the Eredivisie, the domestic cup and the UEFA Cup. In the UEFA Cup semi-finals, PSV faced FC Barcelona, with Johan Cruyff and Johan Neeskens as opponents. PSV won 4–3 on aggregate and advanced to the finals, where Bastia was beaten 3–0 at home (after a goalless draw in the first leg). <mask> <mask> scored the third and final goal: a pass by Jan Poortvliet resulted in an effort that first hit the post, but rebounded back into his feet, enabling him to score nonetheless. <mask> <mask> declared that "it was one of the few times we played really well on the European level. When you score a goal like that it stays in your memory."Later years After the UEFA Cup victory, the squad slowly disintegrated. In the 1978-79 season, PSV ended third in the league. <mask> Kuijlen scored four times in a 1978 European Cup match against Fenerbahçe (6-1). In the league, he scored 14 goals. In the 1979-80 season, PSV finished third again, with <mask> <mask>'s goal tally decreasing to 12 goals. When Rijvers left in 1980, he was replaced by Thijs Libregts, who often benched <mask> Kuijlen in favour of others. A six-minute substitute appearance against N.E.C.on 29 August 1981 was deemed humiliating by <mask> <mask>, who requested to leave the club. He was transferred to MVV Maastricht, where he played for one season. In Maastricht, he appeared in 17 matches, while scoring three goals. When <mask> <mask> left MVV, he briefly played for Belgian side Overpelt Fabriek, before officially retiring. In total, he played 538 league games and scored 308 goals for PSV; both statistics still stand as the highest number of games and goals anyone has produced for the club. <mask> <mask>'s 29 goals in European competitions is also a PSV record. His 311 Eredivisie goals remain a Dutch record.International career While playing for HVV Helmond, <mask> Kuijlen played for the Dutch under-19 national squad. After a call-up from coach George Kessler, <mask> <mask> made his debut for the Dutch senior national team on 23 March 1966 in a match against West Germany, aged 19. His international career started encouragingly: in his first five caps, he scored four times. Subsequently, <mask> <mask> received intermittent call-ups until 1970. Because he was occupied with his military draft, he could not play for the national squad very often. Meanwhile, his playmaker position in the Dutch team was slowly taken over by Johan Cruyff. From 1970, he had to wait four years before appearing for the Dutch squad again.The Netherlands were scheduled to play the 1974 FIFA World Cup, but <mask> <mask> (who almost certainly would be benched in favour of Cruyff) declined to appear at the tournament. Other reasons why <mask> <mask>'s international career never took off were frequent clashes between <mask> Kuijlen, his PSV teammate <mask> Beveren and Cruyff. The feud between PSV players on one side and the Ajax and Feyenoord players on the other originated in the sixties, when Van Beveren criticised Cruyff's will to play for the Dutch team. In return, <mask> <mask> and Van Beveren's reluctance to adapt to Cruyff's ways had led to harassment from the Ajax and Feyenoord players. One way was to keep passing the ball only between Ajax players in Dutch matches, leaving <mask> Kuijlen out of the game. His biggest issue with Cruyff was the preferential treatment he would get from the coach, teammates and the Dutch FA. In 1975, the Dutch team was in training to prepare for a match against Poland.After Cruyff and his FC Barcelona-team member Johan Neeskens took the liberty to arrive a few days late for a Dutch team training camp, coach George Knobel paused the training just to welcome the two. <mask> <mask> responded to this with: “Here come the kings of Spain”. Angered, Cruyff approached Knobel, forcing him to choose between him and <mask> Kuijlen. Knobel sided with Cruyff, resulting in <mask> <mask> and Van Beveren leaving the team. Because of these issues, <mask> <mask> retired from international football in 1975, but retracted this decision a year later after a talk with the coach. In the 1970s, <mask> <mask> sporadically played for The Netherlands. In 1975, he scored three times in a Euro 1976 qualifying match against Finland, bringing his goal tally to seven.In October 1977, he played his twenty-second and final cap in an away match against Northern Ireland; he came on as a substitute for Cruyff in the 71st minute. Style of play <mask> <mask> usually played in the playmaker or second striker position. He would often drop into the midfield in an attempt to control the game from there. Although <mask> Kuijlen was right-footed at first, he trained to become a two-footed player. He was famed for his shot power and technical abilities; his powerful shot earned him the nickname ‘Skiete <mask>’ (‘Shoot, <mask>’ in regional, eastern North Brabant vernacular). After Ralf Edström joined PSV in 1974, he and <mask> <mask> formed an effective duo. The partnership's trademark was Edström receiving a long ball with his head and delivering it to <mask> Kuijlen, who would stand just outside the penalty box for an attempt at goal.Later in his career, he would form a new partnership with Harry Lubse. <mask> Kuijlen rarely headed a ball or tackled a player. As a consequence, <mask> Kuijlen only received one yellow card in his entire career. <mask> <mask> acknowledged his lack of defensive skills, but mentioned that "Rijvers took care of that by letting other team members compensate that". It enabled him to excel in the attacking part. Post-career After <mask> Kuijlen retired, he served as attacking coach and assistant manager for PSV Eindhoven. In 1988, he became assistant manager at Roda JC after Jan Reker was signed as head coach.Later, he returned to PSV as a youth coach. Since 2004, <mask> Kuijlen served as a scout for the club. Besides that position, <mask> Kuijlen also participated in representative and ceremonial tasks for the club. In 2012, <mask> Kuijlen signed a two-year extension of his contract with PSV. Directors <mask> and Marcel Brands also announced that as long as they are in charge, <mask> Kuijlen can always remain at the club. <mask> Kuijlen received recognition for his playing career by PSV and their fans. He was an honorary member of PSV, and in the Philips Stadion one of the reception halls is named after him.In October 2004, a statue of <mask> Kuijlen was erected outside of the Philips Stadion. In November 2011, his biography Onze <mask> ('Our Willy') was published, written by journalist Frans <mask> Nieuwenhof. The first edition was presented to <mask> Kuijlen by <mask> Marwijk. Together with the release of the book, he received an honorary Helmond city badge from mayor Fons Jacobs. On 10 December 2011, <mask> <mask>'s 65th birthday was celebrated in the Philips Stadion during the Eredivisie match PSV-NAC Breda. He was joined by the 1978 PSV team that won the UEFA Cup. Death <mask> Kuijlen later suffered from Alzheimer's disease.He died on 19 April 2021 at the age of 74. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> der Kuijlen goal. Honours PSV Eindhoven Eredivisie: 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78 KNVB Cup: 1973–74, 1975–76 UEFA Cup: 1977–78 Notes and references External links Profile at PSV Eindhoven 1946 births 2021 deaths People from Helmond Association football midfielders Dutch footballers Netherlands youth international footballers Netherlands international footballers PSV Eindhoven players MVV Maastricht players Eredivisie players UEFA Cup winning players Neurological disease deaths in the Netherlands Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Association football scouts Association football coaches PSV Eindhoven non-playing staff

Marina Tsvetaeva

original

<mask> (; 31 August 1941) was a Russian poet. Her work is considered among some of the greatest in twentieth century Russian literature. She lived through and wrote of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Moscow famine that followed it. In an attempt to save her daughter Irina from starvation, she placed her in a state orphanage in 1919, where she died of hunger. Tsvetaeva left Russia in 1922 and lived with her family in increasing poverty in Paris, Berlin and Prague before returning to Moscow in 1939. Her husband Sergei Efron and their daughter Ariadna (Alya) were arrested on espionage charges in 1941; her husband was executed. Tsvetaeva committed suicide in 1941.As a lyrical poet, her passion and daring linguistic experimentation mark her as a striking chronicler of her times and the depths of the human condition. Early years <mask>va was born in Moscow, the daughter of Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, a professor of Fine Art at the University of Moscow, who later founded the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts (known from 1937 as the Pushkin Museum). (The Tsvetaev family name evokes association with flowers – the Russian word цвет (tsvet) means "color" or "flower".) Tsvetaeva's mother, , Ivan's second wife, was a concert pianist, highly literate, with German and Polish ancestry. Growing up in considerable material comfort, Tsvetaeva would later come to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy. Tsvetaeva's two half-siblings, Valeria and Andrei, were the children of Ivan's deceased first wife, Varvara Dmitrievna Ilovaiskaya, daughter of the historian Dmitry Ilovaisky. Tsvetaeva's only full sister, Anastasia, was born in 1894.The children quarrelled frequently and occasionally violently. There was considerable tension between Tsvetaeva's mother and Varvara's children, and Tsvetaeva's father maintained close contact with Varvara's family. Tsvetaeva's father was kind, but deeply wrapped up in his studies and distant from his family. He was also still deeply in love with his first wife; he would never get over her. Maria Tsvetaeva had had a love affair before her marriage, from which she never recovered. Maria Tsvetaeva disapproved of <mask>'s poetic inclination; she wanted her daughter to become a pianist, holding the opinion that her poetry was poor. In 1902, Tsvetaeva's mother contracted tuberculosis.A change in climate was believed to help cure the disease, and so the family travelled abroad until shortly before her death in 1906, when Tsvetaeva was 14. They lived for a while by the sea at Nervi, near Genoa. There, away from the rigid constraints of a bourgeois Muscovite life, Tsvetaeva was able for the first time to run free, climb cliffs, and vent her imagination in childhood games. There were many Russian émigré revolutionaries residing at that time in Nervi, who may have had some influence on the young Tsvetaeva. In June 1904, Tsvetaeva was sent to school in Lausanne. Changes in the Tsvetaev residence led to several changes in school, and during the course of her travels she acquired the Italian, French, and German languages. She gave up the strict musical studies that her mother had imposed and turned to poetry.She wrote "With a mother like her, I had only one choice: to become a poet". In 1908, aged 16, Tsvetaeva studied literary history at the Sorbonne. During this time, a major revolutionary change was occurring within Russian poetry: the flowering of the Russian symbolist movement, and this movement was to colour most of her later work. It was not the theory which was to attract her, but the poetry and the gravity which writers such as Andrei Bely and Alexander Blok were capable of generating. Her own first collection of poems, Vecherny Albom (Evening Album), self-published in 1910, promoted her considerable reputation as a poet. It was well received, although her early poetry was held to be insipid compared to her later work. It attracted the attention of the poet and critic Maximilian Voloshin, whom Tsvetaeva described after his death in A Living Word About a Living Man.Voloshin came to see Tsvetaeva and soon became her friend and mentor. Family and career She began spending time at Voloshin's home in the Black Sea resort of Koktebel ("Blue Height"), which was a well-known haven for writers, poets and artists. She became enamoured of the work of Alexander Blok and Anna Akhmatova, although she never met Blok and did not meet Akhmatova until the 1940s. Describing the Koktebel community, the émigré Viktoria Schweitzer wrote: "Here inspiration was born." At Koktebel, Tsvetaeva met Sergei Yakovlevich Efron, a 17-year-old cadet in the Officers' Academy. She was 19, he 18: they fell in love and were married in 1912, the same year as her father's project, the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts, was ceremonially opened, an event attended by Tsar Nicholas II. Tsvetaeva's love for Efron was intense; however, this did not preclude her from having affairs, including one with Osip Mandelstam, which she celebrated in a collection of poems called Mileposts.At around the same time, she became involved in an affair with the poet Sophia Parnok, who was 7 years older than <mask>, an affair that caused her husband great grief. The two women fell deeply in love, and the relationship profoundly affected both women's writings. She deals with the ambiguous and tempestuous nature of this relationship in a cycle of poems which at times she called The Girlfriend, and at other times The Mistake. <mask> and her husband spent summers in the Crimea until the revolution, and had two daughters: Ariadna, or Alya (born 1912) and Irina (born 1917). In 1914, Efron volunteered for the front and by 1917 he was an officer stationed in Moscow with the 56th Reserve. Tsvetaeva was a close witness of the Russian Revolution, which she rejected. On trains, she came into contact with ordinary Russian people and was shocked by the mood of anger and violence.She wrote in her journal: "In the air of the compartment hung only three axe-like words: bourgeois, Junkers, leeches." After the 1917 Revolution, Efron joined the White Army, and <mask> returned to Moscow hoping to be reunited with her husband. She was trapped in Moscow for five years, where there was a terrible famine. She wrote six plays in verse and narrative poems. Between 1917 and 1922 she wrote the epic verse cycle Lebedinyi stan (The Encampment of the Swans) about the civil war, glorifying those who fought against the communists. The cycle of poems in the style of a diary or journal begins on the day of Tsar Nicholas II's abdication in March 1917, and ends late in 1920, when the anti-communist White Army was finally defeated. The 'swans' of the title refers to the volunteers in the White Army, in which her husband was fighting as an officer.In 1922, she published a long pro-imperial verse fairy tale, Tsar-devitsa ("Tsar-Maiden"). The Moscow famine was to exact a toll on Tsvetaeva. With no immediate family to turn to, she had no way to support herself or her daughters. In 1919, she placed both her daughters in a state orphanage, mistakenly believing that they would be better fed there. Alya became ill, and Tsvetaeva removed her, but Irina died there of starvation in 1920. The child's death caused Tsvetaeva great grief and regret. In one letter, she wrote, "God punished me."During these years, Tsvetaeva maintained a close and intense friendship with the actress Sofia Evgenievna Holliday, for whom she wrote a number of plays. Many years later, she would write the novella "Povest o Sonechke" about her relationship with Holliday. Exile Berlin and Prague In May 1922, <mask> and Ariadna left Soviet Russia and were reunited in Berlin with Efron, whom she had thought had been killed by the Bolsheviks. There she published the collections Separation, Poems to Blok, and the poem The Tsar Maiden, much of her poetry appeared in Moscow and Berlin, consolidating her reputation. In August 1922, the family moved to Prague. Living in unremitting poverty, unable to afford living accommodation in Prague itself, with Efron studying politics and sociology at the Charles University and living in hostels, Tsvetaeva and Ariadna found rooms in a village outside the city. She writes "we are devoured by coal, gas, the milkman, the baker...the only meat we eat is horsemeat".When offered an opportunity to earn money by reading her poetry, she describes having to beg a simple dress from a friend to replace the one she had been living in. Tsvetaeva began a passionate affair with , a former military officer, a liaison which became widely known throughout émigré circles. Efron was devastated. Her break-up with Rodziewicz in 1923 was almost certainly the inspiration for her The Poem of the End and "The Poem of the Mountain". At about the same time, Tsvetaeva began correspondence with poet Rainer Maria Rilke and novelist Boris Pasternak. Tsvetaeva and Pasternak were not to meet for nearly twenty years, but maintained friendship until Tsvetaeva's return to Russia. In summer 1924, Efron and Tsvetaeva left Prague for the suburbs, living for a while in Jíloviště, before moving on to Všenory, where Tsvetaeva completed "The Poem of the End", and was to conceive their son, Georgy, whom she was to later nickname 'Mur'.Tsvetaeva wanted to name him Boris (after Pasternak); Efron insisted on Georgy. He was to be a most difficult child but Tsvetaeva loved him obsessively. With Efron now rarely free from tuberculosis, their daughter Ariadna was relegated to the role of mother's helper and confidante, and consequently felt robbed of much of her childhood. In Berlin, before settling in Paris, Tsvetaeva wrote some of her greatest verse, including Remeslo ("Craft", 1923) and Posle Rossii ("After Russia", 1928). Reflecting a life in poverty and exiled, the work holds great nostalgia for Russia and its folk history, while experimenting with verse forms. Paris In 1925, the family settled in Paris, where they would live for the next 14 years. At about this time Tsvetaeva contracted tuberculosis.Tsvetaeva received a small stipend from the Czechoslovak government, which gave financial support to artists and writers who had lived in Czechoslovakia. In addition, she tried to make whatever she could from readings and sales of her work. She turned more and more to writing prose because she found it made more money than poetry. Tsvetaeva did not feel at all at home in Paris's predominantly ex-bourgeois circle of Russian émigré writers. Although she had written passionately pro-'White' poems during the Revolution, her fellow émigrés thought that she was insufficiently anti-Soviet, and that her criticism of the Soviet régime was altogether too nebulous. She was particularly criticised for writing an admiring letter to the Soviet poet Vladimir Mayakovsky. In the wake of this letter, the émigré paper Posledniye Novosti, to which Tsvetaeva had been a frequent contributor, refused point-blank to publish any more of her work.She found solace in her correspondence with other writers, including Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke, the Czech poet Anna Tesková, the critics D. S. Mirsky and Aleksandr Bakhrakh, and the Georgian émigré princess Salomea Andronikova, who became her main source of financial support. Her poetry and critical prose of the time, including her autobiographical prose works of 1934–7, is of lasting literary importance. "Consumed by the daily round", resenting the domesticity that left her no time for solitude or writing, her émigré milieu regarded Tsvetaeva as a crude sort who ignored social graces. Describing her misery, she wrote to Tesková "In Paris, with rare personal exceptions, everyone hates me, they write all sorts of nasty things, leave me out in all sorts of nasty ways, and so on". To Pasternak she complained "They don't like poetry and what am I apart from that, not poetry but that from which it is made. [I am] an inhospitable hostess. A young woman in an old dress."She began to look back at even the Prague times with nostalgia and resent her exiled state more deeply. Meanwhile, <mask>'s husband was developing Soviet sympathies and was homesick for Russia. Eventually, he began working for the NKVD, the forerunner of the KGB. Alya shared his views, and increasingly turned against her mother. In 1937, she returned to the Soviet Union. Later that year, Efron too had to return to the USSR. The French police had implicated him in the murder of the former Soviet defector Ignace Reiss in September 1937, on a country lane near Lausanne, Switzerland.After Efron's escape, the police interrogated Tsvetaeva, but she seemed confused by their questions and ended up reading them some French translations of her poetry. The police concluded that she was deranged and knew nothing of the murder. Later it was learned that Efron possibly had also taken part in the assassination of Trotsky's son in 1936. Tsvetaeva does not seem to have known that her husband was a spy, nor the extent to which he was compromised. However, she was held responsible for his actions and was ostracised in Paris because of the implication that he was involved with the NKVD. World War II had made Europe as unsafe and hostile as the USSR. In 1939, she became lonely and alarmed by the rise of fascism, which she attacked in Stikhi k Chekhii ("Verses to Czechia" 1938–39).Last years: Return to the Soviet Union In 1939, she and her son returned to Moscow, unaware of the reception she would receive. In Stalin's USSR, anyone who had lived abroad was suspect, as was anyone who had been among the intelligentsia before the Revolution. <mask>'s sister had been arrested before Tsvetaeva's return; although Anastasia survived the Stalin years, the sisters never saw each other again. Tsvetaeva found that all doors had closed to her. She got bits of work translating poetry, but otherwise the established Soviet writers refused to help her, and chose to ignore her plight; Nikolai Aseev, whom she had hoped would assist, shied away, fearful for his life and position. Efron and Alya were arrested on espionage charges in 1941, Efron was sentenced to death. Alya's fiancé was actually an NKVD agent who had been assigned to spy on the family.Efron was shot in 1941; Alya served over eight years in prison. Both were exonerated after Stalin's death. In 1941, Tsvetaeva and her son were evacuated to Yelabuga (Elabuga), while most families of the Union of Soviet Writers were evacuated to Chistopol. Tsvetaeva had no means of support in Yelabuga, and on 24 August 1941 she left for Chistopol desperately seeking a job. On 26 August, <mask>va and poet Valentin Parnakh applied to the Soviet of Literature Fund asking for a job at the LitFund's canteen. Parnakh was accepted as a doorman, while Tsvetaeva's application for a permission to live in Chistopol was turned down and she had to return to Yelabuga on 28 August. On 31 August 1941, while living in Yelabuga, Tsvetaeva hanged herself.She left a note for her son Mur: "Forgive me, but to go on would be worse. I am gravely ill, this is not me anymore. I love you passionately. Do understand that I could not live anymore. Tell Papa and Alya, if you ever see them, that I loved them to the last moment and explain to them that I found myself in a trap." <mask> was buried in Yelabuga cemetery on 2 September 1941, but the exact location of her grave remains unknown. Her son Georgy volunteered for the Eastern Front of World War II and died in battle in 1944.Her daughter Ariadna spent 16 years in Soviet prison

Marina Tsvetaeva

original

camps and exile and was released in 1955. Ariadna wrote a memoir of her family; an English-language edition was published in 2009. She died in 1975. In the town of Yelabuga, the Tsvetaeva house is now a museum and a monument stands to her. The apartment in Moscow where she lived from 1914 to 1922 is now a house-museum. Much of her poetry was republished in the Soviet Union after 1961, and her passionate, articulate and precise work, with its daring linguistic experimentation, brought her increasing recognition as a major poet. A minor planet, 3511 Tsvetaeva, discovered in 1982 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after her.In 1989, in Gdynia, Poland, a special-purpose ship was built for the Russian Academy of Sciences and named <mask>va in her honor. From 2007, the ship served as a tourist vessel to the polar regions for Aurora Expeditions. In 2011, she was renamed and is currently operated by Oceanwide Expeditions as a tourist vessel in the polar regions. Work Tsvetaeva's poetry was admired by poets such as Valery Bryusov, Maximilian Voloshin, Osip Mandelstam, Boris Pasternak, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Anna Akhmatova. Later, that recognition was also expressed by the poet Joseph Brodsky, pre-eminent among Tsvetaeva's champions. Tsvetaeva was primarily a lyrical poet, and her lyrical voice remains clearly audible in her narrative poetry. Brodsky said of her work: "Represented on a graph, Tsvetaeva's work would exhibit a curve – or rather, a straight line – rising at almost a right angle because of her constant effort to raise the pitch a note higher, an idea higher (or, more precisely, an octave and a faith higher.)She always carried everything she has to say to its conceivable and expressible end. In both her poetry and her prose, nothing remains hanging or leaves a feeling of ambivalence. Tsvetaeva is the unique case in which the paramount spiritual experience of an epoch (for us, the sense of ambivalence, of contradictoriness in the nature of human existence) served not as the object of expression but as its means, by which it was transformed into the material of art." Critic Annie Finch describes the engaging, heart-felt nature of the work. "Tsvetaeva is such a warm poet, so unbridled in her passion, so completely vulnerable in her love poetry, whether to her female lover Sofie Parnak, to Boris Pasternak. [...] Tsvetaeva throws her poetic brilliance on the altar of her heart’s experience with the faith of a true romantic, a priestess of lived emotion. And she stayed true to that faith to the tragic end of her life.Tsvetaeva's lyric poems fill ten collections; the uncollected lyrics would add at least another volume. Her first two collections indicate their subject matter in their titles: Evening Album (Vecherniy albom, 1910) and The Magic Lantern (Volshebnyi fonar, 1912). The poems are vignettes of a tranquil childhood and youth in a professorial, middle-class home in Moscow, and display considerable grasp of the formal elements of style. The full range of Tsvetaeva's talent developed quickly, and was undoubtedly influenced by the contacts she had made at Koktebel, and was made evident in two new collections: Mileposts (Versty, 1921) and Mileposts: Book One (Versty, Vypusk I, 1922). Three elements of Tsvetaeva's mature style emerge in the Mileposts collections. First, Tsvetaeva dates her poems and publishes them chronologically. The poems in Mileposts: Book One, for example, were written in 1916 and resolve themselves as a versified journal.Secondly, there are cycles of poems which fall into a regular chronological sequence among the single poems, evidence that certain themes demanded further expression and development. One cycle announces the theme of Mileposts: Book One as a whole: the "Poems of Moscow." Two other cycles are dedicated to poets, the "Poems to Akhmatova" and the "Poems to Blok", which again reappear in a separate volume, Poems to Blok (Stikhi k Bloku, 1922). Thirdly, the Mileposts collections demonstrate the dramatic quality of Tsvetaeva's work, and her ability to assume the guise of multiple dramatis personae within them. The collection Separation (Razluka, 1922) was to contain Tsvetaeva's first long verse narrative, "On a Red Steed" ("Na krasnom kone"). The poem is a prologue to three more verse-narratives written between 1920 and 1922. All four narrative poems draw on folkloric plots.Tsvetaeva acknowledges her sources in the titles of the very long works, The Maiden Tsar: A Fairy-tale Poem (Tsar-devitsa: Poema-skazka, 1922) and "The Swain", subtitled "A Fairytale" ("Molodets: skazka", 1924). The fourth folklore-style poem is "Byways" ("Pereulochki", published in 1923 in the collection Remeslo), and it is the first poem which may be deemed incomprehensible in that it is fundamentally a soundscape of language. The collection Psyche (Psikheya, 1923) contains one of Tsvetaeva's best-known cycles "Insomnia" (Bessonnitsa) and the poem The Swans' Encampment (Lebedinyi stan, Stikhi 1917–1921, published in 1957) which celebrates the White Army. The topic of hell Tsvetaeva was so infatuated by the subject that she was looking for the topic in other poets writings and even used their lines as a base for her narrative, for example: Emigrant Subsequently, as an émigré, Tsvetaeva's last two collections of lyrics were published by émigré presses, Craft (Remeslo, 1923) in Berlin and After Russia (Posle Rossii, 1928) in Paris. There then followed the twenty-three lyrical "Berlin" poems, the pantheistic "Trees" ("Derev'ya"), "Wires" ("Provoda") and "Pairs" ("Dvoe"), and the tragic "Poets" ("Poety"). "After Russia" contains the poem "In Praise of the Rich", in which Tsvetaeva's oppositional tone is merged with her proclivity for ruthless satire. Eschatological topics In 1924, Tsvetaeva wrote "Poem of the End", which details a walk around Prague and across its bridges; the walk is about the final walk she will take with her lover Konstantin Rodzevich.In it, everything is foretold: in the first few lines (translated by Elaine Feinstein), the future is already written: A single post, a point of rusting tin in the sky marks the fated place we move to, he and I Again, further poems foretell future developments. Principal among these is the voice of the classically oriented Tsvetaeva heard in cycles "The Sibyl", "Phaedra", and "Ariadne". Tsvetaeva's beloved, ill-starred heroines recur in two verse plays, Theseus-Ariadne (Tezei-Ariadna, 1927) and Phaedra (Fedra, 1928). These plays form the first two parts of an incomplete trilogy Aphrodite's Rage. Satire The satirist in Tsvetaeva plays second fiddle only to the poet-lyricist. Several satirical poems, moreover, are among Tsvetaeva's best-known works: "The Train of Life" ("Poezd zhizni") and "The Floorcleaners' Song" ("Poloterskaya"), both included in After Russia, and The Ratcatcher (Krysolov, 1925–1926), a long, folkloric narrative. The target of Tsvetaeva's satire is everything petty and petty bourgeois.Unleashed against such dull creature comforts is the vengeful, unearthly energy of workers both manual and creative. In her notebook, Tsvetaeva writes of "The Floorcleaners' Song": "Overall movement: the floorcleaners ferret out a house's hidden things, they scrub a fire into the door... What do they flush out? Coziness, warmth, tidiness, order... Smells: incense, piety. Bygones. Yesterday... The growing force of their threat is far stronger than the climax."The Ratcatcher poem, which Tsvetaeva describes as a lyrical satire, is loosely based on the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. The Ratcatcher, which is also known as The Pied Piper, is considered by some to be the finest of <mask>'s work. It was also partially an act of homage to Heinrich Heine's poem Die Wanderratten. The Ratcatcher appeared initially, in serial format, in the émigré journal in 1925–1926 whilst still being written. It was not to appear in the Soviet Union until after the death of Joseph Stalin in 1956. Its hero is the Pied Piper of Hamelin who saves a town from hordes of rats and then leads the town's children away too, in retribution for the citizens' ingratitude. As in the other folkloric narratives, The Ratcatcher's story line emerges indirectly through numerous speaking voices which shift from invective, to extended lyrical flights, to pathos.Tsvetaeva's last ten years of exile, from 1928 when "After Russia" appeared until her return in 1939 to the Soviet Union, were principally a "prose decade", though this would almost certainly be by dint of economic necessity rather than one of choice. Translators Translators of Tsvetaeva's work into English include Elaine Feinstein and David McDuff. Nina Kossman translated many of Tsvetaeva's long (narrative) poems, as well as her lyrical poems; they are collected in three books, Poem of the End (bilingual edition published by Ardis in 1998, by Overlook in 2004, and by Shearsman Books in 2021), In the Inmost Hour of the Soul (Humana Press, 1989), and Other Shepherds (Poets & Traitors Press, 2020). Robin Kemball translated the cycle The Demesne of the Swans, published as a separate (bilingual) book by Ardis in 1980. J. Marin King translated a great deal of Tsvetaeva's prose into English, compiled in a book called A Captive Spirit. Tsvetaeva scholar Angela Livingstone has translated a number of Tsvetaeva's essays on art and writing, compiled in a book called Art in the Light of Conscience. Livingstone's translation of Tsvetaeva's "The Ratcatcher" was published as a separate book.Mary Jane White has translated the early cycle "Miles" in a book called "Starry Sky to Starry Sky", as well as Tsvetaeva's elegy for Rilke, "New Year's", (Adastra Press 16 Reservation Road, Easthampton, MA 01027 USA) and "Poem of the End" (The Hudson Review, Winter 2009; and in the anthology Poets Translate Poets, Syracuse U. Press 2013) and "Poem of the Hill", (New England Review, Summer 2008) and Tsvetaeva's 1914–1915 cycle of love poems to Sophia Parnok. In 2002, Yale University Press published Jamey Gambrell's translation of post-revolutionary prose, entitled Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922, with notes on poetic and linguistic aspects of Tsvetaeva's prose, and endnotes for the text itself. Cultural influence 2017: Zerkalo ("Mirror"), American magazine in MN for the Russian-speaking readers. It was a special publication to the 125th Anniversary of the Russian poet <mask>va, where the article "<mask> Tsvetaeva in America" was written by Dr. Uli Zislin, the founder and director of the Washington Museum of Russian Poetry and Music, Sep/Oct 2017. Music and songs The Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich set six of Tsvetaeva's poems to music. Later the Russian-Tatar composer Sofia Gubaidulina wrote an Hommage à <mask> featuring her poems.Her poem "Mne Nravitsya..." ("I like that..."), was performed by Alla Pugacheva in the film The Irony of Fate. In 2003, the opera Marina: A Captive Spirit, based on Tsvetaeva's life and work, premiered from American Opera Projects in New York with music by Deborah Drattell and libretto by poet Annie Finch. The production was directed by Anne Bogart and the part of Tsvetaeva was sung by Lauren Flanigan. The poetry by Tsvetaeva was set to music and frequently performed as songs by Elena Frolova, Larisa Novoseltseva, Zlata Razdolina and other Russian bards. In 2019, American composer Mark Abel wrote Four Poems of <mask>va, the first classical song cycle of the poet in an English translation. Soprano Hila Plitmann recorded the piece for Abel’s album The Cave of Wondrous Voice. Tribute On 8 October 2015, Google Doodle commemorated her 123rd birthday.Translations into English Selected Poems, trans. Elaine Feinstein. (Oxford University Press, 1971; 2nd ed., 1981; 3rd ed., 1986; 4th ed., 1993; 5th ed., 1999; 6th ed. 2009 as Bride of Ice: New Selected Poems) The Demesne of the Swans, trans. Robin Kemball (bilingual edition, Ardis, 1980) ISBN 978-0882334936 <mask>: Selected Poems, trans. David McDuff. (Bloodaxe Books, 1987) "Starry Sky to Starry Sky (Miles)", trans.Mary Jane White. (Holy Cow! Press, 1988), (paper) and (cloth) In the Inmost Hour of the Soul: Poems by <mask> , trans. Nina Kossman (Humana Press, 1989) Black Earth, trans. Elaine Feinstein (The Delos Press and The Menard Press, 1992) ISBN I-874320-00-4 and ISBN I-874320-05-5 (signed ed.) "After Russia", trans. Michael Nayden (Ardis, 1992).A Captive Spirit: Selected Prose, trans. J. Marin King (Vintage Books, 1994) Poem of the End: Selected Narrative and Lyrical Poems , trans. Nina Kossman (Ardis / Overlook, 1998, 2004) ; Poem of the End: Six Narrative Poems, trans. Nina Kossman (Shearsman Books, 2021) ISBN 978-1-84861-778-0) The Ratcatcher: A Lyrical Satire, trans. Angela Livingstone (Northwestern University, 2000) Letters: Summer 1926 (Boris Pasternak, <mask>, Rainer Maria Rilke) (New York Review Books, 2001) Earthly Signs: Moscow Diaries, 1917–1922, ed. & trans. Jamey Gambrell (Yale University Press, 2002) Phaedra: a drama in verse; with New Year's Letter and other long poems, trans.Angela Livingstone (Angel Classics, 2012) "To You – in 10 Decades", trans. by Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf (Sumizdat 2012) Moscow in the Plague Year, translated by Christopher Whyte (180 poems written between November 1918 and May 1920) (Archipelago Press, New York, 2014), 268pp, Milestones (1922), translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2015), 122p, After Russia: The First Notebook, translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2017), 141 pp, {{ISBN|978}} 1 84861 549 6 After Russia: The Second Notebook, translated by Christopher Whyte (Bristol, Shearsman Books, 2018) 121 pp, {{ISBN|978}} 1 84861 551 9 "Poem of the End" in "From A Terrace in Prague, A Prague Poetry Anthology", trans. Mary Jane White, ed. Stephan Delbos (Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 2011) Further reading Schweitzer, Viktoria Tsvetaeva (1993) Mandelstam, Nadezhda Hope Against Hope Mandelstam, Nadezhda Hope Abandoned Pasternak, Boris An Essay in Autobiography References External links . One of the most famous Tsvetaeva's poem performed by Alla Pugacheva. Another version. . Dramatic reading in English with artistic video.Includes download link. "<mask>va, Poet of the extreme" by Belinda Cooke from South magazine #31, April 2005. Republished online in the Poetry Library's Poetry Magazines site. A small site dedicated to Tsvetaeva Poetic translations into English <mask>va biography at Carcanet Press, English language publisher of Tsvetaeva's Bride of Ice and <mask>va: Selected Poems, translated by Elaine Feinstein. Heritage of <mask>, a resource in English with a more extensive version in Russian. Тоска по родине / Nostalgia and four more poems from the book "To You – in 10 Decades", translated by Alexander Givental and Elysee Wilson-Egolf and provided by Sumizdat, the publisher. "She Means It When She Rhymes: <mask>va: Selected Poems."Review from Thumbscrew #17, Winter 2000/1, of works translated by Elaine Feinstein. The Poems by <mask>va 1892 births 1941 suicides 20th-century Russian women writers Poets of the Russian Empire Soviet emigrants to Germany German emigrants to Czechoslovakia Diarists of the Russian Empire Women poets of the Russian Empire Suicides by hanging in the Soviet Union University of Paris alumni Women diarists Writers from Moscow LGBT poets from Russia 20th-century Russian poets 20th-century Russian diarists Soviet diarists 20th-century LGBT people Soviet women

JamesOn Curry

original

<mask> (born January 7, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. He played for Oklahoma State University from 2004 to 2007, and after forgoing his senior season, left for the 2007 NBA draft. He was selected in the second round as the 51st overall pick by the Chicago Bulls. After stints in the NBA Development League and Europe, <mask> made his NBA debut in January 2010, playing 3.9 seconds for the Los Angeles Clippers. It was <mask>'s only NBA regular-season appearance and set a record for the shortest NBA career of all time per in-game time spent on the court. High school career <mask> was born in Pleasant Grove, North Carolina to father Leon and mother <mask>. He attended Eastern Alamance High School, in Mebane, North Carolina; in his freshman season, <mask> scored a total of 639 points, which at the time was the highest mark for a freshman in North Carolina high school history: the record was then beaten by Junior Robinson in 2011.In 2001, <mask> scored 59 points in a game against Chatham High School of Chatham, Virginia. <mask> established another single-season scoring record the following year, scoring a total of 892 points, beating the old sophomore record established by Scooter Sherrill in 1998. In his junior year, <mask> scored 972 points, another North Carolina record, beating the mark of 954 that Lawrence Clayton had established in 1958. He averaged 40.2 points, 7.3 rebounds, and 6.0 assists per game as a senior and was a two-time Associated Press All-State first team selection. On December 9, 2003 <mask> scored 47 points and added 9 rebounds, 9 assists and 9 steals, thus recording a near-quadruple double. On January 19, 2004 <mask> scored 65 points against Western Alamance High School, 2 shy of the all-time North Carolina record of 67 established in 1950 by Bob Poole. During that game he shot 25/39 from the field (9/16 on three-pointers), and also recorded 11 rebounds.<mask> set the all-time North Carolina high school scoring record with 3,307 points, which was surpassed in 2018 by UNC recruit Coby White with 3,573 points. In his high school <mask> had 74 points where he scored at least 20 points (28 of them in his junior year), 44 30+ point games, and 16 games with 40 points or more. College career <mask> initially signed a National Letter of Intent to play for North Carolina, but his scholarship was rescinded following pleading guilty to drug charges and signed with Oklahoma State. <mask> scored an OSU freshman all-time NCAA Tournament-best 18 points in the 2005 second-round game against Southern Illinois on March 20, 2005. He helped Oklahoma State to a 26–7 record, the Big 12 Tournament crown and the 2005 NCAA Sweet Sixteen as a freshman in 2004–05; he started 15 of 33 games played and averaged 9.4 ppg. and 2.8 apg. and averaged 14.3 ppg.in three 2005 NCAA games. He finished the season ranked ninth among Big 12 leaders in conference games for 3-point field goals made (1.75 per game). He scored 22 points on 8-for-11 shooting, in his first start versus Colorado on January 30, 2005. He made six three-pointers out of 8 attempts, including 5-for-5 in the second half, in which he scored 17 of his 22. He matched his career-high 22 points in a 79–67 victory over Oklahoma on February 7, 2005. In his freshman season, <mask> scored in double digits in 15 games, including twice over 20 points. Highlights of his sophomore season include a career-high 30 points in a 97–61 victory over Mercer on December 18, 2005, and a 22-point, nine-rebound effort in an 81–60 win over Texas on February 19, 2006.He recorded a double-double, scoring 16 points and making a career-high 10 assists in a 90–56 win over Detroit on November 22, 2005, and matched that assists total against Gonzaga in a 64–62 loss on December 10, 2005. In his junior season, on November 29, 2006, <mask> scored a career-high 35 points (on 12-for-19 shooting) to go along with a season-high 9 assists with no turnovers in a 95–73 win over Texas A&M-Corpus Christi. On January 16, 2007, <mask> scored 28 points and grabbed a season-high 9 rebounds in 52 minutes played in a 105–103 triple-overtime win over Texas. On March 3, 2007, <mask> scored a new career-high 40 points, including a career-high 7 three-pointers out of ten attempts, in an 86–82 loss to Baylor. Professional career The Chicago Bulls selected <mask> with the 51st overall pick of the 2007 NBA draft. On August 2, 2007, the Bulls announced that <mask> had signed a contract and would wear number 20. Per team policy, terms of the contracts were not disclosed.On July 31, 2008, the Bulls waived <mask>. By releasing him, the Bulls were only obligated to pay $100,000 of his partially guaranteed salary for 2008–09. In August 2008, he was signed by Pau-Orthez of the French league, but was waived in October after failing to impress coaching staff. He later joined Proteas EKA AEL, a Cypriot team in Limassol. On January 22, 2010, <mask> was signed by the Los Angeles Clippers from the Springfield Armor, for whom he had been averaging 16.1 points, 7.5 assists and 4.0 rebounds. He was released by the Clippers on January 26, when the team acquired Bobby Brown. He was subbed into a game on January 24, 2010, playing just 3.9 seconds.This was the only time <mask> would ever play in an NBA game, and is the shortest NBA career in terms of time played. NBA D-League career The Bulls assigned <mask> to their NBA Development League affiliate Iowa Energy on November 15, 2007, then recalled him to the NBA on December 17 but soon after reassigned him to Iowa on January 7, 2008. He was recalled later that month. <mask> played 13 games as a starter for Iowa during the 2007–08 season, averaging 20.2 points, 3.2 rebounds, 5.6 assists, 1.08 steals and 39.7 minutes per game. He also shot .463 from the floor, including .377 from three-point range, and .719 from the free throw line. <mask> was selected 14th overall in the 2009 NBA D-League Draft by the expansion Springfield Armor on November 5. It was their first-ever pick.<mask> was selected to play in the 2012 NBA D-League All-Star Game in Orlando. On November 1, 2013, he was re-acquired by the Springfield Armor. On January 2, 2014, he was traded to the Bakersfield Jam. On March 19, 2014, he was waived by the Jam due to a season-ending injury. He lives in Enid, Oklahoma. Legal issues In February 2004, <mask> was among 49 students arrested in a drug raid that involved North Carolina's Alamance County school system. He was charged with two counts of possession with intent to sell and deliver marijuana, two counts of sale and delivery of marijuana, and two counts of sale, possession, and delivery of a controlled substance on school grounds.<mask> pleaded guilty to the drug charges, and the University of North Carolina, with whom he had signed a letter-of-intent, rescinded the scholarship to him. In the early morning of January 17, 2008, he was arrested in Boise, Idaho and pleaded guilty to resisting arrest and urinating in public. Police took him to the Ada County jail. He was released a few hours later after posting $600 bond. The Chicago Bulls suspended him one game after he pleaded guilty to the two misdemeanors. On October 20, 2014, <mask> was arrested for marijuana possession and false representation to an officer in Edmond, Oklahoma. Career statistics NBA Regular season |- | style="text-align:left;"| | style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Clippers | 1 || 0 || .065 || – || – || – || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0 Personal life <mask> was brought up on a tobacco farm in rural North Carolina in Pleasant Grove. The unusual capitalization of his first name is a mix of Leon and James, honoring his father and great-uncle, respectively. Following the end of his basketball career, <mask> moved back to his hometown, Pleasant Grove, in 2016. In April 2017, <mask> was injured in a traffic collision, flipped on a freeway while trying to retrieve his dropped mobile phone. It ended his basketball career as he dislocated his ribs and fractured his lower back that needed metal rods inserted there to stabilize it. That July, he returned to Oklahoma. Subsequently, <mask> worked several jobs, including as a trucker.His supervisor there asked <mask> to coach the YMCA basketball team. Soon after <mask>'s first coaching experience, he began leading a basketball camp at Drummond High School in Drummond, Oklahoma. Notes External links <mask> <mask> at ESPN.com <mask> <mask> at CBS SportsLine.com <mask> <mask> at Oklahoma State.com <mask> <mask> at USA Basketball.com "The 10 Least Consequential Athletes of the Decade" by Jon Bois, for SB Nation 1986 births Living people American expatriate basketball people in France American expatriate basketball people in Italy American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela American men's basketball players Bakersfield Jam players Basketball players from North Carolina Chicago Bulls draft picks Élan Béarnais players Iowa Energy players Los Angeles Clippers players Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball players People from Alamance County, North Carolina Point guards Springfield Armor players People from Mebane, North Carolina

James Connolly

original

<mask> (; 5 June 1868 – 12 May 1916) was an Irish republican, socialist and trade union leader. Born to Irish parents in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland, <mask> left school for working life at the age of 11, and became involved in socialist politics in the 1880s. Although mainly known for his position in Irish socialist and republican politics, he also took a role in Scottish and American politics. He was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World and founder of the Irish Socialist Republican Party. With <mask>, he was centrally involved in the Dublin lock-out of 1913, as a result of which the two men formed the Irish Citizen Army (ICA) that year; they also founded the Irish Labour Party along with William O'Brien. <mask> was the long term right-hand man to Larkin in the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) until taking over leadership of both the union and its military wing the ICA upon Larkin's departure for the United States, then leading both until his death. He opposed British rule in Ireland, and was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, commanding the Irish Citizen Army throughout.Following the defeat of the Easter Rising and the arrest of the majority of its leaders he was taken to Kilmainham Gaol and executed by firing squad for his part in its proceedings. Early life <mask> was born in an Edinburgh slum in 1868, the third son of Irish parents <mask> and Mary McGinn. His parents had moved to Scotland from County Monaghan, Ireland, and settled in the Cowgate, a ghetto where thousands of Irish people lived. He spoke with a Scottish accent throughout his life. He was born in St Patrick's Roman Catholic parish, in the Cowgate district of Edinburgh known as "Little Ireland". His father and grandfathers were labourers. He had an education up to the age of about ten in the local Catholic primary school.He left and worked in labouring jobs. Owing to the economic difficulties he was having, like his eldest brother John, he joined the British Army. He enlisted at age 14, falsifying his age and giving his name as Reid, as his brother John had done. He served in Ireland with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Scots Regiment for nearly seven years, during a turbulent period in rural areas known as the Land War. He would later become involved in the land issue. He developed a deep hatred for the British Army that lasted his entire life. When he heard that his regiment was being transferred to India, he deserted.<mask> had another reason for not wanting to go to India; a young woman by the name of Lillie Reynolds. Lillie moved to Scotland with <mask> after he left the army and they married in April 1890. They settled in Edinburgh. There, <mask> began to get involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, but with a young family to support, he needed a way to provide for them. He briefly established a cobbler's shop in 1895, but this failed after a few months as his shoe-mending skills were insufficient. He was strongly active with the socialist movement at the time, and prioritised this over his cobbling. Socialist involvement In the 1880s, <mask> became influenced by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx and would later advocate a type of socialism that was based in Marxist theory.<mask> described himself as a socialist, while acknowledging the influence of Marx. He is credited with setting the groundwork for Christian socialism in Ireland. He became secretary of the Scottish Socialist Federation. At the time his brother John was secretary; after John spoke at a rally in favour of the eight-hour day, however, he was fired from his job with the Edinburgh Corporation, so while he looked for work, <mask> took over as secretary. During this time, <mask> became involved with the Independent Labour Party which Keir Hardie had formed in 1893. At some time during this period, he took up the study of, and advocated the use of, the neutral international language, Esperanto. A short story, called The Agitator’s Wife, which appeared in the Labour Prophet, a short lived Christian Socialist journal, has been attributed to <mask>.His interest in Esperanto is implicit in his 1898 article "The Language Movement", which primarily attempts to promote socialism to the nationalist revolutionaries involved in the Gaelic Revival. By 1893 he was involved in the Scottish Socialist Federation, acting as its secretary from 1895. Two months after the birth of his third daughter, word came to <mask> that the Dublin Socialist Club was looking for a full-time secretary, a job that offered a salary of a pound a week. <mask> and his family moved to Dublin, where he took up the position. At his instigation, the club quickly evolved into the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP). The ISRP is regarded by many Irish historians as a party of pivotal importance in the early history of Irish socialism and republicanism. While active as a socialist in Great Britain, <mask> was the founding editor of The Socialist newspaper and was among the founders of the Socialist Labour Party which split from the Social Democratic Federation in 1903.<mask> joined Maud Gonne and Arthur Griffith in the Dublin protests against the Boer War. A combination of frustration with the progress of the ISRP and economic necessity caused him to emigrate to the United States in September 1903, with no plans as to what he would do there. While in America he was a member of the Socialist Labor Party of America (1906), the Socialist Party of America (1909) and the Industrial Workers of the World, and founded the Irish Socialist Federation in New York, 1907. He became the editor of the Free Press, a socialist weekly newspaper that was published in New Castle, Lawrence county, Pennsylvania from 25 July 1908 and discontinued in 1913. He famously had a chapter of his 1910 book Labour in Irish History entitled "A chapter of horrors: Daniel O’Connell and the working class." critical of the achiever of Catholic Emancipation 60 years earlier. On <mask>'s return to Ireland in 1910 he was right-hand man to <mask> in the Irish Transport and General Workers Union.He stood twice for the Wood Quay ward of Dublin Corporation but was unsuccessful. His name, and those of his family, appears in the 1911 Census of Ireland - his occupation is listed as "National Organiser Socialist Party". In 1913, in response to the Lockout, he, along with <mask> and an ex-British officer, Jack White, founded the Irish Citizen Army (ICA), an armed and well-trained body of labour men whose aim was to defend workers and strikers, particularly from the frequent brutality of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. Though they only numbered about 250 at most, their goal soon became the establishment of an independent and socialist Irish nation. With Larkin and William O'Brien, <mask> also founded the Irish Labour Party as the political wing of the Irish Trades Union Congress in 1912 and was a member of its National Executive. He was editor of The Irish Worker which was suppressed under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914. Around this time he met Winifred Carney in Belfast, who became his secretary and would later accompany him during the Easter Rising.Like Vladimir Lenin, <mask> opposed the First World War explicitly from a socialist perspective. Rejecting the Redmondite position, he declared "I know of no foreign enemy of this country except the British Government." Easter Rising <mask> and the ICA made plans for an armed uprising during the war, independently of the Irish Volunteers. In early 1916, believing the Volunteers were dithering, he attempted to goad them into action by threatening to send the ICA against the British Empire alone, if necessary. This alarmed the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, who had already infiltrated the Volunteers and had plans for an insurrection that very year. In order to talk <mask> out of any such rash action, the IRB leaders, including Tom Clarke and Patrick Pearse, met with <mask> to see if an agreement could be reached. During the meeting, the IRB and the ICA agreed to act together at Easter of that year.During the Easter Rising, beginning on 24 April 1916, <mask> was Commandant of the Dublin Brigade. As the Dublin Brigade had the most substantial role in the rising, he was de facto commander-in-chief. <mask>'s leadership in the Easter rising was considered formidable. Michael Collins said of <mask> that he "would have followed him through hell." Following the surrender, he said to other prisoners: "Don't worry. Those of us that signed the proclamation will be shot. But the rest of you will be set free."Death <mask> was not actually held in gaol, but in a room (now called the "Connolly Room") at the State Apartments in Dublin Castle, which had been converted to a first-aid station for troops recovering from the war. <mask> was sentenced to death by firing squad for his part in the rising. On 12 May 1916, he was taken by military ambulance to Royal Hospital Kilmainham, across the road from Kilmainham Gaol, and from there taken to the gaol, where he was to be executed. While <mask> was still in hospital in Dublin Castle, during a visit from his wife and daughter, he said: "The Socialists will not understand why I am here; they forget I am an Irishman." <mask> had been so badly injured from the fighting (a doctor had already said he had no more than a day or two to live, but the execution order was still given) that he was unable to stand before the firing squad; he was carried to a prison courtyard on a stretcher. His absolution and last rites were administered by a Capuchin, Father Aloysius Travers. Asked to pray for the soldiers about to shoot him, he said: "I will say a prayer for all men who do their duty according to their lights."Instead of being marched to the same spot where the others had been executed, at the far end of the execution yard, he was tied to a chair and then shot. His body (along with those of the other leaders) was put in a mass grave without a coffin. The executions of the rebel leaders deeply angered the majority of the Irish population, most of whom had shown no support during the rebellion. It was <mask>'s execution that caused the most controversy. Historians have pointed to the manner of execution of <mask> and similar rebels, along with their actions, as being factors that caused public awareness of their desires and goals and gathered support for the movements that they had died fighting for. The executions were not well received, even throughout Britain, and drew unwanted attention from the United States, which the British Government was seeking to bring into the war in Europe. H. H. Asquith, the Prime Minister, ordered that no more executions were to take place; an exception being that of Roger Casement, who was charged with high treason and had not yet been tried.Although he abandoned religious practice in the 1890s, he turned back to Roman Catholicism in the days before his execution. Family <mask> and his wife Lillie had seven children. Nora became an influential writer and campaigner within the Irish-republican movement as an adult. Roddy continued his father's politics. In later years, both became members of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament). Moira became a doctor and married Richard Beech. One of <mask>'s daughters Mona died in 1904 aged 13, when she burned herself while she did the washing for an aunt.Three months after <mask>'s execution his wife was received into the Catholic Church, at Church St. on 15 August. Legacy <mask>'s legacy in Ireland is mainly due to his contribution to the republican cause; his legacy as a socialist has been claimed by a variety of left-wing and left-republican groups, and he is also associated with the Labour Party which he founded. <mask> was among the few European members of the Second International who opposed, outright, World War I. This put him at odds with most of the socialist leaders of Europe. He was influenced by and heavily involved with the radical Industrial Workers of the World labour union, and envisaged socialism as Industrial Union control of production. Also he envisioned the IWW forming their own political party that would bring together the feuding socialist groups such as the Socialist Labor Party of America and the Socialist Party of America. Likewise, he envisaged independent Ireland as a socialist republic.His connection and views on Revolutionary Unionism and Syndicalism have raised debate on if his image for a workers republic would be one of State or Grassroots socialism. For a time he was involved with De Leonism and the Second International until he later broke with both. In Scotland, <mask>'s thinking influenced socialists such as John Maclean, who would, like him, combine his leftist thinking with nationalist ideas when he formed the Scottish Workers Republican Party. The Connolly Association, a British organisation campaigning for Irish unity and independence, is named after <mask>. In 1928, Follonsby miners' lodge in the Durham coalfield unfurled a newly designed banner that included a portrait of <mask> on it. The banner was burned in 1938, replaced but then painted over in 1940. A reproduction of the 1938 <mask> banner was commissioned in 2011 by the Follonsby Miners’ Lodge Banner Association and it is regularly paraded at various events in County Durham ('Old King Coal' at Beamish Open Air museum, 'The Seven men of Jarrow' commemoration every June, the Durham Miners' Gala every second Saturday in July, the Tommy Hepburn annual memorial every October), in the wider UK and Ireland.There is a statue of <mask> in Dublin, outside Liberty Hall, the offices of the SIPTU trade union. Another statue of <mask> stands in Union Park, Chicago near the offices of the UE union. There is a bust of <mask> in Troy, New York, in the park behind the statue of Uncle Sam. In March 2016 a statue of <mask> was unveiled by Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure minister Carál Ní Chuilín, and <mask>'s great grandson, <mask> Heron, on Falls Road in Belfast. In a 1972 interview on The Dick Cavett Show, John Lennon stated that <mask> was an inspiration for his song, "Woman Is the Nigger of the World". Lennon quoted <mask>'s 'the female is the slave of the slave' in explaining the feminist inspiration for the song. The Non-Stop Connolly show (1975), a 12-hour play on the life and politics of <mask> written by John Arden and Margaretta D'Arcy.It was sometimes presented as a daily series and complete script reading, as in London in 1976 at the Almost Free Theatre Soho. Connolly Station, one of the two main railway stations in Dublin, and Connolly Hospital, Blanchardstown, are named in his honour. In a 2002, BBC television production, 100 Greatest Britons where the British public were asked to register their vote, <mask> was voted in 64th place. In 1968, Irish group The Wolfe Tones released a single named "<mask>", which reached number 15 in the Irish charts. The band Black 47 wrote and performed a song about <mask> that appears on their album Fire of Freedom. Irish singer-songwriter <mask> has a song "May 12th, 1916 - A Song for <mask>" on his album Dream Your Way Out of This One (2017). Connolly Books, a leftist bookstore in Dublin which was established in 1932, is named after <mask>.Dunedin Connollys GFC, a Edinburgh, Scotland Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club takes its name from his. <mask> and the events of his death are mentioned in the fourth verse of "The Patriot Game" by Irish songwriter Dominic Behan (this verse is sometimes omitted from renditions of the song). The song "<mask>" appears on the 1991 album Black 47 by the band Black 47. It celebrates his career as a socialist and Republican. See also <mask> bibliography Notes References Further reading Writings <mask>, <mask>. 1987. Collected Works (Two volumes).Dublin: New Books. <mask>, <mask>. The Lost Writings (ed. Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh), London: Pluto Press <mask>, <mask>. 1973. Selected Political Writings (eds. Owen Dudley Edwards & Bernard Ransom), London: Jonathan Cape <mask>, <mask>.1948. Socialism and Nationalism: A Selection from the Writings of <mask> (ed. Desmond Ryan), Dublin: Sign of the Three Candles. Bibliography Allen, Kieran. 1990. The Politics of <mask>, London: Pluto Press Anderson, W.K. 1994.<mask> and the Irish Left. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. . Collins, Lorcan. 2012. <mask>. Dublin: O'Brien Press. . Fox, R.M. 1943. The History of the Irish Citizen Army.Dublin: James Duffy & Co. Fox, R.M. 1946. <mask>: the forerunner. Tralee: The Kerryman. Kostick, Conor & Collins, Lorcan. 2000. The Easter Rising.Dublin: O'Brien Press Lloyd, David. Rethinking national Marxism. <mask> and ‘Celtic Communism’ Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 5:3, 345–370. Lynch, David. 2006. Radical Politics in Modern Ireland: A History of the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP) 1896- 1904. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. . Nevin, Donal.2005. <mask>: A Full Life. Dublin: Gill & MacMillan. . O'Callaghan, Sean. 2015. <mask>: My search for the Man, the Myth and his Legacy. Ransom, Bernard. 1980.<mask>'s Marxism, London: Pluto Press. . Strauss, Eric. 1973. Irish Nationalism and British Democracy, Westport CT: Greenwood. Thompson, Spurgeon.

Yodsanklai Fairtex

original

Yodsanklai <mask> a.k.a. Yod (Thai: ยอดแสนไกล แฟร์เท็กซ์; born, July 1, 1985) is a retired Thai Muay Thai kickboxer. He is a former WBC Muay Thai World Super welterweight champion at 154 lbs, and a two-time Lumpinee Stadium champion in the 112 and 147 lb weight classes. He is also the first champion of The Contender Asia. He was nicknamed "The Boxing Computer" by Thai sports newspapers as a testament to his perfect fighting technique. He trains out of Fairtex Gym in Pattaya, Thailand, On June 11, 2017, he announced on Facebook that he would be retiring from fighting. On Dec 26, 2017 he announced on Facebook that he will come back to ring in February 2018.In his return, Yodsanklai signed with ONE Championship. As of 1 November 2018, he is ranked by Combat Press 5th lightweight in the world. As of September 6, 2019, he is ranked the #10 lightweight in the world by Combat Press. Background Yodthanong Photirat was born in the Nong Bua Lamphu Province in Northeastern Thailand, the hotbed of Muay Thai. He was introduced to the sport by his older brother Yodkangwan and started practicing when he was eight years old after watching his brothers' fights. He had his first fight at a temple fair in Ban Na Dee, his hometown, and received a fight fee of 20 ฿. Career Before joining Fairtex in 2005, Yodsanklai fought for three camps: Saknipaporn, Sit-Khru-Od and Petchyindee.In August 2005, fighting under the name of <mask> Petchyindee (ยอดแสนไกล เพชรยินดี), he won one of the most prestigious Muay Thai titles, the Lumpinee Stadium belt, by knocking out Runglaew. He became the 154 pound WBC Muay Thai World Champion by defeating Australian John Wayne Parr on December 10, 2005, in Gold Coast, Australia. In 2005, he won the Champion of Thailand (154 lb) title. On June 30, 2006, Yodsanklai made his K-1 Max debut at Superfight at the K-1 World MAX 2006 World Championship Final held in Yokohama, Japan. He won against Kamal el Amrani by three round unanimous decision. Yodsanklai defended his WBC title on November 11, 2006, against Mark Vogel in Wuppertal, Germany, winning the fight by first round elbow knockout. On November 29, 2007, Yodsanklai had a non-title contest at the "France vs Thailand" event held in Paris, France, against the Frenchmen Farid Villaume.Yodsanklai won the fight by third round referee stoppage TKO. He fought former stablemate Kem Sitsongpeenong at Muay Thai Combat Mania: Pattaya in Pattaya, Thailand, on December 30, 2012, at a weight of 71 kg/156 lb, with same-day weigh-ins. Despite having not made such a low weight in a number of years, Yod came in at the limit in visibly better shape than in most of his recent fights and KO'd Kem with an elbow in round three. Yod knocked out Gregory Choplin in round three at Lion Fight 8 in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, on January 25, 2013. He defeated Yohan Lidon by unanimous decision in a rematch at Warriors Night in Levallois, France, on March 2, 2013. On April 19, 2013, Yodsanklai TKO'd Naimjon Tuhtaboyev in round two at Thai Fight in Pattaya. In June 2013, it was initially reported that Yodsanklai would fight Antuan Siangboxing at Thai Fight in Bangkok.However, his opponent was later switched to Kazbek Zubarov. He won via TKO at the end of round one when Zubarov suffered an injury. Yod defeated Chike Lindsay for the inaugural Lion Fight Middleweight (-70 kg/154 lb) Championship at Lion Fight 10 in Las Vegas on July 26, 2013. Lindsay started well, but Yodsanklai took over in round two and began to cut the American up before taking the unanimous decision. It was reported that Yod would fight Raphaël Llodra at the WBC World Muay Thai Millennium Championship in Saint-Pierre, Réunion, on September 7, 2013. However, he turned the fight down for monetary reasons. Instead, he knocked out Vladimir Konsky with a first round elbow in the quarter-finals of the 2013 edition of Thai Fight's -70 kg/154 lb tournament in Thailand on October 23, 2013.Then in semifinals, he defeated Samy Sana on November 30, 2013, and advanced to the final. He would go on to knock out Expedito Valin and win the tournament. Yod was set to fight at Hero Legends in Jinan, China, on December 3, 2014 but withdrew for undisclosed reasons. He was also briefly expected to fight in the main event of Lion Fight 13 in Las Vegas on February 7, 2014, but quickly withdrew. He returned to the ring and beat Keo Rumchang by second-round KO at Thai Fight: Hua Hin 2014 in Hua Hin, Thailand, on February 22, 2014. On May 1, 2017, Combat Press ranked Yodsanklai the #4 lightweight in the world. On February 3, 2018 Yodsanklai returned to the ring, scoring a unanimous decision against German Enriko Kehl at Wu Lin Feng in Shenzhen, China.ONE Championship Yodsanklai then signed for ONE Championship. In his debut, he defeated Chris Ngimbi via unanimous decision. In his second bout with the promotion, he knocked out Luis Regis in the first round. At ONE Championship: A New Era on March 31, 2019, Yodsanklai defeated Andy Souwer by second-round technical knockout. He was then entered in to the ONE Super Series Kickboxing Featherweight World Grand Prix, alongside the likes of Giorgio Petrosyan, Andy Souwer, and Petchmorrakot Petchyindee Academy. He would lose to Samy Sana by unanimous decision in Grand Prix Quarter-Finals at ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon. On October 23, 2019, it was announced that Yodsanklai was scheduled to face World Lethwei Championship champion Sasha Moisa at ONE Championship: Age Of Dragons, his opponent was changed to Jamal Yusupov.In an upset, Yodsanklai lost to Yusupov, who'd taken the fight on short notice, by second-round knockout. This marked Yodsanklai's first knockout loss since 2005. On June 28, 2020, it was announced that Yodsanklai would challenge Phetmorakot Petchyindee Academy for the ONE Featherweight Muay Thai World Championship at ONE Championship: No Surrender on July 31, 2020. Despite showing an improved performance from his last two fights, Yodsanklai was unable to win the title and lost to Phetmorakot by split decision. Second retirement On March 1, 2021, Yodsanklai announced his second retirement on social media. style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="background:#fbb;" | 2019-11-16 || Loss || align="left" | Jamal Yusupov || ONE Championship: Age Of Dragons || Beijing, China || KO (Punches) || 2 || 0:35 |- |- style="background:#fbb;" | 2019-05-17 || Loss || align="left" | Samy Sana || ONE Championship: Enter the Dragon || Kallang, Singapore || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 2017-05-14 || Win ||align=left| Cedric Manhoef || Kunlun Fight 61 - Group H Tournament Semi Finals || Sanya, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 |- |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 2017-04-15 || Win ||align=left| Masoud Minaei || MAS 1 || Guangzhou, China || TKO (Referee Stoppage/ 3 Knockdowns) || 1 || |- |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 2017-02-26 || Win ||align=left| Saifullah Hambahadov || Kunlun Fight 57 || Sanya, China || KO (Right uppercut) || 2 || 1:32 |- |- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" | 2015-10-31 || Win ||align=left| Dzhabar Askerov || Kunlun Fight 33 - World Max Tournament 2015 Final 16 || Changde, China || Decision || 3 || 3:00 |- !style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2014-11-22 || Win ||align=left| Alex Oller || THAI FIGHT 2014 – 70 kg/154 lb Tournament Semi-finals || Khon Kaen, Thailand || KO (Elbows) || 1 || |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2014-10-25|| Win || align=left| Mohammed El-Mir || THAI FIGHT 2014 – 70 kg/154 lb Tournament Quarter-finals || Bangkok, Thailand || TKO || 1 || |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2014-09-05 || Win ||align=left| Salah Khalifa || Lion Fight 18 || Las Vegas, Nevada, USA || KO (punches and knee ) || 2 || 2:38 |- ! style=background:white colspan=9 | |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2014-06-28 || Win ||align=left| Fady Abboud || THAI FIGHT WORLD BATTLE 2014: Macao || Macau, China || KO (Left High Kick) || 2 || |- |- style="background:#cfc;" | 2014-04-06 ||Win ||align=left| Diogo Calado || THAI FIGHT WORLD BATTLE 2014: Chakrinaruebet || Sattahip, Thailand || Decision || 3 ||

Dennis Miller

original

<mask> (born November 3, 1953) is an American talk show host, political commentator, sports commentator, actor, and comedian. He was a cast member of Saturday Night Live from 1985 to 1991, and he subsequently hosted a string of his own talk shows on HBO, CNBC, and in syndication. From 2007 to 2015, <mask> hosted a daily, three-hour, self-titled talk radio program, nationally syndicated by Westwood One. On March 9, 2020, <mask> + One show, launched on RT America. It runs twice-weekly and features celebrity interviews. <mask> is listed as 21st on Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time, and was ranked as the best host of SNLs Weekend Update by Vulture.com. Early life <mask> was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the suburb of Castle Shannon.He is of Scottish descent. <mask>'s parents separated and he was raised by his mother, Norma, a dietitian at a Baptist nursing home. <mask> is reluctant to speak about his father, usually just saying he "moved on when I was very young." He is the eldest of Norma's five children, and in his early life often looked after the rest of his siblings. <mask> attended Saint Anne School, a Catholic elementary school. <mask>'s personality during this period was not one of an innate performer but of a shy kid. <mask>'s childhood pastimes included street football, backyard baseball, basketball at St. Anne's, and much television.At St. Anne's, he served as manager for the Catholic Youth Organization basketball team for boys 15–16 years old. <mask>'s first inspiration to pursue a comedy career came as a child when he was taken to see comedian Kelly Monteith at a Pittsburgh club. After the show Monteith was kind enough to answer the young <mask>'s questions about being a comedian, leaving him thinking "Man, I'm going to work hard at this; ...seems like fun." <mask> went to Keystone Oaks High School. His two earliest childhood comedy heroes were Jonathan Winters and Tim Conway. By high school he had already developed a reputation for humor. At Keystone Oaks, <mask> was a member of the Physical Fitness Club, and in his senior year he worked on the Keynote newspaper and served on the student council, but lost his bid for senior class president.During his senior year, he served as co-emcee for the Keystone Oaks May Pageant, themed "Once Upon A Rumble Seat". Despite <mask>'s reputation for humor, his actual personality at this time was one that was reserved, lacking self-confidence, and hidden under a layer of comedy. He graduated from high school in 1971 with the intent of studying to become a sports writer. At Point Park University <mask> became a member of Sigma Tau Gamma fraternity. <mask> likened his social status at this period as being lower than Booger of Revenge of the Nerds. <mask> majored in journalism. In the fall of his senior year at the university, <mask> began writing for the South Hills Record, mixing humor into his sports reporting.When the paper changed its payment structure to pay around an eighth of a penny per column inch, <mask> quit. <mask> graduated from Point Park in 1976 with a degree in journalism. <mask> later reflected on why he did not continue to pursue journalism, saying "I'm just not that interested in other people's business and that's a tragic flaw in a journalist." Career After college, <mask> was unable to find work in journalism. Instead, he moved through several occupations, including a clerk at Giant Eagle deli, a janitor, a delivery man for a florist, and an ice cream scooper at the Village Dairy. Reflecting on his pre-comedy job history in a later discussion with Tom Snyder, <mask> recalled leaving college and attending a real estate seminar at a "bad hotel," which consisted of a five-hour lecture without bathroom breaks. Near the end of the lecture, he was told that he would only be paid by commission, which made <mask> say "I'm in Hell, I don't even know what I am going to do for a living here.I'm a nut case." <mask> then worked as a delivery man for what he describes as "an all-gay florist." Leaving that job, he worked as an ice cream scooper. <mask> recalled that he was twenty-one—five years out of high school and wearing a paper hat while working alongside teens excited about getting their driver's licenses. A spur to quit the ice cream scooping job was when the prettiest girl he had attended high school with came in and he was the one who had to take her order, which filled him with embarrassment. <mask> later stated that at the time he feared that if he stayed in such jobs, his life would become a Franz Kafka novella, and it stiffened his resolve to start pursuing a comedy career. Leaving the ice cream parlor, <mask> joined the staff at Point Park's Recreation Room, where he was in charge of the bowling alley, video games, and running the air-hockey league.Air-hockey regulars nicknamed him "Clarence" after NHL Commissioner Clarence Campbell, or called him "Commish." When <mask>'s brother Jimmy was around, they referred to him as "Commush". A patron from that time recalled that <mask> sat on pool tables telling jokes and honing his comedy to those in the rec room, which was the only place the commuters gathered. <mask> and the other patrons closely followed the NFL at the time as it was the "era of the Super Steelers". Stand-up In 1979 after seeing a Robin Williams comedy special on HBO, <mask> decided that he had to pursue his dream of being a stand-up comedian. In Pittsburgh, <mask> began a comedy career by performing at open-mic nights. He backed out of his first two attempts to perform at an open mic due to stage fright and anger with himself over the question of whether the drive to perform was a need for approval from others.When he finally made his début at the Oak's Lounge on Sleepy Hollow Road in Castle Shannon, most of <mask>'s family was in the audience to cheer him on. In a later interview, <mask> spoke of the stage presence he developed for his stand-up act to address his fears. (He emphasized that the comedy business will always be frightening as any error could spiral into the end of a career.) To compensate for his early fears, <mask> said, "I got up there and acted like the guy I always wanted to be to get through it. ...It's a part of me, but it's not the real me." He would keep his hands in his pockets to appear unfazed, or adjust his cuffs during an audience laugh to give the appearance of indifference to approval. <mask> pointed out that part of his act is to show a "hipper-than-thou" persona, but then purposely undermine it at regular intervals for comedic effect.He began appearing onstage at the Oak's Lounge in Castle Shannon while working at the Giant Eagle deli in Kennedy. <mask> lived without a car and without much money in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, hitching rides or taking buses. He continued to do stand-ups in Oakland and at places like Brandy's in the Strip District and the Portfolio on Craig Street, eventually saving up $1,000 which he used to try to fast-track his comedy career by moving to New York City. Once there, <mask> had to bribe a landlord to give him a room for $200, then had to pay the security deposit of $250 and the first month's rent of $250. Thus, he spent $700 of his $1,000 savings on his first day in New York, for a sparse, bunker-like room. While in New York he submitted a joke for a Playboy magazine contest for humor writing that was judged by an all-star panel including Rodney Dangerfield, Bill Cosby, David Brenner, Martin Mull, Art Buchwald, and Buck Henry. Of around 15,000 entries, <mask> tied for second and his joke and picture appeared in the June 1979 issue of the magazine.<mask> won $500 in Playboys first annual humor competition with the following joke: For the first year and a half of his comedy career, <mask> had heavily relied on props during his act, but he felt this limited him and switched to using purely language. <mask> gained more exposure when he tried out for the New York Laff-Off Contest. The contest had 40 slots but 32 of them had already been filled by the top regulars who appeared at the three comedy venues sponsoring the competition. Some 350 people tried out for the remaining eight slots, some of whom had appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Merv Griffin Show, or The Mike Douglas Show. Many of the comedians <mask> was up against had hours of crafted material, while he had fine-tuned around ten minutes. To his surprise and delight, <mask> earned one of the remaining slots. For the competition itself he appeared at the Improv and received a standing ovation, moving him on to the finals.While he did not win the Laff-Off, he was seen by dozens of talent agents, resulting in bookings at colleges and other clubs. While he was working in New York City, Hustler Magazine listed <mask> in a piece called "The 10 Funniest People in America You'll Never See on TV". While in New York City, <mask> supported himself by working rather mundane jobs during the day, such as bartender and payroll clerk, and by night made the rounds of New York clubs The Comic Strip, The Improvisation, and Catch a Rising Star. After about a year, unable to make a go of it, he returned to Pittsburgh. Television Having honed his stand-up comedy act, <mask> was able to transition to television, increasing his audience base. KDKA-TV Having gone through the comedy-club circuit, <mask> returned to do his sight-gag routine back in Pittsburgh at Brandy's in August 1980. It was there that local television station KDKA-TV was shooting a piece for its Evening Magazine and offered him a job at the station.By the end of 1980 <mask> was acting as a warm-up in the afternoons for KDKA's Pittsburgh 2Day. He then began starring in humorous segments for the syndicated Evening Magazine. By 1983 he had become the host of Punchline, a Saturday-morning newsmagazine aimed at teenagers. In one episode he interviewed fellow comedian Pat Paulsen. <mask> later reflected on this time, saying that "you have to start somewhere," and that he was "just pleased to be in front of a camera." During this time <mask> also performed stand-up in such New York City comedy clubs as Catch A Rising Star and The Comic Strip. While in New York, <mask> saw a show by Richard Belzer and noted how he barked at the crowd rather than embrace it, was cutting rather than cute.<mask> adopted this comedic philosophy. During performances at comedy clubs in Pittsburgh, <mask> befriended Jay Leno and Jerry Seinfeld. In 1984 Leno found <mask> an apartment in Los Angeles and he and Seinfeld arranged a debut for <mask> at The Improv. <mask> resigned from KDKA and moved to Los Angeles to try to further his comedy career. <mask>'s brothers Rich and Jimmy joined him in Los Angeles, taking up varied jobs around The Improv such as booking shows, acting as bouncer, and selling tickets. Jimmy became a power talent agent with <mask>, and Rich ran RCM Entertainment, booking comedians across the country. In Los Angeles, Leno was a big influence on <mask>, as he was to many upcoming comedians in the area at the time.Young comedians gathered at Leno's home late at night and he offered critiques with humorous, biting wit. Leno also taped television appearances of his group and showed them during such sessions while offering more humorous critiques. <mask> later fondly recalled the time, saying it was like "sitting at his knee, querying Yoda". <mask> appeared on Star Search, where he lost out to fellow comedian Sinbad after the two tied on judges' scores; Sinbad won with a higher studio-audience approval rating. <mask> made his first appearance on Late Night with David Letterman on June 24, 1985 (other guests were Phil Collins and María Conchita Alonso). Saturday Night Live <mask>'s big break came in 1985, when he was discovered by Lorne Michaels at The Comedy Store. <mask> subsequently auditioned for SNL in Los Angeles, and did well enough for a second audition at Times Square in New York.About 70 people watched this second audition—this was most of the show's staff along with Lorne Michaels, Paul Simon, and Dan Aykroyd. <mask> walked into a well-lit room and was told "Go ahead, you have eight minutes, <mask>." After the New York audition he went to dinner with Michaels and Jack Nicholson. <mask> felt that this was just another aspect of his audition, to see if he could handle himself around famous people, so he "just sat there quietly". <mask> later recalled the conclusion of the meeting with Michaels: "He looked at me and goes, 'Would you like to do my newscast?'. And I said, 'Yeah, I would', and he said, 'Well, I'll see you tomorrow'. And then I walked out.And I remember thinking, 'My life has just changed.'" <mask> had landed a spot on Saturday Night Live, where he succeeded Christopher Guest as the Weekend Update anchor. The spot was supposed to go to comic Jon Lovitz, but Lovitz was scheduled for other parts on the show and needed the Update segment to do costume changes, so <mask> was drafted to read the news. <mask> had not been particularly political in his comedy before SNL but found that it came easy—he could open a newspaper and find a few headlines to build a new act around. He decided to make his stage persona a bit sardonic, as he felt that people who had tried to do the Weekend Update segment as nice guys did not last very long in the role. <mask> began his fictional news reports with "Good evening, and what can I tell ya?" and closed with "Guess what, folks?That's the news, and I... am... outta here!" Fans of SNL became accustomed to his snarky delivery, high-pitched giggle, and frequently primped hair—idiosyncrasies that were spoofed by Dana Carvey, Tom Hanks, and Jimmy Fallon, all of whom have impersonated <mask> on the show. When <mask> left SNL in 1991, the anchor's chair was turned over to Kevin Nealon. In 1988, <mask> released a stand-up comedy CD, The Off-White Album, derived from an HBO special titled Mr. <mask> Goes to Washington, which drew heavily from the observational and metaphor-driven style he was known for on Saturday Night Live, and showed glimpses of the political humor that would influence his later work. A well-received HBO special, <mask>: Black and White, aired shortly after the release of the CD. Although <mask> spent much of his time on SNL behind the Weekend Update desk, he was included in some sketches and did a few recurring characters and celebrity impersonations. Recurring characters Koko, one of the pixies in the recurring sketch "Miss Connie's Fable Nook" Steve, one of The Stand-Ups (others include Jon Lovitz as Bob, Damon Wayans as Keith, and Tom Hanks as Paul) Celebrity impersonations Gary Hart George Harrison Nathaniel Crosby It was thought that he would renew his contract with NBC until at least 1993.Leaving SNL <mask> decided he was going to leave SNL after the 1990–91 season despite being happy with his role on the show, and despite loving writing political gags for it, because he had turned 38 and his 18-month-old son Holden had made him want to strive for things to "make the boy proud." He had a late-night talk show in development, and it was believed that fans of Letterman would naturally be interested in <mask>'s show and prefer that over Leno's in that time slot. He told an interviewer, "I had a great gig and this came up. It seemed like an opportunity that doesn't present itself too frequently in your life, so I opted to take it. ...I wanted to see what other talents I had, so I decided this was the shot." <mask> thought that his outspokenness behind the SNL desk on political topics and even on jokes not working out made the transition to talk show host a good idea. He also felt that the SNL studio audience never fully accepted him in skits as other characters, making him question his acting ability.After it was announced that <mask> would be starting his own show, he was a guest on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. Carson offered him some advice while reflecting on his own 30-year career from which he was retiring in May 1992. He told <mask> to compete only with himself, not to focus on the competition. <mask> appreciated the advice, noting that "there's no class for this" and that he would have to learn on the job in front of an audience. In preparation, <mask> sharpened his interviewing skills by practicing on the show's stage hands. He felt that the secret to interviewing well was listening to the guest rather than trying to set up jokes while the guest is talking. As the date for the show's opening approached, <mask> told an interviewer that he was both thrilled and "scared shitless" by the opportunity.He hoped to eventually be able to relax enough to be entirely himself. He saw Carson's approach as the standard but hoped not to be too influenced by anyone. Between SNL and his new show, <mask> did stand-up dates with Howie Mandel and then with Steven Wright. The <mask> Show In 1992, after leaving SNL, <mask> hosted an eponymous late-night talk show in syndication that lasted seven months. The show, launched in January 1992, was an attempt by syndicator Tribune Entertainment to carve out a niche in the late-night television landscape; an opportunity to do so was anticipated due to Carson's retirement from The Tonight Show that May and his replacement by Jay Leno. <mask>'s show was unable to build a significant audience, however, and was cancelled in July. <mask> Live Beginning in 1994, <mask> hosted <mask> Live, a half-hour talk show on HBO.The show's theme song was the Tears for Fears hit "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", and included a snippet of the song "Civilized" by the Rollins Band. The show was taped at CBS Television City on the same stage where The Price Is Right is taped. It utilized a small set and sparse lighting, and there was no band. It comprised mainly <mask>, speaking to the largely-unseen studio audience, on a darkened stage. <mask> hosted one guest per show, with whom he discussed the topic of

Dennis Miller

original

the day. Early on, guests were all interviewed live via satellite, but soon most appeared live in the studio. There was also a call-in segment.The number was originally given as 1-800-LACTOSE. Later, he referred to it only by its numeric equivalent (1-800-522-8673). Within the time available, <mask> typically could accommodate only two or three calls. He gradually eliminated call-ins in the last few seasons of the show. <mask> and his writing staff won five Emmy Awards during the show's run, which aired 215 episodes over nine years. HBO cancelled the show in 2002. Monday Night Football With the increasing popularity of cable television and its multiple channel and programming options, ABC's Monday Night Football found itself competing for viewers.One of its main competitors for its target young male demographic was professional wrestling. ABC went through a series of different announcer combinations in rapid succession, trying to establish a booth dynamic that would recapture the public's imagination. By the close of the 1999 season, they were looking to make the fourth change in as many years. By the end of the 1999 NFL season, Monday Night Football had its ratings decline for the fifth season in a row. In an effort to turn things around, ABC fired Boomer Esiason, who had been on the show for two years. They also convinced Don Ohlmeyer, who had produced the show in the 1970s, to come out of retirement and gave him the authority to pick his own announcers. ABC Sports President Howard Katz told The Associated Press he felt "Monday Night Football was not as special as it used to be, and that's why we've taken the dramatic steps we've taken.We wanted to remove some of the sameness. We wanted to reinvent a little bit." Elsewhere Katz said "It may not work. We may find out that this is a bad idea. But I love taking the risk." Ohlmeyer set out to try and recapture the viewer excitement of the Howard Cosell and Don Meredith era. ABC told the AP that each open position had around twenty viable candidates vying for it, who auditioned by sitting with Al Michaels (whom ABC had retained) and 'calling' the previous season AFC playoff game between Tennessee and Buffalo.<mask> auditioned on June 12, 2000, sitting with Michaels in a Los Angeles studio to do such a mock broadcast. <mask>'s NFL knowledge surprised those in attendance. He had grown up watching the 1970s championship Steelers and was an avid watcher of the NFL draft. He had even inquired about an announcing job with Fox after they had acquired rights to show NFL games in 1994. Michaels later told an interviewer, "It was way beyond what we expected. I had no idea that he knew as much about football as he did. He made points that other analysts we brought in never made, and his points were more salient, more interesting, and better stated.He was giving his riff, analyzing the plays and providing the humor. Amazing would not be an overstatement. Then I thought, Maybe he's shooting his wad here, and that's all we're going to get. But he kept going. Hell, it was almost perfect. Don and I looked at each other and said, 'Wow. Where did this come from?'"ABC told Sports Illustrated about the three-month process Ohlmeyer went through, including going through hundreds of tapes, slimming down to 40 candidates, and conducting 20 auditions (which included Jimmy Johnson, Bill Parcells, Steve Young, and John Elway). The Los Angeles Times noted that ESPN's Sterling Sharpe appeared to have been ABC's first choice but he had refused to return phone calls to ABC. Ohlmeyer had considered <mask> early in the process, more as offering a rant segment within the broadcast, but he began to think of him in an expanded role. By late June 2000, it was announced that <mask> had beaten out Rush Limbaugh and Tony Kornheiser (among others) for a job as color commentator on ABC's Monday Night Football. The Los Angeles Times called <mask>'s hiring "one of the boldest moves in sports television history," and noted that <mask>, like Cosell, was "someone who is loved and hated," a person seen by some "as brilliant and witty; others see him as smug, pompous, and obnoxious." Show producer Ohlmeyer explained his thinking about hiring <mask>: "Football is not played in St. Patrick's Cathedral. People watch football to have some fun.We want a telecast that's relevant, successful, and unpredictable. If it doesn't work out, no amount of buzz will save us." <mask> praised the producer, saying "I admire Ohlmeyer's cojones ... I think I'm a pretty quirky hire. I admire him for that." After the announcement, <mask> appeared on the July 3, 2000, cover of Sports Illustrated with the title "Can <mask> Save 'Monday Night Football?'" <mask> told reporters that he would not be trying to dominate the show.Both he and Ohlmeyer said his role would not be that of a comedian. <mask> stated, "I'm going to try to stay in the background and ask questions a fan would ask. The rants are my HBO show and I won't try to recreate that. I'm going to try to integrate myself in a three-man scheme." <mask> and the new broadcasting team (hold-over Al Michaels on play-by-play, Dan Fouts as analyst, and Eric Dickerson with Melissa Stark reporting from the sidelines) began airing through the preseason, starting on July 31, 2000, in the preseason Hall of Fame Game between the New England Patriots and the San Francisco 49ers. The show's official season opener was on September 4, 2000, with the Denver Broncos at the defending Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams. <mask>'s performance at the official opener was met with mixed reviews.AP and The Boston Globe held that <mask> had improved from preseason, but The Washington Times said he "comes off as being a smug, smarmy, smirking sort," and The Toronto Star suggested, "Send <mask> back to the Comedy Channel. ... This guy just isn't very good." Throughout <mask>'s football coverage his commentary was sprinkled with esoteric references. A common Miller-ism was after a Hail Mary pass fell incomplete, he would say "Hail Mary is denied—separation of church and state." He also once referred to "The Greatest Show on Turf"—the St. Louis Rams receiving corps—as the "Murderer's Row of Haste." Online options arose to offer definitions to references made by <mask> on Monday Night Football: a website called "<mask> Miller Demystified," Encyclopædia Britannica's "Annotated <mask>," and the Shadowpack (a "content aggregator, formatter, and e-commerce app") giving real-time explanations on personal digital assistant.<mask> stated he was flattered by such attention. As his first season progressed, <mask>'s critics held that "he sounds scripted." The show's ratings continued to decline; in 2001 the show had 16.8 million viewers, down from 18.5 million the year before and below the 19.4 million of pre-<mask> 1999. As the ratings did not improve, writers from Newsweek and USA Today began openly calling for <mask> to be let go. Despite the questionable ratings, <mask> and Fouts signed a contract for a third year. Despite having hired <mask> and Fouts for another year, ABC began negotiations with veteran football commentator John Madden. Madden had worked at Fox Sports for eight years since the network had won the contract for the NFC Conference games away from CBS in 1998.Since getting the NFL contract, Fox had lost $4.4 billion (losing $387 million due to the contract in 2001 alone), and was looking to cut programming costs. Madden's contract for the next year would cost Fox $8 million so, when ABC was approaching Madden, Fox agreed to let him out of his remaining year on their contract. Despite having been hired for another year, <mask> and Fouts were replaced by Madden, who was signed on February 28, 2002, for $5 million a year for four years. (Fouts remained with ABC, being moved to cover college football; <mask> and Eric Dickerson were let go.) <mask> later reflected, "The football thing was fun for me. I was in the middle of a maelstrom and I just decided not to pay attention to it because, for me, getting hired was a freakish act of nature. I had never gone to a football game.... I remember the day I heard that John Madden had quit Fox [and] I remember calling Dan Fouts that afternoon and saying, 'Get ready, babe, we're getting whacked.' ... I don't have any hard feelings." Elsewhere he said, "As soon as Madden left Fox, I pretty much knew I was going to be whacked. Here was Madden, the Pliny the Elder of football announcers. And they were going to stay with the kid?I was having fun. I had alienated half the community, and probably half of them liked me. Which is pretty much my batting average. I began to see maybe a decade ago that my career was never going to be in complete approval. I wasn't endearing." When asked about "the <mask> experiment," Madden told Sports Illustrated that he thought people tuned into Monday Night to view the game and not entertainment; "If I go to watch a comedian, I don't expect a football game to break out." Al Michaels, while overjoyed to work with Madden, praised <mask>, saying, "what he tried to do was the hardest thing ever attempted in broadcasting.No other non-football person or someone of that ilk could have pulled it off as well as he did." In 2010, TV Guide Network listed <mask>'s stint at No. 12 on their list of 25 Biggest TV Blunders, while Awful Announcing put him at No. 1 in their list of the Top 10 Sports Media Busts. CNBC show E! News later reported that MSNBC had considered <mask> for a 2002 prime-time talk show, but instead went with Phil Donahue. By 2003, <mask> began providing regular commentary for the Fox News show Hannity & Colmes.E! News reported that he was a serious candidate to provide commentary on the show, but the deal did not go through for unknown reasons. CNBC had seen a slide in its ratings since Brian Williams was moved to NBC to replace retiring Tom Brokaw in its NBC Nightly News. The network had not had a well-known personality in its prime-time lineup since the departure of Geraldo Rivera for Fox News in 2001. The nighttime audience for CNBC was smaller than its cable competitors, causing the network to look for a new direction. While it had been showing mostly business-oriented talk shows, such as Kudlow & Cramer and Capital Report, NBC Entertainment president Jeff Zucker approached <mask> with an offer to do a prime-time political show weeknights in CNBC's 9 p.m. (ET) slot, which placed him against Fox's Bill O'Reilly. <mask> accepted the offer and the show, produced by NBC Studios, began on January 26, 2004, called, simply, <mask>.CNBC announced that they were "comfortable with an unabashed Bush fan in the middle of its prime-time schedule in an election year." Their president Pamela Thomas-Graham said, "When we hired <mask>, we knew exactly what his political beliefs were and his viewers will hear them. The reason we hired him is we think he's witty, smart and interesting. He's part of a lineup. He's not the only person in the lineup." She contrasted his political leanings to that of John McEnroe's, whose own talk show followed <mask>'s in the lineup. The group Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting objected that one of the show's producers was Mike Murphy, who was an adviser to Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (<mask>'s first guest on the show), and charged that CNBC was setting up a conflict of interest.<mask> promised to serve as "'an ombudsman' who will tell it like it is and become 'incensed' on the viewer's behalf". Stylistically <mask> was seen by some as "attempting to be serious, angry, and funny all at the same time," and the show was compared to that of Bill Maher. When asked if he had the credentials to do a quasi-news show, <mask> stressed he was an entertainer. "I don't have credibility, I'm a comedian. I'm not Ed Murrow up on the roof in a London Fog reporting on the Blitz." In the beginning of the series, <mask> had a chimpanzee on the show named Ellie, who was declared a "consultant." After a few appearances Ellie was replaced by a smaller, friendlier chimp named Mo.Reviewers theorized Ellie was let go "perhaps because she pressed the Howard Dean 'scream' button on <mask>'s desk one too many times." Mo was noted for swinging across the studio on a rope, doing somersaults on the sofa while giving the appearance of reading Variety, and for nuzzling <mask> while he gave his monologue. <mask> appeared to enjoy Mo's presence and his personality. The hour-long show contained a daily news segment called "The Daily Rorschach," which were wordy riffs on news events, reminiscent of his role on SNL's Weekend Update and his HBO show. Reviewers felt <mask>'s riffs would benefit from a live audience, and the show incorporated a "nightclub-style audience of 100 or so" beginning on March 9, 2004. A sign giving out the toll-free telephone number to order tickets was held up by Mo. For the first half of the show <mask> interviewed someone held to be able to explain a particular current issue in the news.L.A. Weekly remarked, "<mask> may be up front about his own political affiliation, even to the point of shilling for the Republicans, but despite his increasingly aggressive America-first humor, he is unusually evenhanded in his selection of guests." <mask> had laid out his vision for such interviews before the show began airing, telling The Associated Press, "I don't want it to be a screaming shriekfest. I want it to be a pretty reasoned discourse. I don't care what Gary Coleman thinks about Afghanistan, which to me was the flaw of 'Politically Correct' towards the end." For its second half, the show also featured a panel discussion dubbed "The Varsity," which offered a wide variety of political viewpoints on current topics. Frequent "Varsity" panelists included Ed Schultz, Gloria Allred, Willie Brown, David Horowitz, Mickey Kaus, Steven Katz, Lawrence O'Donnell, Phil Hendrie, and Harry Shearer. In these segments, <mask> acted "less like a host than a fellow conversationalist, and seems as happy to listen as to interrupt.But he does get in a few wisecracks." <mask> was praised by LA Weekly for approaching the panel in a "relatively relaxed and straightforward attitude." Despite having "worked briefly as a commentator for Hannity and Colmes on Fox, he's far from being a Murdochian attack dog, and he often sits there and sucks it up while people tell him just how awful the administration of his beloved commander-in-chief really is. ... <mask>, it turns out, is considerably more interested in 'diversity' than some of his liberal counterparts." Fellow SNL alum Tim Meadows and Last Comic Standings Ant portrayed humorous field correspondents which served as a break between the political humor. The show was openly pro-President George W. Bush, and it debuted at the same time that John Kerry had become the Democratic front-runner. The inability to find weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, a budget that was seen as out of control, and a resentment over the President's tough-talking cowboy image had all caused a major decline in President Bush's approval numbers.While <mask>'s rating started out well with his first episode interviewing his friend Schwarzenegger (The New York Times put the figure at 746,000 people, which was a big number in the eyes of CNBC), by March 2004 his numbers had slipped to 300,000. This was in contrasted to The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, which attracted 1.9 million viewers, and which aired at the later time slot of 11 pm. By April 2005, <mask>'s viewership had declined to 107,000 (a 59% drop from the year before). CNBC canceled the show in May 2005 as part of the network's move to refocus on financial news (airings of Late Night with Conan O'Brien and shows hosted by John McEnroe and Tina Brown were also cancelled). <mask>'s show was replaced with a second airing of Mad Money with Jim Cramer. Guest appearances and commercials <mask> has appeared as a guest or guest star on various shows, including Boston Public, The Daily Show, Hannity & Colmes, NewsRadio, The O'Reilly Factor, The Norm Show, Real Time with Bill Maher, SportsCenter, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, and late-night talk shows The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with David Letterman, The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, and WWE Raw. <mask> hosted the MTV Video Music Awards in 1995 and 1996.He was also the host of HBO's 1996 series of election specials, Not Necessarily the Election. In 2003, he made a guest appearance on the Cartoon Network Adult Swim show Space Ghost Coast to Coast. In May 2017, <mask> hosted a month-long series of monster movies on Turner Classic Movies. He appeared in wraparounds on the channel, discussing such films as Creature from the Black Lagoon and The Deadly Mantis. He has appeared in various television commercials, serving as a spokesman for M&M's candies, 10-10-220 long-distance service, <mask> beer, and the Internet service provider NetZero. About these activities he has remarked: "Everybody has to sell out at some point to make a living. I'm a family man.I sold out to make an M&M commercial. They offer incredible amounts of money, and I say, 'What can I do to sell one more piece of candy for you? Do you want me to hug the M&M?'" <mask> also did a short B2B commercial for Blockbuster/IBM partnership company, New Leaf Entertainment. On February 27, 2012, <mask> guest starred on Hawaii 5-0 in the episode "Lekio," alongside guest star James Caan. Return to Fox News On September 21, 2006, <mask> returned to Fox News with a two-and-a-half-minute commentary on illegal immigration during his "Real Free Speech" segment on Hannity & Colmes. He appeared on 13 of the 17 aired episodes of the comedy show The 1/2 Hour News Hour.He had a weekly segment called "Miller Time" on The O'Reilly Factor, and has also appeared on Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld under the pseudonym "Mansquito," a name <mask> has pledged to use on future appearances on the network. Game shows <mask> co-hosted the game show Grand Slam, which aired on GSN in

Dennis Miller

original

2007. For one month, <mask> hosted Amne$ia for NBC. The show was a replacement program commissioned during the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike and was canceled once the strike was resolved and scripted programming returned to the network. Sports Unfiltered on Versus In November 2007, Versus tapped <mask> to host Sports Unfiltered, a weekly one-hour sports talk show. It was canceled after eight episodes. <mask> + One <mask> has hosted <mask> + One, on RT America since March 9, 2020.The half-hour program airs twice weekly, and features interviews with sports and entertainment celebrities. In line with the name of the show, <mask> interviews a single guest for the entire half hour. The show replaced Larry King Now, on which <mask> had been a frequent guest host. Radio career The <mask> Show In January 2007, <mask> signed a deal with Westwood One (later acquired by Dial Global, which rebranded itself as Westwood One) to launch The <mask> Show, a weekday three-hour talk radio program. The program debuted on March 26, 2007, and ran through February 27, 2015. The show's website provided a live stream of the broadcast. The site also made archives of all shows available in MP3 format.The live feed was free, but a subscription to the Dennis Miller Zone (DMZ) was required in order to access archived broadcasts. The show aired on 250+ stations, airing on tape delay on some of those stations between 6–9 pm ET and 9 pm-12 am ET. Salem stations also aired a "best of" <mask> show on Saturdays. His on-air sidekick "Salman" (David S. Weiss) also wrote for <mask> Live. His producer Christian Bladt previously appeared on-camera as dozens of different characters during the "Daily Rorschach" segment on his CNBC television show. <mask>'s program included serious discussions about American culture, current events, politics, and their place in the global context. The show was infused with <mask>'s sarcasm, which is often characterized by obscure pop culture references.For example, each hour of the show once opened with an arcane reference. The first hour's opening phrase was a combination of dialogue from the film Thank You for Smoking and a U.S. space program slogan coined by Alan Shepard: "What's up, Hiroshi? Let's light this candle!" <mask>'s other opening phrases for his second and third hours respectively were "Come to me my babies, let me quell your pain", (Powers Boothe as Jim Jones in Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones) and "ABC – Always be c'''losing if you want the knife set" (from Glengarry Glen Ross). Most shows featured three guests (one per hour), mostly from the world of politics and entertainment, as well as calls from listeners. Guests included fellow comedians and SNL alumni (such as Dana Carvey and Jon Lovitz), pundits and authors such as Ann Coulter, Aaron Klein and Mark Steyn (while the show's guest list leaned right of center, there were several liberals who appeared on the show, such as <mask> and Alan Dershowitz), Presidential candidates, several sports commentators, and some "regulars" like columnists and conservatives Debra Saunders, Charles Krauthammer, Victor Davis Hanson, John Bolton, Bill Kristol, and Jerome Corsi along with entertainers such as singer Peter Noone of Herman's Hermits and actor Orson Bean. <mask> generally took calls every hour, and in addition to comments about culture and politics, <mask> encouraged humorous callers and often commented on their comedic delivery.A segment on Fridays was set aside for "Dennis Ex Machina", his term for a segment without a guest, where he allowed phone calls on any topic. In a 2007 interview <mask> said he felt that his radio show of all his work best represented his actual unvarnished views, saying "This time, if I'm fired, they will be firing the real <mask>." According to Talkers Magazine, as of spring 2011, <mask>'s show had an estimated 2,250,000 weekly listeners. <mask> and Dial Global signed an agreement in early 2012 to continue his show for three years. <mask> ended the radio show after his contract expired on March 27, 2015. Other endeavors <mask> periodically performs stand-up at the Orleans Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. In recent appearances, he has done a mix of his old and new material, with some political jokes as well.He has authored four books based on his stand-up comedy and television monologues: The Rants (1996), Ranting Again (1999), I Rant, Therefore I Am (2000), and The Rant Zone (2001). <mask> has appeared in several films, in both comedic and non-comedic roles. His movie credits include Madhouse, Disclosure, The Net, Never Talk to Strangers, Bordello of Blood, What Happens in Vegas and Murder at 1600. He played the Howard Stern-like talk-radio host Zander Kelly in Joe Dirt (2001) and appeared as himself in Thank You for Smoking (2006). <mask> guest hosted the Slammy Awards episode of WWE Raw on December 14, 2009. Comedic style <mask> has a laid-back style (for example, calling people "babe" or "cat") and an acerbic, brooding sense of humor. His specialty is the rant, which typically begin with "Now, I don't want to get off on a rant here, but..." and end with "...of course, that's just my opinion.I could be wrong." <mask> listed his comedic influences for The New York Times as including "<mask>, Richard Pryor, Richard Belzer and Mr. [Jay] Leno." When the Times asked him about the comedians Mort Sahl and Lenny Bruce, to whom he is often compared, <mask> stated that he had been impressed with transcripts of Sahl's early work but that as Sahl's career continued he became too tied to the Kennedy family and became a "savage name-dropper," which diminished him in <mask>'s eyes, and served as an example for him to avoid. <mask> had no respect for Bruce, telling the Times, "Lenny was a heroin addict, and I couldn't care less about heroin addicts. Once I hear a guy is a heroin addict, and they tell me he's a genius, I think, 'Really?' I'm not trying to be judgmental. But anybody whose last vision is of a tile pattern on a bathroom floor, I don't know what kind of genius they are."Describing his career <mask> stated, "It's all been built on arcane references, precision of language, and a reasonably imperturbable nature on TV. The basics are there, but I've been getting paid, making a living and having fun with it for next to 25 years, and you know that blows my mind that I've stuck with it. That's my favorite part of showbiz, hangin' in, knowing that something good is coming along. ... When I was starting, I thought I'd have to have a sword-in-the-stone moment of inspiration where I'd have to lay around for it to be visited on me. SNL was just a machine, and if you screwed two or three 'Updates' up, guess what, they have someone new and ready to go. So I learned how to pick up any newspaper and have five usable jokes in five minutes."I don't ever wanna get self-important. I'm a comedian, and I want everyone in my life to know it. The stream-of-consciousness style is my monkey trick. I sit there, I watch stuff, and cultural references bump into my head. I watched a lot of TV when I was a kid." <mask> has referred to his casual stage-style as "quasi-Dean Martin insouciance." When asked if he has accepted others' title of him as "the 'intelligent' comedian," he replied, "The smartest thing I ever did was not buying into the fact that people thought I was smart.I was telling jokes about where I named the robot maid for The Jetsons. It's just a joke. I just did jokes. I never had my head up my ass that I mattered. I'm trying to get laughs. ... I'm OK [intelligence-wise].I remember I had a writer once who told me—and we disagreed about everything, so I know he didn't think I was smart—but he said, 'I'll give you this. You have a deep drawer and a nice retrieval system.' I always thought that was a good appraisal of whatever limited comedy gift I had. I have a pretty good memory for pop arcana and a pretty quick retrieval system." Personal life <mask> married Carolyn "Ali" Espley, a former model from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on April 24, 1988. Espley is best known as the girl in Kajagoogoo's 1983 "Too Shy" music video. The couple live in Santa Barbara, California, and have two sons, Holden (born 1990) and Marlon (born 1993).His younger brother <mask> is a partner in the Hollywood management company Gold/Miller representing comedians such as Jim Carrey, Will Ferrell, Judd Apatow, and Sacha Baron Cohen. Political views Although in his early years of fame he was perceived to be a staunch liberal and an outspoken critic of Republicans, in recent years, <mask> has become known for his neoconservative political opinions. He was a regular political commentator on Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor in a segment called "Miller Time", and previously appeared on the network's Hannity & Colmes in a segment called "Real Free Speech." Early outlook When asked if his political outlook was a result of early influence by his parents, <mask> told a reporter "I didn't know my dad—he moved out early. And my mom's politics were kind of hardscrabble. She didn't think about Democrats or Republicans. She thought about who made sense.I've been both in my life. Somebody can say they don't understand why somebody drifts. But I've always found people who drift interesting, 'cause it shows me the game's not stagnant in their own head. They're thinking." During the late 1980s and continuing through the 1990s, <mask> was generally perceived as a cynic on the left, eager to bash conservative Republicans. The perception that <mask> was a member of the political left did not change much, even when <mask> told USA Today in 1995: "I might be profane and opinionated, but underneath all that are some pretty conservative feelings. On most issues, between Clinton and Newt Gingrich, I'd choose Newt in a second, even though he is a bit too exclusionary."<mask> also declared himself a "conservative libertarian" in a 1996 Playboy interview. <mask> later told American Enterprise that one of the reasons he became more conservative was due to liberal critiques of Mayor Rudy Giuliani's approach to fighting crime in New York City, which began around 1994. "When I kept hearing liberals equating Giuliani with Hitler—that's when I really left the reservation. Even before 9/11, I'd travel to New York and say, 'Wow, this city certainly seems to be running better. Giuliani is the kind of leader I admire. When it's five below zero and you arrest somebody to get him inside off the street—that's not something Hitler would do. It made me realize that I was with the wrong group if that's what Hitler looked like to them."In a 1998 piece, L. Brent Bozell III, the head of the conservative watchdog Media Research Center, took issue with <mask>'s politics while dismissing his 1996 claim to be a "conservative libertarian," saying <mask> "hasn't a clue about the meaning of either term." Post September 11, 2001, attacks <mask>'s ideology changed significantly in the years following the September 11, 2001, attacks. He called the attack "the biggest tragedy in the history of this country," and that it not only temporarily halted his comedy but made it difficult to talk. "I couldn't put together a sentence for two weeks, much less something pithy." His convictions led him to become one of the few Hollywood celebrities backing George W. Bush and the war in Iraq. <mask> has said that one of the defining moments, in addition to 9/11, for his move from the Democratic to the Republican Party was watching a 2004 primary debate between the nine Democrats then contending for their party's nomination. "I haven't seen a starting nine like that since the '62 Mets," he remarked.In a 2007 interview with Bill O'Reilly, <mask> spoke on the subject of his political outlook. "Well, listen. I must say that I never considered myself a secular progressive. ... I didn't consider myself that then, and I don't consider myself to be Curtis LeMay now. I have always thought of myself as a pragmatist. And I began to see a degree of certitude on the left that I found unsettling.I don't like lockstep, even if it's lockstep about being open-minded. And after 9/11, I remember thinking we might have to get into some preemptive measures here. And that seemed to put me—I don't know—off to the kids' table." He said that his more open conservatism may have cost him some passing acquaintances, but it has not affected "my dear friends. I certainly hope our friendship runs deeper than that. I still have some ultra-liberal friends." Slate.com commentator <mask> describes <mask> as having changed from a "left-leaning, Dada-ist wisenheimer" to a "tell-it-like-it-is, right-wing blowhard."The perceived change did not surprise former Saturday Night Live colleague and former Democratic Party Senator Al Franken, however: "People have said to me, 'What happened to <mask>?' Nothing happened to <mask>. He's the same <mask>. He's always had a conservative streak on certain issues." In a different interview Franken stated, "<mask> was always sort of conservative on certain kinds of issues. I am not quite sure why he decided to become a comedian with a dog in the fight, but as a comedian with a dog in the fight I sympathize with him." While not at all shy about expressing his conservative views on topics such as taxes and foreign policy, <mask> is quick to point out that he is still quite liberal on many social issues, including abortion and gay marriage.During a 2004 interview, <mask> said "I've always been a pragmatist. If two gay guys want to get married, it's none of my business. I could care less. More power to them. I'm happy when people fall in love. But if some idiot foreign terrorist wants to blow up their wedding to make a political statement, I would rather kill him before he can do it, or have my country kill him before he can do it, instead of having him do it and punishing him after the fact. If that makes me a right-wing fanatic, I will bask in that assignation.... I think abortion's wrong, but it's none of my business to tell somebody what's wrong. So I'm pro-choice. I want to keep my nose out of other people's personal business. I guess I fall into conservative when it comes to protecting the United States in a world where a lot of people hate the United States. ... [After 9/11] everybody should be in the protection business now. I can't imagine anybody not saying that.Well, I guess on the farthest end of the left they'd say, 'That's our fault.' And on the middle end they'd say, 'Well, there's another way to deal with it other than flat-out protecting ourselves.' I just don't believe that. People say we're the ones who make them hate us because of what we do. That's garbage to me. I think they're nuts. And you've got to protect yourself from nuts."Along these same lines, <mask> is open about his religious views, saying "I'm not a Christian, but I believe in God. Whether or not someone is pro-choice is none of my business. That's God's business. It's in His job description, not mine." During an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, he said that he did not believe in global warming. In a radio interview with Penn Jillette on September 22, 2006, <mask> explained his libertarianism, saying, "...[a libertarian is] what I am, I'll be honest with you. I'm for gay marriage.I don't believe in abortion but I'm pro-choice 'cause it's none of my business. Pretty much anything goes with me if you're not infringing yourself on other people, but I'll tell ya, 9/11 changed me.... You gotta go around and explain it to people and they think you're a turncoat." In a 2012 interview, <mask> showed no concern over whether his political stance had made him less popular or robbed him of the credit of popularizing comedic rants, saying, "I'm a 58-year-old man and I'm happy where I'm at. I don't think about any of that. I go on O'Reilly once a week, I do my radio show and I go on the road about 20 dates a year. I've winnowed my crowd down to a select few who can support me. If you're 58 and you're still worrying about whether you're popular, what are you, in eighth grade?I must have started in earnest when I was 25 so I'm working on a quarter century here. I still talk and they give me green rectangles." George W. Bush An indication of <mask>'s political change can be seen in his view of President George W. Bush. <mask> had previously joked about George W. Bush's intelligence in a July 31, 2000 interview about joining Monday Night Football, a Los Angeles Times reporter noted, "He shifted from Jim Brown to George W. Bush: 'God, the man thinks Croatia is the show that's on after Moesha.'" In another incident he joked, "Bush can't walk and fart at the same time." In January 2001 on his HBO series, <mask> joked, "Condoleezza Rice has often been described as W's 'foreign policy tutor.' Oh, yeah, I love the sound of that.It's nice to know we're signing our nuclear arsenal over to a man who needs after-school help." After 9/11, <mask>'s opinion had altered dramatically. In 2003 <mask> told an interviewer that he was impressed by Bush for pursuing "the liquidation of terrorism," even though "that's not gonna be finished in his lifetime... But to take the first step? Ballsy." He felt it was likely that "the secular state of Iraq and Islamic fundamentalists cohabitate," as "they both think we're Satan." He concluded with, "I will say this, I feel more politically engaged than I've ever felt in my life because I do think we live in dangerous times, and anybody who looks at the world and says this is the time to be a wuss—I can't buy that anymore."<mask> showed his commitment to Bush by speaking at the President's fund-raisers in Los Angeles and San Francisco. During this time, he jokingly referred to himself as "a Rat Pack of one for the president in Hollywood. "Los Angeles Times noted that he was "raising his political profile" at this time, and that he "spoke out passionately in favor of the war in Iraq. He has made frequent appearances on

Dennis Miller

original

conservative talk radio; he does weekly political commentary for Hannity & Colmes, a Fox News Channel talk show." In 2003, The Weekly Standard called <mask> "the loudest pro-Bush/pro-war voice in Hollywood", and quoted his comment on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno from February of that year. <mask> advocated invading Iraq, and vented his displeasure at France's lack of support for the idea, saying, "I say we invade Iraq and then invade Chirac. You run a pipe—you run a pipe from the oil field right over this Eiffel Tower, shoot it up and have the world's biggest oil derrick.... Listen, I would call the French scum bags, but that, of course, would be a disservice to bags filled with scum." That same year, The National Review wrote, "Conservatives ... have welcomed and even cheered the comedian's unabashed patriotism and endorsement of President Bush's foreign—and, in certain cases, domestic—policy." They noted that "During appearances on The Tonight Show, he has also advocated profiling at airports and oil-drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge." On March 23, 2003 Michael Moore delivered an antiwar speech at the Academy Awards while accepting an Oscar for Bowling for Columbine. The speech in part accused the Bush administration of misleading the public in order to go into war, criticized the government's claims that Americans could secure their homes from biological, chemical or radiological attack by use of plastic sheeting and duct tape, and held the color alerts of the Homeland Security Advisory System as suspect. Moore stated, "We live in a time where we have a man sending us to war for fictitious reasons.Whether it's the fiction of duct tape or the fiction of orange alerts, we are against this war, Mr. Bush. Shame on you, Mr. Bush, shame on you." In response, <mask> stated that when "we say that we love it [the USA] ... he's going to tell us what naive sheep we are and that he's the true patriot because he hates it and he sees all the problems in it. Michael Moore simultaneously represents everything I detest in a human being and everything I feel obligated to defend in an American. Quite simply, it is that stupid moron's right to be that utterly, completely wrong." In May 2003, <mask> was invited by The Wall Street Journal to write an opinion piece in response to Norman Mailer's anti-war commentary in the London Times that had appeared earlier in the month, and which had claimed, "With their dominance in sport, at work and at home eroded, Bush thought white American men needed to know they were still good at something. That's where Iraq came in..." <mask> responded, "You know something, the only 'race' that really occurred to me during the war was our Army's sprint to Baghdad.... And as Mr. Mailer's prostate gradually supplants his ego as the largest gland in his body, he's going to have to realize, as is the case with all young lions who inevitably morph into Bert Lahr, that his alleged profundities are now being perceived as the early predictors of dementia." On Friday, June 27, 2003, President Bush made a 30-minute appearance at a $2,000-a-plate fundraiser luncheon for his re-election campaign at Burlingame, California, netting $1.6 million. <mask> made an appearance, and was invited to ride in the Presidential limousine and fly on Air Force One so he could host the President's second fundraiser that day, a dinner at Los Angeles, where he appeared with Johnny Mathis and Kelsey Grammer. He mocked Democratic Governor of Vermont Howard Dean, who opposed the Iraq War and had entered the race days before, saying, "He can roll up his sleeves all he wants at public events, but as long as we see that heart tattoo with Neville Chamberlain's name on his right forearm, he's never going anywhere." Bush made a 35-minute speech at the LA fundraiser before leaving for Crawford, Texas, and the campaign made an additional $3.5 million. That night <mask> made a (videotaped) debut appearance on Fox New's Hannity & Colmes. In October 2003, <mask>'s interview with The American Enterprise was published where he praised Bush, saying, "He's much smarter than his enemies think he is.I think he's a genius. People whine about him getting into Yale—the way I see it, if your old man buys a building you should get into Yale! But I think he could have gotten into Yale on his own; he's a very smart man. ... The fact that midway through his life he realized he was drinking too much and screwing up and stopped it—that's more impressive than what college he attended. What he did is a fine accomplishment, and I think it's putting him in touch with his God. ...In this messed up world, I like seeing my President pray. I don't think a person can get answers out of books anymore. This is an infinitely complex world, and at some point one has to have faith in one's religion. I find it endearing that President Bush prays to God and that he's not an agnostic or an atheist. I'm glad there's someone higher that he has to answer to." In the AE interview, <mask> was asked about the outrage and public destruction of their music CDs that occurred as a response to the Dixie Chicks' Natalie Maines criticizing Bush at one of their concerts, when she said, "We're ashamed that the President of the United States is from Texas." <mask> stated, "The Dixie Chicks got exactly what they deserved.In a time of war, to go on foreign soil [London, England] and decry your President should probably cause a hue and cry. When it first happened, I thought, "I'm never going to buy another one of their albums." And then I thought, "You know what, I've never bought one of their albums—I don't like their music." <mask> sat in the gallery at President Bush's State of the Union address on January 21, 2004. In 2004, while <mask> prepared to host his CNBC program, he told The Associate Press that his show was not going to do any jokes about George W. Bush, explaining, "I like him. I'm going to give him a pass. I take care of my friends."<mask> explained further in a 2008 interview: "I thought it was so integral that he got re-elected that I laid off him for awhile. There's something to be said for standing up in front of a roomful of press and saying I'm not going to do Bush jokes. At least it was honest, and I could see they were gobsmacked. There's jokes I get presented with everyday that I'll take out because they're ripping on people I know. Guess what, if they're my friend, I pull it out. I'm not interested in hurting people, and it's not just because of 9/11." Reflecting on his thoughts near the end of Bush's second term in 2007, <mask> still had good words for Bush."After 9/11 it was a different world. One where crazies strap a bomb to their kids in the name of religion. Bush and Giuliani were fearless leaders during the national crisis. Thank God Bush chose to stay on the offense." Candidacy consideration In 2003, Rob Stutzman and other members of the leadership for the Californian Republican party, after seeing the political success of Arnold Schwarzenegger, approached <mask> in an effort to draft him to challenge Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer. <mask> had supported Schwarzenegger's candidacy, even acting as its post-debate spokesperson after the Sacramento gubernatorial debate on September 24, 2003. He went on to speak at a Schwarzenegger rally that same night.It was there that he confirmed his now famous love of eggs and stated, "Let the world know, I am mad about eggs!" When asked about the possibility of facing a <mask> candidacy, Boxer spokesman Roy Behr dismissed his odds: "The Republican Party has gone through a desperate search to find someone who is remotely credible—they've looked at everybody and everything, and they couldn't find anybody, so they're looking at bringing in the circus. I think the public has always registered how they feel about <mask>. And that's why he got booted off Monday Night Football. "The Weekly Standard's Bill Whalen saw that, with the ascent of Schwarzenegger, other celebrities were considering political careers (such as Republican Kelsey Grammer). Examining <mask>'s chances for the Senate seat the Standard pointed out that it was "hard to imagine a candidate quicker on the draw or more withering in a debate." But the piece went on to note that other Republican celebrities had been able to make the transition to elected politician (Schwarzenegger, Ronald Reagan, Sonny Bono), because they "embodied optimism."<mask>, the Standard proclaimed, was seen in contrast as "both terribly erudite... and decidedly yuppie (the comedian endorses DirecTV and Amstel Light...) Not to mention a little too edgy for some Republicans." The Standard noted that he had been booed by some in the Republican audience during his Los Angeles fund-raiser for President Bush when he said Democratic "West Virginia senator Robert Byrd 'must be burning the cross at both ends'." <mask> had responded "'Well, he was in the Klan. Boo me, but he was in the Klan.'" The Standard said "he'd be an HBO politician trying to play to a T.G.I. Friday's electorate." When asked about <mask>'s chances, Martin Kaplan, director of USC's Norman Lear Center theorized that <mask> might face a tough primary battle to win the Republican nomination from other members of the party that had actual political experience.He told a reporter that while <mask> did have good name recognition, unlike Schwarzenegger he did not have the ability to "chill the enthusiasm of other Republicans from getting into the race." By November 2003, The New York Times did a piece on the Republican opposition to Boxer and reported that "Mr. <mask> was never serious about the idea, Republican officials who spoke with him say. ... '<mask> has never contacted us,' said George M. Sundheim III, chairman of the state Republican Party". The Times pointed out that while the Republican Party was talking about drafting him, <mask> "had signed a multiyear contract with CNBC as a political talk show host." <mask>, invoking his pleasant home life in Santa Barbara with his wife and two children, later told The New York Times, "They inquired about my availability to run against Barbara Boxer, but I'm not at the point where I would consider it." He expanded on the subject in an interview with Time magazine saying he had declined the draft offer because "At some point that involves moving to Washington, D.C., sitting in a room all day with a moron like Barbara Boxer. I'm just not interested.I like open minds, and I think in Washington right now, we might as well start painting those people red and blue." He told the Associated Press, "Maybe when I get older I would think about it, just as a lark, view it as its own form of a TV show. I think it would be fun to get in there and turn out the whole process—just refuse to play, and don't budge. Get rid of me if you want, but I'm just going to do what I want." Saturday Night Live 40th anniversary <mask> did not appear on the 2015 show for the 40th anniversary of Saturday Night Live, and rumors spread that he and fellow alum Victoria Jackson had not been invited due to their conservative political activism. <mask> took to Twitter to dispel such claims, calling Lorne Michaels classy and well-mannered, and insisting that everyone was invited. <mask> had also expressed on his syndicated radio program before the airing of the anniversary show that he had chosen not to attend.He later told an interviewer that he would have loved to be there, but could not due to family commitments. Political support In 1988, <mask> voted for George H. W. Bush, a fact he brought up in 1992 as proof that he was "essentially conservative." In 1992, <mask>, who had endorsed the candidacy of Jerry Brown during the Democratic primaries, moved his support to Independent candidate Ross Perot. <mask> volunteered for Ross Perot's candidacy at his San Fernando Valley campaign office. <mask> told a reporter, "I don't know that you need to know that much about him. He's an outsider, and the two-party system is going to hell." <mask> stated that he had become "really grossed out by the system after observing the behavior of politicians in both parties during the confirmation hearings of Justice Clarence Thomas.When Ross Perot dropped out of the Presidential race on July 16, 1992, saying he feared a conspiracy against his family, many began to joke about his sanity. On July 30, 1995, <mask> told a reporter, "I'd vote for him [Perot] tomorrow. I don't think he's a genius but I love the thought of him at State Dinners mistaking the Queen of Denmark for Kaye Ballard. People say to me, 'You wouldn't want Ross Perot with his finger on the button.' But believe me, they would never let Ross Perot near the real button. They would rig up a stunt button for him, and if he ever pressed it, it would squirt him in the face with milk or something." In 1995, considering the candidates for president, <mask> told a reporter, "I don't respect Bill Clinton.He's the same as [George H. W.] Bush or [Bob] Dole. Clinton's my age, and I know how full of shit I am. So I look at him and think, 'I know you. You're the guy who used to tap the keg.'" He continued to mock Clinton when he won the Presidency, and later admitted to voting for Bob Dole in the 1996 election (despite Perot being on the ballot in every state). On February 21, 2007, while appearing as a guest on The O'Reilly Factor, and again on May 25, 2007, while appearing as a guest on The Tonight Show, <mask> stated that he initially supported Rudy Giuliani for president in 2008. After Giuliani's departure from the race he redirected his support to John McCain.<mask> said that he gave Barack Obama six to eight months before forming an opinion on him, because he saw that his election was inspiring to black youth and hoped it would be healing. He came to the conclusion that Obama was mostly hype, and in actuality, "He's an inept civil servant who stinks." <mask> endorsed Herman Cain in the 2012 Republican primary, but later dropped his support, saying of Cain, "He can't win!" He later campaigned for Mitt Romney in the general election. After the Presidential election of 2012, <mask> appeared on Fox News and said that under Obama, the US is on the road to the "European model". In 2016, <mask> did not endorse any particular Republican primary candidate. By December 16, 2015, he told Bill O'Reilly, "I would vote for any of them over Hillary, except for Lindsey Graham who is like a varicose Charlie Crist.I get the feeling he's out the door when he gets a chance. And Pataki, who I shared an elevator with once and he is a creepy, creepy drip. But other than that I would vote for any of those people over Hillary." <mask> became a strong supporter of Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. general election, addressing a tweet to Republicans who were uncertain after Trump wrapped up the nomination: "Don't kid yourself. At this point, any vote for anyone that is not Donald Trump is a vote for Hillary Clinton. Also, both Presidential boxes left blank is a vote for Hillary Clinton because, as mindless as Liberals can be, even they don't enter into suicide pacts with that petulant, whiny part of themselves. If that is your wont, fine... do it!But don't bullshit yourself. You're electing Hillary Clinton because you want to elect Hillary Clinton." Media Film Madhouse (1990) – Wes Disclosure (1994) – Mark Lewyn The Net (1995) – Dr. Alan Champion Never Talk to Strangers (1995) – Cliff Raddison Bordello of Blood (1996) – Rafe Guttman Murder at 1600 (1997) – Detective Steve Stengel Joe Dirt (2001) – Zander Kelly Thank You for Smoking (2005) – himself What Happens in Vegas (2008) – Judge Whopper The Campaign (2012) – himself Joe Dirt 2 (2015) – Zander Kelly TV shows "MTV Movie Awards" (1992) - himself/host <mask> Live (1994- 2002) - himself Space Ghost Coast to Coast (2003) – himself Boston Public (2003) – Charlie Bixby House of Cards (2013) – himself Comedy specials Mr. <mask> Goes to Washington (1988) The 13th Annual Young Comedians Special (1989) (host) The Earth Day Special (1990) Black & White (1990) Live from Washington, D.C.: They Shoot HBO Specials, Don't They? (1993) State of the Union Undressed (1995) Citizen Arcane (1996) The Millennium Special: 1,000 Years, 100 Laughs, 10 Really Good Ones (1999) The Raw Feed (2003) <mask>: All In (2006) The Big Speech (2010) America 180 (2014) Fake News, Real Jokes (2018) Audio The Off-White Album (Warner Records, 1988) The Rants (Random House Audio, 1996) Ranting Again (Random House Audio, 1998) Rants Redux (Random House Audio, 1999) I Rant, Therefore I Am (Random House Audio, 2000) The Rant Zone: An All-Out Blitz Against Soul-Sucking Jobs, Twisted Child Stars, Holistic Loons, and People Who Eat Their Dogs! (HarperAudio, 2001) Still Ranting After All These Years (HarperAudio, 2004) America 180 (New Wave Dynamics 2014) Print The Rants (Doubleday, 1996) Ranting Again (Doubleday, 1999) I Rant, Therefore I Am (Doubleday, 2000) The Rant Zone: An All-Out Blitz Against Soul-Sucking Jobs, Twisted Child Stars, Holistic Loons, and People Who Eat Their Dogs!'' (HarperCollins, 2001) References External links Annotated Dennis Miller Archive Real Detroit Weekly Interview 1953 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 21st-century American comedians American comedy writers American satirists American game show hosts American libertarians American men podcasters American podcasters American sketch comedians American stand-up comedians American talk radio hosts American television talk show hosts Conservative talk radio Primetime Emmy Award winners KDKA people Warner Records artists National Football League announcers Writers from Pittsburgh Point Park University alumni Male actors from Pittsburgh Fox News people American political commentators CNBC people Pennsylvania Republicans 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers American people of Scottish

Charles E. Courtney

original

<mask> (November 13, 1849 – July 17, 1920) was an American rower and rowing coach from Union Springs, New York. A carpenter by trade, <mask> was a nationally known amateur rower. <mask> never lost a race as an amateur and finished a total of 88 victories. In 1877, he moved from an amateur to a professional rower, a decision that <mask> would later regret. His professional career was marred by controversy and accusations including cowardice and race fixing. His professional career was best remembered for his controversial losses to Ned Hanlan. As his rowing career wound down, <mask> became involved in coaching at Cornell University.He coached Cornell's rowing team from 1883 to 1920. His crews won 14 of 24 varsity eight-oar titles at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta. He kept his position until he died in the summer of 1920. Early life <mask> was born the fifth of six children on November 13, 1849 to Mr. and Mrs. James Thomas <mask> in Union Springs, New York, a small town on the north end of Cayuga Lake at the time noted for pleasure and racing yachts. <mask>'s father died when he was six. From about the age of seven, he was rowing on the lake and would race other local children. At 12, <mask> built his first boat out of hemlock boards and two-inch planks that he had found.Due to his poor workmanship he plastered yellow clay on his boat to keep it water-tight. Once on the water the clay would eventually be washed away. This did not stop him and his friends from racing the boat. They would take turns to see who row it the farthest before it sank. After graduating from high school, <mask> went to work as a carpenter. After working for several local carpenters and architects, he went started his own carpentry business with his brother John called Courtney Brothers. Amateur rower Introduction into competitive racing In the late 1860s, <mask> and his childhood friend, William Cozzens, built a small boat based on John MacGregor's "Rob Roy" canoe that MacGregor used on a trip through England, Scotland and other parts of Europe.Cozzens had found a description of the canoe in a magazine article and talked <mask> into building a similar craft. Their boat (24 inches wide, 9 inches deep, and 16 feet long) was eventually outfitted with oars that <mask> and Cozzens also made themselves. Shortly after the canoe was finished, <mask> entered a single scull race in Aurora, New York. He raced in his modified canoe that weighed , while several of his competitors raced in racing shells. Even with the weight disadvantage, <mask> won the race by nearly half a mile. From canoe to racing shell <mask> continued to race at local events. As he got better at racing, he used boats with smaller and smaller widths, and eventfully raced in a regular racing shell.It was <mask>'s opinion that this slow stepping-down in width allowed him to master control of each new boat. By the time he raced in Syracuse, New York on June 25, 1873, he was using a 23-feet long, 19-inch wide lap-streak boat that he bought in Geneva, New York. <mask> won the race by a quarter-mile over a field that included noted New York City rowers <mask> and William Bishop. After the Syracuse race, <mask> finally bought a racing shell. The 35-feet long, 12-inch wide, 30-pound shell cost $126. At the time, <mask> was only making $1 a day as a carpenter. <mask> and his friend raised the money from the residents of Union Springs.They came up short, so a local doctor wrote a note for the last $40. In September 1873, <mask> entered a race in Saratoga, New York with his new racing shell. He won the race against 12 other competitors by over a quarter of a mile. His time of 14 minutes and 15 seconds was a whole minute better than the then professional record held by Josh Ward. Undefeated amateur champion <mask> would never lose as an amateur rower and finished with a total of 88 victories in single and double scull races. Among his major victories was the National Association single sculls championship in 1875 at Saratoga where he beat four competitors in the final heat, including noted rower of the day James Riley. In 1876, he won the two amateur rowing championships at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.He won the single scull championship in a time of 10 minutes and 48½ seconds on a 1-mile straightaway course. A few days later, he won the double scull championship (with partner Frank E. Yates) in a time of 9 minutes and 52½ seconds over the same distance. Last amateur race On July 14, 1877, <mask> was to race against James E. Riley at Greenwood Lake in New Jersey. Both men were considered the best amateur rowers at that time. Both had announced that after the race they would be turning professional. The 36‑year‑old <mask> came into the race undefeated and had beaten Riley twice before in the summer of 1875. These victories came in Riley's first two competitive single scull races.One of <mask> victories was only by a quarter boat length. Since that time, the 29‑year‑old Riley had rowed 13 races (winning only 8), but did have the fastest time on record. A large crowd was expected to be on hand to watch the scullers. The Montclair and Greenwood Lake Railway added extra trains to meet the demand of rowing fans that wanted to witness the event. Before the race, <mask> drank a glass of ice tea that was laced with a drug, and was unable to race. A little after noon on the day of the race, <mask> sat down for a meal at a local inn. After the meal, he asked the waitress for ice tea.The waitress went to make the tea but was stopped by the owner of the inn, who told her he would make the tea himself. <mask> experienced a strange sensation of being too hot, and then, too cold. He went up to his room by himself. Eventually, his throat started to burn and his fingers became numb and cold. He began to ache and soon began to vomit. Riley was informed of the situation and went to visit <mask>. After the visit and consulting with the doctors treating his opponent, Riley decided that <mask> was in no condition to row that day.Riley did however row the course for time. Even without competition, he was able to do the course in a time of 20 minutes and 47.5 seconds, which was a new record. The incident created a sensation throughout the country. The ice tea was never analyzed so the exact drug was not known. There was speculation that tartar emetic or arsenic was the poison. There were also rumors that Hoboken, New Jersey gamblers knew in advance that <mask> would be poisoned. Betting on the race changed from <mask> being a slight favorite to Riley becoming a heavy favorite on the day of the race.Professional rower <mask> became a professional rower after the canceled race with Riley. The decision to move into the professional ranks was one <mask> would later regret. When asked later in life why he became a professional, he responded, "Because I was a fool, I had no more business in the professional line than I had of being a preacher." Even though he did not become a professional until 1877, this did not mean he had not profited from being an amateur rower. <mask> admitted that he was given $450 after he won the Grand National Amateur Regatta at Saratoga in 1873 by local gamblers that profited from his victory. That sum was more than a year's salary as a carpenter. In the race versus Riley where he was poisoned, <mask> and his brother had bet over $1,000 on his victory in the race.He also stated that before the race was canceled, he expected to receive half the grandstand receipts. Victory over Riley <mask>'s first professional race was the makeup race with Riley on August 28, 1877. <mask> and Riley agreed to a single scull race over a three-mile (5 km) course with a turn (stake race) on Saratoga Lake, and a purse of $800 to the winner. Also included in the race was noted professional rower Frederick Plaisted. Fred Plaisted had been at Greenwood Lake when <mask> was poisoned and was unable to race Riley. He had planned to challenge the winner of that race. To make the race even, all three competitors had to row in identical racing sculls.Both of <mask>'s rivals did have an advantage over him. <mask> had not fully recovered from the after-effects of the poisoning and planned to take it slow at the beginning of the race so he would be able to have a strong finish. <mask> was also using shorter oars than he usually used. A large crowd of over 10,000 spectators showed up came to watch the race. <mask> had the inside (West) position with Paisted in the middle and Riley on the outside (East). When the word "go" was given, all three sculls started moved off the line at the same instant. <mask> stayed down the middle of the course while his competitors moved closer to the East shore.At the quarter mile, Plaisted was a boat length ahead of Riley and almost two lengths ahead of <mask>. By the half mile mark, <mask> had passed both of his rivals. Plaisted retook the lead mile into the race. Riley made a move and passed <mask>, and moved even with Plaisted. Riley and Plaisted's racing sculls almost collided; this allowed <mask> to take very small lead just before the turning stake. Riley was able to take the lead back on the turn, but soon lost it to <mask>. Plaisted dropped out around the mark due to cramps.<mask> did not give up the lead and won by five boat lengths in a time of 20 minutes and 45.75 seconds. <mask>'s time was off the record mark set by Riley by a quarter of a second. After the race, Riley was very disappointed, complaining about Plaisted's coming across his path at the beginning and almost hitting his boat at the turning stake. Hanlan-<mask> rivalry <mask>'s first loss came on October 3, 1878, when he lost to Canadian champion Ned Hanlan in a very close single scull race near Lachine, Quebec with about 20,000 spectators for a $10,000 prize. Hanlan had won the professional single scull title at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia when <mask> had won the amateur title, and was considered one of the best professional rowers of the time. For the first four miles (6 km) the lead changed hands several times, but as they entered the last mile, Hanlan slowly but surely went to the front and was leading by three lengths at the 4-mile mark. Near the finish, both Hanlan and <mask> had to deal with a group of boats that had wandered inside the racing lane.Both rowers paused for a moment, then Hanlan shot around them and over the finish line. Before the race there were rumors that <mask> had agreed to throw the race for a guaranteed percentage of the prize. The New York Times investigated and could not find any truth to the rumors, calling him the "most unjustly accused man in the country today." <mask> reported that he lost $1,350 of his own money betting on the race. Because of the effect of the rumors on his reputation and family, <mask> stated he didn't know if he would row again. <mask> did return to rowing, however, and the next year a rematch was scheduled at Lake Chautauqua, New York, for a $6,000 prize. To accommodate the expected crowds, a temporary grandstand was built along with a special rail line to carry spectators to the site.The morning before the race, <mask>'s racing shell was sawed in half, and he declined offers of other boats. What actually happened to the boat is unknown. Some thought that Hanlan's supporters had destroyed the boat, but others suspected <mask> had done it himself to avoid another loss. <mask> claimed Hanlan was out on the town the night before the race and his supporters were concerned they would lose their money they wagered on him. He would also claim that Hanlan's supporters offered <mask> the entire $6,000 prize to fix the race. <mask> was later reported as saying in response to the offer, "Gentlemen, the race will be raced tomorrow, and whoever wins it will have to row for it." <mask>'s backers believed that Hanlan's backers sneaked into <mask>'s boathouse and destroyed his boat.Another version of events was that <mask> did not want to row unless the race would be fixed in his favor. Hanlan's friends agreed that Hanlan would lose. Hanlan and his friends did not have any intention of living up to this promise to <mask> and bet heavily on Hanlan to win. <mask>'s supporters learned of the double-cross and destroyed <mask>'s boat. In 1880, the two finally met again. The race took place on the Potomac River in Washington, DC. Up to 100,000 people were estimated to have attended the race including President Rutherford B. Hayes.The race was considered so important that the United States Congress adjourned so members could watch. <mask> Odlum, who would later be killed jumping off Brooklyn Bridge, swam the entire course before the race, and was surprised to learn from Hanlan and <mask> that neither could swim. Hanlan took an early lead, causing <mask> to quit. <mask> turned his boat around to return to the start/finish line before Hanlan reached the turning post. Many spectators thought <mask> was winning, but Hanlan passed him before the finish line. Later years <mask> continued rowing after the losses to Hanlan. <mask> and Hanlan almost met again when Toronto, Ontario, Canada held an international regatta on September 12, 1881.Both Hanlan and <mask> entered along with other famous scullers of the day, including Wallace Ross and James A. Ten <mask>. Hanlan withdrew before the race because he was out of condition, so a rematch did not take place. <mask> finished third in the single scull race, with Ross winning and being crowned unofficial world champion. On September 1, 1882, he beat George W. Lee in a three-mile (5 km) race on Canadarago Lake,

Charles E. Courtney

original

finishing the course in a record time of 19 minutes and 31½ seconds. In 1885, <mask> and his partner P. H. Conley defeated the team of George H. Hosmer and Jacob Gaudaur for the double scull championship of the world. Shortly after the race, <mask>'s old rival, Ned Hanlan, and his partner George W. Lee challenged them to a race.Later that year in Albany, New York, <mask> and Conley lost to Hanlan and Lee by less than 10 seconds. After 18 years of competitive rowing, both as an amateur and a professional, <mask> finished his rowing career with only 7 losses in 137 races and regattas. Coaching career In 1883, <mask> took over as coach of the Cornell University rowing team. <mask>'s crews never finished below third and won 14 of 24 varsity eight-oar titles at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta. In seven of the regattas, his team won all the events, including the varsity eight, varsity four, and freshman eight. During <mask>'s tenure as coach, no other school would sweep every event in the regatta. Before becoming coach, <mask> did have a history with Cornell University.In 1872, he participated in the first Cornell rowing regatta as a member of the Union Springs Boat Club. <mask>'s four-oared crew from Union Springs beat Cornell, but helped build excitement at the college for rowing. <mask> also won a two-mile (3 km) single scull race on the same day. Early years In 1883, <mask> was hired for 10 days to help train the Cornell University four-oared varsity crew for their 1 mile race against Wesleyan College, University of Pennsylvania, and Princeton University at the Lake George Regatta. Princeton and Penn were favored since they both had beaten several of the top rowing clubs in America. He was hired again by Cornell in 1884, which drew criticism because of his past controversies during his professional career. The New York Times, which editorialized, "If college boys cannot learn to row without associating with persons like <mask>..., perhaps they would be quite as well off if they devoted a little more time to classics and mathematics and a little less to rowing."Because of the help he gave during the 1883 season that allowed Cornell to defeat rivals at Lake George, Cornell overlooked his ethics and hired him on for his extensive rowing knowledge. <mask> coached the four-oared crews at Cornell over the next few years and consistently won. Notable victories included winning the Childs Cup over Pennsylvania in 1885 and 1887, and winning the Downing Cup in The People's Regatta at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1888. To gain some respect, in the fall of 1888, it was decided that the 1889 Cornell crew would switch from a four-oared varsity crew to an eight-oared varsity crew. <mask> was hindered by a lack of equipment. He had to coach from the bank of the lake since Cornell did not have a launch. The practice shell was weak and in poor condition, and the team did not receive their eight-man shells until they arrived in New London for the first race.<mask>'s Cornell crew easily beat Pennsylvania and Columbia University at New London, and then a few weeks later broke the world record for an eight-oared 1½-mile race versus Pennsylvania at the Schuylkill in Philadelphia. These victories created great enthusiasm for the rowing program at Cornell. The <mask>-coached crews over the next few years were very similar to the 1889 team. All the crews were comparatively light weight that rowed with a rapid stroke. This style usually led to victories. One notable win was over Columbia and Penn in 1891. In this race at New London, <mask>'s crew broke the world record for an eight-oared race with a time of 14 minutes 27½ seconds.1895 Henley Royal Regatta In 1895, <mask> and his Cornell varsity crew competed in the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in England. At the time, the Grand Challenge Cup was regarded as the most important race in the rowing world. Around 100,000 people would watch the event annually. The Regatta was rowed against a slow current river, was wide enough for two boats, and was done in heats. In 1891, the Leader Club, one of the most powerful clubs in England, set the one-mile (1.6 km) and course record of 6 minutes and 51 seconds. Before traveling to England, Cornell's crew did the Cup distance in 6 minutes 56 seconds in still water. <mask> and the team left New York City on May 29, 1895, on the Steamship Paris for the race.The early departure would allow his team to practice in England for five weeks. <mask>, however, was not able to watch any of the races due to an illness. Cornell's first heat was versus the Leander Club crew of London, England, coached by Rudolph C. Lehmann. The members of the Leander Club were composed almost entirely of former Oxford and Cambridge oarsman. They had won the Cup seven times and were the four-time defending champion. Leander was considered the best crew in England, and was the favorite to win the Cup in 1895. The race was a contrast of rowing styles.Cornell rowed the <mask> stroke, which was short and choppy compared to the Leander's long and sweeping stroke. The heat was marred by controversy right from the start. Cornell and Leander crew took up their positions at the starting point. When the umpire asked if the crews were ready, F. D. Colson, the Cornell coxswain, answered "yes". The Leander crew insisted two members shouted "No" and C. W. Kent, the crew's stroke, held up his hand. The umpire insisted that someone from the English crew answered that they were ready and then gave the command to start the race. Both crews shot out from the starting line.Cornell rowed with strong even strokes, but only half of the Leander club was rowing. At that point, Leander stopped rowing, and C. F. Beggs and C. W. Kent, the Leander coxswain and stroke respectively, protested to the umpire. When the umpire did not tell Cornell to stop or return to the start, Cornell continued rowing at a leisurely pace, followed by the referee's boat. Cornell finished the course of one mile (1.6 km) and in 8 minutes and 11 seconds. This was more than a minute over the time they were rowing in practice. When they crossed the finish line, they were declared the winner of the heat by the umpire. The Leander crew protested the Cornell victory, stating that they notified the umpire before he gave the notice to start the race.They appealed it to the Stewards of the Regatta, who met at the end of the day but they ruled in favor of Cornell victory. They adopted the following resolution: "Resolved, That the committee, while deeply regretting the most unfortunate misunderstand, feel that they must abide by the laws of boat racing and cannot review the decision of the umpire or starter." Cornell moved to the semi-finals of the Grand challenge cup by defeating Leander. In its second race against Trinity Hall from Cambridge, things did not go well for <mask>'s crew. Cornell came off the line fast, pulling 24 strokes in a half-minute. Cornell took the lead by a few feet. At the quarter-mile, they had a third of a boat length lead and increased it to a half a length at the half-mile mark.Trinity surged and by the time the boats reached the mile mark, they had passed Cornell. Shortly after Trinity took the lead, a sudden collapse occurred in the Cornell boat. The blades of the oars went flying, Hager (No. 3) and Fennell (No. 5) missed the water with their oars and almost fell out of the boat. Trinity continued the last to victory by seven lengths. Fennell had caught a crab and the handle of his oar struck his side, inflicting injury including bruising his groin.Despite the pain, he continued to row even though he showed signs of exhaustion. After the race, Fennell was placed in doctors' care. Trinity Hall would go on and win the Cup that year. With two controversial races, the trip to England generated both bad feelings and bad press for <mask> and the Cornell rowing team. The controversial first heat with Leander caused ill will in England with many considering Cornell to have acted in an unsportsmanlike manner. <mask> believed he received good treatment from the fans at Henley, and was mistreated by the English press. <mask> also had to contend with bad press back home.<mask> believed that part of the problem was the rivalry between competing wire services. C. S. Francis, a Cornell alumnus who helped raise money for the trip to England, was also the editor of the Troy Times, which was associated with United Press. Francis stayed with the Cornell team and helped out United Press reporters with information about the team. The Chicago Associated Press wanted to have their own representative. When this was denied, <mask> claimed that they tried to get even. <mask> insisted that several things that Chicago Associated Press reported, such as troubles and disagreements between members of the team and Mr. Francis' saying the drawing of the Leander rowing club was fixed, were fabrications. After the regatta, the members of the Cornell rowing team released a statement to the press to address the matter of the Leander race.It stated that it was their understanding that under the rules if they stopped they would have been disqualified. They also said they would consider another race with Leander if they would have won. While <mask> was in England, Fred R. White of Cleveland, Ohio, a senior in Law School at Cornell and manager of both the football team and the freshman rowing team, took a team to the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta in Poughkeepsie. Cornell was also defeated at this race. Columbia won the race that was marred by rough water. The Pennsylvania boat was swamped while the Cornell boat was filled with water as it crossed the finish line. Harvard and Yale: The fight for respect Even with the success that <mask> and his Cornell varsity rowing team was having, both Harvard University and Yale University refused to race.It was believed that the snub was because Cornell was a relatively young school and was not considered up to the class or academic standards. Others speculated that <mask>'s crews were too fast and losing to them would be unbearable. The snub had its history dating back to the collapse of the Rowing Association of American Colleges. After repeated losses to what they thought were lesser schools, including losing to Cornell at the 1875 National Rowing Association of American Colleges Regatta, Yale and Harvard virtually stopped rowing against any one other than each other. Yale pulled out of the association before the 1876 regatta while Harvard waited until the following year. The loss of these two schools caused the association to collapse. Both schools decided to concentrate on meets between each other based on the Cambridge and Oxford model in England.In the late 1890s, <mask>'s Varsity team was finally able to compete against both Yale and Harvard due to events unrelated to rowing. After a very violent football game in the fall of 1894, the faculty of Harvard suspended all athletic relationships with Yale, effective at the end of the 1894–95 school year. This included their annual regatta, which dated to 1852. In the summer of 1896, the first year that Harvard and Yale did not meet due to the ban, Yale sent its Varsity to the Henley Royal Regatta in England. That year, Harvard sent its varsity team to Poughkeepsie to race Cornell, Pennsylvania, and Columbia in the annual Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta. <mask>'s team beat all three schools with a time of 19 minutes and 22.9 seconds for the four-mile (6 km) course. The next year, Harvard and Yale ended their dispute when Walter Camp representing Yale agreed to Harvard's demands for the next five years.One of Harvard's demands was that they meet in all athletics that each school sponsored. Yale had wanted to be selective on which teams played each other. As part of an agreement between the two schools, their rowing teams were to meet in Poughkeepsie, New York during the 1897 season. Since Harvard had already agreed to meet Cornell they were also included. Even given their past success, <mask> and his crew were given little chance to win a race against Harvard and Yale. The coaches of both of his opponents were on record that they both would beat Cornell. Gamblers and bookmakers made Cornell a heavy underdog.Newspaper writers before the meet said that Cornell was not in the same class as Harvard and Yale. They also criticized Cornell's stroke as weak and in bad form. Even with the odds stacked against Cornell, <mask> believed his team could win, especially after seeing his competition row in practice. <mask> believed that losing would mean the end of Cornell's fight for recognition. The 1897 Cornell crew that raced Harvard and Yale was very different from the other two school's rowing teams. First, <mask>'s crew was both lighter and shorter than their competition. The Cornell team came in 100 pounds less than Yale and 72 pounds less than Harvard.The other major difference was that Harvard and Yale used a stroke that was influenced by English rowing while <mask> taught his crew his very American stroke. Harvard, coached by Rudolph C. Lehmann, used a typical English stroke that was long and sweeping with the rowers stretching as far as possible on the catch to drive the water hard. Yale, coached by Bob Cook, used a modification of the English stroke, using a much longer slide. Cornell's stroke featured a long stride with little back motion. A large crowd showed up, representing all three schools that included several members of high society, including J. Pierpont Morgan and August Belmont, Jr. An estimated

Charles E. Courtney

original

15,000 fans watched the race, including 4,000 people who bought tickets on the open-air 50-car observation train. The observation train sold out at $15 a seat, which was considered a very high price for the day. Scalpers were selling tickets for seats on the train at even higher prices.In the race, Harvard took the early lead out of the gate with Yale second. Both of the leaders’ strokes were long and slow while Cornell stuck to its stroke. At the half-mile mark, Yale edged in front of Harvard but could not hold the lead form a surging Cornell who took a half boat lead by the end of the first mile. The Courtney-coached crew continued to build on their lead while Harvard sputtered and fell well behind Yale. Throughout the race, Cornell's coxswain, Freddie Colson, motivated his teammates by reminding them of what their critic had said about them before the race. About a half-mile from the finish, Yale tried to make a move but it was too late—Cornell won by 3 lengths. The victory was not only seen as Cornell dominance in American college rowing, but the superiority of America and the American stroke over the English stroke.Newspapers across the nation proclaimed the superiority of the <mask>'s American stroke. The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that "there is another thing in Cornell's victory to rejoice over, and that is that hers was the distinctly American stroke. We feel sorry for Mr. Lehmann but must admit we did not look for his stroke to triumph." The Minneapolis Tribune wrote that "the splendid victory...was not more a tribute to the superior muscle and methods of the Ithacans than it was a rebuke to the all too prevalent practice of going abroad for our manners." Even with a victory, both schools continued to see Cornell as inferior. A Yale professor was quoted as saying, "In the future, let us play with people in our class." The following year, Cornell would beat both schools again, this time in New London, Connecticut.After that defeat to Cornell, Yale and Harvard decided to return to meets against only each other. Decline and revival of championship form After beating Yale and Harvard in 1897 at Poughkeepsie, New York, Cornell rowed and beat its traditional Intercollegiate Rowing Association rivals, Penn and Columbia, little over a week later on the same course. Cornell tried to have both Columbia and Penn as part of the regatta of 1897 but Yale declined. Once again, Cornell won the regatta, this time by 10 boat-lengths over Columbia. Penn did not finish the race because their boat was swamped 2½ miles into the race. These two victories left little doubt who was the best American college crew. It also quieted <mask>'s critics that said his crew was outclassed by Harvard and Yale, and questioned his conditioning methods.The next year, <mask> attempted to have his crew repeat its victories over Harvard and Yale and then win Intercollegiate Rowing Association regatta a few days later. The major difference was that the two regattas were in two different locations in 1898. The first race was in New London, Connecticut and the second was on Saratoga Lake. After beating Harvard and Yale, Cornell lost to Pennsylvania. They were able to beat Columbia as well as University of Wisconsin–Madison, who was completing in first IRA Championship Regatta. <mask>'s crew was unable to overcome fatigue of a hard race in New London as well as the travel and the intense summer heat. This race proved to be a turning point in American college rowing, breaking Cornell's domination of the sport.Penn, coached by <mask>, would go to win the 1899 and 1900 Intercollegiate Rowing Association championships. In both 1899 and 1900, Cornell finished third, losing even to the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1901, Cornell returned to championship form when it won the Varsity eight-oared race at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta. By this time, Cornell had to compete with more college crews. With the addition of Georgetown University in 1900 and Syracuse University in 1901, the eight-oared varsity race had grown to 6 colleges. <mask>'s crew won the four-mile (6 km) event in world record time of 18 minutes 53 1/5 seconds. From 1901 to 1916, <mask>'s Cornell team won 11 of 16 Intercollegiate Rowing Association varsity eight-oared championships, with Columbia winning in 1914 and Syracuse winning in 1904, 1908, 1913, and 1916.During that same time, his freshman eight-oared crew won 10 IRA championships. Battle for control For the 1904 rowing season, Coach <mask> offered <mask>, former Syracuse rowing coach, the assistant coach position at Cornell. Sweetland had just left Hamilton College where he was employed as the football coach. <mask> wanted Sweetland to replace F. D. Colson, who had moved on to become coach at Harvard. While negotiations were still pending, the Rowing Committee of the Cornell Athletic Council announced that they hired C. A. Lueder for the position. This caused a power struggle between <mask> and the Athletic Council for control of the rowing program. The conflict was resolved when the Rowing Committee canceled the job offer to Lueder.In addition, the Athletic Council limited their interference with the rowing team by giving Coach <mask> the power to pick members of the crew and designate the oarsmen positions. Sweetland, however, did not become <mask>'s assistant because in the time it took resolve the conflict, he was offered and accepted the position as head football coach at Ohio State University. With Sweetland out of the picture, <mask> hired Lauder as his assistant rowing coach Train accident and retirement speculation <mask> suffered a skull fracture on June 12, 1915 while traveling by train with his team to the 1915 Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta. The train lurched and his head struck one of the berths. At first he did not think anything about the incident, but he started hemorrhage from his nose and mouth. He refused to consult a doctor and continued to get his team ready for the regatta. On race day, he was confined to bed and returned to Ithaca, New York where the skull fracture was diagnosed.<mask> would sue New York Central for $75,000 for his injuries. The accident increased speculation that <mask> would retire from coaching, or at least move to a more advisory capacity. At the time of the accident, he had one more year left on his contract. Jim Rice, coach of the Columbia crew, was considered the leading candidate to replace <mask>. After several months under a physician's care, <mask> returned to coach Cornell. Under the close supervision of a nurse, he guided his team to the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta in 1916. Before the race, it was announced that he would retire at the end of the season.Even with the announcement, there was still speculation that he would remain with the team in some advisory capacity, but with some authority. Due to World War I, college rowing competitions were suspended in 1917. Cornell resumed rowing in a limited fashion in 1918, but the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship Regatta did not return until 1920. <mask> and his Cornell team returned for this regatta with his freshman and junior varsity teams winning national championships while his varsity came in second, losing to a Syracuse University team coached by James A. Ten <mask> by a boat length. Death On July 17, 1920, <mask> died of apoplexy at his summer cottage on Farley's Point on Cayuga Lake, New York near his boyhood home. After taking a morning row on the Lake, he returned to the cottage.Around 11:00 am, he was found losing consciousness by his wife. She went for help, returning with Hart Carr, but he was already dead. This was confirmed by Dr. E. G. Fish of Union Springs, New York. After nearly three decades as coach, John Hoyle replaced <mask> as coach of Cornell crew. Coaching philosophy <mask> Both as a rower and as a rowing coach, <mask> was known for his distinctive stroke. This style of rowing would become known as the <mask> Stroke. The most evident trait of the stroke is the positioning of the back.The back is always kept in a very straight position. <mask> is quoted as saying, "No kink in the back if I have anything to say about it." He kept the back straight to allow the lungs to work without difficulty with no strain on the abdominal muscles. His idea was influenced by watching famous professional rower Harry Coulter in 1870 at Buffalo, New York. The basic philosophy of <mask> stroke is to keep the oars (sculls or sweep) in the water as long as possible and in the air as short as possible. To do this, <mask> taught his rowers to sharply lower the hands to the lap when the preceding stroke is finished. This forced the blade of the oar out of the water perpendicular to the surface.Then he required his rowers to quickly shoot their arms forward moving the blade back to start another stroke. He emphasized that the blade should be as close as possible to the water. He wanted the blade to enter the water at slight inclined to the surface of the water to allow it to enter cleanly. Once the blade entered the water, he taught his rowers to immediately start the stroke. During the stroke he wanted the blade to always be covered but not sunk too deep. Rower selection When <mask> was deciding which men to put on his Cornell crew, he would pick men of high moral character and strong in their studies, not just for their athletic ability. He would also try to ascertain their disposition and temperament.<mask> preferred men that were methodical and systematic. It was his view that if one of the rowers was a disturbing element he would have trouble producing a fast crew. <mask> also maintained absolute control of the crew, and would remove and substitute anyone if he believed it would help the crew succeed. Views on alcohol and tobacco Personally, <mask> never drank an alcoholic beverage or used any form of tobacco. He also had strong views against alcohol and tobacco use by his rowers because he believed it would affect their ability to work. <mask> summed up his view: "I have found in my experience that young men are much better off, and do better work, without alcoholic stimulants than with them, and they are, therefore, absolutely prohibited in our training. As to tobacco, I believe young men do better work when not using tobacco than when using it, and it is prohibited in our training here at Cornell University.” This went against old traditional rowing practice of drinking beer instead water during training.It was believed that alcohol would strengthen the body while water would weaken the body. Legacy The impact of <mask> career's as a competitive rower was very profound. During his professional career, rowing was at the height of its popularity in the United States, and was considered one of the major sports in America. Some believe that the controversies surrounding the Hanlan and <mask> single scull races in 1878 and 1880 caused a public backlash against professional rowing that eventually led to its loss of popularity. The American public lost confidence in the integrity of the sport, assuming that the races were fixed. By the late 1890s, professional rowing had all but disappeared in the United States with only a few exceptions. The impact of <mask>'s career as a rowing coach was also very far-reaching.When <mask> started his college coaching career at Cornell, few colleges in America were active in rowing other than Cornell; Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania were the only other schools to have significant programs. Several of his former rowers would help expand the number of rowing schools by starting or developing rowing programs across the country. In 1900, <mask>, who rowed varsity for <mask> in 1899, became the first rowing coach at Syracuse University. Mark Odell, who rowed Varsity for Cornell in 1897, was instrumental in establishing the rowing program at the University of Washington. In addition, The University of Wisconsin–Madison rowing program was started with the help of the University President <mask> Adams, former President of Cornell during the beginning of <mask>'s tenure. From his experiences with <mask> at Cornell, Adams knew how a strong athletic program could increase his University's national reputation. In the spring of 1894, Adams hired Amos W. Marston, who rowed for <mask> from 1889 to 1892, as the first Wisconsin Badgers rowing coach.<mask> was also instrumental in American college sports in the transition of power away from the students to the head coach. He helped transform the head coach into the dictatorial coach seen throughout the 20th century. When he was first hired, it was common practice for the captain of any team to hire the coach and the captain decided on whether the coach stayed on. Since the captain was a student, they would change from one year to the next, and there was no job security. Unlike other 1890s college coaches, <mask> signed a multi-year contract, starting in 1895. He used his job security to demonstrate his power when he overruled team selection of the team captain for the Henley Regatta that same year. Another illustration of his authoritative power that he had gained was in 1897 when he kicked out most of team for eating strawberry shortcake before the Intercollegiate Rowing Association Regatta.He would instead take a crew made up of mostly substitutes to victory. References "<mask> – Master Oarsman – Champion Coach", Margaret K Look, 1989 "Courtney and Cornell Rowing", CVP Young, 1923 Notes 1849 births 1920 deaths American male rowers Cornell Big Red rowing coaches People from Cayuga

Rick Levin

original

<mask> (born April 7, 1947) is an American economist and academic administrator. From 1993 to 2013, he was the 22nd President of Yale University. From March 2014 to June 2017, he was Chief Executive Officer of Coursera. Early life and education Born in San Francisco, California, to Jewish-American parents, <mask> graduated from Lowell High School in San Francisco in 1964. At Lowell, he was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society and debated in high school debate tournaments regionally. He graduated from Stanford University in 1968 with a B.A. in history.He received a Bachelor of Letters in politics and philosophy from Merton College, Oxford. He earned his Ph.D. in economics from Yale in 1974. His academic specialties include industrial research and development, intellectual property, and productivity in manufacturing. Career <mask> became an Assistant Professor of Economics at Yale in 1974 and was elevated to Associate Professor in 1979. In 1982, he was promoted to Professor of Economics and Management at the Yale School of Management. In 1992, he was appointed Frederick William Beinecke Professor of Economics. Before becoming president, he served as chairman of the Economics Department and dean of Yale's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.On February 6, 2004, <mask> was appointed to the Iraq Intelligence Commission, an independent panel convened to investigate U.S. intelligence surrounding the United States' 2003 invasion of Iraq and Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. He had previously served on a government panel reviewing the U.S. Postal Service and an independent panel appointed by Major League Baseball to examine the sport's economics. <mask> is a director of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, American Express, and Satmetrix. Although described in Who's Who as a Democrat, <mask> was one of the first guests of President George W. Bush in the White House during his first term and the president stayed at <mask>'s house when he received an honorary degree from Yale in 2001. <mask> had been rumored as a possible replacement for Larry Summers as Director of the White House National Economic Council until Gene Sperling was selected instead. <mask> stepped down as president of Yale on June 30, 2013.Shortly before his retirement as President of Yale University, he published a book, The Worth of the University, a sequel to his previous work, The Work of the University. He was succeeded by Peter Salovey. As president of Yale, <mask> studied and helped to some extent to guide what he called "the rise of Asia's universities". Yale's role in Asia is briefly set out below. In 2013, <mask> agreed to serve on the Advisory Board for the newly created Schwarzman Scholars - fellowships that will take students from many countries for post-graduate study together at Tsinghua University in Beijing, with the aim of promoting international understanding. In March 2014, <mask> became chief executive officer of Coursera. In June 2017, Coursera announced that <mask> was being replaced by Jeff Maggioncalda.<mask> and his wife Jane, also a professor at Yale, reside in New Haven, Connecticut. They have four children and seven grandchildren. Yale under <mask> During <mask>'s tenure, Yale's endowment grew from $3.2 billion to over $20 billion. Yale's admissions standards and academic prestige also recovered from a significant lull in the early 1990s since <mask>'s appointment. Applications to Yale College rose from fewer than 11,000 for the class entering in 1993 to 28,975 for the class entering in 2012, with the most recent classes reporting the highest range of standardized test scores for any college in America. Under <mask>, Yale aggressively expanded its efforts to recruit international students and students from previously underrepresented regions of the United States. <mask> helped established a program for undergraduates in Beijing and increase participation in international work/study programs.<mask> has made a special effort to expand Yale's engagement with China and was elected to the board of the National Committee on United States-China Relations. <mask> was president during the largest building and renovation program since the 1930s, including all of the university's residential colleges. About 70 percent of the space on campus was partially or comprehensively renovated between 1993 and 2013. <mask> approved the creation of Yale's first two new residential colleges since the 1960s with the purpose of increasing the undergraduate population from around 5,400 to over 6,000. The project was delayed due to the financial crisis, but construction was begun in 2013, shortly after <mask> stepped down. <mask> vastly expanded the Yale campus with the creation of Yale's West Campus. The campus was created by the purchase of the 136-acre, 17-building Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in Orange, Connecticut, seven miles from Yale's main campus.The purchase was completed for $107 million in 2007 and was described at the time as a "ready-made, state-of-the-art research facility". <mask>'s administration worked to improve Yale University's relationship with its local workers. In 2003, <mask> negotiated eight-year contracts with the university's unionized workers that provided health care, extensive paid leave, and cumulative raises ranging from 32% to 43%, although he has also fought strongly against new unionization drives by hospital workers, graduate employees, and security guards. <mask> spearheaded the creation of the first liberal arts college in Asia, Yale-NUS College, a joint venture between Yale University and the National University of Singapore. Yale initially faced strong criticism that Singapore's various restrictions on press freedom and public protests, as well as its anti-homosexuality policies, would undermine Yale-NUS's liberal arts mission. Honors In 1998, as President of Yale, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford in a ceremony in which the President of Harvard University, Neil Rudenstine, was also honored. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013.See also List of presidents of Yale University References External links Official Biography from the Office of the President of Yale University Article about <mask>'s 10th Anniversary As President Video interview on CXOTALK <mask>'s views on China Richard C. <mask> Papers (MS 1995). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 1947 births Living people Presidents of Yale University Economists from California Alumni of Merton College, Oxford American Express people 20th-century American Jews Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni People from San Francisco Stanford University alumni Yale University alumni Yale University faculty Educators from California Fellows of Merton College, Oxford 21st-century American economists Hewlett Foundation 20th-century American economists Members of the American Philosophical Society 21st-century American Jews

Erin Osborne

original

<mask> (born 27 June 1989) is an Australian cricketer and cricket coach who appeared in 2 Test matches, 60 One Day Internationals and 59 Twenty20 Internationals for Australia between 2009 and 2016. An all-rounder, she is a right-arm off break bowler and right-handed batter. She currently plays for the Melbourne Stars in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL), coaches the ACT’s female Meteors Development Squad, and is Cricket ACT’s Male Pathway Manager, the first woman to hold the role. She made her international debut in early 2009 after topping the wicket-taking aggregates in her debut season for New South Wales in the WNCL. However, she found it difficult to maintain a regular position in the Australian team because of the presence of Shelley Nitschke and Lisa Sthalekar, two spin bowling all-rounders who were ranked in the top ten in the world for both bowling and all-round performance. After scoring an unbeaten century for New South Wales at Under-19 level in 2007, <mask> made her WNCL during the 2008–09 season. After taking two wickets for 13 runs (2/13) from ten overs on debut, she took three wickets in each of the next two matches.She later took 4/18 against Victoria and ended with 15 wickets at 14.20 as New South Wales took out the WNCL. <mask> was rewarded with selection for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, and took 3/32 in her third match, ending the series with five wickets. She was retained for the 2009 World Cup held in Australia, playing in six of the hosts' seven matches. She took nine wickets at 19.77. <mask> was selected for the 2009 World Twenty20 in England but did not play in any of the matches. Australia stayed for a bilateral series against the hosts, and <mask> was dropped after going wicketless in the first two ODIs and being required to bowl less than half of her overs; she was also overlooked for the one-off Test. During the 2009–10 WNCL, <mask> took 15 wickets at 14.17, including a haul of 3/33 in the final against Victoria, helping to secure a 59-run win and a fifth consecutive WNCL title for New South Wales.She was named the player of the match for her contributions. In the T20 competition, she took eight wickets in seven matches. In a series for the Australian Under-21s against New Zealand Emerging Players, <mask> was dismissed once in scoring 129 runs and took six wickets at 15.50. <mask> was selected for the Rose Bowl series at the end of the season but had limited opportunities because of the presence of Sthalekar and Nitschke. She played in six of the eight ODIs and bowled less than half of the possible number of overs, taking five wickets at 32.20. She played in only one of the five T20 internationals, taking 1/13 from two overs. Youth career In January 2007, aged 17 and a half, she played for New South Wales in the Under-19 interstate competition.In the match against Western Australia, she hammered an unbeaten 106 as New South Wales amassed 3/305 before dismissing their opponents for 35. She ended the tournament with 145 runs at 72.50 and took three wickets at 7.33. Domestic debut In October 2008, <mask> played her first match for the senior New South Wales team in a match against India. She took 1/24 from eight overs, took two wickets and scored 21 in a 48-run loss. A month later, she made her debut in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL) in a double-header against Queensland. She took 2/13 from ten overs in the first match, helping to restrict Queensland to 9/108 before New South Wales completed an eight-wicket win. The next day, <mask> batted for the first time and was unbeaten on 11 when New South Wales were out for 185.The runs she added at the end turned out to be crucial as New South Wales won by nine runs. <mask> took 3/28 from her ten overs. The following week, she took 3/20 in the first match against Western Australia. She was wicketless in the second match of the weekend, but New South Wales won both matches regardless, by seven and eight wickets respectively. The WNCL was then adjourned and she then played six matches for the Second XI in the space of a week. New South Wales won all the fixtures except for one that was abandoned due to inclement weather. She scored 34 runs at 11.33 with a best of 30 against Tasmania, and took seven wickets at 3.28 and an economy rate of 2.00.This included a return of 3/11 from four overs against Western Australia and 3/8 from 5.3 overs against Victoria. When the senior competition resumed, <mask> took one wicket in each of the two matches against South Australia before New South Wales faced Victoria in the last pair of round-robin matches. In the first, she took her career best figures of 4/18 with four maidens in her ten overs as Victoria were bowled out for 142. The hosts then proceeded to a nine-wicket victory. The next day, <mask> took 0/27 from her ten overs in Victoria's 7/227. New South Wales chased down the target with three wickets in hand, with <mask> unbeaten on five. The following week, the two teams met again in the final of the competition and <mask> took 1/23 from eight overs.She was not required to bat as New South Wales passed the target of 118 with six wickets in hand. <mask> ended the WNCL season with 16 runs without being dismissed and took 15 wickets at 14.20 at an economy rate of 2.47 from eight matches. <mask> also played in two Twenty20 matches for her state during the season, taking 0/17 from her four overs in both matches. She scored three not out and a duck in these matches. New South Wales defeated South Australia before losing to Victoria. International debut <mask> was rewarded with her first international call-up ahead of the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup after leading the wicket-taking in the WNCL. She made her debut on the Rose Bowl series in February 2009 played away against New Zealand.<mask> played in the first four ODIs, making her debut at Cobham Oval in Whangarei. Batting in the lower-order, she made four not out as Australia made 8/150. She then took 1/19 from her ten overs, with three maidens, as the hosts narrowly won by two wickets. In the next match she took 0/33 and ended on three not out in a four run loss when her partners were dismissed. The series then moved to Seddon Park in Hamilton where she took 3/32 in a 104-run victory. <mask> took another wicket in the fourth match to help level the series; the final match was abandoned due to rain and she ended her debut series with five wickets at 26.00 at an economy rate of 3.33. The teams then went to Australia for the World Cup, and played a T20 international at the Sydney Cricket Ground before the tournament, where <mask> made her debut for Australia in the shortest format.She took 0/13 from three overs and completed a catch and was not required to bat as the hosts won a rain-shortened match. 2009 World Cup and World Twenty20 In two warm-up matches ahead of the World Cup, <mask> made took 2/31 from nine overs and 1/0 from 2.3 overs against England and Sri Lanka respectively. She was included in the team for the opening match against New Zealand at North Sydney Oval, taking 2/37 from her ten overs as Australia conceded 205. She did not bat as they fell short of the target. She then claimed 1/35 from ten overs in Australia's must-win match against South Africa as the hosts avoided elimination with a 61-run victory. She then batted in the World Cup for the first time, in last group match, before taking 2/22 from ten overs as Australia defeated West Indies to reach the next round. <mask> was left out of Australia's first match of the next phase against India, which they lost by 16 runs.She was recalled and took 1/22 against Pakistan and 1/41 against England, bowling ten overs in both games. <mask> was not required to bat as the Australians won both matches but it was not enough to place them in the top two nations and qualify for the final. They faced India in the third place playoff and <mask> fell for six. The hosts were all out for 142 and India reached the target with three wickets in hand despite <mask>'s economical return of 2/21 from nine overs. <mask> ended the World Cup with nine wickets at 19.77 at an economy rate of 3.01; in all but one match, she was more economical than the Australian team as a whole. She also scored 10 runs at 10.00. <mask> was selected for the 2009 World Twenty20 in England and Australia hosted New Zealand for three T20 matches in tropical Darwin during the southern hemisphere winter before the teams flew to the tournament.She took 1/21 from four overs in her only match, a 32-run Australian victory. Once the Australians were in England, <mask> took 1/14 from three overs against the hosts in the only pre-tournament practice match. <mask> did not play any of the three pool matches in the tournament or the semi-final where Australia were eliminated in the semi-final by England. Australia stayed in England for a bilateral series against the hosts, who were the reigning world champions in both ODIs and T20s, after the end of the World Twenty20. <mask> was drought in and took 2/24 from four overs as Australia upset England in the only T20 by 34 runs after scoring 3/151. She was played in the first two ODIs held at Ford County Ground, Chelmsford, taking a total of 0/39 from eight overs and making 1 and 11 not out in comfortable English victories by nine wickets and 53 runs. She was left out of the remaining three matches; England won all the matches except the last, which was washed out.<mask> was left out of the team for the one-off Test. 2009–10 season <mask> started the 2009–10 WNCL, took a wicket in each of the two matches against Queensland, and then took 2/34 from 10 overs in both matches against the Australian Capital Territory, although the last match ended in defeat. She then took 2/33 and 1/25 against Victoria as the matches were shared. Having taken 3/23 from ten overs to help bowl out Western Australia for 99 and set up a ten-wicket win, she then took 2/38 in a 76-run win over South Australia before New South Wales against met Victoria in the final. <mask> scored one as New South Wales reached 9/206. She then took 3/33 from nine overs to help dismiss Victoria for 147, sealing a fifth consecutive title and was named the player of the match for her contribution. She ended the season with 17 wickets at 14.17 at an economy rate of 2.77.She scored 41 runs at 6.83. In the T20 competition, <mask> took eight wickets at 16.62 and an economy rate of 5.11 and scored 25 runs at 12.50 from seven matches. She ran into form in the lead-up to the final, taking 3/18 from three overs and 3/16 from four overs against Western Australia and south Australia respectively, helping to restrict both teams to sub-100 scores. In the final against Victoria, <mask> took 1/25 from overs. In pursuit of 128 for victory, she made 10 as New South Wales were bowled out for 75, sealing a 52-run win. During an adjournment in the WNCL in November, <mask> played for New South Wales in the Second XI competition. In seven matches, all of which were won, she was used mostly as a batsman, often batting in the top-order and was largely rested from her bowling duties, delivering only nine overs in total.She scored 115 runs at 38.75 and took a total of 1/25. In the middle of the season, she played for the Australian Under-21s against New Zealand Emerging Players in five matches, and allowed to bat higher up the order in the youth team, she made 129 runs at 129.00, scoring 48 not out and 60 in the last two games. She also took six wickets at 15.50 at an economy rate of 4.46 and took five catches. Her best performance in the field was her 3/25 and two catches in the fourth match, which in addition to her unbeaten 48 helped Australia to a series-sealing 122-run win. Australia won the series 4–1. <mask> was selected in the Australian squad for the Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, but was not fully utilised in the first two matches at the Adelaide Oval, as captain Alex Blackwell elected to use Sthalekar and Nitschke more often and earlier. After scoring two not out and taking 1/8 from only three overs in the closing stages of a 115-run win in the first match, <mask> took 0/23 from five overs in a win the next day.Australia decided to omit the under-used specialist bowler in place of batsman Leah Poulton, and <mask> did not return until the fifth ODI at the Junction Oval, where she was attacked in taking 1/33 from six overs in a 103-run win; Australia swept the series 5–0. <mask> ended with two wickets at 32.00 at an economy rate of 4.57. In the five T20s that followed, three at Bellerive Oval in Hobart, and two in New Zealand, <mask> only played in the fifth match, taking 1/13 from two overs and scoring one as Australia were bowled out in a 17-run defeat and lost 5–0. She then played in all three ODIs in New Zealand as Australia whitewashed their hosts. In the first match in Queenstown, she was attacked by the local batsmen and ended with 0/39 from five overs. In the run-chase she made 13 not out at the death as Australia reached the target with two wickets in hand from the final ball. She took 2/29 and 1/19, both from ten overs, in the last two matches at Invercargill.The tourists won both by six wickets to sweep the ODIs. <mask> ended with three wickets at 32.33 at and economy rate of 3.88. 2010 World Twenty 20 <mask> was part of the 2010 World Twenty20 winning team in the West Indies but played in only one of Australia's matches. She was omitted from both warm-up matches against New Zealand and Pakistan. Australia lost the first before winning the second. Australia were grouped with defending champions England, South Africa and the West Indies. In the first match, Australia defeated England after the scores were tied, as well as the Super Over, because they had scored the only six of the match.In the following match, they defeated South Africa by 24 runs. <mask> played in neither matches, but she was called into the team for the West Indies match in place of Sarah Elliott. A leg spinning all rounder, Elliott failed to have an impact with either bat or ball, making only 4 from 15 balls, and 8 from 6 balls in the two matches, and had only bowled in the latter fixture, taking 0/22 from two overs. <mask> was brought in, giving Australia an extra frontline bowling option. <mask> was not required to bat as Australia finished on 7/133, and was then expensive with the ball, taking 0/20 from two overs as Australia won by nine runs to finish the group stage unbeaten at the top of their quartet. She caught Pamela Lavine from the bowling of Perry. Australia went on to face India in the semi-final, and Elliott was brought back in place of <mask>.Elliott was required to neither bat nor bowl as the Indians ended with 3/119, which was chased down by the Australians with seven wickets and seven balls to spare, and was retained for the final, making 19 not out from 20 Australia won by three runs in a low-scoring match. References External links <mask> at Cricket Australia 1989 births Living people People from Taree Cricketers from New South Wales Australian women cricketers Australia women Test cricketers Australia women One Day International cricketers Australia women Twenty20 International cricketers ACT Meteors cricketers Melbourne Stars (WBBL) cricketers New South Wales Breakers cricketers Sussex women cricketers Sydney Thunder (WBBL) cricketers

William Eggleston

original

<mask> (born July 27, 1939) is an American photographer. He is widely credited with increasing recognition for color photography as a legitimate artistic medium. <mask>'s books include <mask>'s Guide (1976) and The Democratic Forest (1989). Early years <mask> was born in Memphis, Tennessee and raised in Sumner, Mississippi. His father was an engineer and his mother was the daughter of a prominent local judge. As a boy, Eggleston was introverted; he enjoyed playing the piano, drawing, and working with electronics. From an early age, he was also drawn to visual media and reportedly enjoyed buying postcards and cutting out pictures from magazines.At the age of 15, <mask> was sent to the Webb School, a boarding establishment. Eggleston later recalled few fond memories of the school, telling a reporter, "It had a kind of Spartan routine to 'build character'. I never knew what that was supposed to mean. It was so callous and dumb. It was the kind of place where it was considered effeminate to like music and painting." <mask> was unusual among his peers in eschewing the traditional Southern male pursuits of hunting and sports, in favor of artistic pursuits and observation of the world. Nevertheless, <mask> noted that he never felt like an outsider."I never had the feeling that I didn't fit in," he told a reporter, "But probably I didn't." Eggleston attended Vanderbilt University for a year, Delta State College for a semester, and the University of Mississippi for about five years, but did not complete any degree. Nonetheless, his interest in photography took root when a friend at Vanderbilt gave Eggleston a Leica camera. He was introduced to abstract expressionism at Ole Miss by visiting painter Tom Young. Artistic development <mask>'s early photographic efforts were inspired by the work of Swiss-born photographer Robert Frank, and by French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson's book, The Decisive Moment. Eggleston later recalled that the book was "the first serious book I found, from many awful books...I didn't understand it a bit, and then it sank in, and I realized, my God, this is a great one." First photographing in black-and-white, Eggleston began experimenting with color in 1965 and 1966 after being introduced to the format by <mask>.Color transparency film became his dominant medium in the later 1960s. <mask>'s development as a photographer seems to have taken place in relative isolation from other artists. In an interview, John Szarkowski describes his first encounter with the young <mask> in 1969 as being "absolutely out of the blue". After reviewing Eggleston's work (which he recalled as a suitcase full of "drugstore" color prints) Szarkowski prevailed upon the Photography Committee of MoMA to buy one of <mask>'s photographs. In 1970, <mask>'s friend <mask> introduced him to Walter Hopps, director of Washington, D.C.'s Corcoran Gallery. Hopps later reported being "stunned" by Eggleston's work: "I had never seen anything like it." <mask> taught at Harvard in 1973 and 1974, and it was during these years that he discovered dye-transfer printing; he was examining the price list of a photographic lab in Chicago when he read about the process.As Eggleston later recalled: "It advertised 'from the cheapest to the ultimate print.' The ultimate print was a dye transfer. I went straight up there to look and everything I saw was commercial work like pictures of cigarette packs or perfume bottles but the color saturation and the quality of the ink were overwhelming. I couldn't wait to see what a plain Eggleston picture would look like with the same process. Every photograph I subsequently printed with the process seemed fantastic and each one seemed better than the previous one." The dye-transfer process resulted in some of <mask>'s most striking and famous work, such as his 1973 photograph entitled The Red Ceiling, of which Eggleston said, "The Red Ceiling is so powerful, that in fact, I've never seen it reproduced on the page to my satisfaction. When you look at the dye it is like red blood that's wet on the wall... A little red is usually enough, but to work with an entire red surface was a challenge."At Harvard, Eggleston prepared his first portfolio, entitled 14 Pictures (1974). <mask>'s work was exhibited at MoMA in 1976. Although this was over three decades after MoMa had mounted a solo exhibition of color photographs by Eliot Porter, and a decade after MoMA had exhibited color photographs by Ernst Haas, the tale that the Eggleston exhibition was MoMA's first exhibition of color photography is frequently repeated, and the 1976 show is regarded as a watershed moment in the history of photography, by marking "the acceptance of colour photography by the highest validating institution" (in the words of Mark Holborn). Around the time of his 1976 MoMA exhibition, Eggleston was introduced to Viva, the Andy Warhol "superstar", with whom he began a long relationship. During this period Eggleston became familiar with Andy Warhol's circle, a connection that may have helped foster Eggleston's idea of the "democratic camera", Mark Holborn suggests. Also in the 1970s, Eggleston experimented with video, producing several hours of roughly edited footage Eggleston calls Stranded in Canton. Writer Richard Woodward, who has viewed the footage, likens it to a "demented home movie", mixing tender shots of his children at home with shots of drunken parties, public urination, and a man biting off a chicken's head before a cheering crowd in New Orleans.Woodward suggests that the film is reflective of Eggleston's "fearless naturalism—a belief that by looking patiently at what others ignore or look away from, interesting things can be seen." Eggleston's published books and portfolios include Los Alamos (completed in 1974, but published much later), <mask>'s Guide (the catalog of the 1976 MoMa exhibit), the massive Election Eve (1977; a portfolio of photographs taken around Plains, Georgia, the rural seat of Jimmy Carter before the 1976 presidential election), The Morals of Vision (1978), Flowers (1978), Wedgwood Blue (1979), Seven (1979), Troubled Waters (1980), The Louisiana Project (1980), <mask>'s Graceland (1984; a series of commissioned photographs of Elvis Presley's Graceland, depicting the singer's home as an airless, windowless tomb in custom-made bad taste), The Democratic Forest (1989), Faulkner's Mississippi (1990), and Ancient and Modern (1992). Some of his early series were not shown until the late 2000s. The Nightclub Portraits (1973), a series of large black-and-white portraits in bars and clubs around Memphis was, for the most part, not shown until 2005. Lost and Found, part of Eggleston's Los Alamos series, is a body of photographs that have remained unseen for decades because until 2008 no one knew that they belonged to Walter Hopps; the works from this series chronicle road trips the artist took with Hopps, leaving from Memphis and traveling as far as the West Coast. Eggleston's Election Eve photographs were not editioned until 2011. Eggleston also worked with filmmakers, photographing the set of John Huston's film Annie (1982) and documenting the making of David Byrne's film True Stories (1986).In 2017, an album of Eggleston's music was released, Musik. It comprises 13 "experimental electronic soundscapes", "often dramatic improvisations on compositions by Bach (his hero) and Handel as well as his singular takes on a Gilbert and Sullivan tune and the jazz standard On the Street Where You Live." Musik was made entirely on a 1980s Korg synthesiser, and recorded to floppy disks. The 2017 compilation Musik was produced by Tom Lunt, and released on Secretly Canadian. In 2018, Áine O'Dwyer performed the music on a pipe organ at the Big Ears music festival in Knoxville. Eggleston's aesthetic Eggleston's mature work is characterized by its ordinary subject matter. As Eudora Welty noted in her introduction to The Democratic Forest, an Eggleston photograph might include "old tires, Dr. Pepper machines, discarded air-conditioners, vending machines, empty and dirty Coca-Cola bottles, torn posters, power poles and power wires, street barricades, one-way signs, detour signs, No Parking signs, parking meters, and palm trees crowding the same curb."Eudora Welty suggests that Eggleston sees the complexity and beauty of the mundane world: "The extraordinary, compelling, honest, beautiful and unsparing photographs all have to do with the quality of our lives in the everyday world: they succeed in showing us the grain of the present, like the cross-section of a tree... They focus on the mundane world. But no subject is fuller of implications than the mundane world!" Mark Holborn, in his introduction to Ancient and Modern, writes about the dark undercurrent of these mundane scenes as viewed through Eggleston's lens: "[Eggleston's] subjects are, on the surface, the ordinary inhabitants and environs of suburban Memphis and Mississippi—friends, family, barbecues, back yards, a tricycle and the clutter of the mundane. The normality of these subjects is deceptive, for behind the images there is a sense of lurking danger." American artist Edward Ruscha said of Eggleston's work, "When you see a picture he's taken, you're stepping into some kind of jagged world that seems like Eggleston World." According to Philip Gefter from Art & Auction, "It is worth noting that Stephen Shore and <mask>, pioneers of color photography in the early 1970s, borrowed, consciously or not, from the photorealists.Their photographic interpretation of

William Eggleston

original

the American vernacular—gas stations, diners, parking lots—is foretold in photorealist paintings that preceded their pictures." Publications Election Eve. New York City: Caldecot Chubb, 1977. Artist book. Two volumes. Edition of five copies. Göttingen: Steidl; 2017. . One volume.Morals of Vision. New York City: Caldecot Chubb, 1978. Artist book. Edition of fifteen copies. Göttingen: Steidl; 2018. . Flowers. New York City: Caldecot Chubb, 1978.Artist book. Edition of fifteen copies. Göttingen: Steidl; 2019. . <mask>'s Guide. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1976. . The Democratic Forest. London: Secker & Warburg, 1989. With an introduction by Eudora Welty and an afterword by <mask> and Mark Holborn.New York: Doubleday, 1989. . With an introduction by Welty and an afterword by <mask> and Mark Holborn. Expanded edition. Göttingen: Steidl, 2015. . Ten volume set, 1328 pages, 1010 photographs. The Democratic Forest: Selected Works. New York: David Zwirner; Göttingen: Steidl, 2016. . 68 photographs. Faulkner's Mississippi.Birmingham: Oxmoor House, 1990. . With a text by Willie Morris. Ancient and Modern. New York: Random House, 1992. . With an introduction by Mark Holborn. Horses and Dogs. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution, 1994. . Essay by Richard B. Woodward. The Hasselblad Award 1998: <mask>.Zurich: Scalo; Goteborg: Hasselblad Center, 1999. . Edited by Gunilla Knape. With essays by Walter Hopps and Thomas Weski, and a transcript of an interview with Ute Eskildsen. <mask>. Göttingen: Steidl; Paris: Foundation Cartier, 2001. . Bilingual (French and English). Los Alamos. Zurich: Scalo Publishers, 2003. . With a text by Walter Hopps and Thomas Weski. 2 .Santa Fe: Twin Palms Publishers, 1999, 2008, 2011. . With a text by Bruce Wagner. The Spirit of Dunkerque. Paris: Biro, 2006. . Corte Madera, CA: Gingko, 2009. With a text by Vincent Gerard and Jean-pierre Rehm. 5 × 7. Santa Fe: Twin Palms Publishers, 2007. . With an essay by Michael Almereyda. <mask>: Democratic Camera, Photographs and Video, 1961–2008.With a text by Elisabeth Sussman, Thomas Weski, Tina Kukielski, and Stanley Booth. Exhibition catalog. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 2008. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2008. . Paris. Göttingen: Steidl, 2009. . Before Color. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010. . For Now. Santa Fe: Twin Palms Publishing, 2010. . Afterword by Michael Almereyda; short texts, "Eggleston, 1971" by Lloyd Fonvielle, "In Conversation with <mask>" by Kristina McKenna, "Two Women and One Man" by Greil Marcus, "Night Vision: The Cinema of <mask>ton" by Any Taubin, and a longer text "It Never Entered My Mind": (Answers to 11 frequently asked questions about <mask> in the Real World)" by Michael Almereyda.Chromes. Göttingen: Steidl, 2011. . Los Alamos Revisited. Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. . From Black & White to Color. Göttingen: Steidl, 2014. . With an introduction by Agnès Sire ("The Invention of a Language"), essay by Thomas Weski. At Zenith. Göttingen: Steidl, 2014. . Polaroid SX-70. Göttingen: Steidl, 2019. .The Outlands. Steidl, 2021. ISBN 978-3-95829-265-9 Photographs in notable publications The earliest commercial use of Eggleston's art was on album covers for the Memphis group Big Star, with whom Eggleston recorded for the album Third/Sister Lovers and who used his photograph of a red ceiling on their album Radio City. Eggleston's photograph of dolls on a Cadillac hood featured on the cover of the Alex Chilton album Like Flies on Sherbert. The Primal Scream album Give Out But Don't Give Up features a cropped photograph of a neon Confederate flag and a palm tree by Eggleston. In 1994, Eggleston allowed his long-time friend and fellow photographer Terry Manning to use two Eggleston photographs for the front and back covers of the CD release of Christopher Idylls, an album of ethereal acoustic guitar music produced by Manning and performed by another friend of Eggleston, Gimmer Nicholson. In 2006, a <mask>ton image was coincidentally used as both the cover to Primal Scream's single "Country Girl" and the paperback edition of Ali Smith's novel The Accidental.The same picture had already been used on the cover of Chuck Prophet's Age of Miracles album in 2004. In 2001, <mask>'s photograph "Memphis (1968)" was used as the cover of Jimmy Eat World's top-selling album Bleed American. <mask>'s photos also appear on Tanglewood Numbers by the Silver Jews, Joanna Newsom and the Ys Street Band by Joanna Newsom , Transference by Spoon and Delta Kream by The Black Keys. Films Documentary appearances <mask> in the Real World (2005), by Michael Almereyda. By the Ways: A Journey with <mask> (2007), directed by Vincent Gérard and Cédric Laty – selected for the Grand Jury Prize at Sundance Film Festival in 2006. The Colourful Mr. Eggleston (2009), directed by Jack Cocker and Reiner Holzemer – an episode of the Imagine (TV series) for BBC One. The Source (2012), by Doug Aitken.Big Star: Nothing Can Hurt Me (2013), directed by Drew DeNicola and Olivia Mori. Movie and series appearances Great Balls of Fire (1989), directed by Jim McBride <mask> plays Jerry Lee Lewis's father, Elmo Lewis. Restless, x-ray technician (2011), as himself. Today (TV Series) (episode dated 31 May 2011), as himself. Sunday Morning (A Father and Daughter's Artistic Collaboration, 2016) Music Musik (Secretly Canadian, 2017) – produced by Tom Lunt Exhibitions 1999–2000: <mask> and the Color Tradition, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. 2001–2002: <mask>, Fondation Cartier, Paris. Traveled to Hayward Gallery, London.2002: documenta 11, Kassel, Germany. 2002: <mask>: Los Alamos, Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany. Traveled to Serralves Foundation, Portugal; Norwegian Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, Norway; Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek, Denmark; Albertina, Vienna, Austria; and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California; Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas through 2005). 2008: <mask>: Democratic Camera, Photographs and Video 1961–2008, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Co-organized with Haus der Kunst, Munich; Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C.; Art Institute of Chicago; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. 2012: New Dyes, Rose Gallery, Santa Monica, California 2016: <mask>: Selections from the Wilson Centre for Photography, Portland Art Museum, Portland. 2016: <mask> Portraits, National Portrait Gallery, London.2017: <mask>: Los Alamos, Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam. Awards 1974: Guggenheim Fellowship 1975: Photographer's Fellowship, National Endowment for the Arts 1978: Survey Grant, National Endowment for the Arts, for a survey of Mississippi cotton farms using photography and color video 1989: "54 Master Photographers of 1960-1979" Award, Photographic Society of Japan 1995: Distinguished Achievement Award, University of Memphis 1998: Hasselblad Award, Hasselblad Foundation, Gothenburg, Sweden 2003: Special 150th Anniversary Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS), Royal Photographic Society, London 2004: Getty Images Lifetime Achievement Award at the International Center of Photography (ICP) 2013: Outstanding Contribution to Photography Award, Sony World Photography Awards, World Photography Organisation, London. Collections Eggleston's work is held in the following public collections: Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA Museum of Modern Art, New York City Pier 24 Photography, San Francisco San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City International Photography Hall of Fame, St.Louis, MO Art market In 2012, three dozen of Eggleston's larger-format prints – instead of the original format of – sold for $5.9 million in an auction at Christie's to benefit the Eggleston Artistic Trust, an organization dedicated to the preservation of the artist's work. The top lot, Untitled 1970, set a world auction record for a single print by the photographer at $578,000. New York art collector Jonathan Sobel, subsequently filed a lawsuit in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against <mask>, alleging that the artist's decision to print and sell oversized versions of some of his famous images in an auction has diluted the rarity—and therefore the resale value—of the originals. The court later dismissed the lawsuit. Notes References Sources Eggleston, <mask> (1989).The Democratic Forest. Introduction by Eudora Welty. New York: Doubleday. . <mask>, <mask> & Morris, <mask> (1990). Faulkner's Mississippi. Birmingham: Oxmoor House. . <mask>, <mask> (1992). Ancient and Modern. Introduction by Mark Holborn.New York: Random House. . Lindgren, Carl Edwin. (1993 Summer). "Ancient and modern". Review of Ancient and Modern by <mask>. Number, Volume 19:20–21. Lindgren, Carl Edwin. (1993)."Enigmatic presence". Review of Ancient and Modern by <mask>. RSA Journal (Journal of the Roy. Soc. of Arts), Volume 141 Number 5439, 404. Woodward, Richard B. (October 1991)."Memphis Beau". Vanity Fair. Eggleston Trust bio External links Where World View and World Lines Converge in Fillip 1939 births Living people People from Memphis, Tennessee People from Sumner, Mississippi Harvard University staff Photographers from Mississippi Photographers from Tennessee University of Mississippi alumni Vanderbilt University alumni Webb School (Bell Buckle, Tennessee) alumni Fine art photographers 20th-century American photographers 21st-century American photographers Secretly Canadian

Gunduz Kalic

original

<mask> is a theatre director, acting coach and actor especially interested in the renewal of theatre as popular gathering. Awarded the title Professor of Theatre by Bath Spa University, UK where he worked until late 2008, <mask>'s career has centred on play based actor training, theatre for non-theatregoers and radical political theatre. Over five decades, he has worked in Turkey, Greece, the UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Canada and India and taught and / or collaborated with a broad range of artists - including actors, directors, poets, writers, composers, songwriters, singers, musicians, Applied Drama workers, cabaret artists, designers, painters and sculptors. Turkey In the mid 1960s, <mask> became a founder-member of Asaf Çiğiltepe's Ankara Art Theatre (Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu), where he appeared in a number of productions including Waiting for Godot (Godot’yu Beklerken) by Samuel Beckett, Dead Without Graves (Mezarsız Ölüler) by Jean-Paul Sartre, The Hostage (Gizli Ordu) by Brendan Behan and Dead Souls (Ölü Canlar) adapted by Arthur Adamov (from the novel by Gogol). Next, he played alongside the legendary Ulvi Uraz in the premiere and throughout the long running Istanbul 'West End' production Commotion in Moonlight (Gozlerimi Kaparım Vazifemi Yaparım) by Haldun Taner. The cast included the then young talents Zeki Alasya and Metin Akpınar. Meanwhile, Kaliç acted in a number of films including the award-winning Kanlı Döğüş.He then founded his own theatre company, Halk Oyuncuları Birliği, which was resident at the Arena Theatre in İstanbul. Members of the company included Ali Poyrazoğlu, Deniz Türkali, Celile Toyon and Mete İnsel. <mask> directed a production of Revenge of the Snakes (Yılanların öcü) adapted from the novel by Fakir Baykurt, which precipitated his departure from Turkey. Europe / Canada After leaving Turkey, <mask> studied at the Athens Theatre and Cinema Academy and then enjoyed short internships with Jean-Louis Barrault (Theatre d l’Odeon), Giorgio Strehler (Piccolo Teatro d Milano), Eduardo De Filippo (Teatro Ca Foscari) and other prolific directors of 1960s theatre. <mask>'s involvement with the Joan Littlewood founded East 15 Acting School began when he was invited to take a role in an E15 troupe's production of Lysistrata at the first Istanbul International Theatre Festival. After moving to the UK in the late 1960s, <mask> became an instructor at E15 and subsequently Co-director of the School. As Artistic Director of the adjoining Corbett Theatre he produced some 40 plays from 1971–76, including Ears, one of the first rock musicals, and led touring companies to major summer festivals in the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and France.During this period and throughout the 1970s and 80s <mask> also regularly guest directed and conducted master-classes at the Toneelacademie Maastricht, in the Netherlands. In the late 1970s, Kalic taught and directed (in the forerunner to the current School for the Contemporary Arts) at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, producing the work Terrorizm, about the Red Army Faction, in collaboration with the proto-punk band Active Dog. Australia In the 1980s <mask> led the Theatre Arts programme at Northern Territory University (now Charles Darwin University) in Darwin, Australia. He was also Artistic Director of Territory North Theatre (TNT), carrying out much new play development and facilitating Theatre-as-Education work in Darwin and remote areas of the Outback. In 1991, Kalic relocated to Queensland and launched the Australian Theatre As Education Project (TAE). Part-funded by the Commonwealth Government Priority Country Area Program and devoted to Shakespeare-in-Schools and language and human relationships education, TAE toured throughout the enormous geographical expanse of outback and provincial Queensland, conducting over 1600 performances and workshops for 48,000 parents and children. As well, at about the same time, Kalic designed and supervised the delivery of short theatre and performance based programmes for unemployed and at risk youth for Bundaberg TAFE College and a Commonwealth Government agency.<mask> and his ensemble also developed a repertoire of popular entertainments - highly participatory theatre for adult non-theatre goers - incorporating distinctive larrikin, stand-up comedy and musical elements. These popular entertainments included adaptations of Shakespearean and Restoration classics and a series of half a dozen original intercultural works including the Australiana-derived On The Wallaby. Kaliç's version of The Taming of the Shrew, staged in a boxing ring, and other works were filmed and screened on SBS-TV's Imagine programme. In 1993, the original political comedy/rap musical That's Twice, co-written and directed by Kalic, premiered at Australia's Parliament House in Canberra. Of this act of guerrilla theatre, the Canberra Times wrote: 'they lambasted the political powerbrokers in their own den'. A subsequent production of this play was described by one critic as 'a two-fingered riposte from Australia's forgotten people delivered with enough cartoonish energy to fuel our manufacturing industries for a year, if we had any'. <mask>'s ensemble became Taking Liberties Theatre Company, basing itself in Brisbane.Taking Liberties continued to produce popular entertainment based theatre for non-theatregoers, becoming a staple act on the club and hotel circuit in South East Queensland and beyond. Popular audiences enabled the company to survive un-subsidised in a performing arts ecology dependent on government subsidy. That's Twice lived on as a continually updated commentary on current affairs played in stand-up and conventional theatre venues, with characters from the show confronting leading politicians including the Prime Minister of Australia at public events and featuring regularly in a political satire segment on ABC's Stateline Current Affairs programme in 1996. Through this period Kalic also penned op-ed articles on arts policy and theatricality in politics for The Australian Financial Review, The Courier-Mail (Brisbane), the Melbourne Herald Sun and the Canadian neo-situationist journal Adbusters. One of these pieces, The Death of Reality, argued that the entertainment industry was complicit in such events as the Port Arthur massacre in Australia and in the Dunblane massacre in Scotland. UK In 2001, <mask> commenced teaching at Bath Spa University in the UK, where he founded and was Artistic Director of Full Tilt Theatre Company. Full Tilt mounted productions of his adaptations of Hamlet, Macbeth and The Comedy of Errors at an annual on campus Shakespeare-by-the-Lake event, at the Minack Theatre in Cornwall and elsewhere.The Cornish News wrote of his 2008 The Comedy of Errors: An Identity Affair: 'No errors in this vibrant show...impossible not to succumb to the total commitment, confidence and considerable charm of these many, mainly young players'. Subsequently, the show toured to parts of the United States and Canada. Kalic also created an original Bollywood Carmen after Bizet incorporating original music by Maestro of Santoor, Kiranpal Singh Deoora. <mask> <mask> retired as Head of Department of Drama at Bath Spa University in late 2008. Coaching Stage and screen professionals coached or taught by <mask> <mask> or with whom he has collaborated include Zeki Alasya, Ali Poyrazoğlu, Metin Akpınar, Peter Armitage, Janine Duvitski, Alan Ford, Robert Gwilym, Jonathan Kaye, Kevin Lloyd, Christopher Ryan, Tony Scannell, Alison Steadman, Gwen Taylor, Oliver Tobias, David Yip, Heather Johansen, Mike Bradwell (founder Hull Truck Theatre and long-time Artistic Director of the Bush Theatre), Oliver Foot (founder Footsbarn Theatre Company), Hilary Westlake (founder Son and Lumiere), Andy Noble (founder Orchard Theatre Company), the late Howard Lloyd-Lewis (formerly of Manchester Library Theatre Company), Pavel Douglas, Gijs Scholten van Aschat, Hans Kesting, Joke Tjalsma, Pierre Bokma, Wivinneke van Groningen, Chris Haywood, Stephen Hyde, Monte Dwyer and Lori Dungey. Notes Peter Billingham (ed.). 2005.Radical Initiatives in Interventionist and Community Drama. Bristol: Intellect Books. External links Gunduz Kalic website at http://www.gunduzkalic.com Taking Liberties Theatre Company archive/website at http://www.takingliberties.org Turkish theatre directors British acting coaches Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

David Satcher

original

<mask>, (born March 2, 1941) is an American physician, and public health administrator. He was a four-star admiral in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and served as the 10th Assistant Secretary for Health, and the 16th Surgeon General of the United States. Biography Early years <mask> was born in Anniston, Alabama. At the age of two, he contracted whooping cough. A Black doctor, Dr. Jackson, came to his parents' farm, and told his parents he didn't expect <mask> to live, but nonetheless spent the day with him and told his parents how to give him the best chance he could. Satcher said that he grew up hearing that story, and that inspired him to be a doctor. While in college, Satcher was active in the Civil Rights Movement and was arrested on multiple occasions.Satcher graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta in 1963 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He received his M.D. and a Ph.D. in cell biology from Case Western Reserve University in 1970 with election to the Alpha Omega Alpha honor society. He completed his residency and fellowship training at the Strong Memorial Hospital, the University of Rochester, the UCLA School of Medicine, and Martin Luther King Jr.-Harbor Hospital. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American College of Preventive Medicine, and the American College of Physicians, and is board certified in preventive medicine. Satcher pledged Omega Psi Phi fraternity and is an initiate of the Psi chapter of Morehouse College. Career Satcher served as professor and Chairman of the Department of Community Medicine and Family Practice at Morehouse School of Medicine from 1979 to 1982.He is a former faculty member of the UCLA School of Medicine, the UCLA School of Public Health, and the King-Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles, where he developed and chaired the King-Drew Department of Family Medicine. From 1975 to 1979, he served as the interim Dean of the Charles R. Drew Postgraduate Medical School, during which time, he negotiated the agreement with UCLA School of Medicine and the Board of Regents that led to a medical education program at King-Drew. He also directed the King-Drew Sickle Cell Research Center for six years. Satcher served as President of Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee, from 1982 to 1993. He also held the posts of Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from 1993 to 1998. Surgeon General Satcher served simultaneously in the positions of Surgeon General and Assistant Secretary for Health from February 1998 through January 2001 at the US Department of Health and Human Services. As such, he is the first Surgeon General to be appointed as a four-star admiral in the PHSCC, to reflect his dual offices.In his first year as Surgeon General, Satcher released the 1998 Surgeon General's report "Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups." In it he reported that tobacco use was on the rise among youth in each of the country's major racial and ethnic groups, threatening their long-term health prospects. Satcher was appointed by Bill Clinton, and remained Surgeon General until 2002, contemporaneously with the first half of the first term of President George W. Bush's administration. Eve Slater would later replace him as Assistant Secretary for Health in 2001. Because he no longer held his dual office, Satcher was reverted and downgraded to the grade of vice admiral in the regular corps for the remainder of his term as Surgeon General. In 2001, his office released the report, The Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior. The report was hailed by the chairman of the American Academy of Family Physicians as an overdue paradigm shift—"The only way we're going to change approaches to sexual behavior and sexual activity is through school.In school, not only at the doctor's office." However, conservative political groups denounced the report as being too permissive towards homosexuality and condom distribution in schools. When Satcher left office, he retired with the rank of vice admiral. Post–Surgeon General Upon his departure from the post, Satcher became a fellow at the Kaiser Family Foundation. In the fall of 2002, he assumed the post of Director of the National Center for Primary Care at the Morehouse School of Medicine. On December 20, 2004, <mask> was named interim president at Morehouse School of Medicine until John E. Maupin, Jr., former president of Meharry Medical College assumed the current position on February 26, 2006. In June 2006, Satcher established the Satcher Health Leadership Institute (SHLI) at Morehouse School of Medicine as a natural extension of his experiences improving public health policy for all Americans and his commitment to eliminating health disparities for minorities, the poor, and other disadvantaged groups.In 2013, he co-founded the advocacy group African American Network Against Alzheimer's. As of 2002, he sits on the boards of Johnson & Johnson and, as of 2007, MetLife. Criticisms of health inequality While acknowledging progress, Satcher has criticized health disparities. He asked the question, “What if we had eliminated disparities in health in the last century?” and calculated that there would have been 83,500 fewer Black deaths in the year 2000. That would have included 24,000 fewer Black deaths from cardiovascular disease. If infant mortality had been equal across racial and ethnic groups in 2000, 4,700 fewer Black infants would have died in their first year of life. Without disparities, there would have been 22,000 fewer Black deaths from diabetes and almost 2,000 fewer Black women would have died from breast cancer; 250,000 fewer Blacks would have been infected with HIV/AIDS and 7,000 fewer Blacks would have died from complications due to AIDS in 2000.As many as 2.5 million additional Blacks, including 650,000 children, would have had health insurance in that year. He called on people to work for solutions at the individual, community, and policy level. Satcher supports a Medicare-for-all style single payer health plan, in which insurance companies would be eliminated and the government would pay health care costs directly to doctors, hospitals and other providers through the tax system. In 1990, while President of Meharry Medical College, Satcher founded a quarterly academic journal entitled the Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. Both the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Medical Library Association rate this journal as one of the nation's important public health journals. Awards and honors He is the recipient of many honorary degrees and numerous distinguished honors, including the Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal, the 2013 UC Berkeley School of Public Health Public Health Heroes Award, an honorary Doctor of Science from Harvard University (2011), an honorary Doctor of Public Health from Dickinson College (2016), and top awards from the American Medical Association, the American College of Physicians, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and Ebony magazine. In 1995, he received the Breslow Award in Public Health and in 1997 the New York Academy of Medicine Lifetime Achievement Award.In 2004, he received the Benjamin E. Mays Trailblazer Award and the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Award for Humanitarian Contributions to the Health of Humankind from the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. An academic society at the Case Western School of Medicine is named in Dr. Satcher's honor, and, in 2009, he delivered the university's Commencement Address. References External links Morehouse School of Medicine Faculty Profile Satcher Interview on Healthcare as a Civil Rights Issue with Al Sharpton and Dr. V on AskDoctorv.com 1941 births Living people People from Anniston, Alabama Case Western Reserve University alumni Morehouse School of Medicine faculty Johnson & Johnson people Meharry Medical College Surgeons General of the United States Clinton administration personnel African-American physicians American Academy of Family Physicians members United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps admirals Directors of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention George W. Bush administration personnel Recipients of the Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal Morehouse College alumni American biologists

Bernard Hoffman

original

<mask> (1913–1979) was an American photographer and documentary photographer. The bulk of his photographic journalism was done during the first 18 years of the revamped Life magazine, starting in 1936. During this time he produced many photo essays, including a shoot with Carl Sandburg in 1938. He is, perhaps, most known as the first American photographer on the ground at Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the atomic bomb was dropped in 1945, providing some harrowing glimpses into the destructive power of the bomb. After leaving Life in 1951, <mask> went on to establish Bernard Hoffman Laboratories, a company dedicated to improving the technology for professional photography. The lab was well-known enough that in 1963 he was brought on to process film from the Kennedy assassination, leading to support for belief in the infamous "shooter on the grassy knoll." Following the sale of the lab in 1973, he spent his retirement years running photography workshops with his wife, Inez.<mask> died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) in 1979. Early life <mask> was born in New York City in 1913, and little is publicly known about his youth, besides the fact that he received a camera as a birthday present in 1931, when he was 18 years of age. <mask> used the camera to snap photos of friends skinny dipping, but was told by the local shopkeeper that they would not develop the film into prints. He decided to take matters into his own hands and purchased a kit to develop the pictures himself. This incident would chart the course of his entire adult life. In 1935, he accepted a job as staff photographer for Life, the first of the original four members of that department, as Henry Luce revamped the publication into an all-photographic American news magazine. Life Magazine <mask> was brought on board approximately one year before the relaunch of Life would turn the magazine from its original format into a photojournal of modern American life.In his role as staff photographer, <mask> worked on dummy layouts and design elements prior to the reworked magazine's debut on November 23, 1936, as well as contributing photography for the first issue. After the magazine's launch, <mask> covered a dizzying number of assignments worldwide, ranging from the glamorous to the deadly. According to the International Center of Photography in a brochure for a <mask> exhibit, "...politics, heavy industry, science, medicine, beauty, sports, animals, theatre, agriculture, art, photo-micrography, motion pictures. Name it, he did it." Notable events during his 18 years with Life include: To illustrate an essay on the "World of Animals," he blindfolded a rattlesnake and stuffed cotton in a shark's nostrils. He reported the social effects of the dictatorship in Portugal during 1937. While on one of the first transatlantic commercial flights, aboard a Boeing flying boat, <mask> had Archduke Otto von Habsburg hold his flashes while photographing the plane's interior.The flight took 19 hours to travel from New York City to the Azores in Portugal. <mask> covered actor John Barrymore a number of times. During a performance of Barrymore's last play, My Dear Children, the actor had to run out on stage and kiss his then new wife, Elaine Barry, and run off stage again. With <mask> in the audience, Barrymore performed the bit as usual, but then without any warning ran back out onto the stage and shouted to <mask>, "Did you get that picture, Bernie?" In one day, <mask> was given assignments with short deadlines in three different states. Editor Wilson Hicks gave him the advice, "If this is too tough, you can always cut your throat." <mask> chartered a private plane to cover a rifle match, Gold Cup motorboat races, and a thigh operation.One of <mask>'s most cherished memories were that of poet Carl Sandburg, a man <mask> referred to as "the only genius I have ever met." He and Sandburg became close friends, and <mask>'s photos of Sandburg singing to his goats in the living room became an instant classic Life photo essay in the February 31, 1938 issue, om which <mask> also received a cover photo credit. The sculpture The Kiss, by Auguste Rodin, got <mask> and Life in some trouble. His layouts on the art exhibition came out so lifelike that the magazine was temporarily banned in Boston and Argentina on morality grounds. Dropped via parachute behind enemy lines in the Burmese jungle in 1943, <mask> brought back the story of the trapped battalion of Merrill's Marauders. On the way to the drop destination, Japanese Zeros shot the wheels off the plane he was in, which diverted the flight to a clearing behind the lines. Of the 500 men in the Marauders, only <mask> and 35 others emerged from the jungle.Back home, his wife and Life editors had no word on his whereabouts for over eight weeks. Of this event, <mask> quipped, "Risk? There was no risk, I had my press card!" To take a dangerous photo sequence of a 500 lb. bomb detonating, <mask> placed his camera two and a half feet from the center of impact. When the bomb left the plane, he pressed the automatic shutter release and ran. The bomb exploded only 20 feet away from him, and when the dust cleared, he found the bomb had hit precisely where it was supposed to, getting <mask> accolades for the innovative shots featured in Lifes November 15, 1943 issue.<mask> was on board the first low-level B-29 air raid on Japan. On special assignment, <mask> was the first American photojournalist on the ground in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, recording the devastating effects of the atomic bomb blasts while the peace agreement was being signed aboard the USS Missouri. The results were featured on the cover, an in-depth photo essay, and as "Picture of the Week" in Life's October 15, 1945 issue. One tragically ironic photo captured the image of a seven-year-old's skeleton lying in the debris of her home, while a fragile vase sat untouched next to the body. As a correspondent under the watch of Major Tex McCrary, <mask> was permitted to photograph the horrors of German's concentration camps. Said <mask> of this assignment, "I try not to feel anything when I am taking pictures of something unpleasant. I detach myself and concentrate on the picture.After seeing the camps, many of the war correspondents wanted to stop right there, but it was important to continue and record everything." Of <mask>'s photography in covering the war in the China-Burma-India Theatre, General "Vinegar" Joe Stilwell said, "It is the best collection of pictures of this type that I have ever seen." <mask> left Life in 1951 to pursue freelance photojournalism. Bernard Hoffman Laboratories and the JFK Assassination Without the resources of Lifes labs behind him, <mask> very quickly found dissatisfaction with the development labs available to freelance and professional photographers. To remedy this, he founded Bernard Hoffman Laboratories (BHL), with the goal of providing the highest possible quality prints from negatives of all sorts. BHL set an aggressive pace towards improving the technology of photography, and was earmarked as "one of the two most interesting and progressive labs going" by Minor White. The lab made several noteworthy additions to the field, including chemical formulas that made it possible to shoot full detail motion photos in low illumination, a montage process for combining many photographs without the need of airbrushing, a new lens design with the ability to focus from four inches to infinity, and process of bringing detail to badly under-exposed negatives.During his tenure with the company, <mask> gained such acclaim that his labs were used to process much of the footage from the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963. The resulting detailed prints led to the belief that a person aiming a rifle at the President stood atop a car behind a wall near the path of the motorcade. Additionally, the United States Atomic Energy Commission regularly consulted BHL as an expert in important film and print analyses. <mask> sold the custom lab business and retired in 1973 after suffering a mild cardiac arrest. Late life After officially retiring from business life, <mask> published a book, The Man From Kankakee in 1973, chronicling the life of Romy Hammes, a self-made millionaire whom he had first met in 1938 when he photographed Hammes for Life. Following this, he started a small home-based photography training course to teach new students the art in 1974, in partnership with his wife, Inez. One of his early students, John DeSanto, went on to become a well-known American photojournalist and is currently Director of Photography of the Times Herald-Record in Middletown, New York.The training business closed in late 1978, due to <mask>'s deteriorating health. <mask> died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease) in November 1979. Posthumous works His works are released since his death, like the aftermath photos of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, taken in September 1945. References External links Comprehensive collection of <mask> art Getty Images Collected <mask> art 1913 births 1979 deaths 20th-century American photographers Life (magazine) photojournalists Photography in Japan

Roy Williams (wide receiver)

original

<mask>. (born December 20, 1981) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys, and Chicago Bears. He played college football for the University of Texas Longhorns. Early years <mask> attended high school at Permian High School in Odessa, Texas, where he starred in multiple sports. He lettered in football, track, baseball, and basketball, earning all-state honors in football and track and all-district accolades in baseball and basketball. <mask> also made the honor roll all four years while attending Permian High School. College career Arriving at the University of Texas in the 2000 recruiting class, <mask> and fellow freshmen receivers BJ Johnson and Sloan Thomas were touted as the most talented group of incoming receivers in school history. In his second season, he started 13 games, making 67 receptions for 836 yards and 7 touchdowns.As a junior, he was limited with a hamstring injury, appearing in 12 games with nine starts, while posting 64 receptions for 1,142 yards and 12 touchdowns. Instead of opting for the NFL, he decided to return for his senior season, registering 70 receptions for 1,079 yards and 9 touchdowns. By the end of his college career, <mask> had become one of the most decorated receivers in Texas Longhorns history. Nicknamed "The Legend", he left school as the all-time leader in receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns. He was a member of the All-Conference Team for the Big 12 on three occasions, and was a semi-finalist for the Biletnikoff Award during both his junior and senior seasons. In 2013, he was inducted into the University of Texas Hall of Honor. Track and field <mask> was a track star at the University of Texas, where he recorded a personal best of 10.30 seconds in the 100 meters.He also specialized in high jump and long jump. Personal bests NFL career 2004 NFL Draft <mask> was selected seventh overall in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions. Many draft experts considered the pick a bold move since the Lions had drafted Charles Rogers with the second overall pick the year before. 2004 NFL Combine Detroit Lions In 2004, <mask> set Lions rookie records with 54 receptions for 817 yards and eight touchdowns in 12 games; he suffered an ankle injury midway through the season that limited his effectiveness. The following season, the team spent their first-round draft pick (10th overall) on yet another receiver, this time USC star <mask>. He finished first on the team in receiving yards (687), average per catch (15.3) and second in receptions (45). <mask> had a productive year for the 2006 Lions, with 1,310 yards, seven touchdowns and a 16.0 yards-per-catch average.The 1,310 yards were the most in the NFC, and tied with Indianapolis Colts receiver Reggie Wayne for third-most in the NFL. <mask>' 16.0 YPC average was first in the NFL for receivers with more than 25 receptions. He also had 24 catches of 20-plus yards, which ranked first in the NFL. He and teammate Mike Furrey caught more passes (178) than any other duo in the NFC. <mask> was named an alternate for the 2007 Pro Bowl. When Torry Holt withdrew due to injury, <mask> was named to the active squad. He was the first Detroit wide receiver to make the Pro Bowl since 1998 (Herman Moore).<mask> was the 2007 recipient of the Detroit Lions/Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association/Pro Football Writers Association's Media-Friendly "Good Guy" Award. The Good Guy Award is given yearly to the Detroit Lions player who shows consideration to, and cooperation with the media at all times during the course of the season. Dallas Cowboys The Dallas Cowboys had tried to obtain <mask> for two years, finally reaching a trade agreement with the Lions on October 14, 2008, in exchange for a first (#20-Brandon Pettigrew), third (#82-<mask>), and sixth-round (#192-Aaron Brown) picks in the 2009 NFL Draft (the Cowboys also received a seventh-round pick (#210-Vance Walker) from the Lions in the 2010 draft). He was then signed to a new contract through the 2014 season; he agreed to a six-year, $54 million contract, with $26 million guaranteed. <mask> became the second option at wide receiver, while playing opposite to Terrell Owens and didn't have the immediate impact that it was expected, catching only 19 passes and one touchdown in seven starts, although his problems were attributed to his unfamiliarity with the offensive system, playing with two different quarterbacks and the lingering effects of a Lisfranc injury. In 2009, with the release of Owens, <mask> was expected to take over as the team's leading wide receiver, but against the Kansas City Chiefs, as a replacement for the injured <mask>, Miles Austin had a breakout game with 10 receptions for 250 yards (a Cowboys record for receiving yards in a single-game, breaking Bob Hayes' 246-yard effort in 1966) and 2 touchdowns. <mask> would be again relegated to the second wide receiver role for the rest of the season, although he helped the Cowboys win their first playoff game since 1996, by making five catches for 59 yards including several crucial third-down catches in the first half.In 2010, the Cowboys drafted future Pro Bowler Dez Bryant in the first round, but <mask> retained his starting role alongside Austin. He got off to a quick start with 21 receptions for 306 yards and 5 touchdowns in the first 5 games, but his production declined significantly in his final 10 games (16 catches for 224 yards and no touchdowns) as Bryant gained a bigger role in the offense. His best game with the Cowboys was against in-state rival Houston Texans, in which he recorded 117 receiving yards and two touchdowns on five catches while only being targeted six times. His time with Cowboys was a disappointment, by the close of the 2010 season, <mask> had totaled 99 regular season/playoff catches for the Cowboys and 13 touchdowns, 11 of which came from inside the red zone. He was released on July 28, 2011. Chicago Bears In 2011, a day after being released by the Cowboys, <mask> agreed to sign with the Chicago Bears for a one-year, $2.46 million contract, reuniting with offensive coordinator Mike Martz, who held the same title with the Lions during <mask>' Pro Bowl season. He finished with 37 receptions for 507 yards and 2 touchdowns, with his best game coming on Christmas night against the Green Bay Packers with six catches for 81 yards.<mask> announced his retirement from the NFL on his Facebook page on September 8, 2012. NFL career statistics Receiving statistics Rushing statistics Personal life Upon retirement, <mask> returned to his home town of Odessa, Texas, where he started an oil field trucking company tapping into the boom going on in West Texas. <mask> played a small role in the 2004 sports film Friday Night Lights (his older brother, Lloyd Hill was on the team the movie was based on). <mask> played the role of an assistant coach for Midland Lee High School, which is one of Permian's biggest rivals. His one spoken line in the film was, "He ain’t going to play." <mask> is also the co-founder, with college teammate BJ Johnson, of MVP Vodka, an All-American Wheat vodka made in Dallas, TX. His older brother Lloyd Hill, was the Texas Tech University all-time leading receiver and led the NCAA in receptions in 1992.References External links 1981 births Living people American football wide receivers Chicago Bears players Dallas Cowboys players Detroit Lions players National Conference Pro Bowl players People from Odessa, Texas Permian High School alumni Players of American football from Texas Texas Longhorns football players

Lucian Mureșan

original

<mask> (born 23 May 1931) is the first and current Major Archbishop of the Greek Catholic Archdiocese of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. As Major Archbishop of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia (resident in Blaj), he is the head of the Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic. Life <mask> was born in the village of Firiza (now the Ferneziu district of Baia Mare), Romania, the tenth of Peter and Maria Mureșan's twelve children. He attended primary school in Firiza between 1938 and 1944 and later secondary school in Baia Mare from 1944 to 1948 at the Gheorghe Șincai High School. The 1948 educational reform banned all religions in schools in the country, especially by Decree no. 358 of 1948 of the Great National Assembly, in which the Romanian Greek Catholic Church was brutally repressed and declared illegal and, therefore, the hope of training and becoming a priest was unattainable and he withdrew from school. Between 1948 and 1951, Mureşan attended school for woodworking (fine furniture) in Baia Mare, and continued his education part-time to complete his studies.From 1951 to 1954, he did military service, which was mandatory at the time, at the aviation school in Turnişor (Sibiu). After finishing his military training, he joined the jet aviation battalion in Craiova. In 1953, because of his connection with the Romanian Greek Catholic Church, he was considered an undesirable person and was transferred from the aviation battalion to work on the construction of the country's first large hydroelectric plant, in Bicaz. In 1954, he left Bicaz and waiting for an opportunity to study theology, secretly, he worked in different places. At the suggestion of Bishop Iuliu Hossu and the blessing of Bishop Alexandru Rusu, on the proposal of Prof. Dr. Silviu Augustin Prunduş (released from prison in 1955), Bishop Aron Marton of Alba Iulia agreed to receive, as an exception, five young people, one for each diocese of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church, at the Institutul Teologic Romano-Catholic de Alba Iulia for the academic degree, among them was <mask>. In the fourth year of studies, the rector of the institute told him and another student that he kept to the original five, that they were expelled by the Department of Cults and that within 24 hours they would be forced to leave not only the Institute, but also from the city. In terms of ecclesiastical and canonical laws, there was no reason for expulsion.He returned to his original place. The expulsion coincided with the start of the persecution and repression by Securitate. For a year he focused on working in mining and construction companies, but was rejected on the grounds that he was a Catholic theologian. After a year, he managed to find a job as a worker at the quarry in Ferneziu, where he worked for almost 10 years. When he was persecuted there, he transferred to the Department of Roads and Bridges in Maramureş, where he worked until his retirement in June 1990. Despite intimidation, harassment and threats, he did not give up on his dream of becoming a priest, continuing their studies in hiding, with former professors from the theological academy who were fugitives. All students took their licensing exam.In 1964, a decree-pardon was issued and the bishops were released from prison. In this way, he could finally become a priest. Presbyterate Mureşan was ordained on December 19, 1964, by Ioan Dragomir, titular bishop of Palaeopoli in Pamfilia, auxiliary bishop of Maramureş. Initially, he exercised his pastoral ministry in hiding, while working in the quarry and then in the Department of Roads and Bridges. His pastoral ministry was mainly dedicated to young people and those who wanted to become priests. He later worked as a priest more openly in the diocese of Maramureş. The clergy of his rite asked him to reorganize his pastoral ministry.After Bishop Dragomir's death on April 25, 1985, he held the provisional function of Ordinarius of the diocese of Maramureş until August 9, 1986, and since that date, the selection and proposal of the diocesan chapter, Mureşan was installed on the property by Metropolitan Archbishop of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia Alexandru Todea. In December 1989, the Romanian Revolution occurred, the communist government was overthrown by force and the head of state was executed. Shortly thereafter, the Romanian Greek Catholic Church was legalized. Episcopate Elected Eparch of Maramureş from the Romanians on March 14, 1990, Mureşan was consecrated on May 27, on the terrace of the Romanian Soldier's Monument, in Baia Mare, by Alexandru Todea, archbishop of Făgăraş şi Alba Iulia of the Romanians, assisted by Ioan Ploscaru, Bishop of Lugoj of the Romanians, and by Guido del Mestri, Titular Archbishop of Tuscamia, former apostolic nuncio to Germany, in the presence of 100 priests and more than 20,000 faithful. The terrace was symbolically adorned with a huge rosary of red carnations. It was the first meeting of the entire Greek Catholic hierarchy gathered at a large public event and in the presence of a papal representative. At the ceremony, a decree-law by the President of the Republic recognizing him as a bishop was read.He opened the Baia Mare Theological Institute in the academic year 1990-1991 and was promoted to the Metropolitan See of Făgăraş şi Alba Iulia of the Romanians on July 4, 1994, and on August 27 he was installed in Blaj. Mureşan began the reconstruction of the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in Bournemouth, which was completed in 1994. He convened and participated in the four sessions of the Fourth Provincial Council of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church, held between 1995 and 1998. He participated in 1995 in the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Romanian Catholic Mission in Paris, for which he celebrated Mass in Romanian at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris. In August 1997, due to his effort, the remains of Dom Ioan Inocenţi Micu were taken to the cathedral of Blaj (founded by him), from Rome, where he had died in exile 252 years earlier. In 1997, he obtained the nihil obstat from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to open the process of canonization of the seven Greek Catholic bishops who were martyred during the communist regime. Between 1998-2001 and again in 2004, Mureşan was elected president of the Romanian Catholic Bishops' Conference, which includes the hierarchy of the Catholic Church of both rites, Latin (Roman Catholic) and Eastern (Greek-Catholic).Between May 7 and 9, 1999, he received Pope John Paul II during his visit to Romania. During the Jubilee of the Year 2000, he organized a national pilgrimage to Rome, culminating in a concelebrated mass in Romanian with Pope John Paul II, in the St. Peter's Basilica, with the participation of thousands of Romanian pilgrims. On May 26, 2003, Mureşan was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches and was promoted to the post of Major Archbishop on December 16, 2005, when Pope Benedict XVI recognized the self-government status of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church, raising his traditional head, the Archdiocese of Făgăraş şi Alba Iulia, to the post of major archdiocese. Cardinal and awards Pope Benedict XVI created him a Cardinal-Priest in the First Ordinary Public consistory on February 18, receiving the title of cardinal-priest of Sant'Atanasio. As he was already older than 80 at the time of his creation, he has no right to vote in a papal conclave. On June 6, 2015, Mureşan received the national commendation "Ordinul Steaua României" with the degree of official from President Klaus Iohannis of Romania. References External links The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Catholic Hierarchy GCatholic Data and coat of arms in Araldica Vaticana 1930 births Living people People from Baia Mare Primates of the Romanian Greek Catholic Church Romanian cardinals Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI Honorary members of the Romanian Academy 20th-century Eastern Catholic archbishops 21st-century Eastern Catholic archbishops Eastern Catholic bishops in Romania

Henry Loch, 1st Baron Loch

original

<mask>, 1st <mask>, (23 May 1827 – 20 June 1900) was a Scottish soldier and colonial administrator. Military service <mask> was the son of <mask>, Member of Parliament, of Drylaw, Midlothian. He entered the Royal Navy, but at the end of two years quit it for the British East India Company's military service, and in 1842 obtained a commission in the Bengal Light Cavalry. In the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–1846 he was given an appointment on the staff of Sir Hugh Gough, and served throughout the Sutlej campaign. In 1852 he became adjutant of Skinner's Horse. At the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854, <mask> severed his connection with India, and obtained leave to raise a body of irregular Bulgarian cavalry, which he commanded throughout the war. In 1857 he was appointed attaché to Lord Elgin's mission to East Asia, was present at the taking of Canton (Guangzhou) during the Second Opium War, and in 1858 brought home the Treaty of Yedo.In April 1860, <mask> accompanied Lord Elgin to China again, as secretary of the new embassy sent to secure the execution by the Chinese Qing Empire of its treaty engagements. The embassy was backed up by an allied Anglo-French force. With Harry Smith Parkes he negotiated the surrender of the Taku Forts (Dagu Forts). During the advance on the Qing capital, Peking (Beijing), <mask> was chosen with Parkes to complete the preliminary negotiations for peace at Tungchow (present-day Tongzhou District, Beijing). They were accompanied by a small party of officers and Sikhs. It having been discovered that the Chinese were planning an attack on the British force, <mask> rode back and warned the outposts. He then returned to Parkes and his party under a flag of truce in the hope of securing their safety.However, they were all taken prisoner by the Qing general Sengge Rinchen and incarcerated in the Ministry of Justice (or Board of Punishments) in Beijing, where the majority of the group died from torture or disease. Parkes and <mask> were treated less barbarically after Prince Gong intervened. After three weeks, the negotiations for their release were successful, but they had only been liberated ten minutes when orders were received from the Xianfeng Emperor, who was then taking shelter in the Chengde Summer Palace, for their immediate execution. In 1862, <mask> married Elizabeth Villiers, whose twin sister was Edith Villiers. There is a tale that <mask> proposed to the wrong girl by mistake and then refused to admit it. He and Elizabeth had two daughters and a son. Colonial administrator <mask> never entirely recovered his health after this experience in a Chinese dungeon.Returning home he was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath, and for a while was private secretary to Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet, then at the Home Office. In 1863 he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man. During his governorship the House of Keys was transformed into an elective assembly, the first line of railway was opened, and the influx of tourists began to bring fresh prosperity to the island. In 1882 <mask>, who had become Knight Commander of the Bath in 1880, accepted a commissionership of woods and forests, and two years later was made governor of the colony of Victoria in Australia. In June 1889 he succeeded Sir Hercules Robinson as Governor of Cape Colony and High Commissioner for Southern Africa. As High Commissioner his duties called for the exercise of great judgment and firmness. The Boers were at the same time striving to frustrate Cecil Rhodes's schemes of northern expansion and planning to occupy Mashonaland, to secure control of Swaziland and Zululand and to acquire the adjacent lands up to the ocean.<mask> firmly supported Rhodes, and, by informing President Paul Kruger that troops would be sent to prevent any invasion of territory under British protection, he effectually crushed the Banyailand trek across the Limpopo River (1890–1891). <mask>, however, with the approval of the imperial government, concluded in July–August 1890 a convention with President Kruger respecting Swaziland, by which, while the Boers withdrew all claims to territory north of the Transvaal, they were granted an outlet to the sea at Kosi Bay on condition that the republic entered the South African Customs Union. This convention was concluded after negotiations conducted with President Kruger by Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr on behalf of the high commissioner, and was made at a time when the British and Bond parties in Cape Colony were working in harmony. The Transvaal did not fulfil the necessary conditions, and in view of an increasingly hostile attitude from Pretoria administration <mask> became a strong advocate of annexation of the territory east of Swaziland, through which the Boer railway would have to pass to the sea. At length he induced the British government to adopt his view; and on 15 March 1895 it was announced that these territories (Amatongaland, etc. ), would be annexed by Britain, an announcement received by Kruger with the greatest astonishment and regret. Meanwhile, <mask> had been forced to intervene in another matter.When the commandeering difficulty of 1894 had roused the Uitlanders in the Transvaal to a dangerous pitch of excitement, he travelled to Pretoria to use his personal influence with President Kruger, and obtained the withdrawal of the obnoxious commandeering regulations. In the following year he entered a strong protest against the new Transvaal franchise law. Nonetheless the general situation in South Africa was assuming year by year a more threatening aspect. Cecil Rhodes, then prime minister of Cape Colony, was strongly in favor of a more energetic policy than was supported by the Imperial government. At the end of March 1895 the high commissioner, finding himself, it is believed, out of touch with his ministers, returned home embarrassed, a few months before the expiry of his term of office. In the same year he was raised to the peerage as <mask>, of Drylaw in the County of Midlothian. When the Second Boer War broke out in 1899 <mask> took a leading part in raising and equipping a body of mounted men, named after him <mask>'s Horse.He died in London on 20 June 1900, and was succeeded as Baron <mask> by his son Edward Douglas <mask> (1873–1942). Legacy Loch, Victoria, Australia is named after the 1st Baron <mask>. A portion of Douglas Promenade is named Loch Promenade in memory of <mask>. In addition the Isle of Man Railway locomotive No.4 <mask> is named in his honour. <mask> Street in the Canberra suburb of Yarralumla is named after him due to Governorship of Victoria. Notes References Attribution Further reading 1827 births 1900 deaths Governors of the Cape Colony British East India Company Army officers British military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War British people of the Second Opium War Scottish soldiers Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Governors of Victoria (Australia) Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Lieutenant Governors of the Isle of Man Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Scottish people of the British Empire Scottish civil servants 19th-century Scottish people Colony of Victoria people Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria

Lara Baladi

original

<mask> (born 1969 in Beirut, Lebanon) is an acclaimed Egyptian-Lebanese photographer, archivist and multimedia artist. She was educated in Paris and London and currently lives in Cairo. Baladi exhibits and publishes worldwide. Her body of work encompasses photography, video, visual montages/collages, installations, architectural constructions, tapestries, sculptures and even perfume. Much of her work reflects her "concerns with Egypt's extremely alarming sociopolitical context." Work Since 1997, she has been a member of the Arab Image Foundation (AIF), for which she directs magazine editorials and curates exhibitions and artist residencies. She curated the artist residency Fenenin el Rehal (Nomadic Artists) in Egypt's White Desert in 2006 and participated in workshops and conferences around the world.<mask> is represented by the Townhouse Gallery of Contemporary Art in Cairo and IVDE Gallery in Dubai. <mask> received a Japan Foundation Fellowship in 2003 to research manga and anime in Tokyo. Among other global locations, she participated in the VASL residency program in Karachi, Pakistan in 2010. The breadth and variety of Baladi’s international experience influences her use of iconography drawn from numerous cultures. Photo-montage In 2000, she participated in The Desert, a group exhibition at Fondation Cartier in Paris with Om El Dounia (Mother of the World), a vast mosaic of photographs with highly saturated colors. This piece, while playful and with many references to pop culture, is also an exploration of the Biblical story of creation. In 2007, Baladi presented a work called Justice for the Mother, which depicts leaders of Arab countries.She considers it part of a series she calls "anthropological photography," where she assembles series of photographs that tell a larger story. In this piece, <mask> draws from influences from both Western and Islamic traditions, creating "fantastical, playful surveys of history, culture and personal reflection." Sandouk el Dounia (The World in a Box), is a huge composition of hundreds of scanned photographs. The name of the piece references traditional street theater for children in Cairo. Sandouk was presented in 2009 at the Queens Museum of Art's group exhibition Tarjama/Translationand in 2011 at the Venice Biennial's group show Penelope’s Labor: Weaving Words and Images. Reviewers called it "a giant tapestry version of a photo collage packed with images of action heroines". Installations An enormous installation titled "Al Fanous el Sehryn" (the Magic Lantern) was shown at the Townhouse Gallery in Cairo in 2003.The work consists of "a large eight-pointed star constructed of steel--approximately 23 feet in diameter--and a series of light boxes containing saturated colored images produced from x-ray photographs of a pregnant doll giving birth". The art suggests a cyclical nature where the images of the doll endlessly grow up and then giving birth over and over. The star shape was inspired by the chandeliers which hang in the mosque of Mohammed Ali in the Cairo Citadel. Her installation Roba Vecchia was presented in 2006 at the Townhouse Gallery in Cairo, in 2007 at the Sharjah Biennal and in 2009 at Arabesques, an exhibition of Arab contemporary art at the Kennedy Center in Washington and described as a "human-scale kaleidoscope", that "incorporated images from pop culture, then shattered them in constantly changing geometries", and in which "the participant becomes immersed in a psychedelic environment where rapidly yet systematically changing imagery engulfs the viewer". Borg el Amal (Tower of Hope), an ephemeral construction and sound installation, won the Grand Nile Award at the 2008/2009 Cairo Biennale. The inspiration for the tower comes from the slums surrounding Cairo known as ashwa'iyat (haphazard things). Her own tower in Borg el Amal was constructed of similar materials to the ashwa'iyat and allowed the audience to experience music under the oper sky.The entire installation is a challenge to "the censorship of the Mubarak era and addressed the state's ignorance of [that social plight]," which Baladi saw as a problem which she likened to a "ticking bomb about to explode." She commissioned the Kiev Kamera Orchestra to perform the Donkey Symphony, Borg el Amal’s sound component, at the first Kiev Biennial in 2012. Coffee cups, presented in 2010 at Gallery Isabelle van den Eynde in Dubai has been considered both "playful" and inviting the viewer "into a world of contemplation and reflection". Tahrir During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, <mask> co-founded two media initiatives: Radio Tahrir and Tahrir Cinema. Both projects were inspired and informed by the eighteen days that toppled Egyptian leader, Hosni Mubarak’s, leadership. Radio Tahrir came about when Baladi and her friends, along with other like-minded people, started importing the equipment needed to start a pirate radio station. Radio Tahrir was the first free online radio in Egypt.Tahrir Cinema was co-founded with Mosireen, an Egyptian non-profit media initiative. The project served as a public platform to build and share a video archive on and for the revolution. The impetus to create Tahrir Cinema came from the chaos surrounding the second sit-in in Tahrir: "People were screaming and shouting on stages into microphones," she says, "there was so much diffused information floating around, but no focus." Her training as a visual artist helped her organize, show and share documents relating to the revolution using these platforms. Tahrir Cinema went live on July 14, 2011. The public experienced Tahrir Cinema as film shown on a screen constructed of wood and plastic in the main thoroughfare of the square. Surrounding the screen were rugs for people to sit on and areas for a larger standing crowd to view the footage.<mask> created a collection of footage that included videos shot by activists directly involved in the revolution. She was very broad in her collecting, even showing "solidarity protests" from London. Being able to view and experience images and video taken by citizens in Egypt was an abrupt break with Mubarak's regime, where photography was prohibited in many areas of Egypt. <mask> writes, "people in the square took photos because they felt the social responsibility to do so...The camera became a nonviolent weapon aimed directly at the state, denouncing it." Continuing work <mask> received a Fellowship from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Open Documentary Lab for 2014 and 2015 in order to research, archive and create a transmedia activism project called Vox Populi, Archiving a Revolution in the Digital Age. Vox Populi is a multimedia documentary that consists of an archive of articles, images and videos that Baladi had been gathering since January 25, 2011. Preserving the ephemera and the images of the revolution in Tahrir is important to Baladi.She writes that "most of the images of the 18 days [of protest] vanishing into a bottomless pit thanks to Google's PageRank algorithm, will the vision of a possible new world people glimpsed in [Tahrir] Square die along with its digital traces?" This expression of the fleeting nature of the digital world informs her current work.

Raúl L. Martínez

original

<mask><mask> (born March 6, 1949 in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba) is a former mayor of Hialeah, Florida, United States. He is a Democrat and was mayor for 24 years, first elected in 1981 and was the Democratic congressional candidate for Florida's 21st congressional district in 2008. <mask> has launched Martínez & Fernández Public Relations in Miami Lakes to provide counsel to a variety of clients in the field of public relations, media relations, government relations, brand management, crisis management and consulting. Martinez and his wife, Ángela Callava, have two children, <mask> and Raul L. Martinez Jr. and three grandchildren, Isabella Sofía Ruíz, <mask>, and <mask>. <mask> is the son of <mask> (Chin<mask> (1925–2007). Chin Martinez was the head of the taxi drivers retirement fund in Cuba during the 1950s, and used his connections to prevent his brother's assassination, <mask>, who then joined Raul Castro in the II Frente Oriental Frank País. Alfredo's son, <mask>, is presently a general in the Cuban Army.Early years and schooling <mask> arrived in the United States in May 1960 and has been a resident of Hialeah since 1969. He graduated from Miami Senior High School. He received an Associate in Arts Degree from Miami-Dade College (then known as Miami Dade Junior College and later named Miami Dade Community College) and received his Bachelor of Science Degree in Criminal Justice from Florida International University. Public service <mask> began his public service career in 1971 as a member of Hialeah's Minority Group Housing Committee. In 1976 he was appointed to the Personnel Board and later in 1977 elected to the Hialeah City Council. In 1981, <mask> was elected mayor and re-elected in 1983. In 1985 he became the first Hialeah mayor in 44 years to run unopposed.He was re-elected in 1987 and in 1989 he was elected to a four-year term. In 1993, <mask> won re-election by 273 votes, because of a 2 to 1 margin amongst absentee ballots. The election was thrown out by a state judge who ruled that "overzealous" and "unscrupulous" campaign workers forged so many absentee ballots as to taint the entire vote. <mask> won a special election that was called in 1994. Martinez was again re-elected mayor in 1997 and 2001 where for the second time in his career ran unopposed. He has run and won 9 times as Mayor of Hialeah. <mask> has received numerous gubernatorial appointments, amongst them the Florida State Commission on Hispanic Affairs from 1979 to 1982, where he was elected Chairman in 1981, and on the Governor's Commission on the Statewide Prosecutor's Function from 1984 to 1985.In 1985, he was appointed by then Governor Bob Graham to the Democratic Policy Commission's Roundtable on Defense and Foreign Policy, as well as to the State Comprehensive Planning Committee. <mask> is a past-president of the Dade County League of Cities, the Florida League of Cities and served on the Board of Directors of the National League of Cities. He is Chairman of the South Florida Employment and Training Consortium and was the founding vice-chairman of the Beacon Council, a Miami-Dade County development agency composed of public and private sector leaders. The Mayor also served on the High Speed Rail Franchise and Environmental Review Committee. In 2004, he was the Parliamentarian to the 2004 Democratic Convention in Boston. On December 13, 2005, Hialeah City Hall was renamed the "Raul L. Martinez Government Center" in recognition to his 24 years as mayor and 4 years as a councilman. In 2007, the Republican controlled Florida legislature renamed 49 Street in Hialeah as "<mask> L. <mask> Street".Trials In 1989, <mask> was expected to run against State Senator Ileana Ros-<mask> in Florida's 18th congressional district, left vacant after the death of Claude Pepper. State Senator Ros-<mask>'s husband, <mask>, the acting US Attorney for South Florida initiated an investigation on alleged accusations of extortion and racketeering. In 1990, he presented his findings to a grand jury that indicted Martinez on eight charges of extortion and racketeering. The indictment led to <mask>'s suspension from office and trial. In July 1991, Martinez was convicted for six counts of conspiracy, extortion and racketeering and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Martinez appealed the decision and the appellate judges ordered a new trial in 1994, citing" flawed jury instructions and blatant jury misconduct". The mayor's second trial ended March 26, 1996 in a hung jury.And the third trial, which began April 22, 1996, resulted in an acquittal on one count of extortion and deadlocked on five remaining counts (by a vote of 11 to 1 in favor of an acquittal). The U.S. Attorney at that time, Kendall Coffey, (a Clinton appointee who was confirmed by a Republican U.S. Senate) ultimately dropped the remaining five charges. The Clinton Justice Department then opened a case against Mr. <mask> on charges of "misconduct" and potential conflicts of interest for investigating "a potential political rival of his wife." Mr. <mask> resigned his position as US Attorney. Congressional election 2008 On January 21, 2008, <mask> announced on the America TeVe show A Mano Limpia his intention to run in the November 2008 election for the Florida 21st congressional district seat held by Republican <mask>-Balart. Martinez officially announced his candidacy the following day at the Raul L. Martinez Government Center (Hialeah City Hall). Martinez lost to Díaz-Balart, garnering 42% of the vote.Controversies In June 1999, during a protest of more than 400 people blocking an expressway in Hialeah, the city's then police chief, Rolando Bolanos, was hit in the head with a rock. Bolanos called <mask> to the scene and, during the battle, Martinez punched a butcher, Ernesto Mirabal. Mirabal was charged with battery on an elected official, resisting arrest with violence and inciting a riot. The charges against Mirabel were later dropped. In February 2007, when a "caustic" press release from Florida Republican Party Chairman Jim Greer criticized Hillary Clinton's presence at a fundraiser at the ex-mayor's home, Martinez responded by using profane language. References Footnotes Progresso Weekly article The Miami Herald article "Battle of the Titans: Martinez vs. Díaz-Balart" Alfonso Chardy & <mask>, Congressional candidates Martinez, Díaz-Balart start swinging, Miami Herald, Jan. 23, 2008 The Miami Herald; Losing Castro Will Redefine Cubans' Issues by Ana Menéndez, January 23, 2008, page 1B The Miami Herald; Martinez Should Run by Alonso R. del Portillo, January 19, 2008, page 26A The Miami Herald; Neither <mask> nor Ros <mask> responded to Herald phone calls for comment, January 21, 2008 The Miami Herald; Timing of investigation raises questions about 'the motivation of the prosecution February 17, 1991 The Miami Herald; <mask> declined to comment about the timing of the investigation. February 17, 1991 The Miami Herald; <mask>inen wanted to neutralize <mask> as a political rival of his wife, Ileana Ros-<mask>inen February 15, 1991 The Miami Herald; Justice Investigating Miami U.S. Attorney for Misconduct April 20, 1990 The Miami Herald; "Martinez insists he is not interested in changing the four-decades' old embargo against Cuba."January 21, 2008 El Nuevo Herald; "The embargo should not be modified in any way" - Raul Martinez, January 21, 2008 Maria Elvira Live show on Mega TV, January 15, 2008; "It's very troubling that the congressman of that district (<mask>-Balart) gets his news on Cuba from El Granma." External links Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org Site with news stories on Raul Martinez 1949 births Mayors of Hialeah, Florida Florida Democrats American politicians of Cuban descent Hispanic and Latino American mayors in Florida Hispanic and Latino American politicians Miami Dade College alumni Florida International University people Politicians from Miami Opposition to Fidel Castro Living people Exiles of the Cuban Revolution in the United States

Mikhail P. Kulakov

original

<mask> (; March 29, 1927 in Leningrad – February 10, 2010 in Highland, California, United States) was a Russian adventist pastor, social and religious activist, and Protestant Bible scholar and translator. He was co-founder of the Russian Branch of the International Association for Religious Freedom (1992), founder of the Institute for Bible Translation in Zaoksky (Tula Region, Russia), an honorary board member of the Russian Bible Society , and the head of the Church of Seventh-day Adventists in the Soviet Union (1990—1992). <mask>'s work on translating the Bible into modern Russian language has been lauded by biblical scholars, philologists, theologians and various representatives of Orthodox and Protestant churches in Russia. Early life <mask> was born on March 29, 1927 in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) to the family of a Seventh-day Adventist pastor. In 1928, his family moved to the city of Tula (in Central Russia) when his father, <mask>, was sent there for pastoral ministry. During the atheist and authoritarian rule of the Soviet government, the <mask> family was under the scrutiny of state security bodies. In 1935, his father was arrested for religious activity and the court sentenced him to imprisonment in the camps of Vorkuta, followed by an exile in Siberia.Following the exile, the <mask> family moved to the village Krasnyi Klyuch in the Krasnoyarsk Region, where they lived until 1939. After the end of the exile the family moved to Samara and then to Maykop (Adygea, Russia) where they lived until the eve of the Second World War when they relocated to Ivanovo. Here <mask> enrolled in the Ivanovo Art School, from which he graduated in 1947. In August 1945, <mask> became a baptized member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. (As he recalled in his book, “...late at night, far away from the city lights, my father secretly baptised eight people, including me. I was 18 years old...”). Following his baptism, he began to actively assist his father in conducting clandestine worship services and the missionary work.In 1947, his father was arrested again and was given a ten-year sentence. It was then that <mask>'s mother moved him and his siblings to Daugavpils, Latvia. Here, <mask> continued to work in the church and also taught drawing and painting in the city schools. The peaceful existence was short-lived, and nine months later in March 1948, he was arrested by the KGB along with his elder brother Stephen. After serving six months in prison in Ivanovo, <mask> was sentenced to five years in the corrective hard labor camps of the U.S.S.R. The first 18 months of his five-year term (1948–1953) he was held in the corrective labor camp in Mordovia (about 400 miles east of Moscow). <mask>'s brother Stephen was one of the thousands who died in the labor camps near the Far North city of Vorkuta.Despite the many hardships he faced, <mask> remembered his experiences in the camps as a “life university” and he was grateful that he survived. He also recalled that these years were brightened for him because he had the opportunity to share his faith with the other captives in the camps. In 1953, his sentence expired and <mask> was sent into permanent exile in the Kazakh village Myrzykul (Kustanai region). After marrying his wife Anna (née Velgosha) in 1954, he was released from exile under amnesty. In 1955, he and his young family moved to Alma-Ata the former capital of Kazakhstan. It was here that the <mask> family became actively involved in the Seventh-day Adventist Church ministry despite severe persecution. Role in the unification and development of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the Soviet Union In 1958, <mask> was ordained as a minister and was elected head of the Seventh-day Adventist church organization that at the time existed unofficially in the republics of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the Caucasus.In the 1960s, the Soviet government continued its persecution of religious organizations despite the external liberalization of some aspects of religious life in the U.S.S.R. Because of this, <mask> and his family were forced to repeatedly change their place of residence to avoid arrests. In 1960, he moved his family from Almaty to the village of Akkul’ (Dzhambul region), then in 1962 to Kokand and in 1966 to Chimkent (in southern Kazakhstan). In the late 1960s the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (the supreme governing body of Adventists, located in the U.S.) tried unsuccessfully to establish contacts with the Adventists in the Soviet Union – the activity of the church was then strictly controlled by state authorities. For many decades Seventh-day Adventist living in the Soviet Union could not attend the international meetings of the world church. In 1970 yet another attempt was made to invite a delegation from the Soviet Union to the Adventist World Congress in Detroit but neither <mask> nor other pastors who had received an invitation were allowed release from the country. In the fall of 1970, <mask> was able to visit the U.S. on a private invitation of his aunt, Valentina <mask>, then living in California. His trip to the U.S. coincided with the annual meeting of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, to which, <mask> was invited.This conference was a notable event, because since 1909, none of the Russian Adventist leaders had ever been to the headquarters of the General Conference. The president of the General Conference at the time, <mask>, and other church leaders expressed great interest in the happenings of the Adventists in the Soviet Union. Aware of internal discord and organizational difficulties that prevailed in the church in the area, Seventh-day Adventist Church leaders requested and authorized <mask> to take responsibility for the reconciliation and unification of disparate groups of Seventh-day Adventist communities in the Soviet Union. In the years following the visit to the General Conference World Headquarters, <mask>, driven by his passionate desire to see his beloved church united and vibrant, together with his colleagues in the Central Asian republics and in the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova, worked tirelessly to bring about the consolidation of the Seventh-day Adventist communities into one united family. Kulakov devoted over twenty years of his life to the cause of reconciliation and re-unification of the isolated groups of Adventists in the U.S.S.R. In 1975, along with six other leaders of the church, <mask> was able to attend the next congress of the General Conference in Vienna, Austria. For the first time, after six decades of isolation and repression, the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the Soviet Union was represented at the World Congress .<mask> was elected as the member of the Executive Committee of the General Conference and became a member of the Academy of Adventist Ministers. Also in 1975, the Seventh-day Adventist Church leaders in Moscow, Tula, Nizhny Novgorod, Leningrad and other Russian cities asked <mask><mask> to move from Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation in order to create a single church organization on the territory of the RSFSR. In response to this request and on the recommendation of the President of the General Conference, <mask> moved to Russia at the end of 1975 and settled in Tula. In March 1977, after a 50-year interval, the first official Congress of the Adventists took place in Russia. The aim was to unite disparate groups into one Adventist church organization. At this time M.P<mask> was elected as head of the association of Adventist Churches in the Russian Federation.However, the government authorities were slow to permit the establishment of the church organization which would be in full accord with the denominational Working Policy. The complete re-unification of the splintered groups of Adventists in the Soviet Union was only achieved by the end of 1980, when <mask> was able to negotiate permission for the official visit to the U.S.S.R. of the General Conference president Neal C. Wilson. On behalf of the Adventist World Church, Wilson communicated to the Adventists in the U.S.S.R. that the General Conference recognized the official leadership of the church in the U.S.S.R. and appealed to the leaders of all factions to join the officially recognized group of Adventists in the U.S.S.R., forming one organization with them. In 1985, an advisory board was formed at the semi-official meeting of church leaders from all republics of the former Soviet Union. It was a step to unite scattered groups of Adventist believers of the Soviet Union into one organization. <mask><mask> (from the Russian Federation) and Nikolai A. Zhukalyuk (from the Ukraine) were elected as the coordinators of this advisory board. Working closely with the leaders of the church in the various other republics of the U.S.S.R., they worked to re-unite and organize national and local associations of Adventists throughout the Soviet Union as close to the Working Policy of the world church organization as the circumstances at the time would allow.To recognize <mask>'s role in the unification and organization of the Adventist Church, the Southwestern Adventist College in Texas, USA awarded M.P<mask> an Honorary Doctoral Degree in Theology in 1987. Founding of an educational institution and publishing house <mask>ov, along with his son <mask> <mask>, led in the establishment and development of a theological seminary for the training of pastors in the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the U.S.S.R. After much effort and intense dialogue with the authorities and government officials, they were able to receive the necessary authorizations. The <mask> family moved

Mikhail P. Kulakov

original

to the village of Zaoksky in 1988, where the first Protestant theological seminary in the country was thus established (currently Zaoksky Theological Seminary) . A few years later under Kulakov leadership, "Source of Life", the first Seventh-day Adventist publishing house in the U.S.S.R., was opened as well . It was not until 1990 that the Adventists were able to receive the permission of the Soviet government to form the Euro-Asia Division of the world Adventist Church at the 1990 World Congress in Indianapolis, IN and <mask> was elected as its president. Public activities In the 1970s and 1980s <mask>, as one of the influential religious leaders in the U.S.S.R., represented the Seventh-day Adventist Church at various public events in the U.S.S.R. and abroad at international conferences in defense of peace.In June 1977, he participated in the World Conference "Religious Leaders for Lasting Peace, Disarmament and Just Relations Among Nations" and in 1982 he was invited to take part in the World Conference "Religious Workers for Saving the Sacred Gift of Life from Nuclear Catastrophe" in Moscow. <mask> also took part in numerous other Christian Peace conferences, which took place abroad. In 1978 (June 22–27) he traveled to Prague with a delegation of ministers from various religious bodies in the Soviet Union to attend the conference of the Christian Peace Movement (). A few years later in 1983 (20–24 April), <mask> took an active part in the same conference in Sweden in Uppsala (For Life and Peace) (). In the mid-1980s he twice traveled to Japan to participate in the peace conferences organized by the religious organizations of Japan. In the late 1980s, with the improving relationships between the Soviet Union and the United States, the idea of "public diplomacy" gained popularity as an effective means of removing tension in the world. As a result, possibilities emerged for meetings with the public figures from the Soviet Union.<mask>, as one of the religious leaders, was invited to attend the International Chautauqua Conference on US-Soviet Relations, held in Chautauqua, NY., August 24–28, 1987. In October 1987, <mask> was invited to join the Governing Board of the Soviet Children's Fund, where he had the opportunity to collaborate with the Russian writer and chairman of the Fund, Albert Likhanov, in achieving the goals of the foundation. On September 26, 1990, <mask>, along with the head of the Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Alexy II, was invited to the session of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. (highest legislative body). It was there that he was able to outline his views on the new draft of the law for freedom of religion. At the end of 1990, <mask> had a third meeting with the President of the Soviet Union <mask> at the Kremlin regarding the religious freedom in the U.S.S.R. Gorbachev at the time was seeking the support of religious leaders of the country. Having personally lived through persecution for his religious beliefs, <mask> was a constant voice in defense of religious freedom and actively participated in the international conferences on the protection of religious freedom. In 1990, he initiated the establishment of the Russian branch of the International Association for Religious Freedom International Religious Liberty Association.He was then elected Secretary General of the Russian branch of the association and acted as its representative to the Public Chamber of the Russian President from 1993 to 1995. Together with the priest Alexander Borisov, <mask> also took part in the establishment of the Russian Bible Society . One of <mask>'s favorite biblical passages was: "Where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty" (II Epistle to Corinthians 3:17). Throughout his lifetime, he worked to create a dialogue between all groups of people and create an atmosphere of spiritual and intellectual freedom toward a common good. In a recent interview, <mask> stated: "Today I am greatly concerned about the underestimation of the importance of freedom of the individual. We have come through a very dark time when as if with the asphalt roller they tried to crush all individuality and to stifle the freedom of expression. It is impossible to forget that, and we should never forget it!These lessons should be remembered by those who care about the welfare of their native country, about their own children and the future generations. Each of us should think about the kind of foundations that we are laying today. So that the people of Russia could live a full life, filled with joy, with a sense of peace, and free from the fear that you will be silenced, oppressed and exterminated just because you desired to speak freely. This is crucial. This is what can save us as a nation and as a country from the horrors that we experienced in the twentieth century. Establishment of the Institute for Bible Translation In 1992, <mask> submitted his resignation as head of the Church in order to devote himself to translating the Bible into the modern Russian language. <mask> established the Institute for Bible Translation with the goal of completing a translation of the Russian Bible that is free from denominational bias.To achieve this goal, he invited a wide range of specialists from different denominations to work with him on the project. For some time, <mask> combined this activity with his responsibility as the Secretary General of the Russian Branch of the International Association for Religious Freedom as well as teaching courses in homiletics at Zaoksky Theological Seminary. However, he had to give up other activities to complete the translation of the New Testament. In April 2000, the Institute completed work on the New Testament and published the first edition of the New Testament in Modern Russian Translation. All 12,500 copies in circulation sold out that year and by popular demand it has been republished. That same year, at the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church Session in Toronto, <mask><mask> presented the New Testament to the delegates at the World Seventh-day Adventist Congress, and it was decided that he should continue working on the translation of the remainder of the Bible. <mask> moved to the United States with his wife in December 2000.Several years later a second edition of the New Testament and Psalms in the modern Russian translation, as well as the Five Books of Moses, and the books of Daniel and the Minor Prophets were published. In August 2001, Andrews University awarded <mask><mask> a second honorary doctorate in theology for his contribution to the translation of the Scriptures. Final years and death Though <mask> lived the remainder of his life in California, he continued to visit Russia to conduct conferences and business meetings with the staff of his Bible Translation Institute at Zaoksky Theological Seminary. In autumn of 2009, <mask> was diagnosed with brain cancer and underwent treatment at Loma Linda University Hospital. He died of brain cancer on February 10, 2010 at his home in Highland, California. On the day of his death, the new Russian translation of the Pentateuch to which he devoted the last five years of his life was printed at Zaoksky. In May 2010, at its annual session, the Board of Trustees of the Institute for Bible Translation at Zaoksky agreed to name the institute after Kulakov.<mask><mask> was buried at The Glenwood Cemetery in Washington, DC. . Resources http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?n=mikhail-p-kulakov&pid=141342721#fbLoggedOut http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4253297-though-the-heavens-fall "Recent Developments in Soviet Seventh-Day Adventism" - Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe http://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1987/March/religion-and-communism Kulakov secretly operated Adventist work in former Soviet Union 1519 Church News--Religious Freedom https://archive.today/20130117220805/http://sda.biggytv.com/watch/really_living_038_mikhail_p_kulakov/really_living/ Kulakov Mikhail M. God's Soviet Miracles: How Adventists built the first Protestant seminary in Russian History. Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1993. Lohne, Alf. Adventists in Russia. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1987. Antic Oxana. “More Persecution of Soviet Adventists”.Spectrum 2 (1985): 39–41. Daffern Gene. The Church in the USSR: A Conversation with Hegstad. Spectrum 11:4 (1981): 42–45. Fitzpatrick C. “Adventist Prisoners in the Soviet Gulag”. Spectrum 19:2 (1988): 41–43. Gerber R. “Report on a Trip Through Russia”.Review and Herald (November 15, 1956): 16–26. <mask>, Michael P. Spectrum, Vol. 8 (1978) No. 3. Kulakov M . When the KGB came calling. Liberty. 1994.№ 1 pp. 14–20 Wilson Neal C. “Proposals for Peace and Understanding”. Spectrum 19:2 (1988): 44–48. Kolarz, W.Religion in the Soviet Union, London, 1961. Murrey K. “Soviet Seventh-day Adventists,” Religion in Communist Lands 5:2 (Summer 1977). Sapiets M. True Witness: The Story of Seventh day Adventists in the Soviet Union. England: A Keston College Publication, 1990.<mask> Sr. with Maylan Schurch. Though the Heavens Fall. — Review & Herald Publishing, 2008. Galina Stele, Lessons of God's providence: 125 years of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the Euro-Asia Division. Ministry, October 2011. References 1927 births 2010 deaths Translators of the Bible into Russian Russian biblical scholars Seventh-day Adventist ministers Seventh-day Adventist administrators History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church Russian Seventh-day Adventists 20th-century translators Seventh-day Adventist biblical scholars 20th-century Christian biblical

Louis Janmot

original

Anne-François-<mask> (21 May 1814 – 1 June 1892) was a French painter and poet. Early years <mask> was born in Lyon, France, of Catholic parents who were deeply religious. He was extremely moved by the death of his brother in 1823 and his sisters in 1829. He became a student at the Royal College of Lyon where he met Frederic Ozanam and other followers of his philosophy professor, Abbe Noirot. In 1831 he was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts de Lyon and a year later, he won the highest honor, the Golden Laurel. In 1833, he came to Paris to take painting lessons from Victor Orsel and Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. With other Lyon painters, he entered the Society of St. Vincent de Paul.In 1835, he went to Rome with Claudius Lavergne, Jean-Baptiste Frenet and other students and met Hippolyte Flandrin. After his return to Lyon in 1836, <mask> would attract the attention of critics of the Salon de Paris in conducting large-scale paintings with religious inspiration such as The Resurrection of the son of the widow of Nain (1839) or Christ in Gethsemane (1840). After 1845, he attracted the interest of Charles Baudelaire with his painting Flower of the Fields that allowed him to access to the Salon of 1846. Theophile Gautier was impressed by his Portrait of Lacordaire (1846). But the failure of his Poem of the Soul at the Universal Exhibition of 1855 disappointed him. In December of that year he married Leonie Saint-Paulet, from a noble family in Carpentras. In 1856, Janmot obtained a commission to paint a fresco (since destroyed) representing the Last Supper for the church of St. Polycarp.Other orders followed, including the decoration of the dome of the Church of St. Francis de Sales and for the town hall that had been renovated by his friend the architect T. Desjardins. He was then appointed professor at the École des Beaux-Arts. In Paris and Toulon Surprisingly, <mask> moved to Paris in 1861 after having been promised a commission for the Church of St. Augustine, but this project was abandoned three years later. In experiencing significant family and financial problems, <mask> accepted a professorship at the Dominican School of Arcueil. At that time, in his home in Bagneux, he made many portraits of the members of his family (only photographs are currently available). After the birth of her seventh child in August 1870, his wife died in Bagneux. While the Prussian troops approached and occupied his home, he fled to Algiers with his stepfather and made landscape paintings.He returned in June of the following year in Paris and led a solitary life. His house in Bagneux had been looted. In 1878, he produced a fresco in the chapel of the Franciscans in the Holy Land, but this work was not followed by any further order. Faced with family and increasing financial problems, <mask> came to Toulon, and despite some orders (new Portrait of Lacordaire (1878, Museum of Versailles), Rosaire (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 1880), Martyrdom of St. Christine (Solliès-Pont, 1882), he lived a retired life. He finished the second part of the Poem of the Soul that the patron and former industrial Félix Thiollier was willing to publish. In 1885, <mask> married a former student, Antoinette Currat, and returned to Lyon. He made charcoal drawings on the theme of the underworld, which can be regarded as a kind of continuation of the Poem of the Soul, including Purgatory (1885) and The End of Time (1888).In 1887 was published in Lyon and Paris an over 500-page book entitled Opinion of an artist on art and includes articles previously written by Janmot. He died five years later at the age of 78. Art style Janmot has been seen as a transitional figure between Romanticism and Symbolism, prefiguring the French part of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; his work was admired by Puvis de Chavannes, Odilon Redon, and Maurice Denis. Like Jean-Hippolyte Flandrin, another painter from Lyon and student of Ingres, Janmot carried out many commissions for church decorations. In his paintings the immaculate finish of Ingres was combined with a mysticism that has parallels in the work of his contemporaries the Nazarenes and the Pre-Raphaelites. Works Poem of the Soul His most significant work, a cycle of 18 paintings and 16 drawings, with verse, called The Poem of the Soul, occupied him for 40 years. {| | colspan="2" | First part : the paintings || width="50px" | || colspan="2" | Second part : the drawings |- | align="right" | 1.|| Génération divine || || align="right" | 19. || Solitude |- | align="right" | 2. || Le Passage des âmes || || align="right" | 20. || L’Infini |- | align="right" | 3. || L’Ange et la mère || || align="right" | 21. || Rêve de feu |- | align="right" | 4. || Le Printemps || || align="right" | 22.|| Amour |- | align="right" | 5. || Souvenir du ciel || || align="right" | 23. || Adieu |- | align="right" | 6. || Le Toit paternel || || align="right" | 24. || Le Doute |- | align="right" | 7. || Le Mauvais Sentier || || align="right" | 25. || L’Esprit du Mal |- | align="right" | 8.|| Cauchemar || || align="right" | 26. || L’Orgie |- | align="right" | 9. || Le Grain de blé || || align="right" | 27. || Sans Dieu |- | align="right" | 10. || Première Communion || || align="right" | 28. || Le Fantôme |- | align="right" | 11. || Virginitas || || align="right" | 29.|| Chute fatale |- | align="right" | 12. || L’Échelle d’or || || align="right" | 30. || Le Supplice de Mézence |- | align="right" | 13. || Rayons de soleil || || align="right" | 31. || Les Générations du Mal |- | align="right" | 14. || Sur la Montagne || || align="right" | 32. || Intercession maternelle |- | align="right" | 15.|| Un Soir || || align="right" | 33. || La Délivrance, ou vision de l’avenir |- | align="right" | 16. || Le Vol de l’âme || || align="right" | 34. || Sursum Corda |- | align="right" | 17. || L’Idéal |- | align="right" | 18. Grove Art, New York, St Martin's Press, (2000) () Sylvie Ramond, Gérard Bruyère et Léna Widerkher, Le Temps de la peinture, Lyon 1800-1914, Fage editions, Lyon (2007) 335 p. () Notes References Turner, J. (2000).From Monet to Cézanne: late 19th-century French artists. Grove Art. New York: St Martin's Press. External links Le Poème de l’âme – L'idéal Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon Charcoal sketches online at ArtRenewal Center Museum The Poem of the Soul - description of themes of the work 1814 births 1892 deaths 19th-century French painters French male painters Artists from Lyon Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts Catholic painters

Dionigi Galletto

original

<mask> (26 January 1932 – 25 September 2011) was an Italian mathematician and academician. He is known for his work on rigid body mechanics, on the mathematical theory of elasticity (including both linear elasticity and finite strain theory), on the history of mathematics and on cosmology and extragalactic celestial mechanics: in particular he is considered one of the founders of the latter branch of cosmology. He was professor of mathematical physics at the University of Turin: as such, he is considered to be the founder–reorganiser of the Mathematical physics school of Turin in the Post–Second World War period. Among his students was Mauro Francaviglia. Biography He started his university studies in Rome as a student of Severi: however his studies were interrupted due to the military service, which led him to Padua. There he graduated with honours in 1960 under Giuseppe Grioli’s guidance, with a thesis on the continuum theory with asymmetric stress: from 1961 to 1968 he worked in Padua as an associate professor, holding also courses on differential geometry as a lecturer. In 1968, having won a competitive examination for a chair in rational mechanics, he was appointed extraordinary professor of rational mechanics at the University of Palermo: there, Galletto held also courses of mathematical methods for physicists as a lecturer.In 1970 he moved to the University of Turin, working at the Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences again as extraordinary professor of higher mechanics: in 1971 he became full professor of mathematical physics, a position he held up to 2007, when he retired. Besides the course of mathematical physics, Galletto held various courses relating to the area of his scientific interest: for example he held courses on astronomy as a lecturer. In 2008 he was appointed Emeritus professor. Honors In 1965 he was awarded the Ottorino Pomini prize by the Unione Matematica Italiana, jointly with Giuseppe Geymonat and Mario Miranda: the judging commission was composed by Dario Graffi (as the president), Giuseppe Grioli, Ennio De Giorgi and Enzo Martinelli (as the secretary). He was corresponding member of the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino since 1974, and became national resident member in 1980. In 1979 he was elected corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Modena: later on, he became effective member in 1984 and emeritus member in 2002. He was also corresponding member of the Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere.Since 1980 he was corresponding member of the Accademia dei Lincei, and was elected national member in 1990. In 1989, the same academy awarded him the "Prize of the Minister of Heritage and Cultural Activity" for his work in mathematics and mechanics. On November 2, 2006 he was elected member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and few months later, on 7 March 2007, he was elected corresponding non resident member to the class of mathematical sciences of the Società Nazionale di Scienze Lettere e Arti in Napoli. Work Research activity During his career, he published more than 150 papers in Italian and international journals. The beginning of his scientific production was under Grioli’s scientific influence: Galletto worked on the topic of his laurea thesis, i.e. on the theory of continua having asymmetric stress characteristics. However, soon he followed his independent research path, with pioneering works that forerun the so called generalised continuum theory.In this theory, among other things, the stress tensor considered is no longer the Cauchy tensor or any similar, double symmetric tensor, but an asymmetric tensor that generalizes it: and this gives to the theory many further important structural peculiarities. Selected publications Research works . . . A continuation of the work , with the same title. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Universe models and light propagation" (English translation of the title). Biographical, commemorative and historical works . "Einstein's thought in the work of Guido Fubini and Francesco Severi" (English translation of the title). , available from the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino.A commemoration of Gaetano Fichera. . . Notes References Biographical and general references . The "Yearbook" of the renowned Italian scientific institution, including an historical sketch of its history, the list of all past and present members as well as a wealth of informations about its academic and scientific activities. . The first part () of an extensive work on the "Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Modena", reporting the history of the academy and biographies of members up to the year 2006. . "A man of great humanity" (English translation of the title) is a commemoration of <mask> Galletto appeared on a local Savigliano newspaper. . This commemoration was read at the Turin Academy by the author on June 20, 2012: a video of the conference has been released by . This is a monographic fascicle published on the "Bollettino della Unione Matematica Italiana", describing the history of the "Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica Francesco Severi" from its foundation in 1939 to 2003: it was written by Gino Roghi and includes a presentation by Salvatore Coen and a preface by Corrado De Concini. It is almost exclusively based on sources from the institute archives: the wealth and variety of materials included, jointly with its appendices and indexes, make this monograph a useful reference not only for the history of the institute itself, but also for the history of many mathematicians who taught or followed the institute courses or simply worked there. .The "Yearbook 2014" of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, published by the society itself and describing its past and present hierarchies, and its activities. It also reports some notes on its history, the full list of its members, obituaries and other useful information. . The "Yearbook 2014" of the Società Nazionale di Scienze Lettere e Arti in Napoli, published by the society itself and describing its past and present hierarchies, and its activities. It also reports some notes on its history, the full list of its members and other useful information. . . Scientific references . External links 1932 births 2011 deaths 20th-century Italian mathematicians 21st-century Italian mathematicians Mathematical physicists Sapienza University of Rome alumni Members of the Lincean Academy Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts University of Padua alumni University of Palermo faculty University of Turin faculty

George Gerbner

original

<mask> (August 8, 1919 – December 24, 2005) was a professor of communication and the founder of cultivation theory. He taught at Temple University, Villanova University, and the University of Pennsylvania. Personal life Early life and education <mask> was born on August 8, 1919, in Budapest, Hungary. After winning first prize in Hungarian literature in a national competition of high-school students, he enrolled at the University of Budapest, where he graduated with a degree in literature and anthropology (1937–1938). Being of Jewish descent, however, he fled to Paris in 1939 (after Kristallnacht) to avoid conscription into the Hungarian army, which was under a government allied with Nazi Germany. Initially, <mask> was unable to obtain a visa to enter the United States, where his half-brother László Benedek was a Hollywood filmmaker, instead having to travel first to Mexico, then Cuba. He would finally be permitted to sail from Havana to New Orleans, where he was received by Benedek's friends.Thereafter, <mask> hitchhiked from New Orleans to California and enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he would receive a degree in psychology and sociology (1940–1941). He would soon transfer to UC Berkeley to study journalism, where he would receive his bachelor's degree in journalism in 1942. Upon graduating, he worked briefly for the San Francisco Chronicle as copy boy, reporter, copy editor, feature writer, daily columnist, and assistant financial editor. Military service <mask> became a U.S. citizen in 1943. As American enlistment regulations loosened the year prior, <mask> joined the US Army in 1943. (He was officially recognized as an “enemy alien” due to Hungary’s declaration of war on the US.) In the army, he would be trained as a paratrooper in Fort Benning, Georgia.Later, he would be transferred to the Office of Strategic Services and eventually arrived in Italy, where he joined the OSS' Secret Intelligence Branch. After Germany’s defeat in the war <mask> was sent to Austria in October 1945 to investigate a mass encampment of Hungarian soldiers, among which was the pro-Nazi prime minister of Hungary, Döme Sztójay, whom <mask> helped arrest and return to Budapest to be tried and executed as a war criminal. While stationed in Budapest, <mask> met Ilona Kutas, an actress, whom he married in 1946 and had two children with. <mask> received the Bronze Star for his service behind enemy lines and was honorably discharged as a First Lieutenant. Graduate studies and political activity After World War II, <mask> worked as a freelance writer and publicist. Searching for employment upon his return to Los Angeles, he volunteered as a newspaper editor for the Independent Progressive Party and the Progressive Citizens of America in 1947. Because of his association with PCA and IPP, as well as other leftist activities during the height of America's anti-Communist McCarthy Era, <mask> caught the interest of California's House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).He would be called to testify before HUAC, who cited PCA as being a "communist created and controlled organization." Shortly after, <mask> was hired to teach journalism at John Muir College (now Pasadena City College), where he remained from 1948 to 1951. He would then go on to conduct research at the University of Southern California's (USC) Department of Cinema (1951–52), before becoming a teacher and researcher at USC's School of Education (1954–56). Along with his freelance work, <mask> taught journalism at El Camino College (1952–56) while earning a master's (1951) and doctorate (1955) in communication & education at USC. His dissertation, "Toward a General Theory of Communication," won USC's award for "best dissertation." Later life and death <mask> was diagnosed with cancer in late November, 2005, and died on December 24, 2005 at his apartment in Center City, Philadelphia. He had a total of two children and, as of 2001, five grandchildren.Between 2010 and 2014, a conference on communication, conflict, and aggression was held periodically in Budapest in honor of the late Dr. <mask>. The conference was co-organized by Dr. Jolán Róka of Budapest Metropolitan University and Dr. Rebecca M. Chory, currently of Frostburg State University. Career and work In 1956, he became a faculty member at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign's Institute of Communication Research (1956–64), where he had been recruited by Dallas Smythe, who met <mask> as a visiting professor in USC’s Department of Cinema. <mask> remained at Illinois for the next eight years. In 1964, <mask> would become Dean of the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania (1964–89)—only five years after it was established at the University—and presided over the school's growth and influence in communication theory in academia. <mask> served as editor and executive editor of the School's Journal of Communication, which was the leading publication in the field. Moreover, <mask> also created the first world encyclopedia of communications—as the chair of the editorial board of the International Encyclopedia of Communication—and established The Washington Program, a communications project that brought communication researchers and practitioners together in the U.S. Capitol.In 1968, <mask> established and headed the Cultural Indicators Project (CIP) to document trends in television programming and how these changes affect viewers' perceptions of society. In 1986, he was named chair of the Commission on the Social Sciences of the American Council of Learned Societies' (ACLS) Subcommission on Communications and Society. <mask> would retire from the deanship at Annenberg in 1989 after 25 years, becoming the U of Pennsylvania's longest-serving dean. He continued to conduct research and teach undergraduate and graduate courses in analysis of mass media. In 1991, he founded the Cultural Environmental Movement (CEM), a media advocacy group promoting greater diversity in communication media. In 1997, he became the Bell Atlantic Professor of Telecommunication at Temple University, where he continued to teach, research, and advocate through CEM. Theoretical work In 1968, <mask> established and headed the Cultural Indicators Project (CIP) to document trends in television programming and how these changes affect viewers' perceptions of society.The project—as <mask>'s most famous and influential contribution to the field of journalism—held a database of over 3,000 television programs and 35,000 characters. For the CIP, he coined the phrase mean world syndrome to describe the fact that people who watch large amounts of television are more likely to perceive the world as a dangerous and frightening place. <mask> testified before a Congressional Subcommittee on Communications in 1981, saying that: The most general and prevalent association with television viewing is a heightened sense of living in a 'mean world' of violence and danger. Fearful people are more dependent, more easily manipulated and controlled, more susceptible to deceptively simple, strong, tough measures and hard-line postures.... They may accept and even welcome repression if it promises to relieve their insecurities. That is the deeper problem of violence-laden television.In a 1987 article titled "Science on Television: How It Affects Public Conceptions", <mask> touched on the fact that prime time television has an abundance of professionals being portrayed. Of all of the professionals, scientists seemed to be portrayed in a slightly more negative light.Scientists tended to be portrayed as “smarter and stronger than other professionals;" while these may not be bad things, they tend to be unbecoming characteristics that could shed a negative light on the entire profession. Although Gerber does mention that TV did not invent the negative perception of science, it does marginalize the field. Honours Selected publications Articles and essays 1976. "Living with Television: The Violence Profile," with Larry Gross. Journal of Communication 26(2):172–99. 1985. "Mass Media Discourse: Message System Analysis as a Component of Cultural Indicators."Pp. 13–25 in Discourse and Communication, edited by T. A. van Dijk. New York: Walter de Gruyter Berlin. 1985. "Children's Television: A National Disgrace." Pediatric Annals 14(12):822–23 and 826–27. 1986.“Living with Television: The Dynamics of the Cultivation Process,” with Michael Morgan and Nancy Signorielli. Pp. 17–40 in Perspectives on Media Effects, edited by J. Bryant and D. Zillmann. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (2007). 1986. "The Symbolic Context of Action and Communication."Pp. 251–68 in Contextualism and Understanding in Behavioral Science, edited by R. L. Rosnow and M. Georgoudi. New York: Praeger Publisher. 1987. "Research on Violence and Terrorism in the Mass Media: An Annotated Bibliography," with Nancy Signorielli. pg. 1–163.1987. "Television's Populist Brew: The Three Bs." Et Cetera 44(1):3–7. 1988. "Telling Stories in the Information Age." Pp. 3–12 in Information and Behavior, edited by B. D. Ruben.New Brunswick, NJ: Transcation Books. 1988. "Continuity and Change: Cross Cultural Communications Research in the Age of Telecommunications." Pp. 220–31 in The World Community in Post-Industrial Society 2, edited by C. Academy. Seol: Wooseok Publishing Co. 1991. "The Image of Russians in American Media and The 'New Epoch'."Pp. 31–35 in Beyond the Cold War: Soviet and American Media Images, edited by E. E. Dennis, G<mask>, and Y. N. Zassoursky. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications. 1994. "Growing Up with Television: The Cultivation Perspective, with Larry Gross, Michael Morgan, and Nancy Signorielli." Pp. 17–41 in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, edited by J. Bryant and D. Zillmann.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Books 1988. Violence and Terror in the Mass Media: An Annotated Bibliography, with Nancy Signorelli. New York: Greenwood Press. Preview. 1989. The Information Gap: How Computers and Other New Communication Technologies Affect the Social Distribution of Power, with Marsha Siefert and Janice Fisher.Oxford University Press. 1991. Beyond the Cold War: Soviet and American Media Images, with Everette E. Dennis and Yassen N. Zassoursky. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications. 1992. Triumph of the Image: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf, A Global Perspective, with Hamid Mowlana and Herbert L. Schiller. Avalon Publishing.Preview. 1993. The Global Media Debate, with Mowlana and Kaarle Nordenstreng. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Preview. 1996. Invisible Crises: What Conglomerate Control of Media Means for America and the World, with Mowlana and Schiller.New York: Routledge. Preview. 2002. Against the Mainstream: The Selected Works of <mask>, edited by Michael Morgan. New York: Peter Lang. Book review. Testimonies 1992.On violence in television — Subcommittee on Crime and Criminal Justice (House Judiciary Committee) 1950. On <mask>'s alleged association with communist groups— California Senate Investigating Committee on Education 1981. On research findings regarding violence and television — Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance (House Committee on Energy and Commerce) 1998. On violence in television — Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 1998-1999. As a trial expert — trial of Michael Carneal 1999-2000. As a trial expert — Pacitti vs. Macy References External links Bibliography of <mask>, Annenberg School for Communication Announcement of Bell Atlantic Professorship in Temple Times. 1919 births 2005 deaths American media critics American sociologists Communication theorists Cultural critics Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania El Camino College faculty Hungarian emigrants to the United States Hungarian sociologists Jewish American social scientists Jewish sociologists American social commentators Hungarian social commentators Social critics Temple University faculty University of California, Berkeley alumni University of Pennsylvania faculty USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism alumni Villanova University faculty 20th-century American Jews 21st-century American Jews

Manuel Ramos (boxer)

original

<mask> (November 20, 1942 – June 6, 1999), nicknamed Pulgarcito (Tom Thumb), was a Mexican boxer and actor. He was the heavyweight champion of Mexico, a top world title contender in the late 1960s, and one of Mexico's most internationally successful heavyweights. On June 24, 1968, <mask> became the first Mexican to challenge for the heavyweight crown when he fought reigning champion Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Almost 51 years later, Andy Ruiz Jr., in the same historic venue, made boxing history when he became the first fighter of Mexican descent to capture a heavyweight world title. Biography <mask> was born in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. He boxed professionally for two to three years in the early 1960s, but records of this period have not been preserved. He defeated Indio Lopez for the Mexican heavyweight title on June 24, 1963 by first-round knockout.He next fought a series of American opponents in Los Angeles area venues, attaining a mixed record of 5-6-2. His fortunes improved dramatically from 1966 to 1968, with a string of 13 victories, including a split decision over former title contender Eddie Machen and a unanimous decision over former WBA champion Ernie Terrell. This led to him being ranked #4 by The Ring Magazine and set up a title match with NYSAC World Champion Joe Frazier. The bout was held at Madison Square Garden on June 24, 1968. The iconic arena had just opened four months earlier, and <mask> was the first Mexican fighter to appear there. The match was an intense two-round battle, in which <mask> briefly staggered Frazier, but was then knocked down twice and lost by referee's stoppage when he signaled that he was unable to continue. This was to be <mask>'s only world title fight.He continued to be ranked as a top heavyweight through the end of the 1960s, but losses to George Chuvalo, Jack O'Halloran, and Chuck Wepner (in which <mask> inflicted serious cuts on his opponent but went on to lose by unanimous decision) marked the beginning of his decline. After a period as a gatekeeper for up-and-coming heavyweights in the early 1970s, he lost 15 straight fights and retired from boxing in 1977. Outside of the ring, <mask> had roles in the Mexican films Nosotros los feos (1973) and El Loco Bronco (1989). He worked as an office manager in the Mexican Navy, resigning in 1995. Professional boxing record |- | style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|24 Wins (19 knockouts, 5 decisions), 29 Losses (9 knockouts, 19 decisions, 1 disqualification), 3 Draws |- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;" | style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.

Henry Johnson (Louisiana politician)

original

<mask><mask> (September 14, 1783 – September 4, 1864) was an American attorney and politician who served as the fifth Governor of Louisiana (1824–1828). He also served as a United States representative and as a United States senator. Early life <mask> was born in Virginia. His family is said to have resided in southern Virginia, where <mask> completed academic study and became a member of Virginia bar. He was Episcopalian. Political career 1812 to 1828 In 1812, <mask> lost a bid to the U.S. Congress. After his defeat, he practiced law in Donaldsonville, Louisiana, located on the south bank of the Mississippi River in the south-central part of the state.He became a district judge of the Ascension Parish Court in 1811; and was selected as a delegate to the first State constitutional convention in 1812. Upon the death of U.S. senator William C.C. Claiborne in 1818, <mask> was elected by the state legislature as a Democratic-Republican to fill his vacancy. He served as chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, in the 17th Congress. In 1823, he was elected by the Louisiana State Legislature as an "Adams Republican," also known as the National Republican Party candidate, to a full six-year U.S. Senate term. The Party asked him not to run for governor in 1824, as it wanted to retain control of that Senate seat. <mask> did run for governor, being elected in 1824.He served a full term as Louisiana Governor from 1824 until 1828. During his term, the legislature moved the state seat of government to Donaldsonville, a compromise location settled on between Anglo-American leaders, who wanted the capital moved from New Orleans to a more northerly location, and French Creoles, who wanted to retain the seat of government within an historically-French area to reflect the state's origins. Earlier in 1824, riots in New Orleans over this same issue had forced the resignation of Governor Thomas B. Robertson. <mask> gained election as governor due to a bitter division among the Creoles at the time. He also enjoyed the goodwill of a visit to Louisiana by the American Revolutionary War hero, the French aristocrat Marquis de Lafayette. That visit allayed the bitter Creole-Anglo split. <mask> inflamed the conflict again by taking the side of the "Anglos" in a dispute about cotton and sugar cane cultivation.During <mask>'s term, his administration founded two financial institutions that promoted prosperity: the Louisiana State Bank and the Consolidated Association of Planters of Louisiana. He improved commerce within Louisiana by forming the Internal Improvement Board to maintain and build infrastructure – such as roads and canals, to improve transportation and facilitate the movement of goods and produce to market. 1829 to 1842 In 1828, <mask> ran to gain election by the state legislature to his former U.S. Senate seat against Charles Dominique Joseph Bouligny, a man of French and Spanish Creole descent, whose father had been a high-ranking official in Spanish Louisiana at the end of the 18th century. In that election year, <mask> backed Edward Douglass White, Sr., against Edward Livingston for the Louisiana's 1st congressional district, John Quincy Adams for President, and Pierre Derbigny for governor. Some of the men he supported were elected, but the legislature re-elected incumbent Bouligny to the Senate. Bouligny had first been elected after <mask> resigned to take the governorship in 1824. (Adams lost the Presidency to Andrew Jackson.)In 1834 <mask> was elected as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives, to fill the vacancy after the resignation of Edward Douglass White, Sr. He was re-elected for two more terms, serving in total from 1834 to 1839. In June 1838, while a congressman, <mask> purchase from the Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus many of their 272 slaves. The slaves were sent to <mask>'s Chatham Plantation in Louisiana. Those people who were not sold to <mask> were sold to Jesse Batey on West Oak Plantation, also in Louisiana. <mask> renegotiated the terms of payment in 1844, requiring more time to pay off his debt. That same year, <mask> sold a share of Chatham and would eventually sell the remainder of his land and enslaved people to John R. Thompson in 1851.<mask> unsuccessfully ran for governor in 1842 as the Whig nominee. He was defeated by Democratic nominee U. S. Senator Alexandre Mouton. 1844 to 1850 In 1844, <mask> was elected to fill the vacant U.S. Senate position of Alexander Porter, who never took the seat due to ill health and died in January 1844. <mask> served the remainder of the term until 1849. He served as Chairman of the Committee on Pensions. As senator he supported bills favoring the annexation of Texas, which had become an independent Republic after separating from Mexico. He also voted to repeal the tariff of 1846.In 1848 <mask> lost a bid to remain in the Senate to Pierre Soulé, a Jacksonian-Democrat of French Creole descent. In 1850, he suffered a final political defeat, losing a race for U.S. Representative against <mask> Bullard (Whig). <mask> moved to New Roads in Pointe Coupée Parish and continued the practice of law. Personal life After passing the bar, <mask> married Elizabeth Rousby Key, a daughter of Philip Barton Key by Ann Plater, a daughter of George Plater; Elizabeth's father was an uncle of Francis Scott Key and Anne Arnold Phoebe Charlton Key, who married Roger B. Taney. The couple had a family together. Several years after the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, the <mask>s moved to the Territory of Orleans, in 1809. He was appointed as clerk of the Second Superior Court of the Territory.In 1811, he was appointed clerk of the newly formed St. Mary Parish in the southwestern part of the state. Death During the Civil War, Gov. <mask> remained in Pointe Coupee Parish. The state was controlled by the Union after the fall of New Orleans. He died in September 1864, near the close of the war, and was buried on his plantation, which lies at the confluence of Bayou Grosse Tête and Bayou Maringouin. Sidney A. Marchand in his Story of Ascension Parish said that <mask> had bequeathed the land in Donaldsonville on which was built the present-day Ascension Episcopal Church (at the corner of Attakapas/Nicholls and St. Patrick streets). References External links State of Louisiana: Louisiana Secretary of State: <mask><mask> (archived at Internet Archive) 1783 births 1864 deaths 19th-century American politicians Democratic-Republican Party United States senators Governors of Louisiana Key family of Maryland Louisiana Democratic-Republicans Louisiana National Republicans Louisiana Whigs American slave owners American planters Members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives National Republican Party state governors of the United States People from Donaldsonville, Louisiana People from New Roads, Louisiana United States senators from Louisiana Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives Whig Party United States senators

Silas X. Floyd

original

<mask> (1869 – September 19, 1923) was an African-American educator, preacher, and journalist. Active in Augusta, Georgia, he was a writer and editor at the Augusta Sentinel and later wrote for the Augusta Chronicle. In 1892 he co-founded the Negro Press Association of Georgia. He was pastor at Augusta's Tabernacle Baptist Church and was a prominent agent of the International Sunday School Convention. He was also a public school principal and an officer of the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools. Personal life <mask>'s father, <mask> was born in 1829 in Sandersville, Georgia. He was likely born a slave and married a woman named Sarah Jane and had seven children.<mask> was born in Augusta on October 2, 1869, four years after the end of the American Civil War and six years after the Emancipation Proclamation. <mask> was a preacher and a model for his son. <mask> worked as a boy, delivering papers and shining shoes. One noted customer of <mask>'s was merchant J. B. White, with whom <mask> would have a lifelong relationship. <mask> also began following a religious path early in his life, aiding in holding religious services at a jail with the YMCA in 1883.<mask> attended Ware High School where he was valedictorian and was an outstanding and honored student. He graduated from Atlanta University in May 1891. <mask> gave an oration at the graduation and his class numbered five graduates of the college course including educator Julius Clifton Styles and physician Loring Brainard Palmer and nine graduates of the normal (teaching) course, including Helena Brown Cobb and Adrienne McNeil Herndon. In 1894 he received an A.M. from the school. On May 6, 1900, <mask> married Ella Drayton James, who had one child, Marietta, with her former husband barber Owen C. James. Ella had three sisters, Katie, Henrietta and Mary. Mary married a sea captain and moved to Jacksonville, Florida.Their daughter, Ella's niece, Nora, married composer J. Rosamond Johnson. Ella was the daughter of Samuel and Nora Drayton. <mask><mask> died in Augusta on September 19, 1923. Career After graduation, <mask> continued to be associated with the Augusta Sentinel, for which he was an editor by 1891. In 1892 he was cofounder of the Negro Press Association of Georgia and later served as the body's president. <mask> was active in religious life, joining a Baptist church at the age of 12, being licensed to preach in 1896, and soon after being ordained. In 1899 he was pastor of Tabernacle church.<mask> was also an agent of the International Sunday School Convention beginning at the Boston convention of the organization in 1896. In 1900, Charles T. Walker of Augusta's Tabernacle Baptist Church moved to lead a church in New York City, and <mask>, who had been his assistant, stepped in to lead the body. In 1901, <mask> became representative of the American Baptist Publication in Alabama and Georgia. In 1903 he received a degree of Doctor of Divinity from Morris Brown University. While a college student he taught school in the region during the summers and spent one year working in Boston. He returned south and served as principal of a public school in Augusta from the early 1890s into the late 1910s. Starting in 1915, <mask> was the corresponding secretary and the chairman of the publicity committee of the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools then led by John Manuel Gandy.In 1918, the association established the National Note-Book quarterly magazine with <mask> its editor. <mask> was an outspoken proponent of religious education, industrial education, and labor rights. He also spoke in favor of limiting black involvement in politics, recommending focus on development and advancement of African Americans. This position was similar to that of Booker T. Washington, who influenced <mask>. <mask> was appointed secretary of the Colored State Food Conservation Board of Georgia by governor Hugh Dorsey in early 1918. <mask> became an important civic leader. In 1916, <mask> chaired the Colored Charitable Relief Fund in the aftermath of the Great Augusta Fire.<mask> and Walker were liaisons between the black and white communities in Augusta. After the death of his old friend and benefactor, J. B White, <mask> was a member of the committee to decide how his money would be spent, advocating for some of the money to be put towards the building of a new grammar school for black students. Politically, <mask> was a Republican and was a member of the Richmond County and State Executive Committees. <mask>’s published writings include a biography of Charles T. Walker, a children’s book titled <mask>’s Flowers, a book of sermons titled The Gospel of Service and Other Sermons, and numerous poems and articles in national publications including Lippincott's Monthly Magazine. In 1902 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, and the Augusta Chronicle called <mask> the "Paul Laurence Dunbar of the South". <mask>'s Flowers argued for optimism, hard work, and determination in the face of violence and racial lynching and is often paired with books by Edward A. Johnson in its literary reevaluation of slavery and reconstruction by African American post-Reconstruction authors.After <mask>'s death, his library was donated to Atlanta University. Members of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity purchased the house where he lived from 1906 to his death for their chapter house in 1953 and placed a historical marker about <mask> in the front of the building. <mask> was a member of the historic Bannaker Lodge #3 F & A.M. PHA, the third oldest Prince Hall-affiliated masonic lodge in the state of Georgia. The former <mask> X. <mask> Elementary School was named for <mask>. Notes References African-American educators African-American journalists 1869 births 1923 deaths People from Augusta, Georgia Atlanta University alumni African-American religious leaders Morris Brown College alumni People from Sandersville, Georgia American Prince Hall Freemasons 20th-century African-American people

Frank Lauterbur

original

<mask> (August 8, 1925 – November 20, 2013) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of Toledo from 1963 to 1970 and at the University of Iowa from 1971 to 1973, compiling a career college football record of 52–60–3. <mask> was also an assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL). Early life and playing career <mask> was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, but when his widowed mother remarried, he moved north to Michigan. He played high school football at University of Detroit Jesuit High School. <mask> served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II before going to college. He returned to Ohio and played three years of college football at Mount Union College.Early coaching career <mask> began his coaching career at Wickliffe and Collinwood high schools near Cleveland, Ohio. He spent two years as an assistant coach at Kent State University from 1953 to 1954, followed by two years as an assistant coach with the Baltimore Colts of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> wanted to return to college football, so he left the Colts to take a job as the offensive line coach at the United States Military Academy under head coach Earl Blaik in 1957. He spent five years at West Point, including the undefeated 1958 season that featured Heisman Trophy winner Pete Dawkins. He then served as an assistant coach for one season at the University of Pittsburgh in 1962. <mask> was offered his first college head coaching job by the University of Toledo before the 1963 season. He was Toledo's head football coach and athletic director for eight years, from 1963 to 1970.<mask> struggled his first four seasons at Toledo, compiling an 11–27–1 record from 1963 to 1966. But he eventually turned the program around, going 9–1 in 1967 and winning the first Mid-American Conference title in school history. He then led Toledo to consecutive undefeated seasons in 1969 and 1970. Toledo was riding a 23-game winning streak and had won consecutive Tangerine Bowls at the end of the 1970 season. <mask> had led Toledo to a 37–5–1 record in his final four years, including three conference titles, two bowl victories, and a number 14 ranking in the final AP Poll in 1970. All these accomplishments caught the eye of Bump Elliott, the athletic director of the University of Iowa. Iowa coaching career <mask> was hired as the 22nd head coach in the history of Iowa football before the 1971 season.He was expected to bring strong defense to Iowa, since his 1970 Toledo team had led the nation in total defense and pass defense and ranked second in the nation in scoring defense. Iowa went just 1–10 in <mask>'s first season in 1971, which was not a big surprise, considering that Iowa had graduated 17 starters off of a team that had won just three games the previous season. In 1972, Iowa improved to 3–7–1 and played competitively in most of the losses. Several players were set to return in 1973, and it looked as though progress was being made. The 1973 season was a disaster. Iowa finished with the worst record in school history. The Hawkeyes lost all 11 games in 1973 to finish the year 0–11.The only other winless season in Iowa history occurred in 1889, their inaugural campaign, when they lost the only game they scheduled that year. Despite the 0–11 record, <mask> had two years left on a five-year contract, and Elliott considered retaining him. Iowa fans were unhappy with Lauterbur, obviously, but they were more unhappy with defensive coordinator Ducky Lewis. Lewis' defensive units, so spectacular at Toledo, were horrible at Iowa. In 1973, Iowa yielded 401 points on the season, the most in school history. In addition, Lewis was notoriously profane in public, which embarrassed and appalled several fans. That might be tolerated if Iowa was winning, but not at 0–11.Elliott approached <mask> about firing Lewis as defensive coordinator. <mask> refused, stating that he had to have full control of his staff and that it was his right, not Elliott's, to hire and fire assistant coaches. Elliott agreed, but then reminded Lauterbur that it was his right, as athletic director, to hire and fire head football coaches by relieving him of his duties as Iowa head coach. Lauterbur's loyalty to his assistant backfired, as now Lauterbur and Lewis were both out of a job. Ron Maly, a reporter for the Des Moines Register, wrote, "On the day he was fired, Lauterbur held an umbrella over my head so he could protect the notepad I was using from the rain that was falling near the stadium. He was a good guy, but Iowa clearly was not the right place for him." Later career Lauterbur spent the rest of his career as a pro assistant.He worked for years as an assistant coach for the Los Angeles Rams, coaching in Super Bowl XIV in 1980. He also coached in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Pittsburgh Maulers. After retiring from coaching, <mask> worked for a decade with the National Scouting Service. Retirement <mask> retired in 1993 and lived in Ohio. He had a wife, Mary, as well as four children and two grandchildren. He died at a Toledo nursing home of dementia and Parkinson's disease in 2013, aged 88. Head coaching record References External links 1925 births 2013 deaths Army Black Knights football coaches Baltimore Colts coaches Iowa Hawkeyes football coaches Kent State Golden Flashes football coaches Los Angeles Rams coaches Mount Union Purple Raiders football players Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches Seattle Seahawks coaches Toledo Rockets athletic directors Toledo Rockets football coaches United States Football League coaches United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy alumni Sportspeople from Detroit Players of American football from Cincinnati Players of American football from Detroit Deaths from Parkinson's disease Educators from Ohio Educators from Michigan Neurological disease deaths in Ohio Deaths from dementia

Fathimath Fareela

original

<mask> (24 October 1984) is a Maldivian film actress. Career <mask> made her film debut in Ahmed Nimal's romantic film Vaaloabi Engeynama (2006), starred alongside Yoosuf Shafeeu, Mariyam Afeefa and Fauziyya Hassan which was a critical and commercial success, considered to be the most successful Maldivian release of the year. The film follows a conflicted husband struggling to convey equal affection towards his two spouses. Her performance as the grumbling wife received critical appreciation, winning her a Gaumee Film Award as the Best Supporting Actress. In 2009, <mask> starred as the valiant and fearless girl who unintentionally falls in love with her sister's love interest in Loaiybahtakaa which was written and directed by Yoosuf Shafeeu. The romantic drama, co-starring Shafeeu, Sheela Najeeb and Mohamed Faisal, tells the story of unrequited love, and proved to be a commercial success. This was followed by a horror film, Mendhamuge Evaguthu (2010) co-written and co-directed by Yoosuf Shafeeu alongside Amjad Ibrahim.It follows a group of ten friends watching a horror film which is being influenced by a narration in it. The last release of 2010, featured <mask> in Yoosuf Shafeeu's drama film Heyonuvaane (2010), opposite Shafeeu and Sheela Najeeb. The story revolves around a male who is victimised of domestic abuse. She played the role of Dr. Rizna Zareer, who meets her lover after six years settled with a marriage. The film received majorly negative reviews from critics though her performance was commended. Twenty two housefull shows of the film were screened at cinema, declaring it a Mega-Hit and second highest grossing Maldivian release of the year. <mask> began 2011 with Amjad Ibrahim's suspense thriller film Hafaraaiy alongside Ali Shameel, Mariyam Shakeela, Yoosuf Shafeeu and Amira Ismail, which was a critical and commercial failure.Based on a real incidence, the film narrates a story of a cannibal woman who is addicted to eats human flesh, how she victimised the inhabitants with her face covered in a veil. The film received criticism for its "fragile" plot, "unnecessary" characters though its makeup was appreciated. Ahmed Naif from Sun wrote: "neither scientifically nor psychologically, it has been proven in the film how a chicken addict turns to be a cannibal. The film slides from a suspense thriller to a comedy for its inclusion of inconceivable details". He was displeased with <mask>'s role citing it "small and unnecessary". She next appeared in Yoosuf Shafeeu's family drama E Bappa (2011), featuring an ensemble cast including Hassan Manik, Yoosuf Shafeeu, Mohamed Manik, Sheela Najeeb, Lufshan Shakeeb, Amira Ismail and Mariyam Shakeela. A film about fatherhood and how he has been treated by his family, received negative reviews for its "typical stereotype style" and was a box office failure.In 2013, Fareela featured in Ali Shifau-directed horror film Fathis Handhuvaruge Feshun 3D which serves as a prequel to Fathis Handhuvaru (1997) starring Reeko Moosa Manik and Niuma Mohamed in lead roles. It was based on a story by Ibrahim Waheed, Jinaa: Fathis Handhuvaruge Feshun (2009), which itself is a prequel to the story Fathishandhuvaru (1996) written by himself which was later adapted to a film by same name in 1997. The film was marketed as being the first 3D release for a Maldivian film and the first release derived from spin-off. She played the role of Nihaa, the love interest of a ghost, Jinaa—played by Yoosuf Shafeeu that seeks revenge from humans for killing its wife. Upon release the film received generally negative reviews from critics. Ahmed Nadheem from Haveeru Daily wrote: "Everyone in the cast gave a forgettable performance. Fareela [still] needs to handle major scenes more efficiently such as in the climax where the entire ongoing things were revealed, her expressions and acting doesnt work there".Despite the negative reviews, at the 7th Gaumee Film Awards she was nominated in the Best Actress award category for her performance in the film. In 2014, she played a supporting character in Mohamed Nimal-directed family drama Aniyaa alongside Ismail Rasheed and Mohamed Jumayyil and Niuma Mohamed.They were introduced by a common friend, Mohamed Hashim, a Maldivian diplomat based in UAE. The story of the film revolves around a boy who has been deprived of love from his parents. Due to several technical errors and struggle caused during the screening of the film, it failed to garner enough hype ultimately doing average to poor business at boxoffice. Next she starred opposite Ali Seezan and Aishath Rishmy in Seezan's directorial venture, psychological thriller Insaana, playing the friend of Hana who is murdered by her husband. It revolves around a murder and how the murderer tries to evade from the crime. Made on a budget of MVR 220,000, the film was inspired by Ryan Connolly's short psychological horror film Tell (2012) which is loosely based on the Edgar Allan Poe short story "The Tell-Tale Heart".Upon release, the film received widespread critical acclaim. Hassan Naail from Vaguthu called it "one of the best Maldivian release till date" and was satisfied with the performance of whole cast. At the 2015 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Film Festival, Insaana was bestowed with Bronze Medal as Best Film, competing with seventeen regional films. In 2016, she appeared in Ibrahim Wisan's debut direction Vee Beyvafa which was shot in 2011. The film received a negative response from critics where Ahmed Adhushan of Mihaaru concluded his review calling the film "a step backward" in the progress of cinema. In 2019, first Maldivian anthology film was released which featured Fareela in the segment directed by Ali Shifau, titled Foshi. The project was shot in 2013 and digitally released six years later due to several delays in post-production.Filmography Feature film Television Short film Accolades References External links Living people People from Malé 21st-century Maldivian actresses Maldivian film actresses 1984 births People from Kulhudhuffushi

Griselda Blanco

original

<mask> (February 15, 1943 – September 3, 2012), known as La Madrina, the Black Widow, the Cocaine Godmother and the Queen of Narco-Trafficking, was a Colombian drug lady of the Medellín Cartel and a pioneer in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade and underworld during the 1980s through the early 2000s. It has been estimated that she was responsible for up to 200 murders while transporting cocaine from Colombia to New York, Miami and Southern California. She was shot and killed on September 3, 2012, at the age of 69. At the height of her notoriety, <mask> was one of the richest and most dangerous women in the world, and was one of the most powerful drug kingpins in the world. She became the first-ever billionaire female criminal. Biography Early life <mask> was born in Cartagena on the country's north coast. She and her mother, Ana Black, moved to Medellín when she was three years old.Upon arriving there, she adopted a criminal lifestyle. <mask>'s former lover, Charles Cosby, recounted that at the age of 11, <mask> allegedly kidnapped, attempted to ransom and eventually shot a child from an upscale flatland neighborhood near her own neighborhood. <mask> had become a pickpocket before she even turned 13. To escape the sexual assaults of her mother's boyfriend, <mask> ran away from home at the age of 19 and resorted to looting in Medellín until the age of 20. Drug business <mask> was a major figure in the history of the drug trade from Colombia to Miami, New York, and California. In the mid-1970s, <mask> and her second husband Alberto Bravo illegally immigrated to the US with fake passports, settling in Queens, New York. They established a sizable cocaine business there, and in April 1975, <mask> was indicted on federal drug conspiracy charges along with 30 of her subordinates.She fled to Colombia before she could be arrested, but returned to the United States, settling in Miami in the late 1970s. <mask>'s return to the US from Colombia more or less coincided with the beginning of very public violent conflicts that involved hundreds of murders and killings yearly which were associated with the high crime epidemic that swept the City of Miami in the 1980s. Law enforcement's struggle to put an end to the influx of cocaine into Miami led to the creation of CENTAC 26 (Central Tactical Unit), a joint operation between Miami-Dade Police Department and DEA anti-drug operation. <mask> was involved in the drug-related violence known as the Miami Drug War or the Cocaine Cowboy Wars that plagued Miami in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This was a time when cocaine was trafficked more than marijuana. It was the lawless and corrupt atmosphere, primarily created by <mask>'s operations, that led to the gangsters being dubbed the "Cocaine Cowboys" and their violent way of doing business as the "Miami drug war". Her distribution network, which spanned the United States, brought in per month.Her violent business style brought government scrutiny to South Florida, leading to the demise of her organization and the free-wheeling, high-profile Miami drug scene of those times. In 1984, <mask>'s willingness to use violence against her Miami competitors or anyone else who displeased her, led her rivals to make repeated attempts to assassinate her. In an attempt to escape the hits that were called on her, she fled to California. Arrest On February 18, 1985, she was arrested by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in her home and held with full bail. After they sent her to prison she tried to escape, <mask> was sentenced to more than a decade in jail. While in prison, she continued to effectively run her cocaine business with the help of her son <mask>. By pressuring one of <mask>'s lieutenants, the Miami-Dade State Attorney's Office obtained sufficient evidence to indict <mask> for three murders.However, the case collapsed due to technicalities relating to a phone sex scandal between the star witness and female secretaries in the District attorney's office. In 2002, <mask> suffered a heart attack while imprisoned. In 2004, <mask> was released from prison and deported to Medellín, Colombia. Before her death in 2012, the last sighting of <mask> was in May 2007 at Bogotá Airport. Murder On the night of September 3, 2012, <mask> died after being shot twice; once in the head and once in the shoulder by a motorcyclist in Medellín, Colombia. She was shot at Cardiso butcher shop on the corner of 29th Street, after having bought $150 worth of meat; the middle-aged gunman climbed off the back of a motorbike outside the shop, entered, pulled out a gun, and shot <mask> two times before calmly walking back to his bike and disappearing into the city. She was 69.Personal life <mask>'s first husband was Carlos Trujillo. Together they had three sons, Dixon, Uber, and Osvaldo, all of them poorly educated, and all of whom were killed in Colombia after being deported following prison sentences in the United States. Her second husband was Alberto Bravo. In 1975, <mask> confronted Bravo, who was also her business partner, in a Bogotá nightclub parking lot about millions of dollars missing from the profits of the cartel they had built together. The Guardian reports: "<mask>, then 32, pulled out a pistol, Bravo responded by producing an Uzi submachine gun and after a blazing gun battle he and six bodyguards lay dead. <mask>, who suffered only a minor gunshot wound to the stomach, recovered and soon afterwards moved to Miami, where her body count – and reputation for ruthlessness – continued to climb." <mask> had her youngest son, Michael Corleone <mask>, with her third husband, Darío Sepúlveda.Sepúlveda left her in 1983, returned to Colombia, and kidnapped Michael when he and <mask> disagreed over who would take custody. <mask> paid to have Sepúlveda assassinated in Colombia, and her son returned to her in Miami. According to the Miami New Times, "Michael's father and older siblings were all killed before he reached adulthood. His mother was in prison for most of his childhood and teenage years, and he was raised by his maternal grandmother and legal guardians." In 2012, Michael was put under house arrest after a May arrest on two felony counts of cocaine trafficking and conspiracy to traffic in cocaine. He appeared on a 2018 episode of the Investigation Discovery documentary series, Evil Lives Here, to recount his lonely childhood. In 2019, he was featured in the VH1 docuseries Cartel Crew, which follows the descendants of drug lords.He also runs a clothing brand, "Puro Blanco," that refers to his infamous mother. According to her youngest son Michael, <mask> became a born-again Christian. Popular culture <mask> has been featured in multiple documentaries, series, films, and songs, including several upcoming projects. <mask> is set to be portrayed by the Colombian-American actress Sofia Vergara in an upcoming Netflix limited series titled Griselda, announced in November 2021. As of 2020, there were plans to produce a film titled The Godmother, starring Jennifer Lopez as <mask>. <mask> <mask> is portrayed by the Colombian actress Luces Velásquez in 2012 TV Series Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord as the character of Graciela Rojas. In a television biopic Cocaine Godmother, which premiered in 2018 on Lifetime, <mask> is portrayed by Catherine Zeta-Jones.In 2018, Griselda was mentioned in the chorus of NBA Young Boy's song "Slime Belief". In 2012, American rapper Westside Gunn formed a record label called Griselda Records naming it after the infamous drug lord. She features prominently in the documentary films Cocaine Cowboys (2006) and Cocaine Cowboys 2 (2008; also written as Cocaine Cowboys II: Hustlin' With the Godmother). "Griselda Blanco", a song by Toronto rappers Pengz and Two two, certified Platinum in Canada. In 2010, Florida rapper Jacki-O released a mixtape "La Madrina - Griselda Blanco" In the 2018 song "Portland" by Drake featuring Quavo and Travis Scott, she is mentioned in the second verse. In the 2019 remix of song “Suge (Yea Yea)” by DaBaby featuring Nicki Minaj, she is mentioned. See also List of people deported or removed from the United States Pablo Escobar Enedina Arellano Félix, another well-known female alleged cartel leader References Sources Pablo Escobar and Colombian Narcoculture by Aldona Bialowas Pobutsky External links Griselda <mask> pagina web Link may not work (last checked 2.April, 2017) Washington Post: Drugs Red Orbit: Cocaine 'Godmother' Released From Prison Female Scarface U.S. v. Griselda <mask>, 861 F.2d 773 <mask> <mask> – War with Pablo Escobar | Video, Check123 – Video Encyclopedia 1943 births 2012 deaths 20th-century criminals Bisexual women Colombian Christians Cocaine in the United States Colombian emigrants to the United States Colombian female murderers Female organized crime figures Colombian mass murderers Colombian crime bosses Colombian people imprisoned abroad Deaths by firearm in Colombia LGBT people from Colombia Medellín Cartel traffickers Murdered gangsters People from Santa Marta People deported from the United States Colombian drug traffickers Colombian people convicted of murder

Franz Schnabel

original

<mask> (18 December 1887, Mannheim – 25 February 1966, Munich) was a German historian. He wrote about German history, particularly the "cultural crisis" of the 19th century in Germany as well as humanism after the end of the Third Reich. He opposed Nazism during the Second World War. Life and career Schnabel was born in Mannheim as the son of the merchant <mask> and his wife Maria Anna, née Guillemin. Schnabel's parents - the father, a Protestant, the mother a Catholic - had married in 1885 and raised their three children n the Roman Catholic Church faith: the second born <mask> had an older and a younger sister. Schnabel grew in the milieu of liberalism in Baden. The bourgeoisie of his native city and, looking back, the close relationship to France that existed through his mother's family, had a formative influence on his personal development: "Thanks to my mother's relatives I came to Normandy and Paris as a boy.But whoever treads French soil in his youth will always take with him a sense of the great contours of world history". Schnabel attended the from which he graduated in 1906. He then studied History, German studies, French and Latin at the Humboldt University of Berlin and the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg. In 1910 he passed the Staatsexamen for the teaching profession at grammar schools and was awarded his doctorate in the same year under Hermann Oncken with the thesis The Unification of Political Catholicism in Germany in 1848. In 1911 Schnabel entered the Baden teaching profession as a teacher's candidate, but took leave of absence at the beginning of 1914 to work on a History of the Baden Estates on behalf of the . The project could not be realised due to the outbreak of the First World War: Schnabel was drafted in April 1915, served on the Western Front throughout the war and was not released from the army until February 1919. He immediately returned to the Baden school system and taught Latin, French and history at Karlsruhe schools: 1919/20 at the , Germany's first grammar school for girls, and 1920 to 1922 at the Goethe-Gymnasium Karlsruhe, a secondary school for boys.Parallel to his teaching, Schnabel, encouraged by the teacher Oncken, pursued his scientific career and habilitated as early as 1920 at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology with the paper Geschichte der Ministerverantwortlichkeit in Baden, supervised by Hermann Wätjen. As early as 1922 he was appointed to the historical chair at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, which he held until his dismissal in 1936. In addition to his professorship, Schnabel served as director of the from 1924 to 1927. Schnabel's years at the Karlsruhe chair were characterised by extraordinary productivity. Following his habilitation thesis, he continued his research on early constitutionalism in Baden and in 1927 published two concise biographies of the Baden politicians, compiled from archival material Sigismund von Reitzenstein and Ludwig von Liebenstein. Already in 1920 Schnabel had taken over the elaboration of a source study, which was to achieve for modern history what Wilhelm Wattenbach had achieved for the Middle Ages; the work, published in 1931 and still relevant today, made the sources of the Reformation period accessible until 1550, but was not continued by Schnabelt. In the same year 1931, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the death of Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, Schnabel published a brief biography of the Prussian reformer, who was accused by Gerhard Ritter of instrumentalizing Stein for current political purposes; Schnabel and Ritter discussed this question controversially.In the Weimar years, <mask> also emerged as a textbook author: his textbook Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, first published in 1923 by B. G. Teubner Verlag, was also published as an independent work for other circles, had several editions and was still relevant for students after 1945. Above all, however, Schnabel's main work since the mid-1920s was the Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, which appeared in four volumes in 1929, 1933, 1934 and 1937. In this unfinished work, which did not go beyond the year 1840, Schnabel attempted to analyse the political history as well as the social, cultural, economic and technological history of the 19th century in their interaction and to interpret them as prerequisites for the "cultural crisis" of the 20th century. A fifth volume entitled Das Erwachen des deutschen Volkstums was completed by Schnabel as a manuscript, but could not be published because of the Nazi censorship. In contrast to most historians of his time, Schnabel had a positive attitude towards the Weimar Republic, which he expressed in public, in lectures and in his scientific work, but without becoming involved in party politics. His campaign reached a climax in October 1932, when he spoke out in the Hochland magazine against the Preußenschlag of the Papen government. His text Neudeutsche Reichsreform began with the dramatic words: "Even if the discussion should be closed and in the future will only be dictated in the German fatherland, it remains the duty of the spiritual leading class to raise its voice as long as this is possible".Despite his clear commitment to the rule of law and federalism, a phase can be discerned after his accession to power, in which Schnabel took part in efforts to build a bridge between Catholicism and National Socialism, for example by taking up the concept of the Ständestaates or the Reich concept. This phase ended in 1935 at the latest, when Schnabel was indirectly affected by Walter Frank's actions against his teacher Hermann Oncken: In his article against Oncken, Frank casually referred to Schnabel as a "clerical historian" and insinuated regime hostility. On 15 July 1936, Schnabel was released in Karlsruhe. He immediately moved to Heidelberg, where he lived as a private scholar until 1945. In these years, Schnabel published mainly articles on cultural history in the daily press, especially in the Frankfurter Zeitung In addition he published essays and numerous reviews in the magazine Hochland, until it had to be discontinued in 1941, as well as in other journals. In 1944, Schnabel would almost still have been called up for military service, despite his 57 years in the meantime, but was released through the intervention of the friendly ex-general . In September 1945 Schnabel was appointed state director for education and culture in the district of Baden, the northern part of the newly formed state Württemberg-Baden.He owed this appointment to his acquaintance with Heinrich Köhler, who was the district president at that time. In October 1945 Schnabel was also reinstated as professor in Karlsruhe. However, he now aspired to a professorship at a university, preferably in Heidelberg. An opportunity arose in 1946 when Willy Andreas had to vacate his chair under pressure from the American occupying power. Schnabel pursued his appointment, against which the philosophical faculty in Heidelberg massively resisted. In the background were Schnabel's statements from 1945, in which he had reproached the University of Heidelberg in particular for having attracted the future Nazi elites even before 1933. Against the attempt of the state government to enforce its cult official Schnabel in Heidelberg, the university gave an expert opinion that was devastating for Schnabel and was able to prevent the appeal.<mask> drew the consequences from his broken relationship with the university and resigned as state director. Already in the summer of 1945 the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich approached Schnabel with the question whether he would accept an appointment. In Munich in early summer 1945, numerous professors had been dismissed under pressure from the American occupying forces, including Heinrich Köhler, who had held the chair of Middle and Modern History. Schnabel showed interest in this professorship, but did not definitely accept it. This for two reasons: on the one hand he would have preferred an appointment in Heidelberg, on the other hand he disliked the fact that it was considered to rededicate said chair to a in order to be able to appoint the Protestant Hermann Heimpel to the previous Concordat Chair of Medieval History. Schnabel did not accept the chair in Munich until February 10, 1947, after his Heidelberg ambitions had been shattered and the rededication of the chair after Heimpel's failed appointment was off the table. Schnabel was already teaching as a visiting professor in Munich in the summer of 1947 and took over the chair of Medieval and Modern History, which had held as a substitute, on 1 November 1947.When <mask> had reached retirement age in 1955, he was privileged to determine the date of his retirement himself. In fact, he was only retired at his own request after the 1962 summer semester at the age of almost 75 and continued to lecture until 1964. He was the only professor in Munich who represented the history of modern times and always resisted an increase in the teaching staff; thus the chair was divided only after his retirement into one for early modern history and one for modern history, to which Fritz Wagner and were appointed. In Katharina Weigand (ed. ): Münchner Historiker zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. 150 Jahre Historisches Seminar der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Munich 2010, , here in the Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften of which he was president from 1951 to 1959.Since 1948 he was also a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. <mask>'s years at the Munich chair differed markedly from his time in Karlsruhe. While his own research had been the focus of his work there, in Munich he concentrated entirely on his role as an academic teacher. The expert in constitutional law Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, who received his doctorate in history under <mask>, passed on Schnabel's statement in this regard: "I am of the opinion that in today's world everyone should be able to carry out a socially necessary activity. And I believe that teaching to students is socially more necessary than writing your own books. It was clear to me when I accepted the call to Munich that I would not be coming here to continue my work on my German history." Schnabel's lectures in the Große Aula or in the Auditorium maximum, always held on Monday and Tuesday afternoon for two hours each, always had 800 to 1200 listeners.They were also well attended by students of other subjects and from the Münchner Stadtgesellschaft. Schnabel became a magnet for the University of Munich, attracting students, comparable only with Romano Guardini. It was only in the Munich years that Schnabel was able to train his own academic students, including <mask>, Heinrich Lutz, Karl Otmar von Aretin, Friedrich Hermann Schubert, Eberhard Weis, Erich Angermann, Lothar Gall, Hans Schmidt, Peter Hoffmann, Peter Krüger, Adelheid von Saldern and Karl-Egon Lönne. Schnabel's four-volume Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert was reprinted unchanged between 1947 and 1951, appeared in 1964/65 in an eight-volume paperback edition and was last published by Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag in 1987. Schnabel did not work on a continuation of his main work after 1945, nor did he print the fifth volume of the work. After his death his appearance was announced, later still asked for from time to time, bis heute aber nicht realisiert. Thomas Hertfelder vertrat die Auffassung, dies sei "zu Schnabels Glück" nicht geschehen: Schnabel habe in diesem Band in einer Mischung aus Zensur und Selbstzensur liberale Positionen preisgegeben und sich von der westeuropäischen politischen Tradition abgewandt.<mask> continued his career as a textbook author after the war. Other publications of the Munich years were mostly the result of lectures that were initiated by anniversaries, such as in 1951 on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Verlag Herder or 1958 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Munich Historical Commission. Schnabel's great concern after the end of the Third Reich and as a reaction to it was the renewal of the humanistic educational idea, for which his 1955 academy lecture Das humanistische Bildungsgut im Wandel von Staat und Gesellschaft is characteristic. Schnabel took part in the debates after 1945 about the person and work of Otto von Bismarck, and in a review of the Bismarck biography of Erich Eyck he argued that the Kleindeutsche Lösung of the German Question had been a mistake. Well-known colleagues, including Gerhard Ritter, who had already criticized Schnabel's liberal interpretation of Freiherr vom Stein in the early 1930s, argued against Schnabel's position. The grave of his parents Karl and Maria (née Guillemin) as well as his sister Katharina were laid to rest. Next to Schnabel his sister Maria (1889-1971) was buried, who took care of him for decades.Honours In 1954 Schnabel was awarded honorary citizenship of the city of Mannheim, and in 1961 he received the Bavarian Order of Merit. Schnabel was an honorary doctor of engineering and political science (Aachen and Munich) and an honorary member of the British Historical Association and the American Historical Association. A street in and in Karlsruhe-Hagsfeld and a building of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology are named after him. The <mask> Memorial Medal, an award of the Upper Rhine Foundation for History and Culture for high school graduates in Baden-Württemberg, which is presented to the best student of the year for outstanding achievements in the subject history, was named after him. Publications A bibliography of <mask>'s publications compiled by Karl-Egon Lönne appeared in <mask>l: Abhandlungen und Vorträge 1914–1965. edit. by Heinrich Lutz.Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Wien 1970, . Der Zusammenschluß des politischen Katholizismus in Deutschland im Jahre 1848. Winter, Heidelberg 1910 (Heidelberger Abhandlungen zur mittleren und neueren Geschichte, 29). Geschichte der Ministerverantwortlichkeit in Baden. G. Braun, Karlsruhe 1922. Freiherr vom Stein. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig/Berlin 1931.Deutsche Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1929–1937; Nachdruck: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1987. Vol. 1: Die Grundlagen. 1929, Reprint: . Vol. 2: Monarchie und Volkssouveränität.1933; Reprint: . Vol. 3: Erfahrungswissenschaften und Technik. 1934; Reprint: . Vol. 4: Die religiösen Kräfte. 1937; Reprint: .Abhandlungen und Vorträge 1914–1965. Edit. by Heinrich Lutz. Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Vienna 1970. Literature : "Kritik und Erneuerung. Der Historismus bei <mask>abel." In 25 (1996), .<mask> – zu Leben und Werk (1887–1966). Vorträge zur Feier seines 100. Geburtstages. Oldenbourg, Munich 1988, . Thomas Hertfelder: <mask>l und die deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft. Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Historismus und Kulturkritik (1910–1945) (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol.60). 2 volumes. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1998, , (online: Vol. 1, Vol. 2). Thomas Hertfelder: "<mask>l." In Katharina Weigand (ed.): Münchner Historiker zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft. 150 Jahre Historisches Seminar der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. Utz, Munich 2010, , pp. 233–258. Thomas Hertfelder: Historie als Kulturkritik. Zu einem Interpretationsmuster in <mask>ls ""Deutscher Geschichte im neunzehnten Jahrhundert". In 116 (1996), .Karl-Egon Lönne: <mask>l. In Hans-Ulrich Wehler: Deutsche Historiker. Vol. IX. Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, Göttingen 1982, , . Clemens Rehm (ed. ): <mask>l – eine andere Geschichte.Historiker, Demokrat, Pädagoge. Begleitpublikation zur Ausstellung des Generallandesarchivs Karlsruhe und des Instituts für Geschichte der Universität Karlsruhe (TH). Freiburg im Breisgau 2002, . Peter Steinbach, Angela Borgstedt (ed. ): <mask> – Der Historiker des freiheitlichen Verfassungsstaates. Ausstellungskatalog mit zahlreichen Fachbeiträgen, Berlin 2009, . Bernhard Stier: "<mask>l (1887–1966)."In Technikgeschichte 76 (2009), issue 4, (online). References External links Short biography of <mask> from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology with further links to the stages of his life as a historian, professor, in the Nazi era and as a state politician. 1887 births 1966 deaths Writers from Mannheim 20th-century German historians Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin

Elisabeth Scott

original

<mask> (20 September 1898 – 19 June 1972) was a British architect who designed the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon, England. This was the first important public building in Britain to be designed by a female architect. Early life <mask> was born in Bournemouth, England, one of ten children of <mask>, a surgeon. She was a great-niece of the architects <mask> and George Frederick Bodley and second cousin of <mask>, architect of Liverpool Cathedral. She was educated at home until the age of fourteen, when she enrolled at the Redmoor School, Bournemouth. In 1919 she became one of the early students at the Architectural Association's new school in Bedford Square, London, graduating in 1924. <mask>'s first position was with the architects David Niven and Herbert Wigglesworth, a practice specialising in the Scandinavian style.In turn she became an assistant to Louis de Soissons, a progressive architect producing buildings in the contemporary style for the new garden city of Welwyn, Hertfordshire (where she worked on the design for the iconic Shredded Wheat Factory, now a listed building) and the modernist Oliver Hill. Shakespeare Memorial Theatre In 1927 a competition for a replacement to the burnt-out Shakespeare Memorial Theatre was announced and <mask> entered, with a confidence in her own abilities taken from the sound theoretical grounding at the Architectural Association's school. At the time she was working for Maurice Chesterton's practice at Hampstead, London, and Chesterton agreed to oversee her proposals for feasibility. (Maurice Chesterton was a cousin of the theatre's publicist A. K. Chesterton.) Maurice Chesterton's daughter Elizabeth Chesterton, herself an architect, claimed in a late interview that the competition entry had been falsely "submitted under <mask>'s name", suggesting that all research into the practical requirements of theatre function had been her father's. Maurice Chesterton himself "disclaimed any personal share whatever in the successful design".<mask> was assisted by two fellow AA students: Alison Sleigh and John Chiene Shepherd. On winning the competition (against seventy-one other entries) the four formed a partnership to prepare the detailed plans and supervise the construction. The reaction to <mask>'s design was mixed. The Manchester Guardian suggested that, although the design reflected the building's purpose, its bulk in the small town was "startling...monstrous [and] brutal." The Times did not agree, noting how well the building "adapt[ed] itself to the lines of the river and landscape". Sir Edward Elgar, then 75, was to be the theatre's new musical director but, after visiting the building, he so was furiously angry with that "awful female" and her "unspeakably ugly and wrong" design that he would have nothing further to do with it, refusing even to go inside. On the other hand, playwright George Bernard Shaw (a member the SMT committee notwithstanding his earlier telegram of congratulations to its chairman on having the unsuitable old building burnt down) was a firm supporter of <mask>'s design as the only one to show any theatrical sense.<mask> herself acknowledged that in her design she had not intended to conceal the functionality of the building. Although most criticism was directed at the building's external form, in the auditorium the performers—although acknowledging that <mask> had been at the mercy of her theatrical advisors: William Bridges-Adams, Barry Jackson and stage designer Norman Wilkinson (1882–1934, since 1920 a governor of the SMT)—found that it was curiously difficult to connect with their audience: evidently the large, plain expanse of the cream-painted side walls had the effect of diffusing attention from the stage. Only in 1951, when the gallery seating was extended along the sides, was this overcome. However the building's lack of "meaningless decoration" was one of the features enthusiastically praised in the special June 1932 edition of the modernist Architectural Review. From today's viewpoint the theatre, now called the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, is regarded as a "nationally significant building" representing the "best modern municipal style of architecture". It was made a Grade II* listed building on 14 October 1980. Later practice <mask> was joined in the partnership by John Breakwell and—as John Shepherd and Alison Sleigh had married—the practice became "Scott, Shepherd and Breakwell".None of their subsequent commissions had the prominence of the SMT, although their 1938 work on the Fawcett Building at Newnham College, Cambridge, is of note. In the Post-war period <mask> returned to Bournemouth, working with the practice of Ronald Phillips & Partners. In the 1960s she joined the public sector, working for Bournemouth Borough Architect's Department on such projects as the new Pavilion Theatre on Bournemouth Pier. These relatively mundane schemes were no reflection of <mask>'s early talent; largely forgotten, she was "unable to live up to her perceived early promise". She retired in 1968. Feminism In 1924, when <mask> entered practice, there were no prominent women architects and her selection for the project to rebuild the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre after it was destroyed by fire was only through her success in an international competition. Her achievement, and her decision to employ where possible women architects to assist her on the Stratford design, was instrumental in opening up the profession to women.<mask> was not an outspoken feminist but was identified with the progressive movement to overturn traditional assumptions about women and the professions. She was by nature more of a quiet and practical feminist, ensuring that women were represented on her design projects and working through the Fawcett Society to promote wider acceptance. Above anything else, she disliked being labelled as a 'female architect' rather than simply an 'architect'. <mask> was a Soroptimist and an active member of Soroptimist International of Bournemouth. Family In 1936 she married George Richards. She died in Bournemouth on 19 June 1972. UK passport In November 2015 it was announced <mask> would be one of only two prominent British women (the other being Ada Lovelace) to be featured in the design of the new UK passport, to be used for the next 5 years.See also Women in architecture References Sources Pringle, Marian : The Theatres of Stratford-upon-Avon 1875 – 1992: An Architectural History, Stratford upon Avon Society (1994) Jellicoe, Geoffrey Alan (1933), The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, Ernest Benn Walker, Lynne (1984), Women architects: their work, Sorella Press 1898 births 1972 deaths 20th-century English architects British women architects Feminist artists Feminism and history People from Bournemouth Modernist architects from England English feminists <mask> from Dorset

Spike Lee

original

Shelton Jackson "<mask>" <mask> (born March 20, 1957) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and professor. His production company, 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks, has produced more than 35 films since 1983. He made his directorial debut with She's Gotta Have It (1986). He has since written and directed such films as Do the Right Thing (1989), Mo' Better Blues (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Malcolm X (1992), Crooklyn (1994), Clockers (1995), 25th Hour (2002), Inside Man (2006), Chi-Raq (2015), BlacKkKlansman (2018) and Da 5 Bloods (2020). <mask> also acted in ten of his films. <mask>'s work has continually explored race relations, colorism in the black community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. He has won numerous accolades for his work, including an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, a Student Academy Award, a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, two Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and the Cannes Grand Prix.He has also received an Academy Honorary Award, an Honorary BAFTA Award, an Honorary César, and the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize. <mask>'s films Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X, 4 Little Girls and She's Gotta Have It were each selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Early life Shelton Jackson <mask> was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Jacqueline Carroll ( Shelton), a teacher of arts and black literature, and William James <mask> III, a jazz musician and composer. <mask> has three younger siblings, Joie, David, and Cinqué, each of whom has worked in many different positions in <mask>'s films. Director Malcolm D<mask> is his cousin. When he was a child, the family moved from Atlanta to Brooklyn, New York. His mother nicknamed him "<mask>" during his childhood.He attended John Dewey High School in Brooklyn's Gravesend neighborhood. <mask> enrolled in Morehouse College, a historically black college in Atlanta, where he made his first student film, Last Hustle in Brooklyn. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a B.A. in mass communication from Morehouse. He did graduate work at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where he earned a Master of Fine Arts in film and television. Career 1980s In 1983, <mask> premiered his first independent short film titled, Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads. <mask> submitted the film as his master's degree thesis at the Tisch School of the Arts.<mask>'s classmates <mask> and Ernest R. Dickerson worked on the film as assistant director and cinematographer, respectively. The film was the first student film to be showcased in Lincoln Center's New Directors New Films Festival. <mask>'s father, <mask>, composed the score. The film won a Student Academy Award. In 1985, <mask> began work on his first feature film, She's Gotta Have It. The film filmed in black-and-white, concerns a young woman (Johns) who is seeing three men, and the feelings this arrangement provokes. The film was <mask>'s first feature-length film, and launched <mask>'s career.<mask> wrote, directed, produced, starred and edited the film with a budget of $175,000, he shot the film in two weeks. When the film was released in 1986, it grossed over $7 million at the U.S. box office. New York Times film critic A.O. Scott wrote that the film "ushered in (along with Jim Jarmusch's Stranger Than Paradise) the American independent film movement of the 1980s. It was also a groundbreaking film for African-American filmmakers and a welcome change in the representation of blacks in American cinema, depicting men and women of color not as pimps and whores, but as intelligent, upscale urbanites." In 1989, <mask> made perhaps his most seminal film, Do the Right Thing, which focused on a Brooklyn neighborhood's simmering racial tension on a hot summer day. The film's cast included <mask>, Danny Aiello, Bill Nunn, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Giancarlo Esposito, Rosie Perez, John Turturro, Martin Lawrence and Samuel L. Jackson.The film gained critical acclaim as one of the best films of the year from film critics including both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert who ranked the film as the best of 1989, and later in their top 10 films of the decade ( for Siskel and for Ebert). Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies. To many people's surprise, the film was not nominated for Best Picture or Best Director at the Academy Awards. The film only earned two Academy Award nominations for Best Original Screenplay, <mask>'s first Oscar nomination, and for Best Supporting Actor for Danny Aiello. At the Academy ceremony Kim Basinger, who was a presenter that evening, stated that Do the Right Thing also deserved a Best Picture nomination stating, "We've got five great films here, and they are great for one reason, because they tell the truth, but there is one film missing from this list because ironically it might tell the biggest truth of all and that's Do the Right Thing". The film that did win Best Picture was Driving Miss Daisy, a film that focused on race relations between an elderly Jewish woman (Jessica Tandy) and her driver (Morgan Freeman). <mask> said in an April 7, 2006, interview with New York magazine that the other film's success, which he thought was based on safe stereotypes, hurt him more than if his film had not been nominated for an award.1990s After the 1990 release of Mo' Better Blues, <mask> was accused of antisemitism by the Anti-Defamation League and several film critics. They criticized the characters of the club owners Josh and Moe Flatbush, described as "Shylocks". <mask> denied the charge, explaining that he wrote those characters in order to depict how black artists struggled against exploitation. <mask> said that Lew Wasserman, Sidney Sheinberg, or Tom Pollock, the Jewish heads of MCA and Universal Studios, were unlikely to allow antisemitic content in a film they produced. He said he could not make an antisemitic film because Jews run Hollywood, and "that's a fact". In 1992, <mask> released his biographical epic film Malcolm X based on the Autobiography of Malcolm X, starring Denzel Washington as the famed civil rights leader. The film dramatizes key events in Malcolm X's life: his criminal career, his incarceration, his conversion to Islam, his ministry as a member of the Nation of Islam and his later falling out with the organization, his marriage to Betty X, his pilgrimage to Mecca and reevaluation of his views concerning whites, and his assassination on February 21, 1965.Defining childhood incidents, including his father's death, his mother's mental illness, and his experiences with racism are dramatized in flashbacks. The film received widespread critical acclaim including from critic Roger Ebert ranked the film No. 1 on his Top 10 list for 1992 and described the film as "one of the great screen biographies, celebrating the sweep of an American life that bottomed out in prison before its hero reinvented himself." Ebert and Martin Scorsese, who was sitting in for late At the Movies co-host Gene Siskel, both ranked Malcolm X among the ten best films of the 1990s. Denzel Washington's portrayal of Malcolm X in particular was widely praised and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Washington lost to Al Pacino (Scent of a Woman), a decision which <mask> criticized, saying "I'm not the only one who thinks Denzel was robbed on that one." His 1997 documentary 4 Little Girls, about the girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Feature Documentary.In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". 2000s In 2002, <mask> directed 25th Hour starring Edward Norton, and Philip Seymour Hoffman which opened to positive reviews, with several critics since having named it one of the best films of its decade. Film critic Roger Ebert added the film to his "Great Movies" list on December 16, 2009. A. O. Scott, Richard Roeper and Roger Ebert all put it on their "best films of the decade" lists. It was later named the 26th greatest film since 2000 in a BBC poll of 177 critics. The film was also a financial success earning almost $24 million against a $5 million budget. In 2006, <mask> directed Inside Man starring Denzel Washington, Jodie Foster, and Clive Owen, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Willem Dafoe and Christopher Plummer.The film was an unusual film for <mask> considering it was a studio heist thriller. The film was a critical and financial success earning $186 million off a $45 million budget. Empire gave the film four stars out of five, concluding, "It's certainly a <mask> film, but no Spike <mask> Joint. Still, he's delivered a pacy, vigorous and frequently masterful take on a well-worn genre. Thanks to some slick lens work and a cast on cracking form, <mask> proves (perhaps above all to himself?) that playing it straight is not always a bad thing." On May 2, 2007, the 50th San Francisco International Film Festival honored <mask> with the San Francisco Film Society's Directing Award.In 2008, he received the Wexner Prize. In 2013, he won The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the American arts worth $300,000. 2010s In 2015, <mask> received an Academy Honorary Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for his contributions to film. Friends and frequent collaborators Wesley Snipes, Denzel Washington, Samuel L. Jackson presented <mask> with the award at the private Governors Awards ceremony. <mask> directed, wrote, and produced the MyCareer story mode in the video game NBA 2K16. Later that same year, after a perceived long dip in quality, <mask> rebounded with a musical drama film, Chi-Raq. The film is a modern-day adaptation of the ancient Greek play "Lysistrata" by Aristophanes set in modern-day Chicago's Southside and explores the challenges of race, sex, and violence in America.Teyonah Parris, Angela Bassett, Jennifer Hudson, Nick Cannon, Dave Chappelle, Wesley Snipes, John Cusack, and Samuel L. Jackson starred in the film. The film was released by Amazon Studios in select cities in November. Chi-Raq received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has rating of 82% with the site's critical consensus stating, "Chi-Raq is as urgently topical and satisfyingly ambitious as it is wildly uneven – and it contains some of <mask>'s smartest, sharpest, and all-around entertaining late-period work." <mask>'s 2018 film BlacKkKlansman, a true crime drama set in the 1970s centered around the true story of a black police officer, Ron Stallworth infiltrating the Ku Klux Klan. The film premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Grand Prix and opened the following August. The film received near universal praise when it opened in North America receiving a 96% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critics consensus reading, "BlacKkKlansman uses history to offer bitingly trenchant commentary on current events – and brings out some of <mask>'s hardest-hitting work in decades along the way."In 2019, during the awards season leading up to the Academy Awards, <mask> was invited to join a Directors Roundtable conversation run by The Hollywood Reporter. The roundtable included Ryan Coogler (Black Panther), Yorgos Lanthimos (The Favourite), Alfonso Cuarón (Roma), Marielle Heller (Can You Ever Forgive Me? ), and Bradley Cooper (A Star is Born). It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Director (<mask>'s first ever nomination in this category). <mask> won his first competitive Academy Award in the category Best Adapted Screenplay. When asked by journalists from the BBC if the Best Picture winner Green Book offended him, <mask> replied,

Spike Lee

original

"Let me give you a British answer, it's not my cup of tea". Many journalists in the industry noted how the 2019 Oscars with BlacKkKlansman competing against eventual winner Green Book mirrored the 1989 Oscars with <mask>'s film Do the Right Thing missing out on a Best Picture nomination over the eventual winner Driving Miss Daisy.2020s <mask>'s Vietnam war film Da 5 Bloods was released on Netflix. The film starred Delroy Lindo, Jonathan Majors, Clarke Peters, Isiah Whitlock Jr., Mélanie Thierry, Paul Walter Hauser and Chadwick Boseman. The film was released worldwide on June 12, 2020. The film's plot follows a group of aging Vietnam War veterans who return to the country in search of the remains of their fallen squad leader, as well as the treasure they buried while serving there. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film was originally scheduled to premiere out-of-competition at the 2020 Cannes Film Festival, then play in theaters in May or June before streaming on Netflix. The film received widespread critical acclaim with the website Rotten Tomatoes' approval rating being 92% based on 252 reviews, with the critical consensus reading: "Fierce energy and ambition course through Da 5 Bloods, coming together to fuel one of <mask>'s most urgent and impactful films." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<mask>'s next project will be a movie musical about the origin story of Viagra, Pfizer's erectile dysfunction drug. Most recently, he had signed an overall deal with Netflix to direct and produce newer movies. Academic career and teaching In 1991, <mask> taught a course at Harvard about filmmaking. In 1993, he began to teach at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in the Graduate Film Program. It was there that he received his master of fine arts. In 2002 he was appointed as artistic director of the school. He is now a tenured professor at NYU.Commercials In mid-1990, Levi's hired <mask> to direct a series of TV commercials for their 501 button-fly jeans. Marketing executives from Nike offered <mask> a job directing commercials for the company. They wanted to pair <mask>'s character, Mars Blackmon, who greatly admired athlete Michael Jordan, and Jordan in a marketing campaign for the Air Jordan line. Later, <mask> was asked to comment on the phenomenon of violence related to inner-city youths trying to steal Air Jordans from other kids. He said that, rather than blaming manufacturers of apparel that gained popularity, "deal with the conditions that make a kid put so much importance on a pair of sneakers, a jacket and gold". Through the marketing wing of 40 Acres and a Mule, <mask> has directed commercials for Converse, Jaguar, Taco Bell, and Ben & Jerry's. Artistic style and themes <mask>'s films are typically referred to as "Spike Lee Joints".The closing credits always end with the phrases "By Any Means Necessary", "Ya Dig", and "Sho Nuff". His 2013 film, Oldboy, used the traditional "A Spike Lee Film" credit after producers had it re-edited. Themes <mask>'s films have examined race relations, colorism in the black community, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. His films are also noted for their unique stylistic elements, including the use of dolly shots to portray the characters "floating" through their surroundings, which he has had his cinematographers repeatedly use in his work. Influences In 2018, during an interview with GQ, <mask> cited some of his favorite films as Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954) and A Face in the Crowd (1957), as well as Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets (1973). <mask> says that he befriended Scorsese after attending a screening of After Hours at NYU. Filmography Awards and honors In 1983, <mask> won the Student Academy Award for his film Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads.He won awards at the Black Reel Awards for Love and Basketball, the Black Movie Awards for Inside Man, and the Berlin International Film Festival for Get on the Bus. He won BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for BlacKkKlansman. <mask> was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay for Do the Right Thing and Best Documentary for 4 Little Girls, but did not win either award. In November 2015, he was given the Academy Honorary Award for his contributions to filmmaking. In 2019, he received his first Best Picture and Best Director nominations. In 2015, at the age of 58, <mask> became the youngest person ever to receive an Honorary Academy Award. <mask> received the award as "a champion of independent film and an inspiration to young filmmakers".Frequent collaborators Denzel Washington, Samuel L. Jackson, and Wesley Snipes presented <mask> with the award at a private ceremony at the Governors Awards. In 2019, <mask>lansman went on to receive 6 Academy Award nominations. <mask> himself was nominated for 3 Oscars for <mask>lansman won the Grand Prix in 2018. <mask>'s films Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X, 4 Little Girls, and She's Gotta Have It were each selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". On May 18, 2016, <mask> delivered the Commencement address for The Johns Hopkins University Class of 2016.Personal life <mask> met his wife, attorney Tonya <mask>, in 1992, and they were married a year later in New York. They have one daughter, Satchel, born in 1994, and a son, Jackson, born in 1997. <mask> is a fan of the American baseball team the New York Yankees, basketball team the New York Knicks, the ice hockey team the New York Rangers and the English football team Arsenal. One of the documentaries in ESPN's 30 for 30 series, Winning Time: Reggie Miller vs. The New York Knicks, focuses partly on <mask>'s interaction with Miller at Knicks games in Madison Square Garden. In June 2003, <mask> sought an injunction against Spike TV to prevent them from using his nickname. <mask> claimed that because of his fame, viewers would think he was associated with the new channel.When asked by the BBC if he believed in God, <mask> said: "Yes. I have faith that there is a higher being. All this cannot be an accident." While <mask> continues to maintain an office in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, he and his wife live on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. In May 2020, he published a 3-minute short film titled NEW YORK NEW YORK on Instagram that was later featured on the city's official website. <mask> celebrated Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential election with champagne amid a crowd on the streets of Brooklyn. Photos and videos went viral on Twitter.Controversies In May 1999, the New York Post reported that <mask> made an inflammatory comment about Charlton Heston, president of the National Rifle Association, while speaking to reporters at the Cannes Film Festival. <mask> was quoted as saying the National Rifle Association should be disbanded and, of Heston, someone should "Shoot him with a .44 Bull Dog." <mask> said he intended it as a joke. He was responding to coverage about whether Hollywood was responsible for school shootings. "The problem is guns", he said. Republican House Majority Leader Dick Armey condemned <mask> as having "nothing to offer the debate on school violence except more violence and more hate". In October 2005, <mask> responded to a CNN anchor's question as to whether the government intentionally ignored the plight of black Americans during the 2005 Hurricane Katrina catastrophe by saying, "It's not too far-fetched.I don't put anything past the United States government. I don't find it too far-fetched that they tried to displace all the black people out of New Orleans." In later comments, <mask> cited the government's past including the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, <mask>, who was then making Miracle at St. Anna, about an all-black U.S. division fighting in Italy during World War II, criticized director Clint Eastwood for not depicting black Marines in his own World War II film, Flags of Our Fathers. Citing historical accuracy, Eastwood responded that his film was specifically about the Marines who raised the flag on Mount Suribachi at Iwo Jima, pointing out that while black Marines did fight at Iwo Jima, the U.S. military was racially segregated during World War II, and none of the men who raised the flag were black. He angrily said that <mask> should "shut his face". <mask> responded that Eastwood was acting like an "angry old man", and argued that despite making two Iwo Jima films back to back, Letters from Iwo Jima and Flags of Our Fathers, "there was not one black soldier in both of those films".He added that he and Eastwood were "not on a plantation". <mask> later claimed that the event was exaggerated by the media and that he and Eastwood had reconciled through mutual friend Steven Spielberg, culminating in his sending Eastwood a print of Miracle at St. Anna. <mask> has been criticized for his representation of women. For example, bell hooks said that he wrote black women in the same objectifying way that white male filmmakers write the characters of white women. Rosie Perez, who was in an acting role for the first time as Tina in Do the Right Thing, said later that she was very uncomfortable with doing the nude scene in the film: In March 2012, after the killing of Trayvon Martin, <mask> was one of many people who used Twitter to circulate a message that claimed to give the home address of the shooter George Zimmerman. The address turned out to be incorrect, causing the real occupants, Elaine and David McClain, to leave home and stay at a hotel due to numerous death threats. <mask> issued an apology and reached an agreement with the McClains, which reportedly included "compensation", with their attorney stating "The McClains' claim is fully resolved".Nevertheless, in November 2013, the McClains filed a negligence lawsuit which accused <mask> of "encouraging a dangerous mob mentality among his Twitter followers, as well as the public-at-large". The lawsuit, which a court filing reportedly valued at $1.2 million, alleged that the couple suffered "injuries and damages" that continued after the initial settlement up through Zimmerman's trial in 2013. A Seminole County judge dismissed the McClains' suit, agreeing with <mask> that the issue had already been settled previously. In March 2020, a video of <mask> was released on Twitter showing the director having an altercation with the security team near the elevators at Madison Square Garden. Speculation arose as to whether <mask> was being removed from the building. The New York Knicks released a statement saying, "The idea that <mask> is a victim because we have repeatedly asked him to not use our employee entrance and instead use a dedicated VIP entrance — which is used by every other celebrity who enters The Garden — is laughable. He is welcome to come to The Garden anytime via the VIP or general entrance; just not through our employee entrance, which is what he and Jim (James Dolan) agreed to [Monday] night when they shook hands."<mask> refuted Dolan's story alleging that he had been using the same entrance for the past 28 years. <mask> stated he wouldn't attend the rest of the games for the season. In June 2020, <mask> defended filmmaker Woody Allen despite his sexual abuse allegation during a radio interview stating: "I'd just like to say Woody Allen is a great, great filmmaker and this cancel thing is not just Woody. And I think when we look back on it we are going to see that short of killing somebody, I don't know you that you can just erase somebody like they never existed. Woody's a friend of mine. I know he's going through it right now." Following social media backlash, <mask> issued an apology on Twitter.<mask> has also defended Nate Parker, who was accused and charged with sexual

Hubert Rohault de Fleury (soldier)

original

General <mask> (2 April 1779 – 21 September 1866) was a French soldier who played a major role in the fortifications of Lyon. Origins The <mask> family originated in Abbeville. Jean-<mask>, a cloth and silk merchant, established himself in Paris on the rue Saint-Honoré in the middle of the 18th century. He married into the nobility. His son, <mask>-<mask>, born in 1750, was an advocate of the Parliament of Paris and keeper of the records of the Company of the Indies. <mask>-Baptiste had two sons. <mask> was born on 2 July 1777, and went on to become a prominent architect.<mask> <mask> was born in Paris in 1779. He attended the college of Juilly. At the age of 16, he entered the École Polytechnique and graduated in 1798. He entered the School of Engineering at Metz and left the school in 1800 as a lieutenant. Military career During the Napoleonic Wars, <mask> <mask> was promoted to captain in 1801, and served in the campaign in Portugal, then was transferred to Boulogne. He joined the Army of Germany and fought in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. During this campaign, he was attached to the corps of Marshall Jean Lannes, who tried to obtain his promotion to battalion commander.This was rejected by General Henri Gatien Bertrand, who considered that he was too young for such a senior rank. <mask> <mask> fought at the Battle of Jena in 1806. He assisted in the sieges of Stralsund and Colberg.In 1808, he was sent to Catalonia. After the defense of Barcelona, he was named battalion commander at the start of 1809. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1809 at the Third Siege of Gerona, where he led the first assault on the fort of Montjouy and was seriously wounded. He was made a lieutenant-colonel in 1814. After the fall of Napoleon, <mask> <mask> gave his allegiance to Louis XVIII of France and remained faithful to the King during the Hundred Days in 1815.He was promoted to colonel in 1816, and for six year commanded the 2nd Engineers Regiment. In 1822, he was appointed deputy governor of the École Polytechnique, but did not hold this position for long. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1823, in command of the engineers of the Army of Catalonia under Marshall Moncey. After the July Monarchy was established in 1830, <mask> <mask> was named senior commander of the defensive works of Lyon. The goal was to create an immense fortified place that could serve as a military capital and place of refuge for the government of France in the event of the loss of Paris. He adapted and extended the works started by General Haxo, adding a series of new forts and fortification works. In 1831 and again in April 1834, he was involved in suppression of the Canut revolts in Lyon.In 1837, he participated in the capture of Constantine, Algeria as commander of the engineers. He was appointed to the Chambre de Pairs (House of Lords) in 1837, but his military duties left him little time to attend the sessions of the house. <mask> <mask> died in 1866. Fortifications of Lyon The extensive system of fortifications of Lyon included: Fort de la Duchère Fort de Caluire Fort de Montessuy Redoute Bel-Air Fort de Sainte-Foy Lunette du Petit Sainte-Foy Fort Saint-Irénée Lunette du Fossoyeur Fort de Loyasse Fort de Vaise Fort Saint-Jean Bastion Saint-Laurent Redoute du Haut-Rhône Redoute de la Tête d'Or Lunette des Charpennes Fort des Brotteaux Redoute de la Part-Dieu Fort Montluc Redoute des Hirondelles Fort Lamothe Fort du Colombier Fort de la Vitriolerie The fortifications of Lyon were improved according to Rohault <mask>'s plans. The existing Croix-Rousse fort retained its layout, but the bastion of St-Jean on the Saône side was made into a powerful artillery position. The Fourvière fort was rebuilt from 1834 to 1838, and the outworks progressively improved until 1854. On the right bank of the Saône the fortifications were Sainte-Foy, now the CRS barracks, Petit Sainte-Foy, Saint-Irénée (1831), Vaise (1835), Loyasse (1838) and Duchère (1844), now disappeared.Between the Saône and the Rhône, in front of the Croix-Rousse fortification were the forts of Caluire (1831), now replaced by the stade Henri Cochet, and Montessuy (1831). Fortifications on the left bank of the Rhône were the haut-Rhône battery (1854), demolished fifteen years later, and the forts of Brotteaux (1831), Villeurbanne or Montluc (1831 – now a police station), Tête d'Or (1832) and Charpennes (1842). The Colombier fort (1831) was demolished. The La Motte fort (1832), adapted from the Château de La Motte, was later transformed into a barracks and then became the "Parc Blandan". Of the Vitriolerie fort (1840) on the bank of the Rhone, only the fortified barracks in the middle of the Général Frère neighborhood remains. Selected publications Publications by Rohault <mask>leury include: Journal de l'expédition de Constantine en 1837 National Library of France Chambre des Pairs. Séance du 30 mars 1841.Opinion de M. le baron <mask> de Fleury,... sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris National Library of France Rapport fait à la Chambre par M. le baron <mask> de Fleury, au nom d'une commission spéciale chargée de l'examen du projet de loi relatif à l'ouverture d'un crédit de 3.930.000 francs pour la construction de divers ponts National Library of France Opinion de M. le bon <mask> de Fleury,... sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris National Library of France Opinion de M. le baron <mask> de Fleury, pair de France, sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris National Library of France Chambre des Pairs. Séance du 30 mars 1841. Opinion de M. le baron <mask> <mask>leury, pair de France, sur le projet de loi relatif aux fortifications de Paris References Citations Sources 1779 births 1866 deaths French generals French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

Michael Rennie

original

<mask> (born <mask>; 25 August 1909 – 10 June 1971) was a British film, television and stage actor, who had leading roles in a number of Hollywood films, including his portrayal of the space visitor Klaatu in the science fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). In a career spanning more than 30 years, Rennie appeared in more than 50 films and in several American television series. Early years and career <mask> was born in Idle near Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, the second son of a Scottish wool mill owner, <mask>, and his English wife Amelia (née Dobby). He had an elder brother William, younger brother Gordon and sister Edith. Rennie's family owned a wool business which had operated for over 150 years and were relatively well off. He was educated at the Leys School, Cambridge. He went to work at the family wool mill in Bradford, but did not enjoy it.He worked in a number of occupations, including a stint as a car salesman, and sweeping floors in his uncle's steel ropes factory. He eventually decided (at the time of his 26th birthday, in 1935) on a career as an actor. He retained his surname but adopted <mask> as his professional name. He cited Ronald Colman as his role model. Early British films The 6' 4" tall Rennie attracted the interest of a casting director at Gaumont British who took him on as an extra. Rennie said this was a deliberate strategy so he could learn how films were made. Head of production <mask> said Rennie was taken on "because he was good-looking and athletic.He knew nothing of acting, but was given a contract to play small parts and to work as stand-in for players such as Robert Young and John Loder." Rennie's first screen acting was an uncredited bit part in the Alfred Hitchcock film Secret Agent (1936), standing in for Robert Young. Balcon says he saw Rennie act in a scene in East Meets West (1936) and fired him immediately afterwards. Balcon wrote "I had seen the rushes of that day's filming and had at once decided that Rennie was far too inexperienced to justify big screen parts." The 1937 screen test, which exists in the British Film Institute (BFI) archives under the title "Marguerite Allan and Michael Rennie Screen Test", did not lead to a film career for either performer. Balcon says Rennie "took his setback well, left the studios, and went off to learn his job in repertory." Rennie worked mostly in Yorkshire, eventually becoming a star with the York Repertory Company.Among his roles were as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion. He also played other bit parts and minor unbilled roles in other films, including The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936), Conquest of the Air (1937), The Squeaker (1937), Gangway (1937), The Divorce of Lady X (1938), Bank Holiday (1938), This Man in Paris (1939) and The Briggs Family (1940). He later said he strove to perfect a "mid-Atlantic accent" that could easily be understood by American as well as British audiences which resulted in people thinking he was Canadian. World War II Rising fame Shortly after the outbreak of war in Europe on 1 September 1939, Rennie began to receive offers for larger film roles, including This Man Is Dangerous (1940), Dangerous Moonlight (1941) and Pimpernel Smith (1941). Rennie auditioned again for <mask>, now head of Ealing Studios, and was cast in Ships with Wings. While that film was being prepared, Rennie continued repertory work and accepted a one-line role in George Formby's Turned Out Nice Again. Balcon says Rennie "declared that he enjoyed it as he was playing a motor salesman, and this reminded him of the days when he tried to sell cars – without securing a single buyer."<mask> had his first big film role in the suspense drama Tower of Terror (1941). This starred Wilfrid Lawson in the lead role as a crazed Dutch lighthouse keeper in the German-occupied Netherlands, while the second-billed <mask> and third-billed Movita had the romantic leads. In a 1951 interview <mask> said this was his worst part. <mask> also used him in The Big Blockade (1942). He was called a "rapidly rising newcomer". Another profile referred to him as an "athletic, Gable-ish young man." War service <mask> enlisted in the RAF Volunteer Reserve on 27 May 1941."There has been a pause in <mask>'s film career", wrote Balcon in 1942. "But there will be parts awaiting him when the war is over". He was officially discharged on 4 August 1942, and then on the following day, he was commissioned "for the emergency" as pilot officer number 127347 on probation in the General Duties Branch of the RAFVR. On 5 February 1943, he was promoted to flying officer on probation. He resigned his commission on 1 May 1944 (not discharged on disability, as the studio publicity stated). <mask> had carried out his basic training near Torquay in Devon, after which he was sent to the United States for fighter pilot training under the Arnold Plan. In this programme, pilots of the RAF were trained by United States Army Air Forces instructors.One of his fellow students was RAF Sgt Jack Morton, who told an anecdote about when he and Rennie were in the same class: At the end of our primary course we were posted to a Basic Flying School at Cochran Field, Macon, Georgia. The class which completed the course at Cochran Field was now split up, half were posted to Napier Field, Dothan, Alabama, to train on single-engine planes, and the remainder were posted to twin-engine schools. Like Cochran, Napier Field was a large permanent Air Corps Base and most of us were quite content to stay on the camp when we had time off. One of the cadets on our course had told us that he was a film actor, but no one took him seriously. We had to admit that he was right however when a film came to the camp cinema called Ships with Wings starring <mask>. Film stardom I'll Be Your Sweetheart and The Wicked Lady With the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Rennie was given his first film break, when cast alongside Margaret Lockwood, then at the peak of her popularity, in the musical I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945), directed by Val Guest for Gainsborough Studios. Rennie was billed below Lockwood and Vic Oliver, given an "introducing" credit, but his character was the actual protagonist of the film.The movie was not a large hit but <mask> received excellent notices, including a review from the US trade paper Variety who said his performance made the film "noteworthy" and that he was "likely Hollywood material... the best bet in the way of a new male star to have come out of a British studio in many years. <mask> not only has a lot on the ball as a straight lead, he knows the value of visual tricks. Femmes will go for him in a big way." He followed this in another movie with Lockwood at Gainsborough, the sensual costume adventure The Wicked Lady (both 1945). <mask> was the fifth lead, beneath Lockwood, James Mason, Patricia Roc and Griffith Jones. but it was a good part (the one true love of Lockwood's character) and an excellent project to be associated with – the year's biggest box-office hit, subsequently being listed ninth on a list of top ten highest-grossing British films of all time. <mask>'s prestige was also raised when he was given a single prominent scene as a commander of Roman centurions in Gabriel Pascal's production of George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra (also 1945), starring Vivien Leigh and Claude Rains.The film's expense caused it to lose a large amount of money, despite it being highly successful at the box office, particularly in the U.S. Rennie was now established as a leading actor. One report called him "the bobbysoxers' dark idol... Gainsborough's 1945 discovery." He was mobbed by female fans on a personal appearance tour. Gainsborough teamed him with one of their biggest female stars Phyllis Calvert in the melodrama The Root of All Evil (1947). In July 1946 it was announced <mask> had signed a five-year contract with Maurice Ostrer's new company, Premiere Productions, worth £300,000 – making him the highest paid film star in Britain. Maurice Ostrer <mask>'s first film under the new contract was White Cradle Inn (1947), shot in Switzerland with Madeleine Carroll. <mask> had been "loaned out" to another company to make it but then he made his first for Ostrer at Premiere, The Idol of Paris (1948).The film did so badly that Ostrer left the film industry. Rennie made films for independent producers and his career momentum began to fade: Uneasy Terms (1948); Golden Madonna (1949) (again with Calvert); and two comedies for Val Guest: Miss Pilgrim's Progress (1949) and The Body Said No! (1950). He had what may be considered Rennie's only role as one of two central characters in a fully-fledged love story in the 47-minute episode "Sanatorium", the longest of the Somerset Maugham tales constituting the omnibus film Trio (1950); the 40-year-old <mask> and the 20-year-old Jean Simmons play patients and doomed lovers in the title institution, which caters to victims of tuberculosis. Hollywood career 20th Century Fox Rennie was one of several English actors cast in the 20th Century Fox medieval adventure story The Black Rose (1950), shot in England starring Tyrone Power and Orson Welles. <mask> was specifically cast as the 13th-century King Edward I, whose 6' 2" (1.88 m) frame gave origin to his historical nickname "Longshanks". He was fifth-billed after Cécile Aubry and Jack Hawkins.<mask> became good friends with Power, who spoke well of the actor to Fox executives. <mask>'s performance impressed Fox's studio head, Darryl F. Zanuck, who offered him a role in a film shot in Canada, The 13th Letter (1951). Directed by Otto Preminger, it was a remake of the French film Le Corbeau (The Raven, 1943), with the setting changed to the Canadian province of Quebec. Fox was so pleased with <mask>'s work that it offered him a seven-year contract in November 1950. The Day the Earth Stood Still After Claude Rains turned down the role, Rennie received top billing in his next film, The Day the Earth Stood Still (also 1951), the first postwar, large-budget, "A" science-fiction film. It was a serious, high-minded exploration of mid-20th century suspicion and paranoia, combined with a philosophical overview of humanity's coming place in the larger universe. <mask> said director Robert Wise told him to do the role "with dignity but not with superiority".(The story was later dramatised in 1954 on Lux Radio Theatre, with <mask> and Billy Gray recreating their original film roles. Seven years later, on 3 March 1962, when The Day the Earth Stood Still made its television premiere on NBC's NBC Saturday Night at the Movies, <mask> appeared in a two-minute introductory prologue before the start of the film.) <mask> went on to support Power in I'll Never Forget You (1951) then had good roles in the ensemble drama Phone Call from a Stranger (1952) (where he played an American) and in the wartime spy thriller, 5 Fingers (1952), as the agent who tracks down James Mason's spy. He did some narration for The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) and would provide voice overs for several Fox films, such as Pony Soldier (1952), Titanic (1953), The Desert Rats (1953), Prince Valiant (1954). Les Misérables Buoyed by the strong critical reception and profitability of The Day the Earth Stood Still, Fox assigned much of the credit to the central performance of <mask>. Convinced that it had a potential leading man under contract, the studio decided to produce a new version of Les Misérables (1952) as a vehicle for him. The film was directed by Lewis Milestone, known for his early sound version of All Quiet on the Western Front.<mask>'s performance was respectfully, but not enthusiastically, received by the critics. Ultimately, Les Misérables returned an extremely modest profit and put an end to any further attempts to promote the 43-year-old Rennie as a potential star. This caused the studio to cancel a project he was attached to in 1952 — Arms of Venus. He was, however, launched on a thriving career as a top supporting actor at Fox, often playing figures of authority, such as military officers or

Michael Rennie

original

doctors. Supporting actor at Fox <mask> was second-billed in Sailor of the King (also known as Single-Handed, 1953), as an admiral, but it was very much in support of Jeffrey Hunter. He was leading man to Jeanne Crain in a thriller, Dangerous Crossing (1953), which re-used sets and props from Titanic (also 1953) for which <mask> spoke the closing narration. He had a showy role as Saint Peter in The Robe (1953), the first movie in CinemaScope and the biggest hit of the year.The star was Richard Burton, who had essentially taken <mask>'s place on the Fox lot as their "resident British star". <mask> supported Power once more in King of the Khyber Rifles (1954), as a brigadier in British India, then played his first villain for Fox, an evil Khan in the "eastern", Princess of the Nile (1954), opposite Jeffrey Hunter. He reprised his role as Peter in Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954) and was lent out for Mambo (1954). In Désirée (1954), <mask> played the future Charles XIV John of Sweden opposite Marlon Brando as Napoleon Bonaparte. The film was popular though is not as highly regarded as other Brando films from this time. Soldier of Fortune (1955), was another hit, with Rennie as the head of British police in Hong Kong supporting Clark Gable and Susan Hayward. On TV he played the attorney in an adaptation of The Letter (1955) with John Mills.He also received good reviews for his performance as an art dealer in "A Man of Taste" (1955) for Climax with Zsa Zsa Gabor. Rennie enjoyed live TV. "You have greater performances as opposed to those in a filmed series", he said. "You are able to build and sustain a role in live TV whereas you have the problem of cutting, stopping and starting in a filmed show." Based on the positive reaction to his two turns as the Apostle Peter, Fox assigned him another third-billed, top-tier role as a stalwart man of God, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra, who, between 1749 and his death in 1784, founded missions in Alta California. The film was Seven Cities of Gold (1955), with Richard Egan and Anthony Quinn. His next film was The Rains of Ranchipur (1955), assigned him fifth billing after the lead romantic teaming of Lana Turner and Richard Burton.As Turner's character's cuckolded husband, Lord Esketh, Rennie maintained his typical dignity and stiff upper lip. He supported Ginger Rogers in Teenage Rebel (1956) and had a good role as the man murdered by James Mason in Island in the Sun (1957), Darryl Zanuck's popular melodrama. His contract with Fox then wound up. Post-20th Century-Fox Rennie began his freelancing career supporting Cornel Wilde in Omar Khayyam (1957) at Paramount. He returned to Britain to play the lead in a war film Battle of the V-1 (1958). He was going to co-produce and star in a war film for Eros Films about bomb disposal experts. Getaway, but it was not made.Scheduling conflicts meant he missed out on a role in The Vikings (1958), being replaced by James Donald. He had top billing in a mountaineering film for Disney, Third Man on the Mountain (1959), although he was really the support for James MacArthur. Irwin Allen gave him a leading part at Fox, casting him as adventurer Lord John Roxton in an adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World (1960), a tale of a jungle expedition that finds prehistoric monsters in South America; the film also starred Claude Rains, Jill St. John and Richard Haydn. No longer bound by the no-television clause in his studio contract, he began his association with the medium. The Third Man and Mary Mary <mask> became a familiar face on television, taking the role of Harry Lime in The Third Man (1959–65), an Anglo-American syndicated television series very loosely derived from the film. It ran for several years but the schedule meant Rennie had plenty of time off to work on other projects. "Every scene of every show I do for money", he said.At the start of the 1960s, <mask> made his only Broadway appearance in Mary, Mary playing Dirk Winsten, a jaded film star. After two previews, the sophisticated five-character marital comedy written by Jean Kerr and directed by Joseph Anthony opened at the Helen Hayes Theatre on 8 March 1961. It ran for a very successful 1,572 performances, closing at the Morosco Theatre on 12 December 1964. <mask> stayed with the production less than five months and was replaced by <mask> in July 1961. When Warner Bros. cast the film version in early 1963, <mask>, along with leading man Barry Nelson and supporting actor Hiram Sherman (who joined the play two years after the opening in the part first played by John Cromwell) were the only Broadway cast members to carry over. Debbie Reynolds was given the title role created by Barbara Bel Geddes, and Warner's contract player Diane McBain, whom the studio saw as a potential star of the future, took over "the socialite part" essayed by Betsy von Furstenberg. Mervyn LeRoy produced and directed the film, which opened at Radio City Music Hall on 25 October 1963.; and was a THRUSH agent in an episode of The Man From U.N.C.L.E. (1967 TV series) ("The Thrush Roulette Affair"/Barnaby Partridge). Also Branded. Final films Rennie's later films included Ride Beyond Vengeance (1966), Cyborg 2087 (1967), the all-star Hotel (1967), Death on the Run (1968), and The Young, the Evil and the Savage (1968). He completed what amounted to guest roles in two films, The Power and The Devil's Brigade (both 1968), before moving to Switzerland in the latter part of that year. His final seven feature films were filmed in Britain, Italy, Spain and, in the case of Surabaya Conspiracy, the Philippines. Personal life <mask> was married twice: first to Joan England (1912–1974) (1938–1945), then to actress Margaret (Maggie) McGrath (1919–2017) (1947–1960); their son, <mask>, is an English circuit judge in Lewes, Sussex, England.Both marriages ended in divorce. When divorcing his second wife, she fainted on the stand during cross-examination. <mask> revealed he had been separated from her since November 1953. (Her mother had been murdered in 1954.) He had a son, John Marshall (born 1944), with his longtime friend and mistress, Renée (née Gilbert), whose later married name was Taylor. Renée was the sister of the British film director Lewis Gilbert. During the war years, they lived coincidentally in flats in the White House in Albany Street near Regent's Park in London (now a hotel).The White House was a favourite location to live during the war years. It was built in the shape of a white cross and was such a good navigation mark for the Luftwaffe, that it was rumoured that there were standing orders to avoid bombing it – hence its popularity with celebrities and the wealthy. Although <mask> offered to accept paternity on discovering the news of her pregnancy, Renée refused, as she was unwilling to jeopardise his growing success as a romantic lead in major feature films. However, <mask> kept a watchful eye on John Marshall over the years, even after his marriage to Maggie McGrath, and both families remained in constant touch until <mask>'s death. In fact Renée and Maggie lived for many years in the 1970s and 1980s within 200 yards of each other in Barnes and were close friends. Both <mask> and his sister Bunny were very fond of Renée's family. Coincidentally the British Film Institute's database lists Rennie as also having a son, John M. Taylor, who is described as "a producer."John Marshall <mask> used the pseudonym "Taylor" during his long career in the industry to avoid accusations of nepotism. <mask> was also briefly engaged to Mary Gardner, the former wife of Hollywood director Otto Preminger. In 1959, Preminger was divorcing Mary and claimed Rennie was having an affair with her. In 1958, <mask> said he earned $117,000 a year which provided him with $36,000 net. Death Under three years after leaving Hollywood, he journeyed to his mother's home in Harrogate, Yorkshire, following the death of his brother. It was there that he died suddenly of an aortic aneurysm on 10 June 1971. After his cremation, his ashes were interred in Harlow Hill Cemetery, Harrogate.Complete filmography Secret Agent (1936) as Army Captain (uncredited) The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936) as San Francisco Cop (uncredited) Conquest of the Air (1936) (uncredited) Gypsy (1937) (uncredited) Gangway (1937) as Ship's Officer (uncredited) The Squeaker (1937) as Medical Examiner (uncredited) The Divorce of Lady X (1938) as Minor Role (uncredited) Bank Holiday (1938) as Guardsman (uncredited) This Man in Paris (1949) (uncredited) The Briggs Family (1940) as Plainclothes Policeman (uncredited) This Man Is Dangerous (1941) as Inspector Turned Out Nice Again (1941) as Diner (uncredited) Dangerous Moonlight (1941) as Kapulski "Pimpernel" Smith (1941) as Prison Camp Officer (uncredited) Tower of Terror (1941) as Anthony Hale Ships with Wings (1942) as Lieut. Maxwell The Big Blockade (1942) as Royal Air Force: George The Sky's the Limit (1943, Short) as George I'll Be Your Sweetheart (1945) as Bob Fielding The Wicked Lady (1945) as Kit Locksby Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) as 1st Centurion The Root of All Evil (1947) as Charles Mortimer White Cradle Inn (1947) as Rudolph Morning Departure (1948, TV Movie) as Lt.-Cmdr. Stanford The Idol of Paris (1948) as Hertz Uneasy Terms (1948) as Slim Callaghan The Golden Madonna (1949) as Mike Christie Miss Pilgrim's Progress (1950) as Bob Thane Trio (1950) as Major Templeton (segment "Sanatorium") The Black Rose (1950) as King Edward The Body Said No! (1950) as Himself The 13th Letter (1951) as Dr. Pearson The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) as Klaatu The House in the Square, also known as I'll Never Forget You (1951) as Roger Forsyth The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) as Narrator (uncredited) Phone Call from a Stranger (1952) as Dr. Robert Fortness Five Fingers (1952) as Colin Travers Les Misérables (1952) as Jean Valjean Pony Soldier (1952) as Ending Narrator (uncredited) Titanic (1953) as End Narrator (uncredited) The Desert Rats (1953) as Narrator (uncredited) Sailor of the King (1953) as Lt. Richard Saville Dangerous Crossing (1953) as Dr. Paul Manning The Robe (1953) as Apostle Peter King of the Khyber Rifles (1953) as Brig. Gen. J. R. Maitland Prince Valiant (1954) as Narrator (uncredited) Princess of the Nile (1954) as Rama Khan Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954) as Peter Mambo (1954) as Enrico Marisoni Désirée (1954) as Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte Soldier of Fortune (1955) as Inspector Merryweather Seven Cities of Gold (1955) as Father Junipero Serra The Rains of Ranchipur (1955) as Lord Albert Esketh Teenage Rebel (1956) as Jay Fallon Island in the Sun (1957) as Hilary Carson Omar Khayyam (1957) as Hasani Sabah Battle of the V-1 (1958) as Stefan Third Man on the Mountain (1959) as Captain John Winter The Lost World (1960) as Lord John Roxton Mary, Mary (1963) as Dirk Winsten Mark Dolphin (1965, TV Movie) Ride Beyond Vengeance (1966) as Brooks Durham Mr. Paracelaus, Who Are You? Mundy Batman (1966) – as The Sandman – two episodes The Time Tunnel (1966), episode #1 "Rendezvous With Yesterday" – as the captain of the Titanic The F.B.I. (1967), episode "The Conspirators" as Conrad Letterman The Man from U.N.C.L.E.(1967), episode "The THRUSH Roulette Affair" as Barnaby Partridge The Invaders (1967), episode "The Innocent" as Magnus The Invaders (1968), episode "Summit Meeting" – two part episode. References External links The Complete <mask> – Fan site 1909 births 1971 deaths 20th Century Fox contract players 20th-century English male actors British World War II fighter pilots British expatriate male actors in the United States Deaths from aortic aneurysm English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English people of Scottish descent Male actors from Yorkshire People educated at The Leys School People from Idle, West Yorkshire Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II Royal Air Force officers Royal Air Force pilots of World War II Western (genre) television

T. M. Varghese

original

T. M<mask> (1886–1961) was an India freedom fighter, lawyer, statesman, former minister and politician from Kerala. He was born in a Mar <mask>a Syrian Christian family and the eldest son of <mask>th at Pallickal, (near Kayamkulam). His education was at Mavelikkara and Thiruvananthapuram. After graduating from the Law College, he began practicing at Kollam. There he actively started political activities. He was the foremost leader of the (Responsible government Struggle) struggle against C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer, the Dewan of Travancore State and Abstention movement or Nivarthana Prakshobham. Family life At the age of 16 he married from Mavelikkara.His bride was only 9 years old. T. M<mask> had 11 children. T.M<mask>'s education was paid for by his paternal uncle P.T. John, a very wealthy prominent lawyer of his time. The family bought a piece of land near Kammankulam near Government Boys High School, Kollam. The lake near this land has interesting connections with Kallumala Samaram.Political career He was the founder member of the Travancore State Congress party. He was a prominent figure in struggles towards democratization of Travancore. Abstention Movement. Soon after Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer popularly known as Sir C.P. was appointed as Dewan of Travancore, he appointed non native, Tamil Brahmin to all the top posts of Government. Against this the Nairs joined together and agitated. This is known as the “Malayali Memorial Agitation.” As a result of this, Maharaja of Travancore Chithira <mask> Balarama Varma issued a proclamation on October 21, 1932 to constitute a new State Assembly.This came into effect on January 1, 1933. As per this order, the seats were divided among the community as given below: Total population 5,090,000 and the total seats in the Assembly 70. Christians, Ezhavas and Muslims who were contributing to economy significantly and were demographically prominent were grossly underrepresented in terms of assembly seats. So under the leadership of <mask>. Varghese representatives of Christians, Ezhava and Muslim communities met the Diwan. The meeting didn't yield any results. T.M.<mask> realized that a government with no responsibility to the people was an anachronism.A meeting of the leaders of the three communities including C Kesavan was called at the L.M.S. hall, Thiruvananthapuram on January 25, 1933. They decided to stay united under T.M<mask> and abstain from the elections. This is known as Nivarthana Prakshobhanam (Abstention Movement). Joint Political Party. The Christians of Travancore met together at Thiruvananthapuram on November 21, 1932 and formed All Kerala Christian Union (Kerala Kristava Maha Sabha).A general meeting of this Union was held at Kozhencherry from May 9 to 11, 1935. On the first day T.M<mask> proposed a resolution that, “The election of the Travancore Legislative Assembly is not justifiable, the government officers have made unlawful influence in its formation, and it is against the wishes of Christian-Ezhava- Muslim people, it is requested that the government should immediately disband the present assembly and elect a new one.” On the last day there was a meeting of All Kerala Joint Political Meeting. C. Kesavan one of the speakers said, “I am talking about C.P. (C. P. Ramaswami Iyer). We don’t require this pest. Travancore got a bad name after his arrival.This country will be gone to the dogs unless this man leaves.” (this is now known as C. Kesavan's Kozhencherry Address). This angered the Diwan Sir C.P. and C. Kesavan was arrested on June 7, 1935 and was sentenced to two years jail. Three lawyers T.M<mask>, K.T.<mask> and Barrister George Joseph appeared for C.Kesavan. All Kerala Joint Political Party (Samuktha Party) was formed and elected T.M<mask> as Chairman and K.T.<mask> as Secretary.Because of all these, the government at last conceded their demands to a certain extent by introducing communal reservation in appointments to the public service. On August 1936 a new constitution was promulgated and election for the Travancore State Assembly was held on April–May, 1937. T.M<mask> won the election as a candidate of the All Kerala Joint Political Party. In the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly he was elected as Deputy Chairman. C. Kesavan who was put in jail in 1935 was released in 1937. Welcoming Kesavan at Kollam and Alapuzha, <mask>.<mask> said, “In the name of and on behalf of the 5.1 lakhs (5,10,000) of people of Travancore, I accord with pleasure, a hearty welcome to the most-self sacrificing individual C. Kesavan." Diwan was furious. As per his suggestion a no confidence motion was moved against the Deputy speaker. In the voting that followed 42 supported the motion, 24 was against and 2 abstained. Thus T.M<mask> was removed from his post as deputy speaker.State Congress. In February 1938, T.M<mask> tabled a motion to discuss the point “Responsible Government,” (Utharavaditha Bharanam - Government responsible to the people). Sir C.P. allowed this motion to be discussed. In the Assembly, T.M<mask> declared.“There is no need of a Diwan, in between the 5.1 million people of Travancore and their Maharaja.” Pattom <mask> Pillai and K.T<mask> spoke supporting the motion. On that day after coming out of the Assembly hall, they formed the Travancore State Congress. Arrests followed. Banks and newspapers were closed. Agitation spread. In 1938, a number of leaders and newspaper editors were assaulted.There was no enquiry on this. For discussion, T.M<mask> brought a resolution in the Assembly but Sir C.P. did not accept it. Finally on July 30, 1947 Travancore decided to join Indian Union. On August 15, India attained freedom. On 19, Sir C.P.resigned. The government issued a proclamation on September 4, 1947 stating the formation of a “Responsible Government.” Minister. In the first general election to the Travancore legislative assembly after Travancore and Cochin were unified, T.M<mask> was elected from Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency) and became minister of education. On October 17, 1948 the ministry resigned. In 1949, T.M<mask> was elected as the Speaker of the Assembly.Again in 1952 T.M<mask> became Home Minister in A. J. John's short lived ministry. Arts He was instrumental in helping Kunchacko set up Udaya Pictures, the first prominent Kerala based film production company. He provided legal assistance to set up the company and also became a shareholder in it. Death and memorials He died on 31st December 1961. The body was cremated at Marthoma Church Kollam. There is a park constructed in Kollam in memory of him and is maintained by Kollam Municipal Corporation.There is also a library in his name maintained by municipality situated near Ammachiveedu. See also C. Kesavan Kumbalathu Sanku Pillai References Kovoor, E. M. [1965]. T. M. <mask>, Current Books, Kerala. <mask>ew, N. M. [2007]. Malankara Mar Thoma sabha charitram, (History of the Mar Thoma church), Volume 2. Pub. : E. J.Institute, Thiruvalla, Kerala. <mask>, N. M. [2008]. Malankara Mar Thoma sabha charitram, (History of the Mar Thoma church), Volume 3. Pub. : E. J. Institute, Thiruvalla, Kerala. <mask>, A. Sreedhara [1967].A survey of Kerala history, S. Viswanathan Printers & Publishers, Chennai. External links History of Kerala legislature 1886 births 1961 deaths Mar Thoma Syrian Church Politicians from Kollam People from Kollam People of the Kingdom of Travancore 20th-century Indian lawyers Indian independence activists from Kerala Malayali politicians Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala Members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly

Bridey Murphy

original

<mask> is a purported 19th-century Irishwoman whom U.S. housewife Virginia Tighe (April 27, 1923 – July 12, 1995) claimed to be in a past life. The case was investigated by researchers and concluded to be the result of cryptomnesia. Hypnotic regression In 1952, Colorado businessman and amateur hypnotist Morey Bernstein put housewife Virginia Tighe of Pueblo, Colorado, in a trance that sparked off startling revelations about Tighe's alleged past life as a 19th-century Irishwoman. Bernstein used a technique called hypnotic regression, during which the subject is gradually taken back to childhood. He then attempted to take Virginia one step further, before birth, and was astonished to find he was listening to <mask>. Tighe's tale began in 1806, when Bridey was eight years old and living in a house in Cork. She was the daughter of <mask>, a barrister, and his wife Kathleen.At the age of 17, she married barrister Sean Brian McCarthy, who she claimed taught at Queen's University Belfast, to which she moved. Tighe told of a fall that caused Bridey's death and of watching her own funeral, describing her tombstone and the state of being in life after death. It was, she recalled, a feeling of neither pain nor happiness. Somehow, she was reborn in America 59 years later, although Tighe/Bridey was not clear how this event happened. Tighe herself was born Virginia Mae Reese in the Midwest in 1923, had never been to Ireland, and did not speak with even the slightest hint of an Irish accent. Book publication and response The story of <mask> <mask> was first told in a series of articles by William J. Barker, published in the Denver Post in 1954. In early 1956, Doubleday released a book by Bernstein, The Search for <mask> <mask>.Movie rights had already been sold by the time of its publication (see below). At her insistence, Tighe was given the pseudonym "Ruth Mills Simmons". The Bridey Murphy craze The best-selling book created a sensation; people would throw Bridey Murphy-themed "come as you were" parties and dances, and jokes abounded, such as cartoons of parents greeting newborns with "welcome back!" Popular songs of the time included "The Ballad of Bridey Murphy" by Fran Allison, "The Love of Bridey Murphy" by Billy Devroe's Devilaires, and "Do You Believe (In Reincarnation)" by Lalo Guerrero. There was a "Reincarnation cocktail". Stan Freberg recorded a satirical sketch in 1956 titled "The Quest For Bridey Hammerschlaugen", based on the LP containing excerpts of the actual first hypnosis session. Freberg hypnotizes Goldie Smith (voiced by June Foray) to regress her to different eras, with humorous interruptions by Smith.At the end, Smith hypnotizes Freberg, who becomes Davy Crockett. When Smith mocks him for not being able to profit on the recent Davy Crockett craze, Freberg says that in his next life, he "may be Walt Disney." The past-life themed 1956 film I've Lived Before is said to have been inspired by the craze. Research challenging the story The biographical details related by Bridey were not rigorously checked before the book's publication. However, once the book had become a bestseller, almost every detail was thoroughly checked by reporters who were sent to Ireland to track down the background of the elusive woman. It was then that the first doubts about her "reincarnation" began to appear. Bridey said she was born on December 20, 1798, in Cork and that she had died in 1864.No record was found of either event. Also, no evidence could be found of a wooden house called The Meadows, in which Bridey said she had lived, just of a place of that name near Cork. Additionally, during the 19th century, most houses in Ireland were made of brick or stone. Bridey pronounced her husband's name as "See-an", although Seán is typically pronounced "Shawn", especially in Ireland. Queen's University Belfast did not exist at the time Bridey claimed her husband was working there. Brian, which is what Bridey preferred to call her husband, was also the middle name of the man to whom Virginia Tighe was married. Tighe claimed Bridey went to a St. Theresa's Church, which did indeed exist, but it was not built until 1911, long after Bridey was said to have died.Some of the details provided by Tighe proved to be more authentic. For example, her descriptions of the Antrim coastline were very accurate, as was her account of a journey from Belfast to Cork. She recounted that the young Bridey shopped for provisions with a grocer named Farr; it was discovered that such a grocer had existed, although this may simply have been a coincidence. Some researchers came to the conclusion that the best way to discover the truth was to check back not to Ireland but rather to Tighe's own childhood and her relationship with her parents. Morey Bernstein stated that Tighe/Simmons was brought up by a Norwegian uncle and his German-Scottish-Irish wife. However, he did not mention that her birth parents were both partly Irish, and that she had lived with them until the age of three. He also did not mention that an Irish immigrant named Bridie <mask> (1892–1957) lived across the street from Tighe's childhood home in Chicago, Illinois.Bridie immigrated to the U.S. in 1908. Although Tighe claimed that she did not know Mrs. Corkell's maiden name, Bridie's spinster sister <mask> was living with the Corkells in the 1930 census. Researchers noted that many of the elements Virginia Tighe described in Bridey's life corresponded to ones in her own childhood. Cryptomnesia has been frequently mentioned as an explanation for Tighe's memories. Because of correlations with Tighe's past life and discrepancies with the Ireland of the <mask> <mask> story's time, writers such as Michael Shermer consider any paranormal interpretation of the case to be "thoroughly disproven". Film adaptation The Search for Bridey Murphy was made into a 1956 film of the same name. Produced by Paramount, the film starred Teresa Wright (as Ruth Simmons), Louis Hayward, and Nancy Gates.It was directed by Noel Langley. Later events The New York Times, in Bernstein's obituary, characterized the eventual feelings held by supporters of the story: Virginia Tighe disliked being in the spotlight and was skeptical about reincarnation, although in later years she stated: "Well, the older I get the more I want to believe in it." Despite these feelings, in 1966 she appeared on the TV panel game show To Tell the Truth. She died in Denver in 1995 (as The New York Times later put it, "perhaps for the second time"). Bernstein gave up hypnotism after <mask> <mask> and began working in business. Success followed, and he became a prominent local philanthropist. He died in Pueblo, Colorado, in 1999.References in popular culture Bridey <mask>, a band consisting of Bill Cowsill, Paul Cowsill, Barry Cowsill, and Waddy Wachtel, released a single in 1974, "The Time Has Come." In Robert Wise's 1963 film The Haunting, Julie Harris' character is jokingly accused of being a reincarnation of <mask> <mask> by Russ Tamblyn's character. In the Carl Barks-produced Scrooge McDuck comic book story "Back to Long Ago!" (1957), Scrooge and Donald Duck get hypnotized to find out about their past lives, learning of their existence as pirates in 1564. Scrooge's hired hypnotist, "Prof. Mesmer J. Spellcaster, H. P., D. H.," has a row of books on his office shelf that includes Quest for Tidie Brophy, Search for Lydie Burfee, Paging Gracie Macie, and The Search for Murphy's Bridie. In the movie Peggy Sue Got Married, Peggy's grandfather mentions reading a book about a woman in Colorado who claimed to have lived 159 years ago in Ireland. In the My Favorite Martian episode "Extra!Extra! Sensory Perception" The Search for <mask>'s Bridie is mentioned when Mrs Brown is accidentally regressed. See also On a Clear Day You Can See Forever, a 1965 Broadway musical with a past-life theme, loosely based on the 1926 play Berkeley Square The film version, released in 1970 Sidney Sheldon's "Tell Me Your Dreams pg 150. Notes References Further reading Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science by Martin Gardner (Dover Publications, 1957) A Scientific Report on "The Search for Bridey Murphy" by Milton V. Kline et al. (Julian Press, 1956) (OCLC: 543329) External links Search for Bridey Murphy (1956) - Entire movie (with hard subtitles). Accessed August 30, 2019. <mask> <mask> in the Skeptic's Dictionary Cecil Adams on the Bridey Murphy controversy Time magazine: Yes, Virginia, There Is a Bridey Lalo Guerrero's son sings "Do You Believe (In Reincarnation)", with an introduction explaining its connection to the Bridey <mask> craze Hypnosis Parapsychology Popular psychology Reincarnation Nonexistent people

Billy Thompson (gunman)

original

<mask>, sometimes known as Texas <mask> (1845 – September 6, 1897) was an Old West gunman and gambler, and the younger brother of the famous gunman and lawman <mask>. The younger <mask> brother never achieved the fame that his brother achieved, and in his own lifetime was mainly referred to as the unpredictable and troubled younger brother of <mask>. Factually, however, while a dangerous man, he also was a formidable opponent in a gunfight. Early life, first gunfight Born <mask> in Knottingley, Yorkshire, England, immigrating with his family and older brother to the United States as a child. His family settled in Texas, and during the American Civil War, both his brother and he volunteered for the Confederate Army. His older brother went on to fame as a gunman and later as a lawmen and chief of police for Austin, Texas. <mask> was more stable than his younger brother, having an even temperament, albeit accompanied by a deadly side if need be.Known as having a violent and quick temper, the younger <mask> often found himself in trouble, usually from violence. His first known gunfight was on March 31, 1868. That day, while attending a fist fight between a White man and an African American man, a US soldier named William Burke became upset that the townspeople favored the black man, this being partly because the army was seen by locals as an occupying force following the war. When he lashed out verbally at <mask>, the two argued, then later Burke apologized, asking to buy <mask> a drink. The two men spent two hours drinking, then went to a bordello together. They argued a few times over minor things during their time together, but for the most part, they seemed to have gotten along. After they entered the bordello, <mask> went upstairs with a prostitute, and for reasons unknown, William Burke again flared his temper against <mask>, and began walking the halls shouting threats against him.Finding the room in which <mask> had entered, Burke kicked in the door armed with a pistol, and after the two exchanged shots, Burke fell badly wounded, and died the next day. Feeling he would certainly hang for killing a soldier, <mask> fled. Notoriety as a killer <mask> quickly ran out of money, and sent word to his older brother, a habit he would never break. Two months after the Burke killing, while in Rockport, Texas, <mask> killed another man, Remus Smith, and again fled to avoid arrest. In that instance, Smith, an 18-year-old stable hand, slapped <mask>'s horse when it tried to nose in on some feed, which enraged <mask>. When he yelled at the boy, Smith, who was unarmed, told him to take off his pistols and come on, at which point <mask> drew his gun and shot the boy twice. Remus Smith was well liked in the area, and some of the county residents hunted for <mask> for the remainder of his lifetime.For five years, he stayed on the run, often contacting his brother to help him with money. On April 18, 1873, <mask> checked into the Grand Central Hotel in Ellsworth, Kansas. His older brother Ben joined him two months later, and the two set themselves up in the saloon, Joe Brennan’s, as house gamblers. At the time, Ellsworth was an extremely busy cattle town. Sheriff Chauncey Whitney was both well liked in the county, and extremely effective as a lawman. Within a short time of their arrival in town, both <mask> brothers became good friends with Whitney, but at the same time, often had bad experiences with local police officer John "Happy Jack" Morco. Officer Morco was well known for his boasting about how many men he had killed, often heard to say he had shot 12 men dead.On June 30, 1873, Morco arrested <mask> for carrying a weapon in town limits. Though angered, <mask> paid his fine. On August 15, 1873, <mask> was drinking heavily, and had become extremely intoxicated and vocal. Sheriff Whitney had planned to leave town that day with his family, but feeling <mask> might get himself into trouble, he chose to remain in town. That day, <mask> introduced John Sterling into a high-stakes game, on the pretense that due to his introduction, <mask> would take a percentage of any winnings. When Sterling left the saloon with over $1,000, without offering <mask> his share, the latter sought him out. He found Sterling in another saloon, in the company of John Morco.When <mask> demanded his cut of the winnings, Sterling, aware that <mask> was unarmed, slapped him. John Morco then pulled his pistol and backed <mask> away. Morco and Sterling then stood outside the saloon, yelling for <mask> to come out and fight. <mask>, hearing of his brother's troubles, ran to help him. Both brothers armed themselves, and walked out into the street. Hearing of the trouble, Sheriff Whitney responded, unarmed, and confronted the <mask>s, imploring them to accompany him for a drink and talk the situation over, to which they agreed. As they walked to Brennan's, Morco and Sterling moved to intercept them.When another Texan yelled a warning to <mask>, the latter turned and fired a rifle shot at the pair, and heard his brother fire his shotgun from behind him. Turning, <mask> saw his friend Sheriff Whitney wither to the ground, shot. Believed to have been accidental, <mask> did not rush to flee. <mask>, upon seeing what had happened, stated, "My <mask>, you have shot your best friend", to which <mask> responded, "I'm sorry", followed by Whitney stating, "He did not intend to do it, it was an accident, send for my family". According to later witnesses, <mask> was not looking at Whitney, as Whitney was standing to his side, and had his shotgun cocked, with one barrel suddenly going off. In later versions of that shooting, it was said his response to his brother Ben, when the latter said, "you've shot your best friend", was, "I'd have shot him if he'd been Jesus Christ". That never happened, nor was it ever said, a fact verified by witnesses years later at his trial.It would be the main fact of <mask>'s life that over the decades since has become completely distorted from what actually happened. However, rumors such as that fueled his notoriety, in the shadow of his older brother's fame. Despite the shooting being accidental, <mask> forced <mask> on a horse and ordered him to flee town, but instead of riding fast, he simply rode slowly through, yelling for anyone who wanted to fight to come get him. Ben feared, probably wisely, that regardless of the circumstances surrounding the shooting, <mask> would be lynched. Sheriff Whitney died on August 18, 1873, resulting in a $500 reward being placed on <mask>. Morco and Officer Ed Hogue ran Neil Cain, a Texas cowboy and friend to the <mask> brothers, out of town at gun point. John "Happy Jack" Morco was fired over his having instigated the trouble, but not before he issued a warrant against <mask> for assault, resulting in officer Ed Hogue arresting Ben.A short time later, the town council dismissed the entire police force, replacing it with new personnel. Citizens vocally expressed their anger toward visiting Texas cowboys in town from cattle drives. Town Marshal Ed Crawford instigated a dispute, then beat one Texas cowboy, Cad Pierce, to death with his pistol during an arrest, after first shooting him in the side, and groups of vigilantes roamed the streets looking to run out of town any Texans they found causing trouble. Not long after the Whitney killing, Morco, during a rant of boasting during a dispute with one Texan, was shot and killed by newly appointed Ellsworth police officer J. C. Brown in front of the Lizzie Palmer Dancehall. Ed Crawford was shot and killed a short time afterward by friends of Pierce, and Ed Hogue left town. With the shooting deaths of Sheriff Whitney and Remus Smith, <mask> became known as the troubled and dangerous younger brother of <mask>, although this was not exactly the truth. With the exception of Remus Smith, which was a clear case of cold-blooded murder, his other two shootings had been one in self defense and another accidental.Life on the run For the next several years, <mask> lived on the run from lawmen and bounty hunters. The Aransas County, Texas, Sheriffs Office regularly sent out warrants to Texas lawmen around the state, seeking <mask> for the murder of Remus Smith. In June 1874, <mask> narrowly escaped capture in Austin, Texas. Later that same year, he was captured in Mountain City, Texas, but escaped and fled to San Antonio, Texas, where he entered the Long Horse brothel with a friend. While there, he hit a prostitute across the face, fleeing when two city police officers responded, resulting in a foot pursuit in which he again escaped. He avoided lawmen for another two years, until Texas Ranger Captain John Sparks caught up to him in October, 1876, in Travis County, Texas. Sparks was leading a small Ranger unit that was actually seeking rancher Neal Cain for cattle rustling.While raiding the Cain ranch, they came into contact with <mask>. <mask> was notified of his brother's arrest, and immediately sought an attorney to represent him. <mask> also notified Aransas County, in the hopes that they would extradite him to stand trial for that murder, rather than being sent to Kansas. A number of <mask>'s allies boarded a train in Corsicana, Texas, and word of this was passed to Ranger Sparks. By this time, Ranger Sparks was feeling that an attempt would be made to free his prisoner by friends of <mask>, so while in Dallas County, Texas, he requested additional guards from the county sheriff, and received several. With this overwhelming show of force, all rescue attempts to keep <mask> out of Kansas were thwarted. Initially, the town of Ellsworth sought to have <mask> jailed in Salina, Kansas, feeling the jail there was more secure.However, with several more <mask> partisans showing up in town, the decision was made instead to house him at Leavenworth. Trial and release <mask> hired local Kansas attorney Robert Gill to represent <mask>. He later added Captain J. D. Mohler, Phillip T. Pendelton, and A. H. Case to the legal team. Court convened on September 3, 1874, with Judge John Prescott presiding. The prosecution had over a dozen witnesses to the shooting, while the defense had only six, one of whom was from Texas, with the other five being from Kansas. As it turned out, the defense witness William Purdy, from Atchison County, Kansas, emerged as the most dependable witness presented. Purdy, standing nearby, was an eye witness to the shooting, and heard clearly everything said by all those involved.His testimony was; "<mask> was standing still or trying to do so, as he was intoxicated. He had his eyes fixed on the party advancing on Ben and him. The shot of Ben did not stop them and they continued the same as before, and when being within about 20 feet of <mask>, his gun being down below his breast, it went off, one barrel of it only, and the shot took effect on the shoulder and side of Whitney. <mask>'s gun was cocked, he did not bring the gun up, took no aim, nor was he looking at Whitney, who stood at his left. As the gun discharged, Ben said, 'My God <mask> you have shot your best friend', <mask> replied, 'I'm sorry', Whitney said, 'He did not intend to do it, it was an accident, send for my family'. There was no indication at any time that Whitney and the <mask>'s weren't on the best of terms." Others also testified of Whitney's statement after being shot, with the only difference being that some said he stated, "send for my wife and child" rather than "for my family".The prosecution objected many times, claiming certain things were "irrelevant" or hearsay, but they did not object to Whitney's dying declaration. A rumor that <mask> stated after the shooting, "I'd have shot him if he were Jesus Christ", rather than "I'm sorry", was never mentioned, nor did it ever happen. In a trial that lasted nine days, <mask> was acquitted. Although that case was proven to have been accidental, amazingly, he was not held to be extradited to Aransas County, Texas, for the clear-cut murder of Remus Smith, but instead was released. For the next three years, his whereabouts were mostly rumors, but he is known to have arrived in Dodge City, Kansas, in May 1878. He is known to have been arrested by lawman Mart Duggan in Leadville, Colorado, in December 1879, for disturbing the peace, serving only one night in jail. Aransas County, in the meantime, continued its pursuit of him.Another shooting On June 21, 1880, <mask> was in Ogallala, Nebraska. A saloon owner named Bill Tucker and he had developed strong resentment for one another, supposedly over the affections of a prostitute named "Big Alice". <mask>, drunk, stood in front of the saloon and fired two shots inside. The second of the shots hit Tucker in the hand, taking off one finger and mutilating others. Enraged, Tucker grabbed a shotgun and ran after the now-fleeing <mask>. Tucker fired two shots, missing, reloaded and fired two more, this time riddling <mask> in the back, from his heels to his neck. <mask> was arrested, but allowed to remain under guard at the Ogallala House Hotel to heal.Knowing his brother Ben's reputation, the local sheriff ordered a heavy guard. <mask>, hearing of his brother's arrest, felt his intervening would result in bloodshed. Instead, he asked his friend Bat Masterson to travel to Ogllala to see if he could assist. Masterson did so, first meeting with <mask>, then meeting with the ailing Tucker, who was bitter, but willing to drop charges, for a price. Unfortunately, <mask> did not have access to the amount Tucker wanted, so Bat Masterson eluded the guards and helped <mask> escape, with them taking a train south. After the escape, a Keith County, Nebraska, grand jury indicted <mask> for assault with intent to kill. Those charges were eventually dropped, and the matter forgotten.Arrest and trial for Smith murder On October 23, 1882, Texas Ranger Captain George W. Baylor captured <mask> for the Remus Smith murder in El Paso, Texas, and turned him over to the El Paso County Sheriff, where he was remanded to the custody of Deputy Frank Manning to be returned to Rockport. Foolishly, Deputy Manning allowed <mask> a night of freedom before his return, on the pretense he would return the next morning. He did not. On May 10, 1883, Aransas County Deputy P.P. Court captured <mask> in Arkansas, and finally he was returned to stand trial for the Smith murder. However, it had been 15 years since the murder. Witnesses were sparse, and facts distorted due to poor records, with all of the lawmen who were serving at the time having long since moved on.The trial took only one day, with <mask> being acquitted. This was the one killing committed by <mask> that should have been an iron-clad case of murder, but due to the many years that had passed, the prosecution could not prove their case. The case against him for the murder of soldier William Burke had never been pressed, with the general feeling that it was self defense. For the first time since his first killing, <mask> was not wanted by the law for anything. Later life On March 11, 1884, his older brother <mask> was killed in San Antonio, Texas, in what became referred to as the Vaudeville Theater Ambush. For a time, newspapers speculated that <mask> would seek revenge for his brother's death, but he never did. He roamed for a number of years, making his living as a gambler, and is believed to have never held any other employment, passing through Cripple Creek, Colorado, and often spending long periods in Houston and Galveston, Texas.He died of a stomach ailment in Houston, on September 6, 1897. At the time of his death, <mask> had killed four men, and wounded a fifth, with one killing being the shooting of the unarmed Remus Smith, another the accidental shooting of Sheriff Chauncey Whitney, and the other two killings and one wounding being during gunfights. The role of <mask> was played by the character actor Hal Baylor in a 1955 episode of the ABC/Desilu Western television series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, with Hugh O'Brian in the title role. Denver Pyle played <mask> in eight Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp episodes, which aired from 1955 to 1961. References External links <mask>, Gunman <mask> <mask> and <mask> in Ellsworth Ellsworth, Kansas History Ellsworth, the Wickedest Cattletown in Kansas Happy Jack Morco People from Texas 1845 births 1897 deaths Gunslingers of the American Old West English emigrants to the United States People from Knottingley People from Ellsworth, Kansas Confederate States Army soldiers

Xenophon Zolotas

original

<mask> (, 26 April 1904 – 10 June 2004) was a Greek economist and served as an interim non-party Prime Minister of Greece. Life and career Born in Athens on 26 April 1904, <mask> studied economics at the University of Athens, and later studied at the Leipzig University in Germany and the University of Paris in France. He came from a wealthy family of goldsmiths with roots in pre-revolutionary Russia. In 1928 he became Professor of Economics at Athens University and at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, a post he held until 1968, when he resigned in protest at the military regime which had come to power in 1967. He was a member of the Board of Directors of UNRRA in 1946 and held senior posts in the International Monetary Fund and other international organisations in 1946 and 1981. <mask> was director of the Bank of Greece in 1944–1945, 1955–1967 (when he resigned in protest at the regime), and 1974–1981. He published many works on Greek and international economic topics.He was a Keynesian, and was active in socialist circles with his close friend, Professor Angelos Angelopoulos. He is also famous for demonstrating the contribution of Greek language to the English vocabulary by making English speeches, as he said, "using with the exception of articles and prepositions only Greek words", to foreign audiences. When the elections of November 1989 failed to give a majority to either the PASOK party of Andreas Papandreou or the New Democracy party of Constantine Mitsotakis, <mask>, then aged 85, agreed to become Prime Minister at head of a non-party administration until fresh elections could be held. He stepped down after the election of April 1990 which gave Mitsotakis a narrow majority. He was a workaholic and an avid winter swimmer, making a point of swimming every morning throughout the year even into his nineties. His book Economic Growth and Declining Social Welfare advances the idea that in modern economic growth there is an increasing output of useless and even discomforting things, such as advertising. For that reason modern economic growth cannot be at all considered as creating conditions for further human happiness, a thesis quite in agreement with ideas by authors such as Richard Easterlin or Herman Daly.<mask> died on 10 June 2004 at the age of 100. He is buried in the First Cemetery of Athens. From 31 October 2002, when former Greek President Michail Stasinopoulos died until his own death, <mask> was the world's oldest living former head of state. Speeches Two of his speeches in English at the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development are considered to be historic and notable because they contained mainly terms of Greek origin. Here are the texts: 1957 I always wished to address this Assembly in Greek, but realized that it would have been indeed "Greek" to all present in this room. I found out, however, that I could make my address in Greek which would still be English to everybody. With your permission, Mr. Chairman, I shall do it now, using with the exception of articles and prepositions, only Greek words.Kyrie, I eulogize the archons of the Panethnic Numismatic Thesaurus and the Ecumenical Trapeza for the orthodoxy of their axioms, methods and policies, although there is an episode of cacophony of the Trapeza with Hellas. With enthusiasm we dialogue and synagonize at the synods of our didymous organizations in which polymorphous economic ideas and dogmas are analyzed and synthesized. Our critical problems such as the numismatic plethora generate some agony and melancholy. This phenomenon is characteristic of our epoch. But, to my thesis, we have the dynamism to program therapeutic practices as a prophylaxis from chaos and catastrophe. In parallel, a Panethnic unhypocritical economic synergy and harmonization in a democratic climate is basic. I apologize for my eccentric monologue.I emphasize my euharistia to you, Kyrie to the eugenic and generous American Ethnos and to the organizers and protagonists of his Amphictyony and the gastronomic symposia. 1959 Kyrie, it is Zeus' anathema on our epoch for the dynamism of our economies and the heresy of our economic methods and policies that we should agonize the Scylla of numismatic plethora and the Charybdis of economic anaemia. It is not my idiosyncrasy to be ironic or sarcastic, but my diagnosis would be that politicians are rather cryptoplethorists. Although they emphatically stigmatize numismatic plethora, they energize it through their tactics and practices. Our policies have to be based more on economic and less on political criteria. Our gnomon has to be a metron between political, strategic and philanthropic scopes. Political magic has always been anti-economic.In an epoch characterized by monopolies, oligopolies, monopsonies, monopolistic antagonism and polymorphous inelasticities, our policies have to be more orthological. But this should not be metamorphosed into plethorophobia, which is endemic among academic economists. Numismatic symmetry should not hyper-antagonize economic acme. A greater harmonization between the practices of the economic and numismatic archons is basic. Parallel to this, we have to synchronize and harmonize more and more our economic and numismatic policies panethnically. These scopes are more practicable now, when the prognostics of the political and economic barometer are halcyonic. The history of our didymus organizations in this sphere has been didactic and their gnostic practices will always be a tonic to the polyonymous and idiomorphous ethnical economies.The genesis of the programmed organization will dynamize these policies. Therefore, I sympathize, although not without criticism on one or two themes, with the apostles and the hierarchy of our organs in their zeal to program orthodox economic and numismatic policies, although I have some logomachy with them. I apologize for having tyrannized you with my Hellenic phraseology. In my epilogue, I emphasize my eulogy to the philoxenous autochthons of this cosmopolitan metropolis and my encomium to you, Kyrie, and the stenographers. See also List of prime ministers of Greece English words of Greek origin References External links <mask>' speeches |- |- |- 1904 births 2004 deaths 1980s in Greek politics 1990s in Greek politics 20th-century prime ministers of Greece Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens Governors of the Bank of Greece Greek bankers Greek centenarians Men centenarians Greek economists Politicians from Athens Members of the Academy of Athens (modern) National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni Writers from Athens Prime Ministers of Greece Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Andy Blueman

original

Andrej Komatovič (; born 4 September 1982), widely known as <mask> , is a Slovenian trance producer. His release Time to Rest was included in Armin van Buuren's trance compilation A State Of Trance 2008, and Everlasting (Original Mix) was included in A State Of Trance Yearmix 2009. His work Florescence (Epic Mix) was also included in A State Of Trance Yearmix 2010. Five of his tracks were voted the track of the week (Future Favorite) on A State of Trance, and two of his other tracks won Trance Around the World's weekly web vote. Eleven of his tracks were voted amongst the greatest 1000 tracks in the history of trance music out of over 10,000 nominees in the first-ever (2010) Trance Top 1000 poll organized by Armada Music, even though he had only ever worked on 13 trance songs released by the time of the competition. Music <mask> first discovered trance music in 1997 when he bought the album Dream Dance. Since then, his interest in trance music has grown, expanded and matured.Near the end of 2001, he started producing his own music, following his brother who had done the same the year before. Until recently, <mask> was producing with a variety of tools and experimenting with different styles, such as ambient/chill out, melodic, progressive and uplifting trance. In 2007, Perceptive Recordings had launched, and <mask>'s first track Nyctalopia was the first release on the label, with an extra Club Mix, and remixes by Onova and Will B. The release was a fantastic success. He decided to stay with Perceptive Recordings to release his music because they had a fair and amicable partnership. The popularity of Perceptive quickly grew with further singles including releases by Daniel Kandi and Adam Nickey. Komatovič's uplifting trance music style includes the application of classical compositions, a genre many have called "Orchestral Uplifting" or "Uplifting Trance with Symphonic Orchestra".His first track, Nyctalopia, included a dramatic string ensemble in the breakdown, while still applying the same laws of Trance. His tracks Neverland and The World To Come both included an emotional breakdown with the use of eastern drums, and Everlasting included a piano solo. His first E.P., Sea Tides, was released on February 23, 2009, and received hype by DJ's such as Tiësto, Ferry Corsten and Armin van Buuren. It included three original tracks: Sea Tides, Neverland and Everlasting. The E.P. also included a re-work of each of the tracks. These re-works still included all the same instruments, but both breakdown and main chorus melodies were changed.Since the Sea Tides E.P., Komatovič has produced numerous remixes for various labels, including Armada and Anjunabeats, receiving hype from many DJ's including Above & Beyond, Armin van Buuren, Tiësto, Ferry Corsten, and others. His work has influenced the production of more orchestral trance, and more upcoming and established producers are producing their tracks with extended emotional orchestral breakdowns, including SoundLift, Arctic Moon, Nery, Aly & Fila, Ciro Visone, Aeons Of Flight, and Sara Pollino within the uplifting scene and Ralph Fritsch and Roger Shah in other trance genres. During 2010, <mask> continued to produce remixes, for Blue Soho, Subculture, Abora Recordings, AVA, and Enhanced Recordings. His fourth single Florescence was released in July 2010 as another purely solo release on Perceptive Recordings. Many of his tracks have been widely voted as amongst the best in trance music. Eleven of his tracks were each voted as one of the 1,000 greatest trance tracks of all time out of over 10,000 nominees in the inaugural (2010) Trance Top 1000 poll organized by Armada Music (the largest trance label in the world). These were Afternova - Serenity (<mask> Remix), Time To Rest (Daniel Kandi Bangin' Mix), Sea Tides (Original Mix), Neverland (Energetic Mix), Everlasting (Original Mix), Nyctalopia (Original Mix), Nery - Redawn (<mask> Remix), The World To Come (<mask> Mix), Airbase - Roots (<mask> Remix), Adam Nickey - In Motion (<mask> Remix), Robert Nickson - Circles (<mask> Blueman Remix).By the time of the competition, only 13 trance songs Komatovič had worked on had been released; this rate of 85% is amongst the highest of any producer in the history of trance music and is a testament to Komatovič's consistent high quality. His songs have also been voted highly by listeners of A State of Trance, which has about 15 million listeners a week: Five songs -- Time to Rest (Live Guitar by Eller van Buuren Mix), Nyctalopia (Onova remix), Time To Rest (Original Mix), Armin van Buuren pres. Gaia – Tuvan (<mask> remix), and Nery – Redawn (<mask> remix)—were voted the corresponding week's Future Favorite. As for Trance Around the World and its 30 million listeners, two of Andrej's other tracks -- Ferry Tayle & Static Blue - L'Acrobat (<mask>man Remix) and Adam Nickey - In Motion (<mask> Remix)—won the TATW web vote contest. On 29 December 2010, Komatovič announced via his personal blog that he would quit the trance scene, having lost his passion for trance music. He would instead focus on producing pieces of his favourite type of music: orchestral film-like music. On 12 July 2013, he announced that he would come back to composing trance music.Subsequently, he released two singles on Armada Music in collaboration with Driftmoon and DSharp. The first one (Exodus) won the Future Favorite vote on A State of Trance and reached #2 on the Beatport trance singles charts. Then, in 2015, he released an artist album on Abora Recordings of older but never-heard-before trance and chillout tracks called "<mask>man 2002-2005: The Beginning". The album was also released on CD. Two of its tracks (Imagination and Cloudland) won the Fan Favorite vote on Ori Uplift's Uplifting Only radio show. On 4 September 2018, he released Beyond the World We Know after a long hiatus from trance. Alongside the original, he released the Zen Mix, the Ethnic Mix, along with unmastered and extended mixes.DSharp - Exodus [A State of Trance/Armada Music] Driftmoon & <mask>man Feat. Gaia - Tuvan (<mask> Remix) (2009) [Armind] Adam Nickey - In Motion (<mask> Remix) (2009) [Anjunabeats] Nery - Redawn (<mask> Remix) (February 2010) [Blue Soho Recordings] Afternova - Serenity (<mask> Remix) (April 2010) [Abora Recordings] Afternova - Serenity (<mask> Orchestral Remix) (April 2010) [Abora Recordings] Motionchild & Will Holland feat. Tiff Lacey - Arctic Kiss (<mask> Remix) (May 2010) [Enhanced Recordings] Motionchild & Will Holland feat. Tiff Lacey - Arctic Kiss (<mask> Instrumental Remix) (May 2010) [Enhanced Recordings] DNS Project feat. Johanna - Timestep (<mask> Remix) (July 2010) [AVA Recordings] DNS Project feat. Johanna - Timestep (<mask> Dub Mix) (July 2010) [AVA Recordings] Neal Scarborough - Kanya (<mask> Remix) (October 2010) [Subculture] SoundLift - Horizonte (<mask> Remix) (October 2010) [Blue Soho Recordings] SoundLift - Horizonte (<mask> Intro Mix) (October 2010) [Blue Soho Recordings] In Compilations Andrej Komatovic - Playful Spirits of the Forest [Abora Symphonic] References External links <mask> Official Facebook Page <mask> at MySpace <mask> at Soundcloud - includes previews of <mask>'s non-trance tracks <mask> at Discogs 1982 births Living people Slovenian DJs Slovenian trance musicians Slovenian classical musicians Record producers Trance musicians Remixers

Isma'il Pasha

original

Isma'<mask> ( Ismā‘īl Bāshā; ), known as Ismail the Magnificent (12 January 1830 – 2 March 1895), was the Khedive of Egypt and conqueror of Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of Great Britain. Sharing the ambitious outlook of his grandfather, <mask>, he greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan during his reign, investing heavily in industrial and economic development, urbanization, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa. His philosophy can be glimpsed in a statement that he made in 1879: "My country is not longer only in Africa; we are now part of Europe, too. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions". In 1867 he also secured Ottoman and international recognition for his title of Khedive (Viceroy) in preference to Wāli (Governor) which was previously used by his predecessors in the Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517–1867). However, Isma'il's policies placed the Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan (1867–1914) in severe debt, leading to the sale of the country's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government, and his ultimate toppling from power in 1879 under British and French pressure. The city of Ismailia is named in his honor.Family The second of the three sons of <mask>, and the grandson of Muhammad Ali, Ismail, of Albanian descent, was born in Cairo at Al Musafir Khana Palace. His mother was Circassian Hoshiyar Qadin, third wife of his father. She was reportedly a sister of Valide Sultan Pertevniyal who was a wife of Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire and mother of Abdülaziz I. Youth and education After receiving a European education in Paris where he attended the École d'état-major, he returned home, and on the death of his elder brother became heir to his uncle, Said I, the Wāli and Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Said, who apparently conceived his safety to lie in ridding himself as much as possible of the presence of his nephew, employed him in the next few years on missions abroad, notably to the Pope, the Emperor Napoleon III, and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. In 1861 he was dispatched at the head of an army of 18,000 to quell an insurrection in Sudan, a mission which he accomplished. Khedive of Egypt After the death of Said, Ismail was proclaimed Khedive on 19 January 1863, though the Ottoman Empire and the other Great Powers recognized him only as Wāli.Like all Egyptian and Sudanese rulers since his grandfather Muhammad Ali <mask>, he claimed the higher title of Khedive, which the Ottoman Porte had consistently refused to sanction. Finally, in 1867, Isma'il succeeded in persuading the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz to grant a firman finally recognizing him as Khedive in exchange for an increase in the tribute, because of the Khedive's help in the Cretan Revolt between 1866 and 1869. Another firman changed the law of succession to direct descent from father to son rather than brother to brother, and a further decree in 1873 confirmed the virtual independence of the Khedivate of Egypt from the Porte. Reforms Ismail spent heavily—some went to bribes to Constantinople to facilitate his reform projects. Much of the money went for the construction of the Suez Canal. About £46 million went to construct of irrigation canals to help modernize agriculture. He built over railroads, of telegraph lines, 400 bridges, harbor works in Alexandria, and 4,500 schools.The national debt rose from £3 million to about £90 million, in a country with 5 million population and an annual treasury revenue of about £8 million. Ismail launched vast schemes of internal reform on the scale of his grandfather, remodeling the customs system and the post office, stimulating commercial progress, creating a sugar industry, building the cotton industry, building palaces, entertaining lavishly, and maintaining an opera and a theatre. Over one hundred thousand Europeans came to work in Cairo, where he facilitated building an entire new quarter of the city on its western edge modeled on Paris. Alexandria was also improved. He launched a vast railroad building project that saw Egypt and Sudan rise from having virtually none to the most railways per habitable kilometer of any nation in the world. Education reform increased the education budget more than tenfold. Traditional primary and secondary schools were expanded and specialized technical and vocational schools were created.Students were once again sent to Europe to study on educational missions, encouraging the formation of a Western-trained elite. A national library was founded in 1871. One of his most significant achievements was to establish an assembly of delegates in November 1866. Though this was supposed to be a purely advisory body, its members eventually came to have an important influence on governmental affairs. Village headmen dominated the assembly and came to exert increasing political and economic influence over the countryside and the central government. This was shown in 1876 when the assembly persuaded Ismail to reinstate the law (enacted by him in 1871 to raise money and later repealed) that allowed landownership and tax privileges to persons paying six years' land tax in advance. Ismail tried to reduce slave trading and with the advice and financial backing of Yacoub Cattaui extended Egypt's rule in Africa.In 1874 he annexed Darfur, but was prevented from expanding into Ethiopia after his army was repeatedly defeated by Emperor Yohannes IV, first at Gundat on 16 November 1875, and again at Gura in March of the following year. War with Ethiopia Ismail dreamt of expanding his realm across the entire Nile including its diverse sources, and over the whole African coast of the Red Sea. This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Ismail to expansive policies directed against Ethiopia under the Emperor Yohannes IV. In 1865 the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded the Ottoman Province of Habesh (with Massawa and Suakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province) to Ismail. This province, which neighboured Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip only but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian ruler. Here Ismail occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans when they had established the province (eyaleti) of Habesh in the 16th century. New economically promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the Barka delta, were started.In 1872 Bogos (with the city of Keren) was annexed by the governor of the new "Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast", Werner Munzinger <mask>. In October 1875 Ismail's army try to occupied the adjacent highlands of Hamasien, which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor, and suffered defeat at the battle of Gundit. In March 1876 Ismail's army tried again and suffered a second dramatic defeat by Yohannes's army at Gura'. Ismail's son Hassan was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian Hewett Treaty, when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger <mask> was taken over by the Italians shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the Colony of Eritrea (proclaimed in 1890). Suez Canal Ismail's khedivate is closely connected to the building of the Suez Canal.He agreed to, and oversaw, the Egyptian portion of its construction. On his accession, at the behest of Yacoub Cattaui his minister of Finance and close advisor, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Said, and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £3,800,000 to the company as compensation for the losses they would incur by the changes which Ismail insisted upon in the original grant. Ismail then used every available means, by his own undoubted powers of fascination and by judicious expenditure, to bring his personality before the foreign sovereigns and public, and he had much success. In 1867 he visited Paris during the Exposition Universelle (1867) with Sultan Abdülaziz, and also London, where he was received by Queen Victoria and welcomed by the Lord Mayor. Whilst in Britain he also saw a British Royal Navy Fleet Review with the Ottoman Sultan. In 1869 he again paid a visit to Britain. When the Canal finally opened, Ismail held a festival of unprecedented scope, most of it financed by the Cattaui banking house, from whom he borrowed $1,000,000, inviting dignitaries from around the world.Debts These developments – especially the costly war with Ethiopia – left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers, and they used this position to wring concessions out of Ismail. One of the most unpopular among Egyptians and Sudanese was the new system of mixed courts, by which Europeans were tried by judges from their own states, rather than by Egyptian and Sudanese courts. But at length the inevitable financial crisis came. A national debt of over £100 million sterling (as opposed to three millions when he acceded to the throne) had been incurred by the Khedive, whose fundamental idea of liquidating his borrowings was to borrow at increased interest. The bond-holders became restive, chief among them the House of Cattaui. Judgments were given against the Khedive in the international tribunals. When he could raise no more loans, he sold the Egyptian and Sudanese shares in the Suez Canal Company in 1875 with the assistance of Yacoub Cattaui to the British government for £3,976,582; this was immediately followed by the beginning of direct intervention by the Great Powers in Egypt and Sudan.In December 1875, Stephen Cave and John Stokes were sent out by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt, and in April 1876 their report was published, advising that in view of the waste and extravagance it was necessary for foreign Powers to interfere in order to restore credit. The result was the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette. In October, George Goschen and Joubert made a further investigation, which resulted in the establishment of Anglo-French control over finances and the government. A further commission of inquiry by Major Baring (afterwards 1st Earl of Cromer) and others in 1878 culminated in Ismail making over his estates to the nation and accepting the position of a constitutional sovereign, with Nubar as premier, Charles Rivers Wilson as finance minister, and de Blignières as minister of public works. As the historian Eugene Rogan has observed, "the irony of the situation was that Egypt had embarked on its development schemes to secure independence from Ottoman and European domination. Yet with each new concession, the government of Egypt made itself more vulnerable to European encroachment." Khedive's Somali Coast The jurisdiction of <mask> from the 1870s until 1884 included the entire northern coast of Somalia, up to the eastern coast at Ras Hafun in contemporary Puntland.The Khedive's northern Somali Coast territory was reached as far inland as Harrar, although it was subsequently ceded to Britain in 1884 due to internal difficulties of Egypt. Relinquishment and subsequent treaties The relinquishment of the territories by <mask> was followed by treaties with European powers: The first Somali chieftains to sign a treaty with the British Political Resident at Aden, Frederick Mercer Hunter were Abdillah Liban and Jamah Yunus of the Habar Awal tribe on the 14th July 1884. A memorandum for British treaties was issued 16th July 1886, as follows, with the most comprehensive treaty concluded with the Garhajis and Habar Jeclo tribes containing the additional commitments of "render assistance" to vessels and forbidding diplomacy with non-British officials: The Somali tribes whose chiefs were signatories who aligned with colonial powers via treaties of obligations and impositions, including Habar Awal, Habar Jeclo, Gadabuursi, Eesa, Majeerteen and Garhajis and Rahanweyn. In order to ensure Somali obedience to Europeans colonists and their treaties, European powers promoted a culture of enmeshment in Somali populace, in the youth vis-a-vis their elders and in the laymen vis-a-vis their chieftains. The treatymakers, composed of chieftains of these clans, signed the treaties. Although Warsangeli signed a treaty in 1886, according to Cordeaux, he detached from acknowledging this Warsangeli obligation. According to Roy Irons, this was because of Warsangeli support of Dervish in the mid 1900s: Urabi Revolt and exile This control of the country by Europeans was unacceptable to many Egyptians, who united behind a disaffected Colonel Ahmed Urabi.The Urabi Revolt consumed Egypt. Hoping the revolt could relieve him of European control, Ismail did little to oppose Urabi and gave into his demands to dissolve the government. Britain and France took the matter seriously, and insisted in May 1879 on the reinstatement of the British and French ministers. With the country largely in the hands of Urabi, Ismail could not agree, and had little interest in doing so. As a result, the British, and French governments pressured the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose <mask>, and this was done on 26 June 1879. The more pliable Tewfik <mask>, Ismail's eldest son, was made his successor. <mask> left Egypt and initially went into exile to Resina, today Ercolano near Naples, until 1885 when he was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his palace in Emirgan on the Bosporus in Constantinople.There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. According to TIME magazine, he died while trying to guzzle two bottles of champagne in one draft. He was later buried in Cairo. Legacy Although as the Khedive, Ismail spoke Turkish and could not speak Arabic, under his reign, Arabic use gradually increased at the expense of Turkish, which had been the language of the ruling elite in the Nile delta for hundreds of years. In the following decades Arabic would further expand and eventually replace Turkish in the army and administration, leaving Turkish only to be used in correspondence with the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople. Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff. New York: Atkin & Prout (1880).Helen Chapin Metz. Egypt: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990., Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Notes References Official Presidential web site of Egypt External links Muhammad Ali dynasty 1830 births 1895 deaths 19th-century Egyptian monarchs 19th-century prime ministers of Egypt Burials in Egypt Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword Egyptian people of Albanian descent Egyptian people of Circassian descent Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog Honorary Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Khedives of Egypt Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Ottoman governors of Egypt People of the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent People from Cairo Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Suez Canal Egyptian Freemasons Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

Gareth Malone

original

<mask> (born 9 November 1975) is an English choirmaster and broadcaster, self-described as an "animateur, presenter and populariser of choral singing". He is best known for his television appearances in programmes such as The Choir, which focus on singing and introducing choral music to new participants. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours, for services to music. Biography <mask> was born into a family of Irish descent as the only child of James and <mask>, who had met at their local Gilbert and Sullivan society. His father, <mask>, grew up in Parkhead in Scotland in an Irish family, and was a bank manager. His English mother of Irish descent, Sian, worked in the civil service. <mask> was educated at Bournemouth School.He sang with the Symphony Chorus of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra (BSO) and he studied drama at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, where he was in the university choir and composed music for theatre productions. After graduating he gave private tuition and then applied for a postgraduate vocal studies course at the Royal Academy of Music; he passed with distinction in 2005. Until December 2009, <mask> worked for the London Symphony Orchestra at LSO St Luke's where he ran their youth choir and community choir. Whilst working at the L.S.O., <mask> was awarded the position of Edward Heath Assistant Animateur in 2001. He entered television work when approached by 20/20, a production company which wanted to make a series about singing in schools. Without knowing who could front the programme they had researched the term "community choirmasters" and discovered <mask>'s name. The Choir was the result and won two BAFTAs and a Broadcast award.On 31 December 2009, <mask> conducted the first New Year's Eve Twitter Community Choir performance of Auld Lang Syne. He asked his followers on Twitter, and friends on Facebook, to join in with the event. A later project was The Knight Crew, a youth opera based on a book written by Nicky Singer and performed at Glyndebourne. After choosing approximately 50 cast out of over 400 applicants between the ages of 14–20 through workshops and auditions, and months of rehearsals, The Knight Crew was performed at Glyndebourne between 3 and 6 March 2010. The project was filmed for a television series, <mask> Goes to Glyndebourne and aired on the BBC on 1 July 2010. In May 2010, <mask> was awarded the Freedom of the City of London by Nick Anstee, Lord Mayor of the City of London (not to be confused with the Mayor of London) in recognition of his music education work in that city. In 2013, <mask> recruited 16 singers aged from 18–27 for his Gareth Malone Voices choir.They recorded a CD album and gave concerts at 14 locations throughout Britain in 2014. Television work <mask>'s television appearances began in 2007 with his reality television series The Choir, broadcast on BBC Two. The series focused on teaching choral singing to teenagers with no such experience, the first programme being set in Northolt High School, a comprehensive school in the west London suburbs. Subsequent programmes continued the theme by taking choral music to challenging situations: Boys Don't Sing (2008) featured pupils at Lancaster School, Leicester, an all-boys school where there was reluctance to sing; the third series, entitled Unsung Town, featured the formation of a community choir in South Oxhey, a suburban town where singing was not a common activity. In 2010 <mask> presented a children's programme for CBBC, The Big Performance in which ten keen, but extremely shy, young singers took the opportunity to overcome their fears. They sang for a larger audience each week, taking it in turns to be the soloist, and in the final week they performed for BBC Proms in the Park. A second series was broadcast in 2011 with the final week taking the form of a performance of a choral arrangement of the song "Keep Holding On" for the BBC charity telethon Children in Need 2011.The ten singers led a live choir in the studio along with children's choirs nationwide, linked by satellite. For the BBC Two programme The Choir: Military Wives, first broadcast in November 2011, <mask> went to Chivenor Barracks in Devon, creating a choir from wives and partners of military personnel deployed to Afghanistan. The culmination of the programme was the opening performance for the Royal British Legion's Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall on 12 November 2011. The three-minute piece performed by the Military Wives Choir was the song Wherever You Are, a love poem compiled from letters written between the women and their absent husbands and partners and set to music by composer Paul Mealor. A successful campaign was launched to promote sales of the CD single, with the aim of it becoming the 2011 Christmas number one in the UK Singles Chart, which was supported by BBC Radio 2 DJ Chris Evans. First day sales, which included all pre-orders, indicated that they were outselling their closest rivals, Little Mix, by a hundred singles to one, causing Ladbrokes to close betting for the Christmas number one, and Simon Cowell to admit defeat in the race. The pre-order sales caused the single to become one of the top 20 best-selling music products of all-time at Amazon.co.uk.In 2011, <mask>'s show <mask> Goes to Glyndebourne won an International Emmy Award in the Best Arts Programme category. On 16 November 2014, it was announced that <mask> and a group of celebrities he had mentored had reached the UK number 1 with their Children in Need charity single Wake Me Up, a cover of the song originally recorded by Swedish dance act Avicii. On 10 September 2015, <mask> appeared on the BBC One programme Who Do You Think You Are? In 2017, <mask> presented Pitch Battle on BBC One, which The Guardian described as a "new Saturday teatime singing contest". The review continued: "His Pitch Battle entrance – following the sort of VT explainer that Celebrity Big Brother contestants tend to receive – was excruciating. As the crowd roared, he opened his jacket and showed off his shirt, like a professional wrestler would if he was doing double duty as an usher at his cousin’s wedding." The show was axed after one series, although <mask> defended the series in a Radio Times interview, saying: "I thought it was good".In March 2020, <mask> announced an initiative titled the Great British Home Chorus, a new home choir for people internationally whilst everyone was stuck at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also revealed he had been in talks with the BBC about making another television programme. In the first week over 100,000 people viewed the first session on YouTube. In July 2020, as a finale to the Great British Home Chorus, <mask> orchestrated a choral version of You Are My Sunshine with over 11,000 singers taking part, accompanied by the London Symphony Orchestra. The song was released as a single, with all the profits being donated to NHS Charities Together. Television filmography <mask>'s television appearances include to date: Bibliography <mask> has written two books on the subject of choral singing. His most recent title, Choir: <mask>, is an account of the production of his television series The Choir.Personal life <mask> is married to Becky, an English teacher. They live in North London with their three children. Their oldest daughter, Esther, was born in 2010. Their son, Gilbert, was born in 2013. They also have a younger daughter, Dvora, who was born in 2019. References External links <mask> - Desert Island Discs Youtube video of <mask> conducting the Military Wives choir performing a Paul Mealor composition 1975 births Living people People educated at Bournemouth School Alumni of the University of East Anglia People from Bournemouth English male singers English conductors (music) British male conductors (music) English television presenters Alumni of the Royal College of Music Emmy Award winners Officers of the Order of the British Empire English people of Irish descent 21st-century English singers 21st-century British conductors (music) 21st-century British male singers Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts

Jack Lisowski

original

<mask> (born 25 June 1991) is an English professional snooker player from Churchdown, Gloucestershire. He turned professional in 2010 by finishing first in the 2009/2010 PIOS rankings. A left-handed player, he is known for his attacking style of play. Lisowski has reached six ranking finals, but has been runner-up each time, losing three finals to Judd Trump, two to Neil Robertson, and one to Mark Selby. He has made one maximum break in professional competition. Career Amateur years Lisowski began playing "snooker" at age 7, using ping-pong balls on a carpet. As a young player, he was trained by Gloucester professional Nick Pearce.He made his first century break at age 11. He was runner-up to Mitchell Mann in the 2007 Junior Pot Black. In the 2008/2009 season he was runner-up in the sixth event of International Open Series to Xiao Guodong, and finished 23rd in the rankings. In 2009, Lisowski was awarded the inaugural Paul Hunter Scholarship, which would allow him to practise with professional players. At the time he was suffering from cancer, and was in remission from Hodgkin's lymphoma. Overcoming his illness Lisowski competed in the PIOS for the 2009/2010 season. He won the first and eighth event of the International Open Series and finished first in the rankings and so received a place on the 2010/2011 professional Main Tour.2010/2011 season After a series of early exits from main tour events, he reached the final of Event 3 of the Players Tour Championship, winning six matches including a 4–3 win over Mark Selby in the semi-final, where he came back from 1–3 down. In the final he lost 0–4 to Tom Ford. Lisowski qualified for 2011 German Masters, 2011 Welsh Open and 2011 Players Tour Championship Grand Finals. At the end of season he climbed to 52nd in the world ranking in his first professional season, the highest of any of the debutants. <mask> was awarded the Rookie of the Year Award at the World Snooker Annual Award Ceremony. 2011/2012 season Lisowski had a very good season in the Players Tour Championship series of tournaments in the 2011/2012 season. He reached the quarter-finals of Event 6 and Event 9 and went one better in Event 5, where he was knocked out in the last 4 against compatriot, and eventual winner, Andrew Higginson.The results ensured he finished 24th in the Order of Merit and therefore claimed the final spot for the 2012 Finals. He beat Barry Hawkins 4–3 to reach the last 16 of a ranking event for the first time in the Finals, before losing 1–4 to Neil Robertson. Lisowski also qualified for the Shanghai Masters with wins over David Grace, Mike Dunn and Marco Fu, before defeating amateur Rouzi Maimaiti in the wildcard round. He played Jamie Cope in the round and was beaten 3–5. He could only win one more match in his attempts to qualify for the remaining six ranking events and finished the season ranked world number 40. 2012/2013 season The 2012/2013 season was a breakthrough year for <mask> as he qualified for five ranking tournaments, including the World Championship, and reached his second final as a professional. The first tournament he reached was the Australian Goldfields Open by beating Dave Harold and he lost 2–5 to Mark Davis in the first round in Bendigo.He couldn't qualify for the next two events, but then defeated Chen Zhe and Joe Perry to feature in the UK Championship for the first time. In his match against Chen, Lisowski made the first 147 in competitive play of his career. In the first round of the event in York, Lisowski lost 2–6 to Stuart Bingham. Lisowski beat Ian Burns and Jamie Burnett to qualify for the China Open and then saw off Zhou Yuelong to advance to the last 32. He played good friend Judd Trump and made a 131 break in 5–3 win, before coming back from 2–4 down to triumph 5–4 against Mark Davis and reach his first ranking event quarter-final. However, this time it was <mask> who let a 4–2 lead slip as he lost 4–5 to Shaun Murphy, with Murphy stating that snooker had seen the future with Lisowski's performances during the week. Lisowski played in nine minor-ranking Players Tour Championship events during the season and reached the final in the first one, by seeing off Trump in the quarter-finals and Mark Williams in the semis.The final against Stephen Maguire went to a deciding frame with <mask> missing a yellow off the spot, when requiring two further pots to leave his opponent needing snookers, and after a brief safety exchange Maguire potted the remaining colours to win the title. In the other PTC events his best results were three last 16 defeats which helped cement his place in the Finals by finishing 13th on the Order of Merit. There, he beat world number two Mark Selby 4–3 in the first round, before losing to Tom Ford in another deciding frame in the second round. In World Championship Qualifying, he had comfortable 10–4 wins over James Wattana and Fergal O'Brien to reach the Crucible for the first time, where he played Barry Hawkins. The experience and composure of Hawkins told as he took the match 10–3, with <mask> citing the intimate nature of playing at the Crucible, which affected his concentration, as a factor in the one-sided scoreline. He climbed five place in the rankings during the season to finish it world number 35 which is his highest position to date. 2013/2014 season <mask> began the 2013/2014 season by qualifying for the 2013 Wuxi Classic where he whitewashed Tian Pengfei 5–0 in the first round, before being narrowly beaten 5–4 by Mark Williams in the second.At the European Tour event, the Antwerp Open, <mask> won five matches to advance to the semi-finals where he lost 4–2 to Mark Selby. He therefore entered the UK Championship in good form and looked to be progressing into the second round as he led Michael Leslie 4–0. However, Lisowski conceded six frames in a row to be beaten by the world number 94 in a performance he described as rubbish. Alan McManus beat him 5–2 in the second round of the German Masters, but <mask> then dropped just one frame in winning two matches to reach the third round of the Welsh Open. Lisowski built a 3–1 advantage over Barry Hawkins, before last year's World Championship runner-up made a century and two breaks over 50 to eliminate him 4–3. <mask> also qualified for the China Open, but lost 5–3 against Dominic Dale in the first round. 2014/2015 season <mask> won three matches to qualify for the Australian Goldfields Open, but lost 5–0 in an hour to Shaun Murphy in the first round.He defeated Lu Chenwei 5–2 in the Wuxi Classic and was then knocked out 5–2 by Zhao Xintong. <mask> won a trio of matches for the second time this season to reach the Shanghai Masters where Ding Junhui eliminated him 5–1 in the opening round. After Lisowski beat Chris Melling 6–1 at the UK Championship he said that he was hoping to rediscover his confidence after having a quiet start to the year. He also revealed that he had turned to fellow player Robert Milkins for some guidance on his game. Lisowski raced into a 4–0 lead against practice partner Liang Wenbo in the second round and hung on to progress 6–4. Following his 6–4 loss to Murphy in the third round, Lisowski said that he was still adjusting to playing in the atmosphere of major events. He was beaten 4–3 in the first round of the Welsh Open and came from 4–2 down to defeat Alan McManus 5–4 in the China Open.Lisowski lost in the last 32 of a ranking event for the fifth time this season with a 5–0 defeat to Dechawat Poomjaeng. His ranking dropped 11 spots during the year to finish it 53rd in the world. 2015/2016 season Lisowski started the season with a trio of qualifying wins for the second year in a row to reach the Australian Goldfields Open and, just like last year, he was whitewashed 5–0 in the first round this time by Judd Trump. After beating Ali Carter 6–5 at the International Championship, he lost 6–3 to Marco Fu in the second round. Lisowski knocked out Zak Surety and Graeme Dott at the UK Championship, but bemoaned the fact that he could not translate that form to the main arena in the third round as he lost 6–4 to David Grace. He was narrowly defeated 4–3 in the second round of the Welsh Open to Martin Gould. An impressive 5–1 victory over Michael White saw Lisowski progress to the second round of the China Open, where he lost 5–2 to Stephen Maguire.<mask> was beaten 10–7 by David Gilbert in the final World Championship qualifying round. His ranking increased by 14 spots over the course of the season to end it at 39th in the world. 2016/2017 season <mask> progressed through to the last 16 of the Northern Ireland Open by defeating David Lilley 4–3, John Astley 4–1 and Joe Perry 4–3, but was thrashed 4–0 by Barry Hawkins. At the Gibraltar Open he beat Mark King 4–2, Anthony Hamilton 4–0 and Mark Allen 4–1 (whilst making the tournament's high break of 145) to reach his second career ranking event quarter-final which he lost 4–1 to Judd Trump. 2017/2018 season This season could be seen as somewhat of a breakout season for Lisowski, as his world ranking rose from 54th to 26th by the end of the season. Lisowski advanced to the quarter final in the English Open in October after his wins over Rory McLeod, Li Yuan, Mark Williams, and Judd Trump, before losing 5–2 to the eventual champion Ronnie O'Sullivan. In November, Lisowski made his first career ranking event semi-final in the Shanghai Masters, which he lost 6–3 to Judd Trump.Later in the season, Lisowski advanced to another ranking event quarter final in the China Open in April, this time narrowly defeated by Kyren Wilson 6–5. Lisowksi appeared in the World Snooker Championship again since his debut in 2012/13 and secured his first ever win at the tournament by beating Stuart Bingham 10–7 in the first round, though he was thrashed by John Higgins 13–1 in the second round. 2018/2019 season <mask>'s stellar performance this season caught many attentions this season. In July, he secured his first ranking final appearance in the Riga Masters by beating the likes of Graeme Dott and Stephen Maguire, but lost 5–2 to Neil Roberson in the final. He also qualified The Masters for the first time, but was defeated 6-1 by Ding Junhui in the first round. Lisowski reached another ranking event final at the China Open in April, but was beaten by Neil Robertson again, this time losing 11–4. 2019/2020 season Lisowski performed consistently throughout the 2019/2020, though he was unable to reach the same height as the season before.With wins over the likes of John Higgins, Thepchaiya Un-Nooh, and Mark Allen, he reached his third ranking final at the Scottish Open, but lost 9–6 to Mark Selby. 2020/2021 season <mask> reached the final of the World Grand Prix in December, his fourth ranking final appearance. He defeated Shaun Murphy, Robert Milkins, Zhao Xintong and Mark Selby to set up a meeting with Judd Trump in the final, calling his semifinal victory over Selby "the best performance of [my] career". Although Lisowski had moments of brilliance in the final, he eventually lost 7–10. In January, he reached the final of German Masters but was defeated by Trump again, losing 2–9. In the Gibraltar Open in March, he faced Trump once again in the final, and lost 0–4. Personal life Lisowski attended Chosen Hill School.In 2008, aged 16, he was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. He married his American girlfriend, Jamie Livingston, in Cheltenham, England, on 23 February 2015. Asked about the origins of his surname, he said that although he's often told that it's a Polish surname, his grandfather was a Ukrainian displaced person who settled in England at the end of World War II. He stated that, “One day I definitely want to look into it and find out for sure where some of my roots lie”. <mask> and Judd Trump are best friends. A keen reader, he lists The Times as his favourite newspaper and The Economist as his favourite magazine. His favourite male sports star is Tiger Woods while Serena Williams is his favourite female.Performance and rankings timeline Career finals Ranking finals: 6 Minor-ranking finals: 2 Non-ranking finals: 1 Amateur finals: 5 (3 titles) References External links <mask> at worldsnooker.com Global Snooker Profile 1991 births Living people English snooker players Sportspeople from Cheltenham British people of Ukrainian descent

Jack Goldstein

original

<mask> (September 27, 1945 – March 14, 2003) was a Canadian born, California-based performance and conceptual artist turned painter in the 1980s art boom. Early life and education <mask> was born to a Jewish family in Montreal, Quebec, and moved as a boy to Los Angeles, California, where he attended high school in the 1960s. He received his training at Chouinard Art Institute and was a member of the inaugural class of California Institute of the Arts, where he worked in post-studio art under John Baldessari, receiving an MFA in 1972. Work A performance artist with roots in minimalist sculpture, a conceptual artist who made experimental films and their audio equivalent on vinyl records, <mask> divided his time between Los Angeles and New York City during the 1970s. While still a student at CalArts in 1972, he buried himself alive; with a stethoscope attached to his chest, he breathed air from plastic tubes while a red light above ground flashed to the rhythm of his beating heart. In the early 1970s as audio and video recordings became more accessible to the general public, <mask> seized the opportunity and began producing his own records, although not ordinary records. Among his records were "A Swim Against the Tide", "A Faster Run"(a recording of a stampede), "The Tornado", "Two Wrestling Cats" and "The Six Minute Drown"."The Six Minute Drown" in particular gained traction; in it, the dreary, agonizing sounds of a drowning man reverberate for six minutes in total isolation. <mask> eventually became one of the linchpins of the Pictures Group, which gained its first recognition at Artist's Space in New York City in the fall of 1977. During this time, he shared a studio building with James Welling. The Pictures artists, including <mask>, Robert Longo and Troy Brauntuch came to the forefront of the 1980s art boom and flourished to varying degrees as the decade wore on. <mask> began seriously to make paintings at this time. Eventually he became known for what he referred to as "salon paintings" – those designed both to be sold to the very rich and to secure for the artist a place in art history. Although he was accused by some of "selling out" to a bull market in painting, this tactic appropriated the art star mantle that <mask>'s work always had assumed.<mask> began to concentrate on painting in the late 1970s. His paintings were based on photographic images of natural phenomena, science, and technology – the result of <mask>'s intent to record "the spectacular instant," as previously depicted in photography. Many of them depict streaking fighter jets, lightning storms, exploding nebulae and city skylines illuminated by fireworks or bombing raids. Using found photographs, and highlighting the reproduction or copy, <mask> blew up details to near abstraction and then hired painters to apply them to canvases on boxlike stretchers that stand more than six inches off the wall. He was among the first contemporary painters to hire others to make his works. By the mid-’70s, <mask> had stopped appearing in his films and performances and instead hired actors, stuntmen and light and sound technicians from the film industry. His films include the well-known Metro-Goldwyn Mayer (1975), a two-minute loop of the film studio’s roaring lion mascot on a blood red field, and Shane (1975), named for the trained German Shepherd that barks in response to inaudible commands from someone behind the camera.Most of <mask>'s work revolved around the concept of experience, the concept of grappling with the conflation of experience and our recording of it. It asks whether documentation has become primary in our experience. As the 1980s continued and finally fizzled out there was less and less call for "salon paintings" and <mask>'s work sold less well than some others'. Reluctant to teach rather than practice full-time, <mask> left New York in the early 1990s and returned to California where he lived out the decade in relative isolation. His early work was revived at the turn of the century and he resurfaced briefly to some renewed acclaim. He was featured in the 2004 Whitney Biennial as a major film influence alongside Stan Brakhage, less than a year after he committed suicide by hanging himself in San Bernardino, California on March 14, 2003. <mask> may be remembered for a certain conceptual/representational approach to picturemaking that helped shape a generation of artists and beyond, even though they might not even be aware of him.A posthumous documentary was made on <mask> in 2014, titled <mask>: Pictures and Sounds: ART/New York No. 67 Exhibitions <mask> compiled an extensive exhibition record during his productive years. Even after he stopped painting and moved back to Southern California, museums continued to exhibit his work. In 2002, a show of his films and performances was presented at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, and retrospectives were staged at the Maison de la culture de Grenoble in Grenoble, France, and the Luckman Gallery at California State University, Los Angeles. A large-scale retrospective was originally scheduled for the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles but was canceled in 2010 by its then-director, Jeffrey Deitch; it was instead shown at the Orange County Museum of Art and the Jewish Museum in New York in 2013. A new exhibit called "Disappearing" at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth showcased <mask>'s work (along with two other artists) in the summer of 2019. See also List of contemporary artists Contemporary art documenta7 Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine #21 References External links <mask> at Galerie Buchholz Complete Goldstein bibliography, gallery, photos, etc.<mask> x 10,000 The first American retrospective of the Canadian-born artist <mask> at The Jewish Museum, NY. Bolande, Jennifer (2011-06-30). Remembering <mask>. East of Borneo. Retrieved 2011-12-15. The Record: Contemporary Art and Vinyl Records / Films by <mask> Krygier, Irit audio interview with Philipp Kaiser regarding the exhibition <mask> x 10,000 http://www.conversationsonthearts.com/Philipp_Kaiser_Interview.mp3 1945 births 2003 deaths Artists who committed suicide Painters from California Artists from Montreal Canadian conceptual artists Postmodern artists Jewish American artists Jewish Canadian artists Jewish painters 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters 20th-century Canadian painters Canadian male painters 21st-century Canadian painters Postmodernists American performance artists Canadian performance artists California Institute of the Arts alumni 2003 suicides 20th-century American Jews 21st-century American Jews Suicides by hanging in California

Alexander Briger

original

(Andrew) <mask> AO is an Australian classical conductor. He is the nephew of the conductor Sir Charles Mackerras, and both are descended from the composer Isaac Nathan. Biography <mask> was born in Sydney and attended the Sydney Grammar School, where his uncle Alastair Mackerras was the headmaster. He had his first violin lessons there. He was inspired to become a conductor at age 12, when he saw another uncle, Sir Charles Mackerras, conduct the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Mahler's Fourth Symphony. He left Grammar in 1987, then continued his violin studies at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. In 1991 he went to the Richard Strauss Conservatorium in Munich to undertake a post-graduate degree in conducting.He won first prize at the International Competition for Conductors in the Czech Republic in 1993. He won the right to study under Pierre Boulez at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in 2000. He has since worked extensively with Boulez and with Sir Charles Mackerras. Boulez introduced Briger to Sir Simon Rattle, who invited him to conduct the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. He and his family moved to London in 1998 and he now lives in Paris. In 2002 he filled in for the scheduled conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra, who was taken ill. He also appeared at the BBC Proms and the Berlin Festival with the Birmingham Contemporary Music Group that year.He was invited to take the London Philharmonic Orchestra on a tour of China in 2004. That same year he conducted Britten's The Rape of Lucretia at Covent Garden, becoming only the fourth Australian to conduct there, after Mackerras, Richard Bonynge and Simone Young. He also conducted Mozart's The Magic Flute at the Glyndebourne Festival. In 2005 he made his debut with the Orchestre de Paris. Briger's work with Opera Australia includes Jenůfa, Madama Butterfly, Così fan tutte, The Cunning Little Vixen, The Marriage of Figaro, and Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream. He has also led La bohème and Carmen for the State Opera of South Australia. He conducted Don John of Austria, Australia's first opera, written by his great-great-great-great grandfather Isaac Nathan, in its first performance since Nathan's time.This was a concert performance in 1997, arranged by Sir Charles Mackerras (Nathan's great-great-great grandson). He has since recorded the work on CD. His overseas operatic work includes The Rape of Lucretia (Royal Opera House, Covent Garden), Rigoletto and The Makropulos Case (English National Opera), The Cunning Little Vixen (Aix-en-Provence Festival), The Magic Flute (Glyndebourne Festival), From the House of the Dead (Canadian Opera Company), The Tales of Hoffmann (Royal Danish Opera), The Bartered Bride (Royal Swedish Opera), The Queen of Spades (Komische Oper Berlin), Nixon in China and I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky (Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris), I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky (Teatro dell’Opera di Roma), Katya Kabanova and The Magic Flute (Toulon Opera) and the Bartók ballets The Miraculous Mandarin and The Wooden Prince (Opéra national du Rhin). The list of other orchestras <mask> has conducted includes the London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, BBC Symphony Orchestra, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, Academy of St Martin in the Fields, London Sinfonietta, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Birmingham Contemporary Music Group, Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Hanover Band, Orchestra of the Welsh National Opera, RTE Orchestra, Dublin, Orchestre de Paris, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Orchestre Philharmonique de Strasbourg, Ensemble InterContemporain, Paris Chamber Orchestra, Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse, Konzerthausorchester Berlin, Frankfurt Radio Orchestra, Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen, SWR Sinfonieorchester, Stuttgart, Nordwestdeutscherundfunk Orchester, Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Danish Symphony Orchestra, Belgium National Orchestra, Flemish Radio Symphony, Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg, Camerata Salzburg, Japanese Virtuoso Symphony Orchestra, Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra, Beijing Symphony Orchestra and Orquesta Nacional do Porto. In his native Australia he has conducted the Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, West Australian, Queensland and Tasmanian symphony orchestras. In 2010 he launched the Australian World Orchestra, a project to bring leading expatriate Australian orchestral players from around the world home to Australia to play together with the leading resident players in a single ensemble. In 2011 he conducted their award-winning inaugural season at the Sydney Opera House with Beethoven's 9th Symphony, which was subsequently released on Deutsche Grammophon.He is currently Chief Conductor and Artistic Director of the Australian World Orchestra. In 2016 <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) "for services to the arts as a leading international conductor and founder of the AWO". Premieres <mask>er's premieres include: Arvo Pärt's Lamentate London Sinfonietta/Hélène Grimaud Simon Holt's Who put Bella in the Wych’elm (Aldeburgh Festival and Almeida Opera) Elena Kats-Chernin's The Witching Hour Concerto for 8 Double Basses Australian World Orchestra Bruno Mantovani's 6 Orchestral Pieces Orchestre de Paris Liza Lim's The Compass, for didgeridoo and flute James Ledger's Arcs and Planes works by Mark-Anthony Turnage Personal life Briger's wife, Caroline Meng, is a French mezzo-soprano, and they have one daughter, Charlotte. He has three daughters from a previous marriage, Claudia, Sofia and Scarlett. References Living people 1969 births Australian conductors (music) Australian people of Polish-Jewish descent Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni People educated at Sydney Grammar School 21st-century conductors (music)

Tamara Mellon

original

<mask> (born 7 July 1967; née Yeardye) is a British fashion entrepreneur who is a co-founder of luxury footwear brand Jimmy Choo. <mask> founded her namesake luxury footwear brand, <mask>, with co-founder and CEO Jill Layfield and CDO Tania Spinelli in 2016. Early life <mask> was born <mask>, in London, on July 7, 1967. The eldest of three siblings, she is a daughter of Tom Yeardye, a stunt double for Rock Hudson, and Ann (Davis) Yeardye, a former Chanel model. In 1976, the family relocated to Beverly Hills to a home next door to Nancy Sinatra. <mask> alternated summers between California and the UK. She studied at two independent girls' schools in Berkshire—Marist School and Heathfield St Mary's School—before attending finishing school in Switzerland at the now-defunct Institut Alpin Videmanette.She acquired her current surname from her ex-husband, <mask>, an American businessman and member of the prominent <mask> family. Career <mask> began her career at Phyllis Walters Public Relations, Mirabella, and in 1991 was employed as an accessories editor and assistant to Sarajane Hoare at British Vogue. <mask> approached bespoke shoe-maker Mr Jimmy Choo with the idea of launching a ready-to-wear shoe company. As co-founder of the Jimmy Choo company, <mask> secured funding from her father for the creation of her business, and sourced factories in Italy. In addition, she set up an office in Italy to handle production, quality control, and shipping. By 2001, Jimmy Choo Ltd had over 100 wholesale clients, including Harrods, Harvey Nichols, Saks Fifth Avenue and Bergdorf Goodman, and the collections accounted for over 50% of the production of several of these factories. The first Jimmy Choo store, on Motcombe Street in London, was followed by stores in New York, Las Vegas, and Beverly Hills.In April 2001, Jimmy Choo Ltd partnered with Equinox Luxury Holdings Ltd. Acquiring Mr Choo's share of the ready-to-wear business, Equinox's Chief Executive, Robert Bensoussan, became CEO of Jimmy Choo Ltd, introducing handbag and small leather goods collections. In November 2004, with the company valued at £101 million, Hicks Muse announced the majority acquisition of Jimmy Choo Ltd. Mellon made an estimated £85 million from her eventual sale of Jimmy Choo in 2011. In 2007, <mask> appeared on the Sunday Times Rich List, where she was ranked as the 751st richest person in the UK, with an estimated wealth of £99 million. She was also ranked as the 64th richest woman in Britain. In 2013, she stated that her eponymous luxury shoe brand would not buy from companies that had no female executives. Business difficulties Mellon's shoe and apparel brand filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code in December 2015.The filing stated that the company had assets of between $1 million and $10 million and also had between 100 and 199 creditors who were owed between $1 million and $10 million. Pursuant to the bankruptcy reorganization plan, the American private equity firm NEA made a $10 million cash injection into Mellon's business. In January 2016, <mask>'s former backers filed an objection to the restructuring plans under American bankruptcy protection laws, stating that the scheme would allow her, her fiancé, and a fund to gain control of the new company, leaving former financiers with no repayment. The objection contained accusations of mismanagement and abuse of the company, including a life coach on the payroll and an expenditure of $100,000 for tickets to The Met Gala in New York. The US Department of Justice also filed a formal objection. The judge hearing the matter denied all objections, and the recapitalization plan was consummated in early 2016. In September 2016, it was revealed that <mask> was suing Jimmy Choo, alleging that the company had blocked her from using luxury shoemakers in Florence, Italy, to produce her own line.Public and political activities <mask> is a member of the New Enterprise Council, a group of entrepreneurs that advises the Conservative Party on policies related to business needs. On November 9, 2010, she was named as a "global trade envoy for Britain" by the British Government, intended to have a "roving brief" to promote the country's fashion industry overseas. <mask> has served on the Board of Directors for Revlon since 2008. She is also a patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation. Honours and awards In the 2010 Birthday Honours, <mask> was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to the fashion industry. In 2014, <mask> received the Women's Entrepreneurship Day Pioneer Award in recognition for her achievements in fashion. Personal life In 2013, <mask> published the autobiography 'In My Shoes' in which she details her rise to success and her partnership with shoe-designer Jimmy Choo.In an interview about the book with Vanity Fair, she spoke of the challenges of designing shoes for the Oscar Season. Several media publications reported on the discussion in her book about her drug-addiction issues, specifically her problems with cocaine. Subsequent news coverage also focused on her stint in rehab, party lifestyle and being fired from Vogue Magazine. <mask>'s battle with alcohol addiction is also well documented and she met her first husband, Matthew, at Alcoholics Anonymous. They later divorced and she wrote a number of articles about the dramatic details of her marriage, referencing "snorting her way through alpine ranges of cocaine". In 2015 she announced her engagement to Michael Ovitz in a magazine interview with HELLO! It has since been revealed that Ovitz is still legally married to his first wife Judy.In a 2016 The Sunday Times article, she referred to the situation as "complicated". Books References 1967 births Artists from London British fashion designers British magazine editors English businesspeople in fashion Fashion editors Living people Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Heathfield School, Ascot

Winston P. Wilson

original

<mask> (November 11, 1911 – December 31, 1996) was a United States Air Force major general who served as Chief of the National Guard Bureau. Early life <mask> was born in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, on November 11, 1911. <mask> was raised and educated in Little Rock, Arkansas, and acquired the nickname "Wimpy", a play on words using his name, when his football coach at Little Rock High School hollered for "Win P. <mask>" to take the field. He enlisted in the Arkansas National Guard in 1929 and was an aircraft mechanic in the 154th Observation Squadron. <mask> graduated from Hendrix College in 1934. In 1936 he became qualified as a pilot after receiving instruction from Earl T. Ricks, and he received his commission as a second lieutenant in 1940, the same year he received his commercial pilot's license. World War II During World War II, <mask> initially served with the 154th Squadron at Eglin Field, flying anti-submarine patrols.In September 1942, he was assigned to the staff at Headquarters, United States Army Air Forces, in Washington, D.C. He was rated as a service pilot in May 1943, and appointed Chief of the Tactical Reconnaissance Branch in July, 1943, receiving promotion to major. In 1944, <mask> became commander of the 16th Photographic Squadron, responsible for photographic mapping and charting missions in South America, Alaska and the continental United States. In 1945, he was assigned to the Pacific as liaison officer to the Far East Air Forces, and he was subsequently assigned as assistant air photo officer at Headquarters, Far East Air Forces, in the Philippines, receiving promotion to lieutenant colonel. Post-World War II In 1946, <mask> was appointed chief of the reconnaissance unit in the Operations and Training staff section (A-3), of Pacific Air Command, operating in both Tokyo and Manila. <mask>, now the commander of the Arkansas National Guard's reorganized 154th Fighter Squadron, played a role in the creation of the new United States Air Force, and was an advocate for two separate Reserve components, the United States Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. Among the changes he instituted in an effort to improve readiness were a modified drill schedule, moving from four Wednesday nights per month to two Wednesday nights and two full Sundays, the precursor to the current one full weekend per month schedule.National Guard Bureau In 1950, Earl T. Ricks was appointed director of the Air National Guard and selected <mask> as his deputy. <mask>, now a colonel, was responsible for the training, readiness, equipping and deployment of Air National Guard units during the Korean War. He served in this role until Ricks' death, and was the acting director during Ricks' final illness. Before Ricks died, he recommended <mask> as his replacement. <mask> was appointed director of the Air National Guard in 1954, and promoted to brigadier general. In 1955, he was appointed deputy chief of the National Guard Bureau and promoted to major general. He carried out this assignment while also serving as director of the Air National Guard.From June to July 1959, <mask> served as acting chief of the National Guard Bureau after the retirement of Edgar C. Erickson and before the appointment of Donald W. McGowan. During his tenure as Air Guard Director, <mask> oversaw the organization's diversification from a fighter-based force to one of fighters, bombers, observation, and transport units, as well as a modernization of its planes and facilities. Chief of the National Guard Bureau In 1963, <mask> was appointed Chief of the National Guard Bureau, the first Air Force officer to be officially named to the position (Ricks had served as acting Chief for four months.) Long an advocate for integrating National Guard and Reserve units into operations with active duty ones, rather than using them as a strategic reserve, <mask>'s view was validated during the Vietnam War, with Air Guard fighter squadrons serving successfully in Vietnam, especially following the Pueblo Incident and the Tet Offensive, when called on to deploy with little or no advance notice. <mask> also continued efforts to racially integrate the National Guard, including the appointment of its first African-American general officer. In addition to its military preparations, <mask> also oversaw enhanced training and equipping efforts so that the National Guard could respond to civil disturbances, which happened with increasing frequency as the result of the civil rights and anti-Vietnam War movements of the 1960s. As Chief during the Vietnam War, <mask> also made news when he advocated that Guard members take part in counter-demonstrations in response to opponents of the war, asking them to drive with their car headlights on during the day, fly the U.S. flag more frequently, and leave their porch lights on at night.<mask> flew in Vietnam on observing and fact finding missions, and received the Vietnam Service Medal. He was appointed to a second term in 1967 and served until his 1971 retirement. Retirement and death In retirement, <mask> resided in Forrest City, Arkansas. He suffered a stroke and died at Baptist East Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee on December 31, 1996. He was buried at South Town Cemetery in Forrest City. Legacy The National Guard Marksmanship Training Center at Camp Joseph T. Robinson, Arkansas hosts the annual Winston P. Wilson Rifle and Pistol Championship, a nationwide contest where teams and individuals from participating states compete for high scores in small arms target shooting. In 2000 <mask> was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Hall of Fame.The Arnold Air Society's state contact at the University of Arkansas is the Winston P. Wilson Squadron. Major awards and decorations     Air Force Distinguished Service Medal     Legion of Merit     American Defense Service Medal     Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal     World War II Victory Medal (United States)     Army of Occupation Medal (Japan)     National Defense Service Medal     Vietnam Service Medal     Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal     Air Force Longevity Service Award     Armed Forces Reserve Medal     Philippine Liberation Ribbon     Oklahoma Distinguished Service Medal     North Carolina Distinguished Service Medal     Pennsylvania Distinguished Service Medal References External links |- |- 1911 births 1996 deaths United States Air Force generals United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War Chiefs of the National Guard Bureau National Guard of the United States generals Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit People from Arkadelphia, Arkansas Hendrix College alumni Burials in Arkansas

Badal Roy

original

<mask> (; born <mask>; 16 October 1939 – 18 January 2022) was an Indian tabla player, percussionist, and recording artist known for his work in jazz, world music, and experimental music. Biography <mask> was born <mask> on 16 October 1939, into a Hindu family in a predominantly Muslim eastern Bengal region in Comilla, British India (which later became East Pakistan, then Bangladesh). His mother, <mask>, was a homemaker, while his father, <mask> was a government official in Eastern Pakistan. The name Badal (meaning "rain," "cloud," or "thunder" in the Bengali language), was given to him by his grandfather after he began crying in the rain as a toddler. He spoke the Bengali, English, Hindi, and Urdu languages. He was introduced to music, in particular the percussion instrument Tabla, by his uncle. An early inspiration for <mask> was American popular music, and he particularly enjoyed the music of artists such as Elvis Presley, Pat Boone, and Nat King Cole.His first exposure to jazz came when he saw a concert by Duke Ellington in Karachi, West Pakistan in 1963. <mask> received a master's degree in statistics. He came to New York City in 1968 to work on a PhD with only eight dollars in his pocket, he began working as a busboy and waiter in various Indian restaurants in the New York area, including Pak Indian Curry House, Taste of India and Raga. He later settled in East Brunswick Township, New Jersey. He later received lessons from Alla Rakha, a tabla player who performed with the sitar player Ravi Shankar and was Zakir Hussain's father. <mask> married Geeta Vashi in 1974. The couple had a son and lived in Wilmington, Delaware.<mask> died from COVID-19 in Wilmington on 18 January 2022, at the age of 82. Career When <mask> moved to New York, he worked as a waiter in Indian restaurants in the region. In the weekends, he performed as a tabla artist accompanying a sitar player at A Taste of India, an Indian restaurant in Greenwich Village in New York. Here, he was spotted by John McLaughlin and was asked for accompanying him in jamming sessions and later partnered to record an album My Goal's Beyond (1971). The album was considered a landmark one in Indian-themed jazz. Steve Gorn spotted him in a Manhattan restaurant called Raga, eventually attracting the attention of Miles Davis. Davis invited <mask> to join his group, and he recorded on Davis's albums On the Corner (1972), Big Fun (1969–72; released 1974), and Get Up with It (1970–74).<mask> subsequently performed and recorded with many leading jazz musicians, including Davis, Dave Liebman, Pharoah Sanders, John McLaughlin, Herbie Hancock, Herbie Mann, Pat Metheny, Lester Bowie, Airto Moreira, Charlie Haden, Purna Das Baul, and Ornette Coleman (playing in Coleman's electric band Prime Time). In the 1990s <mask> began performing with the Brazilian guitar duo Duofel. He has also collaborated with Ken Wessel and Stomu Takeishi in a fusion trio named Alankar. They currently have one album entitled Daybreak. <mask> has appeared and offered workshops at RhythmFest, the Starwood Festival, and at the SpiritDrum Festival, a special tribute to the late Babatunde Olatunji (co-sponsored by ACE and Musart) with Muruga Booker, Jim Donovan of Rusted Root, Halim El-Dabh, Richie "Shakin'" Nagan, Jeff Rosenbaum and Sikiru Adepoju, among others. He often played with Muruga Booker in the Global Village Ceremonial Band, and with Michael Wolff & Impure Thoughts. In 2004, <mask> worked with Richie Havens on the album The Grace of the Sun.In the first half of 2006, <mask> travelled to Japan to appear in a tribute for David Baker, his recently deceased recording engineer and friend. In addition to tabla, <mask> also played a variety of percussion instruments including shakers, bells, rain stick, and flexatone. His notable students include Geoffrey Gordon. In 2008, the album Miles From India, a tribute to Miles Davis on which <mask> appeared, received a Grammy nomination. Helix, his final recording as a member of Michael Moss's Accidental Orchestra, was in 2016. Musical style Unlike many tabla players, <mask> does not come from a family of professional musicians and is essentially self-taught, although he studied with his late maternal uncle Dwijendra Chandra Chakraborty as a child, and also studied briefly with Alla Rakha. Consequently, his playing is freer than that of many other tabla players, who adhere more strictly to the tala system of Indian rhythm.He often played a set of up to eight tabla (tuned to different pitches) and two baya at a time, which he played melodically as well as rhythmically. Def Pressure (LP & CD) Sub Rosa With David Liebman 1974 – Lookout Farm (LP) ECM Records 1975 – Passing Dreams (reissued 1998, 2002) 1975 – Drum Ode (LP) ECM Records 1975 – Sweet Hands Horizon Records 1975 – Ashirbad (reissued 2002) 1976 – Father Time With Herbie Mann Sun Belt (Atlantic) With John McLaughlin 1970 – My Goals Beyond Knit Classics (Ryko) With Yoko Ono 1982 – It's Alright (I See Rainbows) 1992 – Onobox 1992 – Walking on Thin Ice With Mike Richmond 1988 – Basic Tendencies (with Glen Velez) (Nomad Records) 1982 – Asian Journal (with Nana Vasconcelos & Steve Gorn) (Nomad Records) With Perry Robinson 1978 – Kundalini With Pharoah Sanders 1972 – Wisdom Through Music (Impulse!

Brandon Maurer

original

<mask> (born July 3, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, San Diego Padres and Kansas City Royals. From Costa Mesa, California, <mask> pitched in Little League Baseball and high school at Orange Lutheran High School. The Mariners selected <mask> in the 23rd round of the 2008 MLB Draft. After being overshadowed by other prospects, <mask> had a strong spring training showing with the Mariners in 2013, and made the team's Opening Day roster in the starting rotation. The Mariners traded <mask> to the Padres after the 2014 season, and he became a relief pitcher. The Padres traded <mask> to the Royals in 2017.<mask> signed a minor league free agent deal with the Pirates during prior to the 2019 season. Amateur career <mask> competed in Little League Baseball in Costa Mesa, California as a pitcher. On July 30, 2002, at the age of 12, <mask> pitched a perfect game in the Little League all-star game. <mask> attended Orange Lutheran High School in Orange, California. <mask> played for the school's baseball team, which competes in the Trinity League, within the Southern Section of the California Interscholastic Federation. In 2007, his junior year, <mask> was used as a relief pitcher and had a 0.54 earned run average (ERA) and four saves. As a senior in 2008, he earned second-team All-Trinity League honors and helped Orange Lutheran finish second in the league.Though he was overshadowed by teammates Gerrit Cole and Aaron Gates, he earned notice from Major League Baseball teams. He accepted a scholarship from the California State University, Long Beach, to play college baseball for the Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball team. Professional career Seattle Mariners The Seattle Mariners drafted <mask> in the 23rd round, with the 702nd overall selection, of the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. Rather than attend Long Beach State, <mask> signed with the Mariners. Upon joining the Arizona League Mariners of the Rookie-level Arizona League, he was able to throw as fast as , with the team expecting that he would increase his velocity by approximately by adding . By 2011, <mask> could throw as hard as . In 2009, <mask> pitched for the Pulaski Mariners of the Rookie-level Appalachian League.<mask> pitched for the Clinton LumberKings of the Class A Midwest League in 2010, and the Adelaide Bite of the Australian Baseball League (ABL) in the winter of 2010–11, reaching the ABL championship series. <mask> started the 2011 season with the LumberKings, and was promoted to the High Desert Mavericks of the Class A-Advanced California League in May. Following his second start with High Desert, he was named the California League Pitcher of the Week for the week ending June 1. Heading into the 2012 season, scouts viewed <mask> as a "sleeper" prospect. <mask> pitched for the Jackson Generals of the Class AA Southern League in 2012. Though overshadowed by teammates Danny Hultzen and Taijuan Walker, <mask> was named the league's Most Outstanding Pitcher after going 9–2 with a 3.20 earned run average with 117 strikeouts in innings pitched. After the season, <mask> was added to the Mariners' 40-man roster to be protected from the Rule 5 Draft.In spring training in 2013, <mask> competed with Erasmo Ramírez, Jeremy Bonderman, and Blake Beavan for one of the final two spots in the Mariners' five-man starting rotation, behind Félix Hernández, Hisashi Iwakuma, and Joe Saunders. Allowing only two runs in 20 innings with 22 strikeouts and six walks in the Cactus League, <mask> made the Mariners' 25-man roster as a starting pitcher, skipping the Class AAA level. <mask> became the first member of the Mariners' 2008 draft class to reach the major leagues and the first starting pitcher to skip Class AAA and debut for the Mariners since John Cummings and Mike Hampton in 1993. He reached MLB before more heralded prospects, such as Walker, Hultzen, and James Paxton. In his major league debut, on April 4, he allowed six runs in six innings to the Oakland Athletics, including on home runs by Yoenis Céspedes and Josh Reddick, in a loss. After a second poor performance, <mask> earned his first win in his third start, on April 14. San Diego Padres On December 30, 2014, the Mariners traded <mask> to the San Diego Padres in exchange for Seth Smith.In the first half of the 2015 season, <mask> pitched to a 2.11 ERA. His performance diminished in the second half as he suffered from shoulder inflammation. <mask>'s 2015 season ended with a 7-4 record and an even 3 ERA in 53 games. <mask> entered spring training in 2016 as a candidate for the starting rotation. The Padres opted to keep <mask> in the bullpen for the 2016 season. The Padres named <mask> their new closer after the team traded away closer Fernando Rodney to the Miami Marlins on June 30, 2016. He took on the role for the rest of the season, saving 13 games.For the 2017 season, <mask> entered as the incumbent closer for the Padres. He saved 20 games for the Padres despite having an ERA of 5.72 although his fielding independent pitching (FIP) had him with a 3.23 ERA. In his three seasons with the Padres, <mask> had an 8-13 record with 33 saves. Kansas City Royals On July 24, 2017, the Padres traded <mask>, Ryan Buchter, and Trevor Cahill to the Kansas City Royals for Matt Strahm, Travis Wood, and Esteury Ruiz. He was outrighted to AAA Omaha Storm Chasers on May 3, 2018. In 37 games in 2018, <mask> registered an ERA of 7.76 in innings. Pittsburgh Pirates On January 30, 2019, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates.Personal life <mask> is tall. He is from Costa Mesa, California, and has been described as a "laid back California surfer type". References External links 1990 births Living people People from Costa Mesa, California Baseball players from California Major League Baseball pitchers Seattle Mariners players San Diego Padres players Kansas City Royals players Arizona League Mariners players Pulaski Mariners players Adelaide Bite players Clinton LumberKings players High Desert Mavericks players Jackson Generals (Southern League) players Tacoma Rainiers players Peoria Javelinas players Omaha Storm Chasers players West Virginia Black Bears players Indianapolis Indians players American expatriate baseball players in Australia

David Spiegelhalter

original

Sir <mask> (born 16 August 1953) is a British statistician and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge. From 2007 to 2018 he was Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk in the Statistical Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. Spiegelhalter is an ISI highly cited researcher. He is currently Chair of the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication in the Centre for Mathematical Sciences at Cambridge. On 27 May 2020 he joined the board of the UK Statistics Authority as a non-executive director for a period of three years. Early life and education Spiegelhalter was born on 16 August 1953: his name means "Mirror holder" in German. He was educated at Barnstaple Grammar School, a state grammar school in Barnstaple, Devon, from 1963 to 1970.He then studied mathematics at Keble College, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1974. He moved to University College London, where he gained his Master of Science (MSc) degree in statistics in 1975 and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in mathematical statistics in 1978. His doctoral thesis was titled "Adaptive Inference Using Finite Mixture Models", and was supervised by Adrian Smith. Career Spiegelhalter was research assistant in Brunel University in 1976 and then visiting lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley, 1977–78. After his PhD, he was a research assistant for the Royal College of Physicians; he was based at the University of Nottingham, where his PhD supervisor, Adrian Smith, had been appointed a professor. From 1981 he was at the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit at Cambridge. He has been an honorary lecturer at the University of Hong Kong since 1991.He has also been a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and the World Anti-Doping Agency. He played a leading role in the public inquiries into children's heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary and the murders by Harold Shipman. Between 2007 and 2012 he divided his work between the Cambridge Statistical Laboratory (three-fifths) and the Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit (two-fifths). He left the MRC in March 2012 and worked full-time at the Statistical Laboratory as the Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk until his retirement. He remains chair of the Winton Centre. As of 2012 Spiegelhalter has supervised 7 PhD students. In 2012, Spiegelhalter hosted the BBC Four documentary Tails You Win: The Science of Chance which described the application of probability in everyday life.He also presented a 2013 Cambridge Science Festival talk, How to Spot a Shabby Statistic at the Babbage Lecture Theatre in Cambridge. He was elected as President of the Royal Statistical Society, and took up the position on 1 January 2017. In March 2020 Spiegelhalter launched a podcast called Risky Talk where he interviews experts in risk and evidence communication on topics like genetics, nutrition, climate change and immigration. He appeared on BBC Desert Island Discs on 6 February 2022. Research Spiegelhalter's research interests are in statistics including Bayesian approach to clinical trials, expert systems and complex modelling and epidemiology. Graphical models of conditional independence. He wrote several papers in the 1980s that showed how probability could be incorporated into expert systems, a problem that seemed intractable at the time.Spiegelhalter showed that while frequentist probability did not lend itself to expert systems, Bayesian probability most certainly did. Statistical software. In the 1990s Spiegelhalter led the Medical Research Council team that developed WinBUGS ("Bayesian analysis Using Gibbs Sampling"), a statistical-modelling system allowing hierarchical prior distributions. WinBUGS and its successor OpenBUGS specifies graphical models using acyclic directed graphs whose nodes are random variables, which are updated using Gibbs sampling (an updating method for Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation). Earlier Bayesian software had required that the probability distribution for the observed data be an exponential family and that the prior be its conjugate distribution. Allowing flexible choices of prior distributions simplified hierarchical modelling and helped to promote multilevel models, which became widely used in epidemiology and education. General issues in clinical trials, including cluster randomisation, meta-analysis and ethical monitoring.Monitoring and comparing clinical and public-health outcomes and their associated publication as performance indicators. Public understanding of risk, including promoting concepts such as the micromort (a one in a million chance of death) and microlife (a 30-minute reduction of life expectancy). Media reporting of statistics, risk and probability and the wider conception of uncertainty as going beyond what is measured to model uncertainty, the unknown and the unmeasurable. Honours 1975 Fellow, Royal Statistical Society 1985 Guy Medal in Bronze, Royal Statistical Society 1990 Award for Outstanding Statistical Application, American Statistical Association 1993 Chartered Statistician, Royal Statistical Society 1994 Guy Medal in Silver, Royal Statistical Society 1994 Honorary Doctorate, Aalborg University, Denmark 2005 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) 2006 Received an OBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours 2006 Appointed Honorary Professor of Biostatistics at University of Cambridge 2009 Weldon Memorial Prize and Medal 2010 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Plymouth University 2013 Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University 2020 Guy Medal in Gold, Royal Statistical Society 2020 Michael Faraday Prize of the Royal Society Spiegelhalter was knighted in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to statistics. Media appearances Horizon - To Infinity and Beyond (10 February 2010) The Joy of Stats (7 December 2010) Horizon - What is One Degree? (10 January 2011) - Interviewed by Ben Miller Winter Wipeout - BBC One (17 December 2011) Tails You Win: The Science of Chance (18 October 2012) Horizon - Should I Eat Meat? The Big Health Dilemma (18 August 2014) Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman (2014)Climate Change by Numbers (2 March 2015) Panorama - Why Are Gambling Machines Addictive?(12 September 2016)The 80,000 Hours Podcast - (21 June - 2017)Social Science Bites - (2 April 2018)The Infinite Monkey Cage: 100th Episode TV Special - (13 July 2018) Risky Talk; host of Risky Talk the podcast (5 February 2020 - ongoing) Scientists in the Spotlight with Jim Al-Khalili. BBC Sounds (15 Dec 2020) Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio 4 (11 February 2022) Bibliography Sex by Numbers: What Statistics Can Tell Us About Sexual Behaviour (2015, Wellcome Collection) The Art of Statistics: Learning from Data (2019, Pelican) Covid by Numbers: Making Sense of the Pandemic with Data'' (2021, Pelican) (with Dr Anthony Masters) References External links Homepage at Statistical Laboratory, Cambridge 1953 births Living people English statisticians Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge Alumni of Keble College, Oxford Alumni of University College London Officers of the Order of the British Empire 20th-century English mathematicians 21st-century English mathematicians Cambridge mathematicians English people of German descent Knights Bachelor People educated at Barnstaple Grammar School

Kamala Chakravarty

original

<mask> (born <mask>, 1928) is an Indian classical musician and former dancer, known for her association with sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. From 1967 until the late 1970s, she accompanied Shankar, in the role of tambura player and singer, in a number of acclaimed performances, including the Monterey International Pop Festival (1967), his Human Rights Day duet with violinist Yehudi Menuhin (1967), the Concert for Bangladesh (1971) and the Music Festival from India (1974). She lived with Shankar as his "wife" from 1967 to 1981, while he was still married to musician and teacher Annapurna Devi. While in her teens, Chakravarty trained and performed with Uday Shankar's dance company. She is the younger sister of noted Hindustani classical vocalist Lakshmi Shankar. She was married to Bombay film director <mask> from 1945 until Amiya's death in 1957. Biography Early years and participation in Uday Shankar's dance company <mask> was born in Madras, south India, in 1928.Her father was R.V. Shastri, editor of Mahatma Gandhi's reformist newspaper Harijan. Along with her elder sister, Lakshmi Shastri, she studied at dance pioneer Uday Shankar's India Culture Centre, an academy based at Almora, in the remote north Indian state of Uttarakhand. Her teachers in the various classical dance traditions included Sankaran Namboodri (for Kathakali), Kandappan Pillai (Bharata Natyam) and Amobi Sinha (Manipuri). At Almora in 1941, Chakravarty attended the wedding of Lakshmi, then aged fifteen, to Uday's brother Rajendra, where she met the youngest of the Shankar brothers, the future sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar. The latter recalls in his second autobiography, Raga Mala (1997), that Chakravarty was known as Saraswati Shastri at this time and only later began using <mask> as her first name. Bombay and marriage to Amiya Chakravarty The economic effects of World War II forced the academy's closure in 1944, after which Chakravarty moved to Calcutta and then joined her sister and brothers-in-law in Malad, near Bombay.There, Rajendra worked as a scriptwriter, and Ravi tried to establish himself as a musician and composer. In 2012, The Times of India wrote of Ravi Shankar, his wife Annapurna Devi and the Shastri sisters as "more or less contemporaries with a burning interest in music and dance". A physical attraction grew between Shankar and Chakravarty, causing his family to hastily arrange a marriage between her and Bombay film director Amiya <mask>. After the wedding in September 1945, <mask>'s professional ambitions were sidelined, while Shankar relocated to Andheri. International years with Ravi Shankar Following Amiya <mask>'s death in 1957, Shankar and Chakravarty renewed their relationship. She helped run his Kinnara School of Music from 1963 onwards, and after Shankar left Devi in 1967, they lived together until 1981, for much of the time in the United States. Chakravarty accompanied Shankar, on tambura or as a singer, on several of his recordings and international performances.These included his warmly received set with tabla player Alla Rakha at the Monterey International Pop Festival, in June 1967, the live album from which remains Shankar's highest-charting work on the Billboard pop albums chart. In December that year, she and Rakha accompanied Shankar and American violinist Yehudi Menuhin during their Human Rights Day duet in New York, which was the first recital of Indian classical music to be broadcast globally. Chakravarty subsequently contributed to the recording of the same piece, "Raga Piloo", for Menuhin and Shankar's album West Meets East, Volume 2 (1968). Also over 1967–68, she participated in filming for the Raga documentary (1971), appearing in footage of Shankar's performances from the period and as his companion in off-stage scenes filmed at the Monterey festival and (with Lakshmi) at the Los Angeles branch of his Kinnara School. Among other Shankar albums, she plays tambura on In San Francisco (1967) and Transmigration Macabre (1973), a soundtrack recorded in 1968 with French experimental percussionists Les Structures Sonores for the art film Viola. Later in 1968, she, Lakshmi and Jitendra Abhisheki were the singers in Shankar's Festival from India ensemble, which recorded an eponymous double album in Los Angeles before touring the United States. In August 1971, Chakravarty accompanied Shankar, sarod master Ali Akbar Khan and Rakha at the Concert for Bangladesh, held at New York's Madison Square Garden.The success of the resulting live album and concert film gained Indian music its largest audience up to that point. Although she provided a minor role in the performance, as the tambura player, George Harrison's introduction of Chakravarty to the New York audience ensured that her name became linked to the event. In 1973, Chakravarty was among the chorus singers at the Los Angeles sessions for Shankar's genre-fusing album Shankar Family & Friends (1974). The album was produced by Harrison and featured Lakshmi as lead vocalist and Shubho Shankar (Shankar's son by Devi) on sitar. In 1974, <mask>, Lakshmi and the latter's daughter Viji performed in Europe as part of Ravi Shankar's Music Festival from India, the first Indian orchestra to play in Europe. Her contributions, on tambura and as a backing singer, also appeared on the Music Festival's studio album, recorded in England at Harrison's Friar Park and released in 1976. That same year, Chakravarty participated in the recording of the third volume of Shankar and Menuhin's West Meets East series, issued in 1977.The album included "Morning Love", featuring Shankar and French flautist Jean-Pierre Rampal backed by Rakha and <mask> – a piece that Shankar later named as a favourite among his various collaborative works. Subsequent relationship with the Shankar family By the time that Annapoorna finally granted Shankar a divorce in 1982, he and <mask> had split up. Having nursed Uday in the weeks before his death in September 1977 and similarly cared for Shubho after the latter had attempted suicide in 1970, she remained a close friend of the musician's extended family. According to Shankar in Raga Mala, Chakravarty accepted and was welcoming towards his second wife, Sukanya, and their daughter, Anoushka. References Sources Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ). Collaborations, book accompanying Ravi Shankar–George Harrison Collaborations box set (Dark Horse Records, 2010; produced by Olivia Harrison; package design by Drew Lorimer & Olivia Harrison). In Celebration, booklet accompanying Ravi Shankar: In Celebration box set (Angel/Dark Horse, 1995; produced by George Harrison & Alan Kozlowski; package design by Rick Ward/The Team Design Consultants).Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ). Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ). Reginald Massey, India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire, Abhinav Publications (New Delhi, NCT, 2004; ). Ravi Shankar, My Music, My Life, Mandala Publishing (San Rafael, CA, 2007; ). Ravi Shankar, Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar, Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; ). World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific), Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; ). 1928 births Musicians from Chennai Living people

Reece Dinsdale

original

<mask> (born 6 August 1959) is an English actor and director of stage, film and television. Acting career <mask> trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama from 1977 until 1980. After initially working in theatre in Exeter, Nottingham, Birmingham and at the Edinburgh Festival, <mask> got his first TV role in the Granada thriller Knife Edge in 1981. He followed this up by appearing in Out on the Floor a single drama for the BBC in 1982. This led to him being cast as Albert in Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime series for ITV in 1982. More theatre followed with Beethoven's Tenth with Peter Ustinov at the Vaudeville Theatre, London and the highly acclaimed Red Saturday at the Royal Court. He played Jimmy Kemp in Threads (1984), a-soon-to-be-father and husband caught up in a nuclear attack on Sheffield.1984 also saw <mask> appearing in one of his first feature films, Alan Bennett's A Private Function, and the TV movie Winter Flight opposite Nicola Cowper. Glamour Night, another single drama for the BBC followed in 1984 before <mask> was cast as Matthew Willows in the British sitcom Home to Roost written by Eric Chappell and co-starring John Thaw. <mask> played Thaw's unruly teenaged son Matthew who comes to live with his estranged father after his mother throws him out. The show ran for four series between 1985 and 1990. Interspersed with this were many appearances on stage, including the award-winning play Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme at the Hampstead Theatre, London, in 1986, Woundings and Don Carlos at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, and Old Year's Eve at the Royal Shakespeare Company. On television he had leading roles in the three-part series Take Me Home, and The Attractions, and the single drama Coppers opposite Tim Roth. He also played Fearnot in Jim Henson's "The Storyteller" which aired 26 October 1987.<mask> played the leading role of Jack Rover in Wild Oats in the inaugural production at the newly built West Yorkshire Playhouse in 1990. He then appeared in Young Catherine, a miniseries in which he played the Grand Duke Peter. He then appeared at the National Theatre in David Hare's Racing Demon. From 1990 to 1992 he co-starred in Haggard, a comedy set in the late 18th century. In 1994, he played the leading role in ID, a British feature film charting the demise of a police officer who goes undercover to root out a firm of football hooligans. Based on a true story, <mask> won the International Critics Award for best actor at the Geneva Film Festival. <mask> has continued to play leading roles on both stage and screen.Highlights include two series of Thief Takers in which he played the central role of Charlie Scott, and Kenneth Branagh's film of Hamlet in which he played Guildenstern opposite Timothy Spall's Rosencrantz. He guested in Spooks, Life on Mars, Murder in Mind, Silent Witness, and many others. <mask> starred opposite Julie Walters in the ITV drama Ahead of the Class and played Robert in Conviction for the BBC (directed by Marc Munden). He starred in two series of The Chase (also for the BBC) and in two thrillers for ITV, Love Lies Bleeding and Midnight Man. In 2008, he joined the cast of Coronation Street to play the ill-fated Joe McIntyre, leaving of his own volition in February 2010. Since then he filmed leading guest roles in Waterloo Road, Taggart and Moving On. He played Doctor Wengel in Ibsen's The Lady From the Sea at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester.In 2012 he appeared in the feature film The Knife That Killed Me. In 2013, <mask> played the role of Walter Harrison in James Graham's smash hit play This House on the Olivier stage at the National Theatre - directed by Jeremy Herrin. In 2014, he played Alan Bennett in Bennett's autobiographical play Untold Stories at the West Yorkshire Playhouse. In 2015 <mask> played the central role of George Jones in Headlong's national tour of Sir David Hare's play The Absence of War, once again directed by Jeremy Herrin. In October 2015 <mask> played the title role in Shakespeare's Richard III at The West Yorkshire Playhouse for director Mark Rosenblatt. He has an extensive list of BBC Radio Drama credits and, in 2014, he was awarded a Yorkshire Award for Services to Arts and Entertainment. In 2015, he became the first actor to be named Associate Artist at The West Yorkshire Playhouse.In 2017, <mask> was made a patron of the Square Chapel Arts Centre in Halifax. In 2020, <mask> joined the ITV soap opera Emmerdale playing the villainous Paul Ashdale. <mask> left the soap after just a year in 2021 when his character was killed off in an explosion. Directing In January 2012 <mask> directed his first drama for television; a 45-minute single drama called "The Crossing" starring Lee Boardman, Ramona Marquez and Susie Blake, in the Secrets and Words series for BBC1. In July and August 2014 he directed the episode "Madge" in the Moving On series starring Hayley Mills, Kenneth Cranham and Peter Egan, again for BBC1. In May 2015, <mask> completed his third drama for BBC Television, "Scratch", starring Will Ash and Chris Coghill, once again for the Moving On series. <mask> thereafter directed a fourth TV drama, again in the Moving On series, for Jimmy McGovern: "Eighteen", a story about the attempted deportation of an Afghan youth back to his native Kabul, starring Antonio Aakeel and Rosie Cavaliero.The series was aired in November 2016. In 2017, Dinsdale directed Sue Johnston in "Lost" by Shaun Duggan for the Moving On series. Writing In 2009, Dinsdale wrote the short film Imaginary Friend which was subsequently filmed and stars Maxine Peake and Zara Turner. The film premiered on 8 May 2010 at the 360/365 Film Festival in New York City.

Ali Khedery

original

<mask> is an entrepreneur, political adviser, and chief executive of the U.S.-based Dragoman Ventures. He was the longest continuously serving American official in Iraq, from 2003 to 2009, and acted as a special assistant to five U.S. ambassadors and as a senior adviser to three heads of U.S. Central Command. He is featured in 68 WikiLeaks (CableGate or GI) files. Biography <mask> is chief executive of the U.S.-based Dragoman Ventures, an international strategic advisory firm. He was previously an executive with ExxonMobil Corporation, where he served as senior adviser for the Middle East. During his tenure, <mask> engaged with heads of state, ministers, and opinion-makers and advised ExxonMobil's senior executives on strategic pursuits and the region’s unprecedented political, economic, security, and social developments during the "Arab Spring." <mask> played a leading role in drafting and implementing the corporation’s Iraq country strategy; its Iraqi federal- and Kurdistan regional government engagement strategies; and he was the architect and chief political negotiator of ExxonMobil's historic billion-dollar entry into the Kurdistan Region.He was promoted to serve as director of public and government affairs for ExxonMobil Kurdistan Region of Iraq Limited. <mask> also worked for the U.S. State and Defense departments, where he served as special assistant to five American ambassadors in Iraq, and as senior adviser to three four-star chiefs of U.S. Central Command, the military authority responsible for operations across the broader Middle East and Central Asia. Numerous special assignments included participation in sensitive negotiations pertaining to the formation of five Iraqi governments; the drafting of the Iraqi Constitution and the oil and gas and revenue sharing laws; insurgent outreach which culminated in the tribal "Awakening"; the trilateral U.S.–Iran–Iraq talks; negotiating the U.S.–Iraq bilateral Strategic Framework and Security (SOFA) agreements; travel across four continents with all of Iraq's presidents and prime ministers; and Iran war- and regional contingency planning in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates. <mask> was the longest continuously-serving American official in Iraq; a member of the U.S. government's Senior Executive Service; and a recipient of the Secretary of Defense's Medal for Exceptional Public Service, the Secretary of State's Tribute, and the Joint Civilian Service Achievement Medal for his contributions to American and allied national security interests. <mask> was branded "one of the best connected men in Iraq" in a Pulitzer finalist Reuters special report chronicling Exxon's pivot from Basra to Kurdistan. He has appeared on CNN's Amanpour, BBC's Hardtalk, PBS' Frontline, al-Arabiya, al-Jazeera, France24, Sky News, Vice News, RT, NPR, and he played a leading role in the production of ABC News' investigative report uncovering Iraqi war crimes following the fall of Mosul and the reconstitution of the Iran-backed militias. The author of front-page opinion features in the Washington Post and the New York Times, he has also written for Foreign Affairs, Politico, Foreign Policy, and the Guardian.An Aspen Institute Middle East Leadership Initiative fellow, <mask> also worked for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Office of the Governor of Texas, where he helped found and administer the Governor's Council on Science and Biotechnology Development. He studied political science at the University of Texas at Austin. WikiLeaks files The 68 WikiLeaks (CableGate or GI) files note his attendance on behalf of a US ambassador or CENTCOM at various meetings, that he held a top secret clearance, that various cables were sent to him specifically, etc. Literary references In his book Squandered Victory, author Larry Diamond referred to <mask> as "an Iraqi American liaison to the Governing Council, who looked as though he was sixteen but operated as if he had been through a dozen of the hardest-fought political campaigns." In her book Tell Me How This Ends, author Linda Robinson highlights that <mask> "was the only American official who had been in Baghdad, in the inner circle, for the entire five years of the war. The gifted young man had worked for every iteration of the American mission, for Jay Garner, Paul Bremer, and ambassadors John Negroponte, Zalmay Khalilzad, and Ryan Crocker. <mask>, who spoke fluent Arabic, traveled with Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and knew all the other Iraqi politicians.At Bremer's request, he had worked with Samir Sumaidaie when he was interior minister, before Bayan Jabr took over and allowed the Badr militia to set up secret prisons in the Jadriya compound. Hundreds of brutally tortured prisoners had been found there in late 2005. <mask> knew that many human rights travesties had occurred under the new regime. He knew where the metaphorical bodies were buried and many of the actual ones. Many Iraqis called him to find where their family members had been detained. Throughout the years, had used his contacts and knowledge of the players to ferret out the information and get many Iraqis released. But some trails had gone cold.One Iraqi mother called him regularly. Her son had been taken in 2005 by the Wolf Brigade, the notorious National Police brigade originally known as the Special Commandos. She believed he had been taken to the Jadriya prison. <mask> moved heaven and earth to try to find him. In the summer of 2007, she called him at his desk outside Crocker's office. Her pitiful voice rent him. He was deeply pained that he had not been able to find her son.He hated to admit it, but he knew that the young man was very likely dead. Thin and tired, <mask> finally decided it was time to go back to the United States. He left Iraq in the spring of 2009." <mask> assisted in editing and publishing Stefanie Sanford's Civic Life in the Information Age. She acknowledged him thus: "special thanks must go to my most detail-oriented friend and colleague <mask>. We traveled the post-defense last mile together, checking and rechecking formats, paginations, table numbers, and a host of minutiae demanded by MAI 101. He has been in the Green Zone trying to help build a democracy in Baghdad since his days as my right hand in the Governor's Office and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.I think that if his career as a leading diplomat falls through, there could be a job as "margin police" in his future. You're the best—come home soon and safely." References External links college-era photo mentions he worked for two U.S. Ambassadors New York Times article, "Iraq's Last Chance," by <mask>ery August 15, 2014 discussing the immediate post-Maliki situation and briefly profiling the new prime minister, Mr. Abadi. American diplomats Living people University of Texas alumni Year of birth missing (living people) United States government people of the Iraq War

Andrew Mallard

original

<mask> (16 August 1962 – 18 April 2019) was a British-born Australian who was wrongfully convicted of murder in 1995 and sentenced to life imprisonment. Almost 12 years later, after an appeal to the High Court of Australia, his conviction was quashed and a retrial ordered. However, the charges against him were dropped and Mallard was released. At the time, the Director of Public Prosecutions stated that <mask> remained the prime suspect and that if further evidence became available he could still be prosecuted. He was released from prison in 2006 after his conviction was quashed by the High Court, and paid $3.25 million compensation by the state government. In 2006 police conducted a review of the investigation and subsequently a cold case review. As a result, they uncovered sufficiently compelling evidence to charge convicted murderer Simon Rochford with the murder of Pamela Lawrence and to eliminate Mallard as a person of interest.After being publicly named as a suspect, Rochford was found dead in his cell at Albany Prison, having committed suicide. The Western Australian Commission on Crime and Corruption investigated whether there was misconduct by any public officer (police, prosecutors or members of parliament) associated with this case and made findings against two policemen and a senior prosecutor. Mallard died on 18 April 2019 in Los Angeles, the home area of his fiancée, at about 1:30am local time, after being hit by a car. Early life <mask> <mask> was born in England on 16 August 1962 to parents Roy and <mask>, who already had a 10-year-old daughter. The Mallards immigrated to Perth in 1967, and <mask>, unusually tall for his age, had trouble settling in to their new life, and was bullied throughout his school-life. Leaving school at 16, by 18 he was unemployed and often spent his time smoking marijuana and at nightclubs, and unsuccessfully attempted to join the army, before briefly trying to return to the UK. His experiences affected him psychologically, and therapy helped him gain enough confidence to move out of home, but by May 1994 he was homeless and living temporarily at his "girlfriend's" flat in Mosman Park.Lawrence murder and trial Pamela Lawrence, a business proprietor on Glyde Street, Mosman Park, was attacked at her jewellery shop, called "Flora Metallica", on the afternoon of 23 May 1994. A staff member had finished work at 3:00 pm, leaving Lawrence alone in the shop, and at 5:02 pm, the staff member's school-age daughter was passing by the shop and saw a stranger standing behind the counter, describing him as Caucasian, tall, with a bandanna and a ginger beard. At 6:15 pm Lawrence's husband, Peter, became worried when she had not returned home and tried unsuccessfully to call the shop, then drove to the premises and found her barely alive. Lawrence died of severe head wounds around 7:00 pm in the ambulance on the way to hospital. Mallard quickly became a suspect in the murder. He had been arrested the same day as the murder for a break-in and theft (of his girlfriend's ex-boyfriend's apartment), had been released around 4:00 pm, before arriving via taxi in Mosman Park around 5:00 pm. Despite his personal issues and being unable to clearly account for his movements, Mallard had no history of violence, and no murder weapon connecting him was found.Furthermore, Pamala’s blood type was found on Mallards shoe but it was his own blood, despite the severity of the attack, nor was his DNA or trace evidence found. The evidence used in trial was therefore scanty and obscure, and it was later revealed that police manipulated or withheld vital information (including an undercover operation) from his defence team. He was convicted chiefly on two pieces of evidence. The first was a set of police notes of interviews with Mallard during which, the police claimed, he had confessed. These notes had not been signed by Mallard. The second was a video recording of the last twenty minutes of Mallard's eleven hours of interviews. The video shows Mallard speculating as to how the murderer might have killed Lawrence; police claimed that, although it was given in third-person, it was a confession.He was convicted on the confessions purportedly given during unrecorded interviews and the partial video-recording of an interview. Investigation and appeals Despite the issues in his conviction, <mask>'s appeal to the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1996 was dismissed. In 1998, <mask>'s family enlisted the help of investigative journalist Colleen Egan, who in turn managed to get John Quigley MLA and Malcolm McCusker QC involved. All were appalled at the manner in which <mask>'s trial had been conducted and eventually came to be convinced that he was innocent. Based on fresh evidence uncovered by this team, including a raft of police reports that, against standard practice, had never been passed to the defence team, the case was returned to the Court of Criminal Appeal in June 2003. Despite the fresh evidence and an uncontested claim that the DPP had deliberately concealed evidence from the defence, the Court of Criminal Appeal again dismissed the appeal. In October 2004, <mask>'s legal team was granted special leave to appeal to the High Court of Australia and on 6–7 September 2005, <mask>'s appeal was heard in the High Court and the justices subsequently judged unanimously that his conviction be quashed and a retrial be ordered.During the hearing, Justice Michael Kirby was reported to have said that on one of the pieces of evidence alone—a forensic report, not disclosed to the defence, showing that <mask>'s theory about the weapon used in the murder could not have been true—a retrial should have been ordered. The Department of Public Prosecutions (DPP) did not immediately drop charges against Mallard but did so six months later immediately before a directions hearing was due. After almost 12 years in prison, <mask> was released on 20 February 2006. However, in announcing that the trial would not proceed the DPP stated:"Finally, I note for the record and for the future that this decision is made on evidence presently available to the prosecution. The discharge of Mr <mask> on this charge does not alter the fact that he remains the prime suspect for this murder. Should any credible evidence present in the future which again gives the state reasonable prospects of obtaining a conviction again, the state would again prosecute him." Review of the case Following the discontinuation of the prosecution by the DPP, the Commissioner of Police instituted a review of the investigation to establish whether there were sufficient grounds for a "cold case" review.The review quickly located a record of a palm print which matched that of Simon Rochford, who had confessed to murdering his girlfriend, Brigitta Dickens, on 15 July 1994, seven weeks after Mrs Lawrence was killed. The print had been found on the top of a display case in Lawrence's shop, which was significant, as it had been the practice of the shop staff to wipe the top of that case after each customer left. Rochford's appearance, in particular his beard, was more consistent with the original accounts of eyewitnesses than was <mask>'s. On this basis the review became a cold case review. The weapon used by Rochford to kill Dickens was a steel collar of the type used by weight lifters to secure weights to a bar. Rochford had attached the collar to a broom handle and used it to club Dickens to death. The actual collar could not be located in 2006 but its dimensions were known and a photograph was available.The shape and dimensions of the collar were consistent with the form of the wounds in Lawrence's skull. The photograph of the collar indicated that it was painted blue and a rucksack belonging to Rochford was found to contain blue paint flakes which were identical in chemical composition to those removed from Lawrence's wounds. Later, at about 7:45 am AWST on 19 May 2006, the body of Simon Rochford was discovered in his cell at Albany Maximum Security Prison by prison officers, just hours after he had been named as "a person of significant interest" in the Pamela Lawrence investigation. On 12 May 2006, five police officers were stood down by the West Australian Police Commissioner in relation to the original investigation into the murder. On 11 October 2006, the commissioner announced that the cold case review was complete, that Mallard was no longer a person of interest in relation to the case; that there was sufficient evidence to implicate Simon Rochford and that, if he had still been living, the police would have prepared a brief of evidence against him for the WA Director of Public Prosecutions. The police commissioner apologised to Mallard for any part the police had played in his conviction. The Premier of Western Australia indicated that the government would be considering compensation, though the state's attorney general stated that no decision could be made until the Commission on Crime and Corruption had completed its investigation.However, on 22 November 2006, the Adelaide Advertiser carried an AAP story stating that Mallard had received a AUD$200,000 ex gratia payment as partial compensation. Commission on Crime and Corruption hearings The Commission on Crime and Corruption (CCC) announced that it was studying the report of the cold case review and would be holding public hearings in 2007. In the meantime it had asked the police to not release the full report, either to the public or within the police service, and in particular, to ensure that police involved in the original investigation had no access to it. The CCC hearings into whether police and/or prosecutors behaved unethically or illegally in the Mallard case began on 31 July 2007. On 7 October 2008 the CCC announced its recommendations that disciplinary action be taken against two assistant police commissioners and the deputy director of public prosecution. The two police officers subsequently resigned, thereby removing any chance of disciplinary proceedings going ahead. In May 2009, <mask> was offered a payment of $3.25 million as settlement, though the premier of the state, Colin Barnett, said that were Mallard to take civil action against those he held responsible for his wrongful conviction, the government would support any servant of the state in that event.Media A documentary titled Saving <mask> was directed by Michael Muntz and produced by Artemis International, focusing on Mallard's family, its struggle to have him freed, the deception undertaken by the original police investigation team and the evidence uncovered that eventually led to <mask>'s freedom. It was first aired on ABC Television on 4 May 2006. It was short-listed for a Walkley Award, and Muntz won the Outstanding Achievement in Directing Award in the WA Screen Awards. The documentary's epilogue noted that the DPP still considered <mask> a prime suspect in its investigation at that time. A book about the case, Murderer No More: <mask> and the Epic Fight that Proved his Innocence, was written by Colleen Egan, the journalist who campaigned on Mallard's behalf for eight years, was published by Allen & Unwin in June 2010. A Casefile True Crime Podcast detailing the case was released on 29 May 2016. Later life and death Having completed a university degree in fine art, <mask> moved to London in 2010 to further his studies.He was engaged to be married, and frequently travelled to Los Angeles where his fiancée lived. In the early hours of 18 April 2019, he was fatally struck by a car while crossing a road in Hollywood. See also Graham Stafford List of miscarriage of justice cases References External links Commission on Crime and Corruption Hearings Transcripts. Comprehensive site on the case, including Colleen Egan's weblog of the CCC's hearings in Perth. Casefile True Crime Podcast – Case 21: Pamela Lawrence – 28 May 2016 Website set up by <mask>'s family to publicise his plight. Legal Profession Complaints Committee and Bates (2012) WASAT 150 (Examination of prosecutor's unsatisfactory professional conduct) Sydney Morning Herald article of 12 May 2006. The Australian article of 20 May 2006.WA Court of Criminal Appeal judgment of 3 December 2003. The High Court of Australia's judgment in the Mallard matter. 1962 births 2019 deaths Crime in Perth, Western Australia People from Perth, Western Australia English emigrants to Australia People convicted of murder by Western Australia People acquitted of murder Overturned convictions in Australia People wrongfully convicted of murder 1990s in Perth, Western Australia 2000s in Perth, Western Australia Road incident deaths in California Pedestrian road incident deaths Police misconduct in Australia

Didier Gomes Da Rosa

original

<mask> (born 10 October 1969) is a French football manager and former player who is the current manager of Mauritania. He is famous for making an impressive impact in all the clubs he has managed in his early years in the African continent winning the league titles with Rayon Sports F.C. (2013), Coton Sport FC de Garoua (2014 and 2015) and also the Cameroonian Cup at the Garoua-based club. Managerial career France <mask> began his managerial career in 2008 in his home country France and managed AS Roquebrune Cap Martin, ES Fos sur Mer and AS Cannes in the League of the Mediterranean till 2011. Rayon Sports He first moved out of France in 2012 to Africa and more accurately to Rwanda where he was appointed as the manager of Rwandan giants, Rayon Sports F.C. on a three-year contract. The club, nicknamed "Gikundiro" (the well-beloved), because of its popularity was in the relegation zone of the Rwanda National Football League after a disastrous start in the championship falling ten points short of league leaders and the club's arch rivals, Armée Patriotique Rwandaise F.C.Under the Frenchman's leadership, the Nyanza-based side made a spectacular comeback in the season which will be remembered by Rwandan football fans for the years to come. Seven months later, the Gikundiro thrashed rivals APR 4-0 in a historic win and were crowned the champions of the 2012–13 Rwanda National Football League. He also helped his side win the Genocide Memorial Tournament in 2013 where his side faced La Jeunesse Football Club in the finals. His side also participated 2013 Kagame Interclub Cup but unfortunately lost 1-0 to Burundi's Vital'O FC in the semi-finals. The club after facing serious financial deficits parted ways with the French manager on a mutual consent. Coton Sport He then moved to Cameroon in December 2013 where he signed a two-year contract with Cameroonian giants, Coton Sport FC de Garoua. Appointed as the General Manager as well as the head coach, his task was to prepare the team for the Elite One, Cameroonian Cup and also the CAF Confederation Cup.Soon the Frenchman led his side to championship glory as his side led the league table with more than a ten points. He also helped his young side win the 2014 Cameroonian Cup. He led his team to the semi-finals of the 2014 CAF Confederation Cup where they bowed out to African giants and the eventual champions of the tournament, Al Ahly SC of Egypt. In the following season, despite a six-point penalty, he managed to lead his young side to win the 2015 Elite One. CS Constantine Declining the proposal of renewing his contract with the Cameroonian champions, the Frenchman decided to move to Algeria where he committed himself to a contract for two-years with Constantine-based, CS Constantine when the side was in the relegation zone just twelve days into the championship. He rescued the Algerian side from relegation in the 2015–16 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 and his side was also adjudged the third best side in the second round of the championship. Horoya <mask> <mask> became Horoya AC manager in March 2019 and lead the Guinea giant to won the Guinean league and won the Guinean cup.Meantime , <mask> reached the CAF Confederation group stage after knocked out Bandari FC Kenya side. On 10 November 2019, following some misunderstanding between <mask> and Horoya president they mutually parted ways. Ismaily SC He became Ismaily SC manager in 8 January 2020 , <mask> <mask> lead Ismaily to reach the semi final of the Arab Champions league and won the first leg match against al raja club 1-0 and then the Arab federation stop the cup cause of COVID-9 pandemic. On 25 August 2020 <mask> <mask> was sacked by Ismaily. Ismaily stated the reasons of dismissal due to poor results after draw two matches after the resuming of the Egyptian league. Al-Merrikh SC On 14 November 2020, <mask> <mask> was appointed as new head coach for the Sudanese giant Al-Al-Merrikh SC. On 24 November he took charge of the first match in the Preliminary round of CAF champions league 2020–21 against the Congolese side Otoho.He achieved a draw 1–1 in Congo , and win against Otoho 2–0 in the second leg match to qualify to round 32. In round 32 he knocked out the giant enyimba Nigerian side after won 3-0 in first leg match and lose 2-1 in second leg match to lead the Al-Al-Merrikh to qualify to the CAF champions league for the first time in 4 seasons. Meantime, <mask> lead Al-Merrikh to lead the Sudanese premier league table with 6 points difference from the second position. on 22 January 2021 <mask> resigned as the head coach of Al-Merrikh to take charge of Simba SC The Tanzanian Giant. Simba S.C. On 24 January 2021, the Tanzanian giant Simba SC appoint <mask> <mask> as the new head coach, after terminated his contract with Al-Merrikh SC. the club announce the main target this season is to reach the quarter final of the African champions league and win the Tanzanian league. in 6 matches in the African champions league group, Simba achieved 13 points after won 4 matches, draw 1 and lost 1 match to take lead of the group and qualify to the quarter final.<mask> <mask> created a new record by his name with Simba after achieved 13 points in the group stage to be the first Tanzanian club to reach this number of points. Also, won the first match ever for any Tanzanian club in away match in any African trophies in the group stage; as they won 1-0 against the Congolese side vita club. After leading Simba in 37 games, in which he won 27, draw 5 and lose 5 and won two titles, on 26 October 2021, Simba announced that <mask> <mask> has resigned in a mutual agreement. This came just few days after Simba was knocked out of CAF Champions League after they threw away a 2-0 lead from the first leg to lose 3-1 at home against Botswana debutants Jwaneng Galaxy and crush out of the competition. Simba were eliminated on the away goal rule after a 3-3 aggregate result and are now have to contend in the CAF Confederation Cup play-off round. Personal life Born in France, <mask> <mask> is of Portuguese descent. Managerial statistics Honours Rayon Sports F.C.

Nathan Dyer

original

<mask> (born 29 November 1987) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger, spending most of his career at Swansea City, where he made over 300 appearances. He started playing as a teenager at Southampton, making the first team. He has also had loan spells with Sheffield United, Burnley and Leicester City, where he was part of the team that won the 2015–16 Premier League. Early life <mask> was born and raised in Trowbridge, Wiltshire. His father loved cricket, and his mother was an amateur sprinter. <mask> grew up supporting Manchester United. Club career Southampton Dyer joined the Southampton F.C.Academy as a teenager and was a member of the Southampton youth team that reached the finals of the FA Youth Cup in 2005, although he did not make his playing debut until the following season. Ultimately, the team lost on aggregate to Ipswich Town. <mask> made his first team debut for Southampton on 26 December 2005, as a substitute after 87 minutes, in a match that resulted in a 2–0 win over Crewe Alexandra. In late 2005, he enjoyed a successful spell on loan to Burnley, where he scored two goals against Millwall and Crewe during a total of five appearances. He was recalled, despite pleas from Steve Cotterill to stay until the end of the season. After his loan to Burnley, <mask> signed a new contract at Southampton, where he played on the first team squad for the rest of his time with the club. <mask> scored his first league goal for Southampton during a match that ended in a 3–2 defeat against Watford in September 2007.This took his Southampton goal tally up to three, having already scored in League Cup matches against Southend United and Yeovil Town. His performance earned him the interest of Southampton's rival in the South Coast derby Portsmouth. The club was keen to sign him, but their public pursuit of him drew criticism from Southampton manager George Burley. On 24 July 2008, after a long period of uncertainty and an extended contract dispute, <mask> signed a new three-year deal with Southampton, keeping him at the club until 2011. <mask> was excluded from the first team and left out of the pre-season preparations until he signed the contract. In September 2008, after failing to make it onto Southampton's first team and establish himself under managers Jan Poortvliet and Mark Wotte, <mask> was sent to Sheffield United on loan until December, with the option of a permanent deal in January 2009. The move was part of a loan swap deal, with Jordan Robertson joining Southampton for the same duration.<mask> made his first appearance for the Blades the next day as a late substitute in a match that resulted in a 2–1 victory over Watford. He was unable to gain a permanent place on the Sheffield team, and he played less than thirty minutes in a Blades shirt over the next three months. He made the first team starting line-up on 20 December, when he scored his first goal for the club in a match that resulted in a 2–2 draw with Palace. Swansea City <mask> returned to Southampton following the end of his three-month loan and was immediately loaned out again, this time to Swansea City until the end of the 2008–09 season. He impressed his new coach in his debut match with a 2–0 win at home to Reading. On 24 January 2009, <mask> scored in Swansea's FA Cup victory over Portsmouth, resulting in the FA Cup-holders Portsmouth's exit from the tournament. On 28 February 2009, <mask> scored his first league goal for Swansea, scoring the only goal in the match against Charlton Athletic.On 5 April 2009, he scored the opening goal for Swansea against their archrivals Cardiff City. On 2 June 2009, <mask> joined Swansea City on a permanent basis after the Welsh side agreed to pay a £400,000 fee to Southampton. He made his debut in the opening match of the 2009–10 season against Leicester City, playing the full 90 minutes. He scored his first goal as a permanent member of the squad, a match winning score against Sheffield United, on 26 September 2009. On 7 November 2009, <mask> scored his second goal in two matches against Cardiff City, when his header from close range helped the Swans claim a 3–2 victory in the local derby. He scored again in a 1–1 draw against Queens Park Rangers. <mask> started the 2010–11 season with strong performances, including during the new coach Brendan Rodgers' home match for Swansea City: a 4–0 rout against Preston in which <mask> scored one goal and set up a goal for David Cotterill.His second goal of the season came when he scored the opening goal in a 4–3 victory over Middlesbrough on 12 February 2011. His form was sustained throughout the campaign, and he was eventually named Swansea City Supporters' Player of the Year 2010–11. <mask> played an important role in the Football League Championship's play-off final in which he made a double assist, for both Stephen Dobbie and Scott Sinclair, in a 4–2 win over Reading. That victory earned Swansea a promotion to the Premier League, making them the first Welsh club to ever play in the league. Before the start of the 2011–12 season, <mask> signed a new contract with the Swansea club that expired in 2014. <mask> was in fine form for much of the 2011–12 season, in which Swansea City had an impressive run for a promoted side in the Premier League. <mask> scored his first Premier League goal in a 3–0 win over West Bromwich Albion on 17 September 2011.In a 3–1 victory over Bolton Wanderers, <mask>'s pace and trickery on the field were extremely effective and earned him praise from his coach, Brendan Rodgers. <mask> contributed to a 3–2 victory over Arsenal by winning a controversial penalty and by scoring a goal, his third in three matches (including goals in a 4–2 win against Barnsley that sent Swansea to the next round in the FA Cup, and in a 2–0 victory over Aston Villa). <mask> earned press attention in the 3–2 win over Arsenal when Arsène Wenger accused <mask> of purposely diving onto the ground to draw a foul. On 3 March 2012, <mask> received a red card for a foul on Jordi Gómez during a match which resulted in a 2–0 win over Wigan Athletic. After the match, <mask> defended his tackle, stating he was not a 'malicious player', but the league suspended him for three matches. On 14 April 2012, <mask> scored in a 3–0 win over Blackburn Rovers, bringing his league goal tally to four for the season. On 24 April 2012, <mask> scored his fifth goal of the season and set up another goal for Danny Graham in a match that ended in a 4–4 draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers.On the opening day of the new Premier League campaign at Queens Park Rangers, <mask> scored a brace of goals, and Swansea achieved a 5–0 victory. On 22 September 2012, <mask> came on as a half-time substitute for Swansea in a match against Everton at Liberty Stadium. He was booked in the 55th minute for dissent. Three minutes later, he received a second yellow card after a late tackle on Everton defender Leighton Baines. He was sent off for his second booking, having been on the pitch for only 12 minutes. Swansea lost the match 0–3. On 24 February 2013, <mask> started the League Cup final for Swansea and netted the opening goal as well as the third in a 5–0 thrashing of opponents Bradford City.His goals thus helped Swansea win their first major trophy. <mask>'s involvement was also notable as he was seen arguing with teammates over the taker for the spot kick early in the second half. <mask> was awarded the Man of the Match. After the match was over, <mask> said that not scoring a hat-trick was a disappointment, hence the wish to take the penalty, though the victory was the club's "massive" achievement. Afterwards, <mask> expressed a desire to stay at the club and described Michu as the calmest player he knew. On 6 August 2013, <mask> signed a new four-year deal with the club, keeping him at the Liberty Stadium until June 2017. <mask> announced his retirement from professional football on 30 July 2021.Leicester City (loan) On 1 September 2015, <mask> joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal. He made his debut on 13 September 2015 as a half-time substitute in Leicester's home match against Aston Villa, and he scored the winning goal in the 89th minute as Leicester came from 2–0 down to win the match 3–2. At Leicester, he was a member of the team that won the club's first top-flight title of their 132-year history. International career In October 2012, <mask> was approached by the Jamaica Football Federation to play for Jamaica during their 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, but his agent said he was unavailable for another six months. Career statistics Honours Swansea City Football League Cup: 2012–13 Football League Championship play-offs: 2011 Leicester City Premier League: 2015–16 Individual Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2013 References External links <mask> profile at Swansea City A.F.C. 1987 births Living people People from Trowbridge English footballers Association football wingers Southampton F.C. players Burnley F.C.players Sheffield United F.C. players Swansea City A.F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Premier League players English Football League players Black British sportspeople English people of Jamaican descent

Carlos Holmes Trujillo

original

<mask> (23 September 1951 – 26 January 2021) was a Colombian dynasty politician, diplomat, scholar, and attorney who served as minister of defense, foreign affairs, interior, and education. He also served as the mayor of Cali and as ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS), the European Union, and a number of nations. Youth and academic career Family <mask> was born in Cartago, Valle del Cauca. He was the elder son of powerful Liberal Party mogul, congressman, diplomat and attorney <mask>. and Genoveva García. His younger brother José Renán was also active in politics until 2008. Education Trujillo received his primary education at the private Liceo Cartago and his high school education at the Pio XII high school in Cali. Following in his father's footsteps, he went to law school at the University of Cauca where he specialized in criminal law.At 25 he was appointed consul in Tokyo, Japan, where he continued his studies and received a master's degree in International Business. Early political career Return to Colombia After finishing his education in Tokyo, Trujillo returned to Colombia in 1983 and was appointed Cali's Finance Secretary by Mayor Julio Riascos (Conservative Party). After Riascos resigned a year later, Trujillo became director of Colombia's metal federation. Meanwhile, Trujillo made career inside his father's Liberal Party and became the political powerhouse's vice-president. Mayor of Cali Trujillo became Cali's first elected mayor in 1988 and remained in that position until 1990, avoiding confrontations with the Cali Cartel that was becoming increasingly powerful in the city and corrupting much of Cali's public institutions. While formally running the country's third largest city, Trujillo expanded his power by founding the Colombian Federation of Municipalities (FCM) and becoming its chairman. National politics Minister under a new constitution As FCM chairman and vice-president of the Liberal Party, Trujillo took part in formulating Colombia's 1991 constitution that was part of a peace process with the 19th of April Movement (M-19), a guerrilla group that since 1970 had violently opposed the oligarchical political system of which Trujillo had become a prominent member.Following elections that same year, President César Gaviria (Liberal Party) appointed Trujillo education minister, a position he held from 1992 until the end of Gaviria's term in 1994. Peace policies and paramilitaries Following that year's election of another liberal President, Ernesto Samper, Trujillo was appointed High Commissioner of Peace. During this two-year period, legal paramilitary groups called CONVIVIR and illegal paramilitary groups like the ACCU teamed up with drug traffickers and the military to brutally combat far-left guerrilla groups like the FARC and the ELN, and assassinate leftist politicians. Proceso 8000 and the OAS The president appointed Trujillo as ambassador to the OAS in the middle of Proceso 8000, a criminal investigation into Cali Cartel Funding of Samper's presidential campaign the year before. The former Cali mayor was called back in 1997 to replace Interior Minister Horacio Serpa who was forced to resign over the scandal. Trujillo held the position until the end of Samper's presidency. Diplomatic career Samper's successor, Andrés Pastrana Arango (Conservative Party), took office in 1998 and appointed Trujillo ambassador to Austria.Between 1999 and 2001, Trujillo was ambassador to Russia. Following a short break, <mask> was again appointed ambassador for Scandinavia in 2004, this time by President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. A year later, Iceland also became part of <mask>'s diplomatic portfolio. In 2006, Uribe appointed Trujillo ambassador to the European Union, a post he would hold until a year after the 2010 election of President Juan Manuel Santos. Democratic Center Trujillo remained close to Uribe after Santos announced peace talks with the FARC and joined other hard-line politicians like Francisco Santos and Óscar Iván Zuluaga, and far-right politicians like Fernando Londoño and Fabio Valencia Cossio in 2013 to form the "Uribista" Democratic Center (CD) party. "Uribistas" enter Congress Trujillo became Zuluaga's running-mate in opposition to Santos in the 2014 elections, but failed to defeat the incumbent president, who by then was in the middle of peace talks with the FARC that were fiercely opposed by the "Uribistas." The party did become the fourth largest in Congress and, under the leadership of Uribe in the Senate, became the most important opposition party to Santos, and in particular the peace talks with the guerrillas.Despite the fierce opposition from both the Democratic Center, conservative media and a large portion of the Colombian public, Santos signed peace with the country's oldest rebel group in November 2016 and kicked off a peace process in December that year. From Congress, Uribe and his party fiercely opposed the process. Duque presidency Trujillo competed in the 2017 pre-election race to become the "uribista" candidate in 2018, but lost to the relatively unknown Senator Iván Duque, whose political career had begun only four years earlier when he entered the Senate on the CD list. Duque won the 2018 elections and appointed Trujillo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Death Trujillo tested positive for COVID-19 in January 2021 and was hospitalized in Barranquilla before being transferred to the Central Military Hospital in Bogotá, where he died on the morning of 26 January. His death was announced by Colombian President Ivan Duque in a video posted to Twitter where the president decreed three days of national mourning in the memory of the minister and other coronavirus victims. Trujillo was 69 years old.References |- 1951 births 2021 deaths T Foreign ministers of Colombia Colombian Ministers of National Education Colombian Ministers of the Interior Ambassadors of Colombia to Russia Ambassadors of Colombia to Austria Ambassadors of Colombia to Finland Ambassadors of Colombia to Norway Ambassadors of Colombia to Sweden Ambassadors of Colombia to Iceland Ambassadors of Colombia to Denmark Mayors of Cali Democratic Center (Colombia) politicians People from Valle del Cauca Department Colombian Ministers of Defense

Don Coyhis

original

<mask> (born August 16, 1943) is an alcohol and addiction recovery counselor known for designing treatment programs primarily for Native Americans. He is the founder and president of White Bison, Inc., a non-profit charitable organization devoted to assisting Native Americans who are affected by substance use disorders. In 1994 <mask> started the Wellbriety Movement which aims to reduce substance abuse among Native Americans. Biography <mask> is a Mohican Indian born and raised on the Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation in Wisconsin. Both of his parents were survivors of American Indian boarding schools, an experience that left them so traumatized that they had difficulty showing affection. Coyhis grew up "a troubled child to troubled parents...Drinking was the way of life." As an adult, <mask> left the reservation and in 1978 went to work for the Digital Equipment Corporation in Colorado Springs, eventually becoming senior manager.He designed and taught programs on leadership and diversity. His clients included AT&T, Lucent Technologies, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. After having struggled with alcoholism for many years, drinking threatened his career and <mask> became sober in 1978. He joined Alcoholics Anonymous where he sponsored several "difficult cases," finding satisfaction in the challenge they presented, but wondering if he could do more. <mask> felt out of touch with his recovery group and suspected that other Native Americans felt the same. In 1988 he was invited by another Indian to go on a five-day fast in the Rampart Range mountains. There he had a vision of a white bison, which inspired him to help other Native Americans quit drinking.In 1990 he began doing sobriety workshops in the Idaho prison system, then quit his job in 1992 to devote his life to helping others recover from alcoholism, founding White Bison, Inc., a nonprofit charitable organization. Wellbriety Movement In 1994 he obtained a small grant to work with Native Americans in Maine. He began meeting with Elders and other people in Passamaquoddy community. As part of their work they began working with the metaphor of the Sacred Hoop. Elders explained that the Sacred Hoop has the power to confer four gifts: forgiveness, unity, healing and hope. Coyhis then decided to take the Hoop to other Native American communities, making the first Hoop journey to 35 Native American colleges in 1999. He made ten journeys with the Hoop, logging hundreds of thousands of miles each year in an effort to bring the "Wellbriety Movement" to 100 Native communities by the year 2010.Before receiving a sustained commitment for support from White Bison, Native communities have to demonstrate a commitment to recovery by declaring a collective desire to break entrenched patterns of passivity, helplessness, and hopelessness. Once significant progress has been achieved, a community is awarded a handmade "big drum" as a sign of respect. Firestarters On the Hoop journeys Coyhis recruited people recovering from alcohol dependence to act as "firestarters," leaders of Native American recovery and support groups. Firestarters may choose to lead recovery groups for men, women, Al-Anon (support for friends and relatives of alcoholics), addictions prevention and wellness for Native American boys ages 13 to 17 or for Native American girls ages 8 to 17, support for family healing, or for children of alcoholics. The role of community and culture in recovery The term "wellbriety" is derived from a Passamaquoddy word that means to be both sober and well. According to Coyhis, "It means going beyond survival to thrive in one’s own life and in the life of the community. It means living by the laws and values of traditional Native American culture."<mask> believes that it is not enough to put an individual into rehab or a recovery group to treat alcohol or drug dependence: "We must actively heal the community and its institutions at the same time an individual works on his or her own healing from alcohol or drugs or other unwell behaviors. The individual affects the community and the community affects the individual. They are inseparable from the point of view of addiction recovery. Everything must be in the healing process simultaneously." Coyhis also feels that historical and intergenerational trauma are responsible for much of the substance use seen among Native Americans. He argues that restoring cultural identity by returning to the principles, laws, and values of traditional Native culture promotes healing mentally, physically, emotionally and spiritually. <mask> acknowledges that each individual needs to work hard to overcome drug and alcohol dependence, but cautions that a healthy sociocultural environment makes the healing process less painful and more likely to succeed.He frames this concept in terms of the "healing forest," wherein a sick tree can only recover if the rest of the forest is healthy. This holistic approach represents a conceptual breakthrough by emphasizing the role of the community in recovery. Expanded mission <mask> studied the underlying causes of alcoholism, then decided to expand White Bison's mission to include drug addiction, dysfunctional families and relationships, as well as suicide. Coyhis’ model, known as the "Medicine Wheel 12-Step," uses a twelve-step program similar to that used by Alcoholics Anonymous, but it also incorporates cultural elements, including a medicine wheel, group drum circles, songs, healing ceremonies, the teachings of elders, and it does not use the AA model of anonymity. In 2005 Coyhis launched Warrior Down, a program that supports re-entry for Native Americans using a multi-faceted and traditional approach. Through a supportive team of peer support specialists, the program provides resources, programming, recovery support, recidivism prevention, and community referrals for those re-entering the community from treatment or from various forms of incarceration. In 2001 Coyhis met addiction specialist William L. White and they began collaborating on two books: The Red Road to Wellbriety in the Native American Way, and Alcohol Problems in Native America: The Untold Story of Resistance and Recovery, both of which were published by Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc. in 2006.The Red Road lays out Coyhis' philosophy for a culturally-appropriate treatment paradigm (referred to as the red road) for Native Americans and their families who are affected by substance abuse. Alcohol Problems in Native America examines the history of alcohol and Native Americans, including Native American temperance activists, and analyzes the successes and failures of addiction treatment programs run for and by Native Americans. In 2009 Coyhis received the Purpose Prize from the John Templeton Foundation with a monetary award of $100,000. The award allowed Coyhis to establish a Wellbriety Training Institute with the aim of bringing Wellbriety programs to all of the 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States. Coyhis is on the faculty of the Alberta Family Wellness Initiative. He has eight adult children, several of whom are themselves recovering from alcohol dependence. Publications <mask>yhis and White Bison, Inc., The Red Road to Wellbriety in the Native American Way, Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2006 <mask><mask>, Understanding Native American Culture: Insights for Recovery Professionals and Other Wellness Practitioners, Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2nd edition, 2009 <mask><mask>, Meditations with Native American Elders: The Four Seasons, Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc. 2007 <mask><mask> and William L. White, Alcohol Problems in Native America: The Untold Story of Resistance and Recovery, Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2006 Moore, D., and Coyhis, D. 2010 "The Multicultural Wellbriety Peer Recovery Support Program: Two Decades of Community-Based Recovery," July 2010 Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 28(3):273-292 Jan Gryczynski, Jeannette Johnson & <mask> Coyhis (2007) "The Healing Forest Metaphor Revisited: The Seen and “Unseen World” of Drug Use," Substance Use & Misuse, 42:2-3, 475-484 <mask> Coyhis, Richard Simonelli, "Rebuilding Native American Communities," Child Welfare, Vol.84, No. 2, March/April 2005 <mask><mask>, The Wellbriety Movement Comes of Age: The Fulfillment of Prophecy, Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2011 External links White Bison website Wellbriety Movement Bill White interviews <mask>, 2007 <mask>: Reflections on a Man and a Movement See also Alcohol and Native Americans The red road Native American temperance activists William L. White References 1943 births Living people Native American temperance activists Native American leaders Addiction and substance abuse organizations American health activists People from Wisconsin

Wim Hof

original

<mask> (born 20 April 1959), also known as The Iceman, is a Dutch motivational speaker and extreme athlete noted for his ability to withstand freezing temperatures. He has set Guinness World Records for swimming under ice and prolonged full-body contact with ice, and previously held the record for a barefoot half marathon on ice and snow. He attributes these feats to his Wim Hof Method (WHM), a combination of frequent cold exposure, breathing techniques, yoga and meditation. Hof has been the subject of several medical assessments and a book written by investigative journalist Scott Carney. Personal life Hof was born in Sittard, Limburg, Netherlands, one of nine children, in order of birth: Rob (1954), John (1955), Marianne (1957), <mask> and Andre (1959-identical twins), Ruud (1961), Ed (1962), Marcel (1964) and Jacqueline (1967). Hof has six children, four of them with his first wife Marivelle-Maria (also called "Olaya"), who died by suicide in 1995; a son, born in 2003 to his girlfriend; and a son born in 2017 to his last girlfriend. When he was 17 he felt a sudden urge to jump into the freezing cold water of the Beatrixpark canal.Hof has said that his sadness over the loss of his first wife was formative in leading him to develop techniques to face low-temperature environments. In 2008 he was urgently hospitalized because he sat on a public fountain in Amsterdam and ruptured his rectum, resulting in an injury that almost caused his death. Records On 16 March 2000, Hof set the Guinness World Record for farthest swim under ice, with a distance of . The swim at a lake near Pello, Finland was filmed for a Dutch television program, and a test run the previous day almost ended in disaster when his corneas started to freeze and he was swimming blind. A diver rescued him as he began to lose consciousness. A new record of was set by Stig Severinsen in 2013. On 26 January 2007, Hof set a world record for fastest half marathon barefoot on ice and snow, with a time of 2 hours, 16 minutes, and 34 seconds.This record was surpassed on 17 January 2021 by Czech Josef Šálek, who finished a half marathon in Pelhřimov with a time of 1:36:21. Hof has set the world record for longest time in direct, full-body contact with ice 16 times, including 1 hour, 42 minutes and 22 seconds on 23 January 2009; 1 hour, 44 minutes in January 2010; and 1 hour 53 minutes and 2 seconds in 2013. This was surpassed in 2014 by Songhao Jin of China, with a time of 1 hour, 53 minutes and 10 seconds; and surpassed in 2019 by Josef Köberl of Austria, with a time of 2 hours, 8 minutes and 47 seconds. In 2007, Hof climbed to an altitude of on Mount Everest wearing nothing but shorts and shoes, but aborted the attempt due to a recurring foot injury. He managed to climb from base camp to about wearing just shorts and sandals, but after that he had to wear boots. In 2016 he reached Gilmans point on Kilimanjaro with journalist Scott Carney in 28 hours, an event later documented in the book What Doesn't Kill Us. Wim Hof Method Wim Hof markets a regimen, the Wim Hof Method (WHM), created with his son Enahm Hof.It involves three "pillars": cold therapy, breathing, and meditation. It has similarities to Tibetan Tummo meditation and pranayama, both of which employ breathing techniques. Evidence and criticism A wide range of claims are made for the Method's health benefits. While a reduced inflammatory response due to hyperventilation has been documented, as well as suppression of injected endotoxins, Hof's other claims have not been scientifically proven. One 2018 study of <mask> Hof published in the journal NeuroImage used a combination of fMRI and PET/CT imaging, and found: A 2014 assessment compared <mask> Hof and his identical twin brother. The scientists had them practice Wim's breathing exercises, then exposed them to the lowest temperature that would not induce shivering. They concluded that, "No significant differences were found between the two subjects, indicating that a lifestyle with frequent exposures to extreme cold does not seem to affect BAT activity and CIT (cold-induced thermogenesis)."Both had rises of 40% of their metabolic rates over the resting rate, compared to a maximum of 30% observed in young adults. However, their brown fat percentage—while high for their age—was not enough to account for all of the increase. The rest was due to their vigorous breathing, which increased the metabolic activity in their respiratory muscles. The researchers cautions that the "results must be interpreted with caution given the low subject number and the fact that both participants practised the g-Tummo like breathing technique." A 2012 study of <mask> Hof by a group of researchers in The Netherlands and published by the journal Psychosomatic Medicine found that his "concentration/meditation during ice immersion" greatly reduced his "ex vivo proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine response": People have died while attempting the Wim Hof Method. Four practitioners drowned in 2015 and 2016, and relatives suspected the breathing exercises were to blame. In 2022, a Singaporean man drowned in a condominium pool when attempting the Method.Hof now cautions against using his breathing method when in water or driving due to the possibility of blackout. Critics of Hof say he overstates the benefits of his method. On his website he says that it has reduced symptoms of several diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, but these claims have not been scientifically demonstrated. Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, one of the scientists who studied Hof, said: "[Hof's] scientific vocabulary is galimatias. With conviction, he mixes in a non-sensical way scientific terms as irrefutable evidence." However, Van Marken Lichtenbelt goes on to say: "When practicing the Wim Hof Method with a good dose of common sense (for instance, not hyperventilating before submerging in water) and without excessive expectations: it doesn't hurt to try." Publications See also Breathwork Kundalini energy References External links UnfoldingMaps.com – Interview with <mask> Hof by podcast Unfolding Maps (2020) 1959 births Living people People from Sittard Dutch businesspeople Dutch male long-distance runners Dutch male marathon runners Breathwork practitioners Ice sports

Ruggero Leoncavallo

original

<mask> (or Ruggiero<mask> ( , , ; 23 April 18579 August 1919) was an Italian opera composer and librettist. Although he produced numerous operas and other songs throughout his career it is his opera Pagliacci (1892) that remained his lasting contribution, despite attempts to escape the shadow of his greatest success. Today he remains largely known for Pagliacci, one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the opera repertory. His other compositions include the song "Mattinata", popularized by Enrico Caruso, and the symphonic poem La Nuit de mai. Biography The son of <mask>, a police magistrate and judge, <mask> was born in Naples on 23 April 1857. As a child, he moved with his father to the town of Montalto Uffugo in Calabria, where <mask> lived during his adolescence. He later returned to Naples and was educated at the city's San Pietro a Majella Conservatory and later the University of Bologna studying literature under famed Italian poet Giosuè Carducci.In 1879, <mask>'s uncle Giuseppe, director of the press department at the Foreign Ministry in Egypt, suggested that his young nephew come to Cairo to showcase his pianistic abilities. Arriving shortly after the deposition of Khedive Ismail, <mask> eventually secured work as a piano teacher and pianist to the brother of the new Khedive Tewfik Pasha. His time in Egypt concluded abruptly in 1882 after revolts in Alexandria and Cairo led by ‘Urabi in which the composer quickly departed for France. In Paris, <mask> found lodging in Montmartre. An agent located in the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis secured Leoncavallo employment as an accompanist and instructor for artists who performed in Sunday concerts mostly at cafés. It was during this time that he met Berthe Rambaud (1869–1926) a "preferred student", who became his wife in 1895. Increasingly inspired by the French romantics, particularly Alfred de Musset, <mask> began work on a symphonic poem based on Musset's poetry entitled La nuit de mai.The work was completed in Paris in 1886 and premiered in April 1887 to critical acclaim. With this success and now with enough accumulated money <mask> and Rambaud would return to Milan to begin his career as a composer of opera. Back in Italy, <mask> spent some years teaching and attempting ineffectively to obtain the production of more than one opera, notably Chatterton. In 1890 he saw the enormous success of Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana and wasted no time in producing his own verismo work, Pagliacci. (According to <mask>, the plot of this work had a real-life origin: he claimed it derived from a murder trial, in Montalto Uffugo, over which his father had presided.) Pagliacci was performed in Milan in 1892 with immediate success; today it is the only work by <mask> in the standard operatic repertory. Its most famous aria "Vesti la giubba" ("Put on the costume" or, in the better-known older translation, "On with the motley") was recorded by Enrico Caruso and laid claim to being the world's first record to sell a million copies (although this is probably a total of Caruso's various versions of it made in 1902, 1904 and 1907).The next year his I Medici was also produced in Milan, but neither it nor Chatterton (belatedly produced in 1896)—both early works—obtained much lasting favour. Much of Chatterton, however, was recorded by the Gramophone Company (later HMV) as early as 1908, and remastered on CD almost 100 years later by Marston Records. <mask> himself conducts the performance or at very least supervises the production. It was not until <mask>'s La bohème was performed in 1897 in Venice that his talent obtained public confirmation. However, it was outshone by Puccini's opera of the same name and on the same subject, which was premiered in 1896. Two tenor arias from <mask>'s version are still occasionally performed, especially in Italy. Subsequent operas by <mask> were in the 1900s: Zazà (the opera of Geraldine Farrar's famous 1922 farewell performance at the Metropolitan Opera), and 1904's Der Roland von Berlin.In 1906 the composer brought singers and orchestral musicians from La Scala to perform concerts of his music in New York, as well as an extensive tour of the United States. The tour was, all in all, a qualified success. He had a brief success with Zingari which premiered in Italian in London in 1912, with a long run at the Hippodrome Theatre. Zingari also reached the United States but soon disappeared from the repertoire. After a series of operettas, <mask> appeared to have tried for one last serious effort with . It had always been assumed that <mask> had finished the work but had died before he could finish the orchestration, which was completed by . However, with the publication of Konrad Dryden's biography of <mask> it was revealed that <mask> may not have written the work at all (although it certainly contains themes by <mask>).A review of Dryden's study notes: "That fine Edipo re ... was not even composed by [<mask>]. His widow paid another composer to concoct a new opera using the music of Der Roland von Berlin. Dryden didn't find one reference to the opera in <mask>'s correspondence nor is there a single note by him to be found in the handwritten score." Pennacchio may either have concocted the opera or may have had to do more to <mask>'s more or less complete work to "fill in the gaps" using <mask>'s earlier music. Death and legacy <mask> died in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, on 9 August 1919. His funeral was held two days later, with hundreds in attendance, including fellow composer Pietro Mascagni and longtime rival Giacomo Puccini. He was buried in the Cimitero delle Porte Sante in Florence.70 years after his death a campaign was launched to move the composer's remains to Brissago, Switzerland, after talk of a letter written by Leoncavallo claimed to show that the composer had desired to be buried there originally, although no such letter was ever found. <mask> became an honorary citizen of Brissago and owned a lavish summer residence, Villa Myriam, in the town; in 1904 the composer had mentioned in a speech that he would not mind having a resting place in the town's Madonna di Porte cemetery, but it was never a written request in his will. Regardless the campaign to move <mask>'s remains moved ahead and was granted official approval by Piera <mask>-Grand, the last remaining descendant of the composer. The body was exhumed for transfer to Switzerland along with the remains of his wife Berthe, who died in 1926. The Museo Leoncavallo (Leoncavallo Museum) was established in 2002 in Brissago to commemorate the composer. It includes personal items and original manuscripts on display as well as statues representing characters from his other operas Zazà and Der Roland von Berlin. Little from <mask>'s other operas is heard today, but the baritone arias from Zazà were great concert and recording favourites among baritones and Zazà as a whole is sometimes revived, as is his La bohème.The tenor arias from La bohème remain recording favorites. <mask> also composed songs, most famously "Mattinata", which he wrote for the Gramophone Company (which became HMV) with Caruso's unique voice in mind. On 8 April 1904, <mask> accompanied Caruso at the piano as they recorded the song. On 8 December 1905 he recorded five of his own pieces for the reproducing piano Welte-Mignon. <mask> was the librettist for most of his own operas. Many considered him the greatest Italian librettist of his time after Boito. Among <mask>'s libretti for other composers is his contribution to the libretto for Puccini's Manon Lescaut.Operas Pagliacci – 21 May 1892, Teatro Dal Verme, Milan. I Medici – 9 November 1893, Teatro Dal Verme, Milan). (The first part of the uncompleted trilogy, Crepusculum.) Chatterton – 10 March 1896, Teatro Argentina, Rome. (Revision of a work written in 1876.) La bohème – 6 May 1897, Teatro La Fenice, Venice. Zazà – 10 November 1900, Teatro Lirico, Milan.Der Roland von Berlin – 13 December 1904, Königliches Opernhaus, Berlin. Maïa – 15 January 1910, Teatro Costanzi, Rome. Zingari – 16 September 1912, Hippodrome, London. Mimi Pinson – 1913, Teatro Massimo, Palermo. (Revision of La bohème.) Mameli – 27 April 1916, Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa. (Note that the Fondazione Leoncavallo classes this as an opera rather than an operetta.)Edipo re – 13 December 1920, Chicago Opera. (Produced after the composer's death, at very least orchestration not by <mask>, completed or perhaps composed by Giovanni Pennacchio.) Operettas La jeunesse de Figaro – 1906, United States. Malbrouck – 19 January 1910, Teatro Nazionale, Rome. La reginetta delle rose – 24 June 1912, Teatro Costanzi, Rome. Are You There? – 1 November 1913, Prince of Wales Theatre, London.La candidata – 6 February 1915, Teatro Nazionale, Rome. Prestami tua moglie – 2 September 1916, Casino delle Terme, Montecatini. (English title: Lend me your wife.) Goffredo Mameli – 27 April 1916, Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa. A chi la giarrettiera? – 16 October 1919, Teatro Adriano, Rome. (English title: Whose Garter Is This?)Produced after the composer's death. Il primo bacio – 29 April 1923 Salone di cura, Montecatini. Produced after the composer's death. La maschera nuda – 26 June 1925 Teatro Politeama, Naples. Produced after the composer's death. Other works La nuit de mai – poème symphonique for tenor and orchestra after Alfred de Musset, Paris 1886 (also performed and recorded in 1990 and – with Plácido Domingo – in 2010) Séraphitus Séraphita – Poema Sinfonico after Honoré de Balzac, Teatro alla Scala, Milan 1894 Bibliography Dryden, Konrad (2007). Leoncavallo: Life and Works, Scarecrow Press.Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), <mask> <mask> nel suo tempo. Atti del I° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1991, Milan (Sonzogno) 1993. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), Letteratura, musica e teatro al tempo di <mask> <mask>. Atti del II° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1993, Milan (Sonzogno) 1995. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds.), Nazionalismo e cosmopolitismo nell'opera tra '800 e '900. Atti del III° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1995, Milan (Sonzogno) 1998. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), Tendenze della musica teatrale italiana all'inizio del Novecento. Atti del IV° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1998, Milan (Sonzogno) 2005. Rosenthal, H. and Warrack, J. (eds.)(1979). "<mask>, <mask>", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd Edition, pp. 278–279. Oxford University Press. Sadie, Stanley and Bashford, Christina (eds.) (1992). "<mask>, <mask> [Ruggiero]", The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, pp.1148–1149. Macmillan. References External links Festival Leoncavallo Montalto Uffugo Fondazione Ruggero Leoncavallo List of modern recordings of I Medici Festival Di Francoforte, 10 September 2003 (Bruson, Giacomini, et al., Cond.Viotti) Zingari in Philadelphia, (Chicago Opera Company, 1912) Museo Leoncavallo, Brissago Fondo Leoncavallo, Locarno 1857 births 1919 deaths 19th-century classical composers 19th-century Italian male musicians 20th-century classical composers 20th-century Italian composers 20th-century Italian male musicians Italian classical composers Italian male classical composers Italian opera composers Italian Roman Catholics Italian Romantic composers Male opera composers Musicians from Naples

Wanyan Liang

original

Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name <mask> and his formal title Prince of Hailing (or Hailing Wang), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second son of <mask> (完顏宗幹), the eldest son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) (the founder of the Jin dynasty). He came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a coup d'état. During his reign, he moved the Jin capital from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province) to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), and introduced a policy of sinicisation. In 1161, after the Jin dynasty lost the Battle of Caishi against the Southern Song dynasty, Digunai's subordinates rebelled against him and assassinated him. After his death, even though he ruled as an emperor during his lifetime, he was posthumously demoted to the status of a prince – "Prince Yang of Hailing" – in 1162 by his successor, Emperor Shizong. However, in 1181, Emperor Shizong further posthumously demoted him to the status of a commoner, hence he is also known as the "Commoner of Hailing".Background Digunai was the second son of Woben (斡本; also known as <mask> Zonggan 完顏宗幹), a son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder of the Jin dynasty. His mother was, Lady Da, came from an elite family of Balhae descent. Emperor Taizu's brother and successor, Emperor Taizong, started a series of wars between the Jin and Song dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Xizong, who succeeded Emperor Taizong, <mask> Zonggan was described as the most influential man in the Jin imperial court. Digunai, who was an army marshal under Emperor Xizong, overthrew the emperor in a coup d'état in 1150 and replaced him. Having seized the throne through illegitimate means, Digunai was suspicious of other members of the Jurchen aristocracy, and, immediately upon taking the throne, started eliminating potential rivals. He ordered the massacre of the descendants of Emperor Taizong, so as to secure the position of the lineage of Emperor Taizu, to which he belonged.Reign Digunai capitalised on the Jin dynasty's "superior status" vis-à-vis the Song dynasty after its victory over the latter in 1141, and sought to make the Jin dynasty the sole Chinese empire. To legitimise himself as a sinicised ruler, in 1150 he lifted Emperor Taizong's prohibition of wearing Han Chinese dress, and adopted an array of Han Chinese practices and institutions, such as holding of sacrificial ceremonies in the northern and southern suburbs of his capital in 1149 (cf. ceremonies conducted at the Temple of Earth and Temple of Heaven in Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties), the use of the imperial carriage in 1151, a system of feudal rights in 1156, and the Song dynasty's shan-hu (山呼) style of court ceremonies in 1157. Digunai also introduced the imperial examination system in 1150 and set up the Imperial Academy in the following year. In his pursuit for greater sinicisation and the desire to acquire the Mandate of Heaven, Digunai moved his imperial court from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province to Yanjing (present-day Beijing) in 1153. In 1157, he ordered the destruction of the imperial palaces in Shangjing. In contrast to the traditions of the Tang and Song dynasties, which rarely imposed corporal punishment on the members of the society's educated elites, Digunai continued the Khitan and Jurchen tradition of floggings with gusto, sometimes enjoying personally watching his subjects – including chancellors, censors, and a princess – beaten with poles or whips.Assassination Digunai's attempts to conquer the Southern Song dynasty and unify China under the Jin dynasty's rule ended in failure when his fleet was defeated by Song forces at the battles of Tangdao and Caishi in 1161. Many of his officers defected and in some places the people rebelled against him. His subordinates conspired against him and assassinated him on 15 December 1161 in a military camp near the Yangtze River. Digunai's cousin, Wulu, who had led a rebellion against Digunai's rule, was proclaimed the new emperor. University of Washington Press, 1976, . 1122 births 1161 deaths Jin dynasty (1115–1234) emperors 12th-century Chinese monarchs Murdered Chinese emperors

Élisée Maclet

original

<mask> (12 April 1881–23 August 1962) was a French Impressionist painter, particularly known for his views of Montmartre. Biography <mask> was born the son of a gardener and a laundress at Lihons in the Santerre region in Picardy. His family was poor and he began work very young as an assistant to his father. Picardy is renowned for its roses, and <mask> used to say that he was born among cabbages and roses. His artistic talent became evident very early. His father was also the sexton of the local parish church, where Maclet became a choirboy. The parish priest, Father Delval, was also an amateur painter, and often on fine Sundays he took the boy out to sketch and paint in the countryside.The artist Puvis de Chavannes found the same scenes a source of inspiration, and on an April Sunday in 1892 happened to see some of the 12-year-old boy's work. The artist was so impressed that he asked <mask>'s father to allow his son to study with him, but the father refused. In spite of paternal opposition, a few years later <mask> gave up gardening for art and moved to Montmartre, where while painting he supported himself with a variety of casual work (varnishing iron bedsteads, decorating the floats for the gala nights at the Moulin Rouge, washed dishes or opening oysters in restaurants). For several months he served as a cook on board a ship sailing from Marseilles to Indochina. When he finally returned to Paris, he painted dolls in crinolines and exhibited them at the Salon des Humoristes. But in spite of all these occupations, he found time to paint. When <mask> arrived in Montmartre, much of the country charm of the area still existed and he put it on canvas, even before Utrillo did so.Biographers have rather tended to pass over in silence the services <mask> rendered to Utrillo. <mask> knew practically all the future great painters of his time, Utrillo among them, and it is certain that he helped him, though his own reluctance to have people write about him may account for the fact that it is known only through oblique remarks in the records of the time. <mask> painted the Lapin Agile, the Moulin de la Galette, and the Maison de Mimi Pinson several years before Utrillo painted them. He painted most often in winter in this period, skilfully suggesting snow by leaving bare white spaces in his canvas or paper. In a short time <mask> won a circle of sincere admirers. The art dealer Dosbourg bought his work, which gave him a fairly reliable source of income and enabled him to devote more time than ever to his painting. From Montmartre he launched out into the suburbs of Paris, painting them with the same affection with which he treated the scenes of Montmartre.When war broke out in 1914, <mask> served as a medical attendant in a temporary hospital run by the Little Sisters of the Poor. That allowed him to spend his periods of leave back in Montmartre, where he stayed at the Lapin Agile thanks to the hospitality of his friend Père Frédé. <mask> slept in the cabaret hall and paid for his food by washing dishes and polishing the copper pots. While on one of these periods of leave, he painted two small pictures of the Sacré-Coeur and the Moulin de la Galette which he sold to a M. Deibler, who combined his profession of official executioner with a love of the fine arts. Francis Carco, the painter and poet, was also an admirer of his work and became a patron. When the war ended in 1918, <mask> returned to Montmartre. Carco, feeling that the painter needed to widen his horizons, sent him to stay in Dieppe, and the sea coast soon featured in <mask>'s paintings.In the following year he came back to Montmartre and to his former subjects. Montmartre was now changing: new apartment buildings were going up, taking the place of the green spaces, and under a huge reconstruction the picturesqueness of the Ourcq Canal was soon to disappear, as were the laundry boats on the Seine. Maclet captured these things in his canvases. His views of Paris were now earning him increasing recognition and success. Besides Carco, he found great supporters in the famous writer Colette and the American art dealer Hugo Perlsall, who regarded him as the equal of other great painters of the period. Max Jacob wrote about him. Famous dealers of the time, such as Pierre Menant and Matho Kleimann-Boch, hung <mask>'s work beside the paintings of Van Gogh and Picasso in their galleries.In 1923 Maclet entered into a contract with a wealthy Austrian manufacturer, Baron von Frey, a condition of which was that he should leave Paris for the south of France, as the Baron sensed that Maclet would know how to handle the brilliant light and intense colors of the Midi. The Baron's judgment was vindicated only a few hours after <mask>'s arrival in Arles, when the son of an old and famous friend of Van Gogh's said to him, "Not since Van Gogh have I seen a painter use such pure color as you do." <mask> stayed in the region from 1924 to 1928. He painted in Orange, Vaison-la-Romaine, La Ciotat, Cassis, Golfe-Juan, Antibes, Cagnes, Saint-Paul-de-Vence, Villefranche, Nice, Menton, and (in Italy) San Remo, sending back to Frey glowing landscapes and glorious floral still lifes. Von Frey reserved for himself almost the total output of this period and sent most of the paintings to America, where wealthy collectors vied to buy them at high prices. Many magazines devoted articles to <mask>, and an exhibition of his work was presented in Paris in 1928. Frey also had the satisfaction of seeing paintings by Maclet purchased by important museums in Lyons, Grenoble, and Monte Carlo.At the end of 1928, <mask> went to paint in Corsica. He spent 1929 and 1930 in Brittany and then went back to his native Picardy to paint. In the middle of 1933 he suffered the onset of a serious mental illness, from which he never entirely recovered, and was institutionalised for several months. After 1935 he resumed his studies of Paris and in 1945 presented a large exhibition of his work under the title Autour du Moulin ("Around the Moulin") which elicited from André Warnod the following glowing tribute: "What a happy spectacle to see Maclet paint. He begins by covering the top of his canvas with paint, the sky, the clouds. Then he attacks the chimneys and then the roofs, and then, floor by floor, he arrives at the street level of the houses... Under his brush, all becomes miraculously organized; he places the figures where they should be, and when he has painted the last paving block at the very bottom of the canvas, then he signs it.And the painting is finished; a happy painting expressing the joy of living." In 1957 a Parisian gallery organized a retrospective exhibition of <mask>'s work, and the solid rise in the prices of his paintings dates from that retrospective exhibition. When he made sporadic visits to Paris during his years in the south of France, the painters of Montmartre and Montparnasse considered him a painter on the rise; the canvases he had produced while he was in the south of France showed that the peasant from Picardy had become a master. But the general public in France did not grasp his importance and value until 1957. Five years of life remained to the painter, years beautifully described by Marcel Guicheteau and Jean Cottel in these words: "<mask> had returned to his first loves, to his first poems; but it was with all his experience, all his wisdom that the old man now bent over the familiar motifs; his minor song had become a song full of light. In the evening of his life he could repeat himself without copying himself; explain himself without humiliating himself; remember himself without destroying himself. He had brought his work to such a degree of perfection that each painting from then on justified itself by references to earlier work and conferred, in a sense, a retroactive value on those works of a far-off past.The artist had reached the state wherein his work soundly established, across the years, its various pictorial values like echoes answering each other at intervals of ten, fifteen, twenty years, all singing the same harmony." He died in the Lariboisière Hospital in Paris on 23 April 1962 and is buried in the cemetery at Lihons next to his parents. Bibliography E. Bénézit, Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs, Vol. 7, p. 48. Paris: Librairie Grund, 1976 Martine and Bertrand Willot: Élisée <mask>, le dernier Montmartrois, Édition La Vie d'Artiste et Galerie Villain Jean Cottel and Marcel Guicheteau, 1982: Elisée Maclet, catalogue raisonné, ABC Collection Marcel Guicheteau and Jan Cottel, 1960: "Maclet" in L'Information Artistique Marcel Guicheteau and Jean Cottel: Maclet, with preface by Georges Peillex, Édition D'Arte Fratelli Pozzo Exhibition catalogue 23 March to 23 April 2007, Galerie Jean-Paul Villain André Roussard, 1999: Les peintres à Montmartre, pp. 262-390. Paris François Pedron, 2008: Elisée Maclet est présenté dans les rapins - l'age d'or de Montmartre, pp.183-185. Ed: La Belle Gabrielle Jack Russel (transl. ), 2008: Of Paupers and Painters - Studios of Montmartre Masters, pp. 183-185. Ed: La Belle Gabrielle 1881 births 1962 deaths 19th-century French painters French male painters 20th-century French painters

Choe Sejin

original

<mask>jin (, [t͡ɕʰwe̞ sʰed͡ʑin]; 1465 – February 10, 1542) was a Korean linguist, and a translator and interpreter of the Chinese language during the Joseon Dynasty. He is of the Goesan <mask> clan and his courtesy name was Gongseo (공서; 公瑞). He is widely known for his research with the Korean hangul letters, and comparative studies with Chinese and Korean, which further led to the propagation of hangul during a time period when Chinese characters were used as the main system of writing. Choe was recognized by many for his talents as an official interpreter in the Korean Embassies in Beijing and in his works in hangul research. However, he lived a tumultuous life due to this middle class status, which led him to be the target of many envious aristocrats of his era. Choe devised the modern Korean order of the hangul characters, and assigned names to the letters. His most famous book on hangul is the Hunmong Jahoe (; "Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened", 1527).Over the course of 40 years, he composed 7 original works, and published 10 translations and research works. <mask> <mask>'s Life Choe Sejin was born into a middle class family in Seoul. His father was <mask> Jungbal, who was also a translator and interpreter of the government. <mask> <mask>'s birth year is not found in any records, but given the record found in "Jungjong of Joseon Chronicles", his birth year is estimated as 1465. However, there are also other claims that he was born in 1473. When he was 21, he passed the "Translating and Interpreting Government Exam" and when he was 38, he placed second in another exam, the "Bong Se Ja Byul Shi" Exam, an exam conducted to celebrate the crowning of the Prince. Choe was known as very skilled as a translator and interpreter.However, during a time period when society was strictly stratified, his middle class status restricted his career and even led him to many difficulties and hardships. The noble class organized society in a way that they controlled and possessed a majority of the wealth and property of the country, and it was common for the nobility to be jealous over highly talented middle class government officials who might successfully become promoted, and surpass nobles in rank, although this was very rare. <mask> Sejin was a target for the nobles' jealousy, and he was sacrificed in the factional strife and tumultuous political climate at the time. For example, two months after he passed the "Bong Se Ja Byul Shi" Exam, his acceptance became nullified because of an involvement in a trial for the murder of the deposed Queen, Yoon. Even though he was not directly involved, the Minister of Culture and Education, Lee Sejwa, who conducted the exam and personally recommended Choe was involved in the trial, and as a result, all acceptances were nullified. Some were able to retain their acceptance due to familial ties, however, Choe was not one of them. Even after 3 years of waiting, he was accused of writing the anonymous letter criticizing the National Court in 1507 and was subject to a severe sentence.He was saved from this accusation after more investigation, but this highlights the kind of difficulties he faced due to his social class. Two months after the accusations proved false, he encountered a golden opportunity that allowed him to receive his government rank back. An envoy from China was visiting the King of Joseon, but there was no one appropriate and qualified to serve as the interpreter during the visit. <mask> <mask> was chosen as the interpreter reluctantly, but he successfully completed the task and was recognized for his talents. The King recognized his works, and he was able to further his career. Upon his death, a scholar named Kim An Gook dedicated a poem to Choe. The poem is called "Choi Dong Ji Se Jin Man" (崔同知世珍挽) and is widely known because of the information it holds about Choe Sejin.Because there are few records left about Choe, this poem provides one of the best sources of details about <mask>'s life through the eyes of his friend, Kim. Hunmong Jahoe (훈몽자회) and his works with hangul <mask> <mask> is mostly known for his 1527 work, Hunmong Jahoe (훈몽자회). It is a textbook for children to learn the Chinese characters, and is known to be very practical in its teachings. During the Joseon Era, literacy in Chinese was an essential skill for advancement in society. Chinese was the dominant language of literature at this time, and children were taught Chinese from an early age to prepare for the future. Although hangul, the Korean orthography, existed by this time, it was not widely used in the country. Choe wanted to promote the usage of hangul through his work Hunmong Jahoe.As a textbook for children to learn Chinese, Hunmong Jahoe incorporated hangul in the textbook to promote both the learning of Chinese characters, as well as hangul. The Chinese characters were annotated in hangul, and in order for one to understand and learn the Chinese characters, one must have a full grasp of hangul first to comprehend the annotations. Choe wanted people to use hangul more extensively, and he thought that this would encourage people to take some time to fully learn hangul, before starting to learn Chinese. He wrote that "it would take [only a single day] to learn Hangul", commenting on the simplicity of hangul, and afterwards, one would be able to learn Chinese on their own without an instructor if one knew hangul and utilized his textbook. This book was known at the time for being revolutionary for its practicality and creativity. The two widely-used works for learning Chinese characters during his time were called "Thousand Character Classic" and "Yoo Hap". The "Thousand Character Classic" was considered very tedious and contained words that were conceptual and not suitable for daily use, while the other text "Yoo Hap" was thought to be not suitable for daily instruction.Hunmong Jahoe attempted to supplement these weaknesses, while combining their strengths in the breadth of content. The "Thousand Character Classic" contained 1,000 characters, while Hunmong Jahoe contained 3,360 characters. It also ordered the Chinese characters with relation to its meanings: Chinese characters with similar meanings were grouped together to ease the process of learning. As one of the phoneticians in the history of the Joseon Dynasty, he compiled the order of the Korean letters in Hunmong Jahoe. The first eight characters in the order that is presented in this work are characterized as sounds that are "used for both the initial and the final sounds". The next eight set of characters are described as "those used only for the initial sounds". These eight characters that occur initially are ordered as the following: "Molar [kh], the Tongue [th], the Lip [ph], the Tooth [c ch], the Half Tooth [z], and the Throat [0]".Only the order of these eight characters have been retained until the present and the order of the other characters as proposed by Choe have been altered. The reason for the change of the order of the other characters are unidentifiable. Choe also ordered the vowels in Hangul. He ordered them according to sequence in which we open our mouth to articulate these vowels. His ordering of the vowels is the order that is currently used in present day Korea. Hunmong Jahoe has been republished 10 times over the time period of 400 years. It was the most reproduced Chinese textbook of the Joseon Era, and it was also widely used in Japan.Career and legacy Despite Choe's social class and the difficulties he faced during his lifetime, the records we have of him indicate his significance and influence on Korean hangul, the education of Chinese characters, and the field of linguistics. Scholars that belong to the middle class rarely get recognized for their works, and no historical records are ever kept of middle-class citizens. The available records of Choe are very scarce, however, the sole presence of even a minuscule historical record indicates that he was an influential figure in the history of the Korean language. When his reputation was restored after he served as a translator to the king during a visit by the Chinese envoy , Choe successfully built his career as a translator, interpreter and linguist. His linguistic talent is even recorded in the Jungjong of Joseon Chronicles, which is a chronological record of King Jungjong's historical reigns from 1506 to 1544. Yoo Soon, a prime minister of the Joseon Dynasty, wrote that Choe was "the best in the nation when it comes to Chinese writing and pronunciation" and that he was worried that there was no one to succeed him to translate and respond to documents sent from China. Thus, Yoo Soon wrote a petition to the King, asking him to pick approximately six talented individuals to be instructed by <mask> Sejin, in order to make sure that <mask>'s legacy was maintained.The King also wrote about his worries that Choe might be the only person capable of handling proper relations with China. In addition to his skills as a translator and interpreter, his works also contain his legacy. He published a lot in the field of linguistics, especially in the realm of Chinese linguistics directed towards a Korean audience. He translated numerous works such as "Bak Tongsa", Interpreter Park, which was a Chinese textbook, and elaborated on its research through his own work "Sasung Tonghae", Explaining the Four Sounds. Commentary on <mask> <mask> and his works There are very scarce resources available to shed light onto <mask> <mask>'s life. One work that reveals a lot about Choe's character and his influence during his time is a poem written as a eulogy by one of his friends, Kim Ankook. The poem was written in 1542 after Choe's death, and is titled "Choe Dong Ji Se Jin Man" (최동지세진만, 崔同知世珍挽).This is a poem that reflects Kim Ankook's sorrow upon his friend <mask>'s death. This is a poem that is one of the most known among Korean linguistics, because there is a lot of information about Choe packed into a single poem. According to Kim, it can be known that Choe went through a lot of hardships during the 40 years he served as a government official, and eventually lived a long life, "having seen the death of many of his loved ones". Another line of the poem, "who will I discuss and debate with when composing diplomat documents? ", indicates that he was an important figure in international diplomacy, especially with respect to translation and interpretation. Lastly, Kim notes that his accomplishments will last far into the future, since his works are considered as "a great service to the future". This highlights Choe's influence in the field of Korean linguistics.Other Notable Works In addition to Hunmong Jahoe, Choe also composed 17 research publications over the course of 40 years in total. A few of his most notable works are: Sasung Tonghae (사성통해) (1517) marks the intonations, and the correct pronunciations of Chinese characters in hangul. It also includes records of 450 Korean words in hangul, and is an important source for the research on the history of the Korean language. Sohak Pyunmong (소학편몽) (1537) is a textbook for Chinese language learners, dedicated to the King. Unhoe Okpyun (운회옥편) (1537) is a supplementary material published to add on to the works in Sasung Tonghae. Yeohyo Kyung (여효경) (1541) was one of his last works, written when he was 76. Kyungsung Ji (경성지) (1541), a work about the Nanjing city in China, was one of his last works before he died at the age of 77.See also History of Korea Joseon Dynasty References 1473 births 1542 deaths 16th-century Korean writers Linguists from Korea Choe clan of Goesan

Andrew Leung

original

<mask>wan-yuen (; born 24 February 1951) is a Hong Kong politician who is the current President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Legco), representing the Industrial (First) functional constituency. From October 2012 to October 2016, he was the chairman of Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), the second largest party in the legislature. Early life and education <mask> was born on 24 February 1951 to a family who run a textile factory, the Sun Hing knitting company. He was educated in the University of Leeds and joined his father's family business. In 1970, he set up the Sun Hing Knitting Factory in Kwai Chung and became the chairman of the company. Public service career <mask> joined the Hong Kong Woollen & Synthetic Knitting Manufacturers' Association, the chamber of commerce of the manufacturing companies, in which he later became the honorary president in 1997. He has been the chairman and Honorary Chairman of the Textile Council of Hong Kong and the member, Deputy chairman and Chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries.He stepped down in 2004 after he was elected to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and became the Honorary chairman. He has been the committee member of both Textile and Clothing Industry Training Board in the 1980s, and became a member of Vocational Training Council (VTC) board of directors in 1998, he was then appointed as the chairman of VTC from 2006 to 2012. He has also held many positions including Chairman of the Hong Kong Productivity Council (2003–2009), council member of the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2010–2016), a member of the Economic Development Commission (2013–2017), the Deputy Chairman of the Business Facilitation Advisory Committee (2012–2016), a non-executive director of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority (2009–2015) and a Director of The Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation Limited. He was awarded Justice of the Peace in 1996 and Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to the textile industry in 1997. Legislative Councillor In the 2004 Legislative Council election, he replaced Kenneth Ting Woo-shou to be elected uncontestedly to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong through the Industrial (First) functional constituency which was elected by the Federation of Hong Kong Industries, representing the Liberal Party. <mask> split apart from the Liberal Party in October 2008 with Jeffrey Lam Kin-fung and Sophie Leung Lau Yau-fun after the defeat of the party in the 2008 Legislative Council election in September and the resignation of chairman James Tien Pei-chun. In June 2009, the three legislators formed the Economic Synergy which later co-founded the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA) in 2012 which <mask> became the founding Chairman of the new party.<mask> was also the committee member of 11th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He received the Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) and the Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS) in 2004 and 2010 respectively. On the debate over the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform for the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, <mask> opposed to the Occupy Central with Love and Peace campaign by the pan-democracy camp, appealed to the "silent majority" to oppose "Occupy protest". <mask> said the campaign would threaten the rule of law and social stability, while hurting Hong Kong's business environment. President of the Legislative Council After the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Election, <mask> was handpicked by the pro-Beijing camp to be their candidate for the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong left over by the retiring Jasper Tsang, after potential candidates New People's Party's Michael Tien and nonpartisan Paul Tse withdrew their nominations, implicitly citing the influence of the Liaison Office. <mask> was questioned by the opposition over his British nationality which he renounced right before the vote and his close business ties with 11 companies in which he held shares and was the directors of seven of them. On the first meeting of the Legislative Council, <mask> was elected as president in the middle of chaos as the pan-democrats and localists tore up their ballot papers and stormed out of the meeting room before the vote.As a result, <mask> received 38 votes against pro-democrat nominee James To's zero with three blank ballots. On 27 October, <mask> was slammed and asked to step down after he took a U-turn by deciding to delay the oath-taking of Sixtus <mask> and Yau Wai-ching of Youngspiration whose qualifications were under legal challenge by the government for their pro-independence on general meeting on 27 October 2016. <mask> and Yau inserted their own words into the oath-taking on the first session of the Legislative Council and therefore were invalidated by the LegCo secretary-general Kenneth Chen. <mask> initially allowed the two to retake the oaths but backed down after the pro-Beijing camp threatened to stage a second walkout after they walked out in the on 19 October to block the two Youngspiration legislators to take the oaths. The pan-democracy camp criticised Leung for "unfit to perform his role". In November 2020, following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers from the Legislative Council, <mask> said that he "respects and understands" their disqualification. In February 2021, after Xia Baolong said that only "patriots" could be part of the Hong Kong government, Leung agreed and said it was the "most basic and reasonable" requirement for those in the government.Additionally, <mask> claimed that "I am sure that all the Hong Kong people will have a say... As long as you are patriotic, you can have any views." In January 2022, the mainland Chinese national emblem was permanently added to the Legislative Council chamber, after <mask>, Starry Lee Wai-king and Ma Fung-kwok decided that it should be made permanent. <mask> had earlier said it would be only temporary for the swearing in of lawmakers, but reversed course. Personal life His wife, Susana Cheong Suk-hing, is the sister of former member of the Legislative Council Stephen Cheong. See also Federation of Hong Kong Industries Industrial (First) References External links Members' Biographies of <mask> Kwan-yuen on legislative council site 1951 births Living people Hong Kong businesspeople Hong Kong industrialists Hong Kong racehorse owners and breeders Liberal Party (Hong Kong) politicians Members of the Order of the British Empire Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star Economic Synergy politicians Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong politicians Members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 1998–2000 Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2000–2005 Leaders of political parties Alumni of the University of Leeds HK LegCo Members 2004–2008 HK LegCo Members 2008–2012 HK LegCo Members 2012–2016 HK LegCo Members 2016–2020 HK LegCo Members 2020–2024

Dave Alvin

original

<mask> (born November 11, 1955) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, music producer and poet. He is a former and founding member of the roots rock band the Blasters. <mask> has recorded and performed as a solo artist since the late 1980s and has been involved in various side projects and collaborations. He has had brief stints as a member of the bands X and the Knitters. Early life <mask> grew up in Downey, California. He and his older brother, <mask>, as teenagers attended rockabilly and country music venues. <mask> attended Long Beach State University.Career With the Blasters In 1979, <mask> and his brother Phil formed the roots-rock band The Blasters with fellow Downey residents Bill Bateman and John Bazz. <mask> served as the group's lead guitarist and chief songwriter. The Rough Guide to Rock noted the ever-increasing numbers of originals that <mask> wrote for the Blasters, along with his maturation into a great songwriter. Other artists have covered <mask>'s songs. For example, "Marie Marie" became a British-German top 20 hit in 1980 for Shakin' Stevens and received a zydeco treatment in 1987 from Buckwheat Zydeco. Dwight Yoakam recorded "Long White Cadillac" in 1989. <mask> was in the original lineup until 1986.His departure reflected internal tension in the band, but ultimately he wanted to sing his own songs while his brother <mask> was the established lead vocalist for the group. <mask> has rejoined the Blasters for some reunion tours and live albums with the original lineup. He has also occasionally performed with the band under other circumstances as well. With X and the Knitters <mask> served a brief stint as the lead guitarist of the Los Angeles–based alternative rock band X. He left X in 1987 to work on a solo project after the group recorded their album See How We Are. <mask> was also a member of the country-folk band The Knitters, an offshoot of X. He appeared on their 1985 album Poor Little Critter on the Road and their 2005 follow-up, The Modern Sounds of the Knitters.With the Flesh Eaters In the early 1980s, <mask>, along with fellow Blasters members Bill Bateman and Steve Berlin, performed on A Minute to Pray, A Second to Die by the Los Angeles punk band the Flesh Eaters. This lineup, which also included John Doe and D.J. Bonebrake, assembled once again in 2006, performing three shows in California and one in England to mark the album’s 25th anniversary. They reunited briefly in 2015 for a five-show tour and again for an eight-show run in 2018. They issued a new album, I Used to Be Pretty, in 2019. <mask>'s first solo album, Romeo's Escape (entitled Every Night About This Time in England), was released in 1987. It was well received by critics but did not sell well.Because of the album's low sales, <mask>'s recording contract with Columbia Records was terminated. He then toured with Mojo Nixon and Country Dick Montana, billed as the Pleasure Barons; an album recorded live on their 1993 tour was released. <mask>'s second solo album, Blue Blvd, was released by Hightone Records in 1991. It received positive reviews and had moderate sales. His album Museum of Heart was released in 1993. He recorded King of California, an album of acoustic music, in 1994. In 2000, he recorded the album Public Domain: Songs From the Wild Land, a collection of traditional folk and blues classics, which earned him a Grammy award for Best Contemporary Folk Album.In 2011, <mask> recorded the album Eleven Eleven, released by Yep Roc Records. The album marked his return to rock roots. Rolling Stone magazine, in a review of the album, called <mask> "an underrecognized guitar hero". Further recordings with <mask> In 2014, <mask> and <mask>, as a duo, released the album Common Ground, consisting of their versions of songs by Big Bill Broonzy. It was the first studio collaboration of the brothers since the mid-1980s. In 2015 they released Lost Time, a collection of covers including four songs by Big Joe Turner. In live performance, <mask> assumed the role of emcee and storyteller.The brothers also worked Blasters tunes into the set list. With Jimmie Dale <mask> and Texas singer-songwriter Jimmie Dale Gilmore teamed on the 2018 album Downey to Lubbock (the title is a reference to where each man grew up). As seen in his live performances with brother Phil, <mask>'s stories between songs were a notable part of the stage shows with Gilmore and their supporting musicians. Producer and collaborator <mask> has produced records for Chris Gaffney, Tom Russell, the Derailers, Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys and Red Meat. He collaborated with the rockabilly musician Sonny Burgess. He has worked as a studio session musician accompanying Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Little Milton, Katy Moffatt, and Syd Straw. <mask> has lent his guitar playing to other artists' albums over the years.For example, he played with the Gun Club and appeared on two songs from their 1984 album, The Las Vegas Story Film <mask> appeared in the movies Border Radio and Floundering and on the FX television series Justified in 2011. He also appeared in Streets of Fire, with the Blasters, in 1984. Poetry <mask> has published two books of poetry: Any Rough Times Are Now Behind You and Nana, Big Joe & the Fourth of July. His poetry has appeared in Caffeine, the A.K.A. Review, Rattler, Asymptote and Enclitic and in the anthologies Nude Erections, Hit and Run Poets and Poetry Loves Poetry—An Anthology of Los Angeles Poets. The Blasters discography (recordings with <mask> as member) American Music (1980) The Blasters (1981) Over There (1982) Non Fiction (1983) Hard Line (1985) The Blasters Collection (1990) Testament: The Complete Slash Recordings (2002) The Blasters Live: Going Home (2004) The Blasters videography Streets of Fire (1984) The Blasters Live: Going Home (2004) X discography See How We Are (1986) The Knitters discography Poor Little Critter on the Road (1985) The Modern Sounds of the Knitters (2005) <mask> discography Other contributions Lead guitar on "Believe" and "Amazing Disgrace" on Dollar Store's Dollar Store (Bloodshot Records BS-098) (2004) Eklektikos Live (2005) – "Blackjack David" Highway 61 Revisited Revisited, UNCUT (2005) – "Highway 61 Revisited" The Lone Ranger: Wanted (2013) – "Lonesome Whistle" Produced and arranged Chris Gaffney's 1995 album "Loser's Paradise" released on Hightone Records. Writings Nana, Big Joe & the Fourth of July (Iliteratim 1986) Any Rough Times Are Now Behind You (Incommunicado Press, 1996) References Further reading Stambler, Irwin & Lyndon.(2001) Folk & Blues: The Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 4–7. External links Official web site <mask> profile at Music Match <mask> at NPR Music <mask> collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive <mask>’s Instagram: 1955 births Living people 20th-century American poets American blues singers American country rock singers American country singer-songwriters American folk singers American rockabilly musicians American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers California State University, Long Beach alumni Grammy Award winners Musicians from Downey, California The Blasters members The Knitters members Singer-songwriters from California X (American band) members Guitarists from California 20th-century American guitarists The Flesh Eaters members Country musicians from California 20th-century American male musicians Rhino Records artists Yep Roc Records artists

Mohammad Omar Daudzai

original

<mask> ( - born October 12, 1957) is a politician in Afghanistan, most recently having served as President Ashraf Ghani’s Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and as Head of the High Peace Council (HPC) Secretariat for a few months, until he was appointed as President Ghani’s Campaign Manager for the 2019 Presidential elections. After a career with international non-governmental organizations including the United Nations Development Program in Geneva, <mask> started work as two term Chief of Staff of Afghan President Hamid Karzai from 2003 to 2005 and then from 2007 to around 2010. From 2005 until 2007, President Karzai appointed him as Afghan Ambassador in Iran. He then served as the Afghan Ambassador to Pakistan, tasked with advancing efforts to reach a political solution to the war in Afghanistan. In September 2013, <mask> was asked to serve as Afghan Minister of Interior in Kabul and ensure security for the challenging 2014 presidential elections. <mask> also continues to work in Afghanistan's politics through supporting youth groups, and mobilizing politically influential people and organizations in support of strengthening the country's democratic order. Early life and education <mask> was born on 12 October 1957 in the Qarabagh District of the Kabul Province in Afghanistan.He grew up and completed his primary education in his home district of Qarabagh. In order to continue his higher education, <mask> moved to the capital city Kabul. 80s and 90s: Anti-Soviet Jihad and Association with Hezbi Islami During the 1980s <mask> became active in the resistance against the Soviet-occupation and joined the Mujahideen group of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: Hezbi Islami. While still influential with the former cadre of Hebi Islami who are active in Afghanistan's politics, <mask> has ended his official ties with the party reportedly after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 and remains politically independent. 1996-2003: UN Employee During the Taliban era <mask> decided to settle in Peshawar, Pakistan, and began working for the organization Save the Children. While working there through a scholarship program, he was able to go to the Victoria University in the United Kingdom for his Masters in Science. After completing his Masters he came back to work for the Swedish Committee in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.In 1996 he moved to Islamabad, Pakistan, where he started working for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). In 2001 he moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he assumed the role of "Area Development Specialist" in UNDP Geneva. 2003-2005: Afghan Chief of Staff In November 2003 <mask> was approached by the Afghan Transitional Administration to assume the office of the Chief of Staff of the President and took the position. At that time, the key challenge was establishing the Afghan state amidst an environment full of traditional power holders and illegal militias. Commenting on how only few militias have disarmed, he said: "Any force not part of the Afghan National Army is a challenge, but this is reality, so we ought to deal with it diplomatically and peacefully. I hope we will succeed." <mask> served as Hamid Karzai's Chief of Staff until 2005 when he moved to Tehran as the Afghan Ambassador to Iran.2007-2011: Return as Chief of Staff In 2007, he replaced Jawed Ludin and resumed the position of the Chief of Staff for Afghan President Hamid Karzai. Peace Talks and the Taliban Imposer Episode In the summer of 2010, outside <mask>'s influence, Karzai sat down with a man believed to be former Taliban Cabinet minister Akhtar Muhammad Mansour to discuss peace between the Taliban and the Afghan Government. According to <mask>, it later turned out the man wasn't Mansour at all, but an imposter who was just a shopkeeper in Quetta. <mask> blamed the British for this debacle, because he said that they brought the man in front of Karzai. "International partners should not get excited so quickly with those kinds of things," <mask> said, adding that the incident shows that the Afghan peace talks should be "Afghan-led and fully Afghanized." According to Wikileaks Cables <mask> also believed that the Norwegians might have been fooled into meeting self-proclaimed members of the Taliban who may in fact not have been Taliban members at all. <mask> claimed that he had never heard anything about contact between the Taliban and Norwegian authorities.The Atlantic profiled him as: "A soft-spoken former aid worker, <mask> served as the president’s liaison to the many warlords and strongmen he had to keep in check—both to ensure stability and to secure his reelection in 2009. While <mask> was once associated with the conservative Hizb-e-Islami party, the 56-year-old...is more pragmatic in his worldview. When Karzai made an ultimately unsuccessful push for reconciliation with the Taliban in 2011, he dispatched <mask> as his ambassador to Pakistan. To express his displeasure with the Americans, who tried to oust him during his 2009 reelection campaign, Karzai replaced <mask> as chief of staff with Abdul Karim Khurram, a conservative former culture minister with an anti-American reputation." Cash Aid from Iran to Hamid Karzai's Office In 2010, there were rumors that then President Hamid Karzai's office was receiving bags filled, with cash from Iranian officials. Karzai acknowledged and accepted the fact that the Government of Iran has been providing millions of dollars directly to his office. Karzai told reporters he had instructed <mask> to accept the money from Tehran."It is official and by my order," Karzai said. Iranians also stated that the report was indeed true. Two weeks after the controversy about the Iranian money <mask> came out to the Afghan Media for an open interview. In the interview <mask> showed piles of files that proved that every cent of the money coming from Iran were spent on government expenses only and that he had record for all the money that came from Iran. He also claimed that Iranian money had been coming to Afghanistan since 2002 but the issue was brought out only now in order to pressure the Karzai government for political reasons and that since 2002 also the US, the UK and Japan had provided the presidential office with cash assistance. According to Newsweek, nearly every encounter between Afghan and Iranian officials ends up with the Iranians proffering a sack of cash. According to wikileaks cables <mask> told deputy US ambassador Francis Ricciardone already in February 2010 that certain Afghan officials were on Tehran's payroll, including some people nominated for cabinet positions.<mask> claimed that some of these officials had been relieved of their duties because 'you can't be an honest Afghan if you receive a package from Iran.' <mask> had told Ricciardone, and he said that his government preferred the US' sustained cash support to the 'occasional and unpredictable' payments from Iran. 2013-2014: Minister of Interior In 2014, <mask> served as Minister of Interior during the challenging presidential elections, and he managed to successfully deliver on the difficult task of maintaining security during the elections. Dec 2018: Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and Head of HPC In December 2018, <mask> was appointed as President Ashraf Ghani’s Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and as Head of the High Peace Council (HPC) Secretariat for a few months, until he took on the role of President Ghani’s Campaign Manager for the 2019 Presidential elections. References Government ministers of Afghanistan Living people Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Iran Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Pakistan 1957 births Pashtun people

James Carne

original

Colonel <mask> (11 April 1906 – 19 April 1986) was a British Army officer in the Second World War and the Korean War. He was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, for actions during the Battle of the Imjin River during which Carne led The Glorious Glosters in a famous stand against an overwhelming Chinese attack on Gloster Hill. Early life <mask> was born in Falmouth, Cornwall on 11 April 1906 the son of <mask> and <mask> (née Power). His father was a brewer and wine merchant. A career officer, he attended the Imperial Service College in Windsor and later passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Gloucestershire Regiment on 3 September 1925. He was promoted to lieutenant on 3 September 1927 and to captain on 1 October 1935. Seeing service in the Second World War, he was promoted to major on 3 September 1942.He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 7 February 1949. Korean War <mask> was 45 years old and a lieutenant colonel commanding the 1st Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment in November 1950 when the regiment was attached to the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade and deployed to Korea following the outbreak of the Korean War. <mask> led his battalion as they provided the rearguard to retreating United Nations forces following their defeat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River. He also led the Glosters in a successful a counter-offensive launched by UN forces on 16 February south of the River Han. Battle of the Imjin River and Victoria Cross In early April, <mask> and his battalion were spread over a 9-mile (14 km) front along the Imjin River guarding a ford which was part of the main route to the city of Seoul. During the night of 22 April, Chinese forces launched their Spring Offensive which was intended to annihilate the British 29th Brigade as well as the US 3rd Infantry Division, thus enabling the capture of Seoul and delivering a crushing blow to UN forces in Korea. In what became known as the Battle of the Imjin River, <mask>'s Glosters and the rest of the British brigade were met by an onslaught of over 27,000 Chinese troops attacking in massed waves.<mask>'s leadership was instrumental in allowing the Gloster's to hold their ground during the attack during which the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC: By the morning of 24 April, <mask> and the surviving Glosters gathered on Hill 235 where he received orders from 3rd Division commander General Soule that the Glosters were to hold their ground and await reinforcements. These reinforcements, however, were forced to retreat just 2,000 yards (1,800 m) short of the Glosters' position, leaving the Glosters alone in trying to hold Hill 235 against an entire Chinese division. Both sides fought fiercely throughout the night for control over the hill and by the morning of 25 April, the Glosters still held the hill but had very little ammunition, no hope of relief and no artillery support. <mask> requested permission to attempt a breakout and ordered his men to split into small groups and make as best they could back to the British lines. Only 63 of his men would succeed in doing this with the rest of the battalion, including Carne, being either killed, captured or wounded. Despite the battalion's effective annihilation, the Gloster's stand earned them worldwide fame as The Glorious Glosters and had enabled the rest of the British and American forces to retreat before they too were overwhelmed. Prisoner of war <mask> fell into Chinese captivity after his 700-man battalion's astonishing resistance against an estimated 11,000 attackers was finally overcome.As the senior British officer among hundreds of prisoners kept in appalling conditions in camps in communist-held Korea, he was singled out for special treatment. While the other ranks were "re-educated" by the communist commissars at their camps, <mask> was kept in solitary confinement. According to documents held at the National Archives in Kew and not made public until 2006, when <mask> was released in September 1953 he told Sir Esler Dening, the British ambassador in Tokyo, "an extraordinary story" of brainwashing. "He says that between January 1952 and August this year he was kept in solitary confinement by Chinese communists and subjected to a softening-up process including the use of drugs, [the] result of which was, as he put it, to make his brain like a sponge, capable of receiving any kind of information put into it", Sir Esler told the Foreign Office in a "top secret" category telegram. The note, which was sent straight to Sir Winston Churchill, in his second term as Prime Minister, went on: "In March of this year, (i.e. about the time when the communists displayed a new interest in concluding an armistice) various thoughts were put in to his mind, and he remains convinced that he was meant to retain these and pass them on to Her Majesty's Government." The thoughts comprised a peace deal not just to end the war in Korea, but to reach a settlement covering the whole Pacific region.Sir Esler opined: "The whole thing might be pure fantasy except for the fact that Colonel <mask> could hardly have invented it and does not strike one as that sort of person." The Foreign Office was sceptical about the plot, but suggested that perhaps its aim was to split Britain from its American ally. Popular culture In 1954 it was announced that Warwick Productions wanted to make a film The Glorious Glosters starring Alan Ladd as Carne based on a script by Max Trell. However the film was never made. <mask> was honoured by South Korea in 2015 when his image was featured on a South Korean stamp issued to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the start of the Korean War. Later life <mask> settled in Gloucestershire in retirement and died in 1986. He was cremated at the Bouncer's Lane Cemetery, Cheltenham, and buried at Cranham.Honours and awards 13 July 1951 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask> (33647), The Gloucestershire Regiment (missing) is awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallant and distinguished services in Korea. 27 October 1953 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, DSO, (33647), The Gloucestershire Regiment, is awarded the Victoria Cross in recognition of gallant and distinguished service in Korea. His Victoria Cross is held by the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England. 30 October 1953 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, VC, DSO (33647). The Gloucestershire Regiment is given permission to wear the Distinguished Unit Citation conferred by the President of the United States for gallant and distinguished services during operations by the United Nations in Korea. 28 August 1956 Lt-<mask> was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Territorial Army). References External links Location of grave and VC medal (Gloucestershire) Lieutenant Colonel <mask> (detailed account of the Battle of the Imjin River) <mask>ne 1906 births 1986 deaths British Army personnel of the Korean War British Army personnel of World War II British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross British prisoners of war in the Korean War Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Gloucestershire Regiment officers People from Falmouth, Cornwall Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst British torture victims Military personnel from Cornwall

Jon Grepstad

original

<mask> (born 2 July 1944) is a Norwegian freelance journalist, photographer, peace activist and former head of information of the Norwegian Language Council. Career <mask> was born in Skien, Norway. He studied languages and literature at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, at the University of Tours, France, and at the University of Bergen, Norway. He also read philosophy. He graduated from the University of Bergen in 1974 and later pursued his studies of English at the University of Oslo. For a few years he was a high school teacher, in 1972–73 chairperson and general secretary of the Norwegian chapter of War Resisters' International (WRI), and in 1974–77 a research assistant at the Norwegian Council of Educational Research. From October 1979 until 1986 he worked for the Norwegian campaign against nuclear weapons, «Nei til atomvåpen», of which he was a co-founder.In 1986 he became information officer of the Norwegian Council for Teacher Education under the Ministry of Education; and in 1994–2007 he was head of information of the Norwegian Language Council, a council under the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. He retired in September 2008. Photography Since the late 1980s <mask> has worked extensively on photography. His main interest in photography is landscapes and pinhole photography. He has written a book in English on building large format cameras, based on his own experience as a camera builder. His lengthy and thorough online article, «Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas», first published in 1996, updated regularly, is a staple source on the subject of lensless photography and has been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Polish. The article is used in photography courses in several colleges in the US and is a major resource for pinhole photographers participating in the Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day, which takes place on the last Sunday of April every year.Promoting the Nynorsk variety of Norwegian In later years <mask> has been involved in activities aiming to reinforce the position of the Nynorsk variety of Norwegian, one of two official varieties of Norwegian, used by 10–15 percent of the Norwegian population. His main projects have been to promote computer software for this variety of Norwegian, to supervise government offices with regard to the Norwegian Language Usage Act, which requires that these offices to a certain extent use both varieties of Norwegian, and to digitize for web publication early texts in Nynorsk. In 2002 he was awarded a prize by the Norwegian Language Association («Noregs Mållag») for his work related to the Norwegian Language Usage Act. Involvement in the peace movement <mask> is a conscientious objector and did his alternative service in 1969–70. In the 1970s he was heavily involved in the pacifist peace movement in Norway. He was also an executive member of War Resisters' International (WRI). His main projects at this time were to transform the alternative service into a peace service, and promoting the idea of non-military defense and non-violent strategies for social change.His basically Gandhian nonviolent position was influenced by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss and peace researcher Johan Galtung. In 1978 he organized an international research conference on non-military defense in Oslo. In 1974–79 he was a member of a public commission appointed by the Norwegian government to evaluate and propose changes in the legislation on conscription and conscientious objection in Norway («Vernepliktsutvalget»). In 1978 <mask> was one of the leaders of the Norwegian campaign against the neutron bomb; and in 1979 one of the initiators of the Norwegian campaign against deployment of new nuclear missiles in Europe («Nei til atomvåpen»). He later was information officer and international secretary of the campaign, which became one of the largest popular movements in post-war history in Norway. He was also one of the first Norwegian signatories of the European Nuclear Disarmament appeal for a nuclear-free Europe and had close contacts to this movement. Interest in languages <mask> studied English and French, Latin and Italian at universities in the United States, Norway and France.As a student of English he also read Old English. In his teens he learned Esperanto, and in high school, German, in addition to English and French. In the 1980s he studied basic Russian and Greek. His interest in languages is deeply rooted, as is his interest in the relationship between language and cognition. Family and personal life <mask> is the son of teacher <mask> (1903–1990) and his wife Ragna Veitebergsbakke (1909–2000). His grandparents were farmers in Jølster, Norway. Publications <mask> has published several books in Norwegian and English, has contributed to Norwegian encyclopedias and reference works and has written articles for newspapers and for Norwegian and foreign language magazines.Selected publications in English, Norwegian and French Books: Hydra. Seksti augnekast og nokre ord. Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-1-4 Ferdinand Alois Grobs biletalbum – og våre handlingars utkantvegar. Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-3-8 Mirabilia Urbis Romae. Stort og smått i Roma.Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-2-1 Gente di Roma. Vandringar under Romas himmel. Oslo 2019. Italiareiser. Oslo 2018. Roma Stenopeica.Vandringar med camera obscura i Roma. Oslo 2018. Roma Stenopeica. Pinhole Wanderings in Rome. Oslo 2017. Iceland. Black and White Photographs.Oslo 2016. Oslo Revisited. Fourteen Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2016. Föhr, Svolvær, Hydra. Fifteen Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2015.Pinhole Images 1992–2014. Oslo 2014. Camera Obscura. Ten Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2013. Building a Large Format Camera. Oslo 1996, (second edition 2000).Krig i vår tid? Forsvar og fredspolitikk i 1980-åra. Oslo 1979 Transarmament Strategies and Civilian Defence for Small Nations. Oslo 1978 (Conference report, co-editor Berit G. Holm) Bruk av språklaboratorium i vidaregåande skular. Oslo 1975 Mardøla : dokumentasjon og perspektiv. Oslo 1971 Selected articles: Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas (online article, first published 1996) «Nynorsk programvare – nokre milesteinar» (online article, 2000, oppdated 2009) «Opplæringlova og elektroniske læremiddel – førearbeid, lov og forskrift, rundskriv» (online article, 2000, oppdated 2008) «Språkleg jamstilling på datamaskinen». Språknytt, 3, 2000 «Språkteknologi på norsk».Mål og makt, 1, 1999 «Kryssarrakettane i nord og norsk politikk». Samtiden, 1, 1986 «Stjernekrig som myte og røyndom». Syn og Segn, 4, 1985 «Ikkje-militære forsvarsformer». Ikkevold, 3, 1984 «Fredsbevegelsen». PaxLeksikon, bd. 7, Oslo 1983 «Eurorakettane : utplassering i Europa og fredsbevegelsens oppgaver». Kontrast, 5–6, 1983 «The Peace Movement in the Nordic Countries».END Papers 4, Nottingham 1982 «Norway and the Struggle for Nuclear Disarmament». A paper prepared for the '81 World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs, Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 3–9 August 1981 <mask>: «Norway's Fight against New Nuclear Weapons». European Nuclear Disarmament: A Bulletin of Work in Progress (Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation), No. 2, 1980 «Sivilmotstand». PaxLeksikon, bd. 5, Oslo 1980 <mask>, Robert Polet, Jean-François Lecocq: Transarmement. Les Monographies de la Défence Civile XI.Liège 1979 «Disarmament, Transarmament and Non-Military Defence». Supplement to WRI Newsletter No 144, May–June 1978 «Verneplikt og militærnekting i nytt lys». Kirke og Kultur, 8, 1977 (co-author Sigmund Jarle Jacobsen) References Wesleyan University alumni People from Skien

Richard Winters

original

<mask> (January 21, 1918January 2, 2011) was an officer of the United States Army and a decorated war veteran. He is best known for having commanded Easy Company of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, part of the 101st Airborne Division, during World War II. He was eventually promoted to major and put in command of the 2nd Battalion. As a first lieutenant, <mask> parachuted into Normandy in the early hours of D-Day, June 6, 1944, and later fought across France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and eventually Germany. After the German surrender in May 1945, he left the 506th and was stationed in France, where senior officers were needed to oversee the return home. In 1951, during the Korean War, <mask> was recalled to the Army from the inactive list and briefly served as a regimental planning and training officer on staff at Fort Dix, New Jersey. After volunteering and completing training to become a Ranger, <mask> was issued orders for deployment and was preparing to depart for Korea, but instead left the Army under a provision that allowed officers who had served in World War II but had been inactive since to resign their commission.<mask> was discharged from the Army and returned to civilian life, working first in New Jersey and later in Pennsylvania, where he set up his own company selling chocolate byproducts from The Hershey Company to producers of animal feed. He was a regular guest lecturer at the United States Military Academy at West Point until his retirement in 1997. <mask> has been featured within numerous books and was portrayed by English actor Damian Lewis in the 2001 HBO mini-series Band of Brothers. Early life and education <mask> was born in New Holland, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and <mask> on January 21, 1918. The family soon moved to nearby Ephrata, and then to Lancaster when he was eight years old. He graduated from Lancaster Boys High School in 1937 and attended Franklin and Marshall College. At Franklin and Marshall, <mask> was a member of the Upsilon chapter of Delta Sigma Phi fraternity and participated in intramural football and basketball.He had to give up wrestling, his favorite sport, and most of his social activities for his studies and the part-time jobs that paid his way through college. He graduated in 1941 with a B.S. in Economics. He obtained the highest academic standing in the business college. Military service World War II On August 25, 1941, <mask> enlisted in the Army. He would write in his memoirs that he "had no desire to get into the war" but joined to fulfill a one-year requirement of service and to avoid being drafted later. In September, he underwent basic training at Camp Croft, South Carolina.He remained at Camp Croft to help train draftees and other volunteers, while the rest of his battalion was deployed to Panama. In April 1942, four months after the United States entered World War II, he was selected to attend Officer Candidate School (OCS) at Fort Benning, Georgia. There he became friends with Lewis Nixon, with whom he would serve throughout the war. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry after graduating from OCS on July 2, 1942. During his officer training, <mask> decided to join the parachute infantry, part of the U.S. Army's new airborne forces. Upon completing training, he returned to Camp Croft to train another class of draftees as there were no positions available in the paratroopers at that time. After five weeks, he received orders to join the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (506th PIR) at Camp Toccoa (formerly Camp Toombs) in Georgia.The 506th was commanded by Colonel Robert Sink. <mask> arrived at Toccoa in mid-August 1942 and was assigned to Company E, 2nd Battalion, 506th PIR, which later became better known as "Easy Company" in accordance with the contemporaneous Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. Serving under First Lieutenant Herbert Sobel, <mask> was made platoon leader of 2nd Platoon, earning a promotion to first lieutenant in October 1942 and made acting company executive officer, although this was not made official until May 1943. The 506th PIR was an experimental unit, the first regiment to undertake airborne training as a formed unit. The training at Toccoa was very tough. Of the 500 officers who had volunteered, only 148 completed the course; of 5,000 enlisted volunteers, only 1,800 were ultimately selected for duty as paratroopers. On June 10, 1943, after more tactical training at Camp Mackall, North Carolina, the 506th PIR was attached to Major General William Lee's 101st "Screaming Eagles" Airborne Division.Later in the year, they embarked on the Samaria, and arrived in Liverpool on 15 September 1943. They proceeded to Aldbourne, Wiltshire, where they began intense training for the Allied invasion of Europe planned for spring 1944. In November and December 1943, while Easy Company was at Aldbourne, the tension that had been brewing between <mask> and Sobel came to a head. For some time, <mask> had privately held concerns over Sobel's ability to lead the company in combat. Many of the enlisted men in the company had come to respect <mask> for his competence and had also developed their own concerns about Sobel's leadership. <mask> later said that he never wanted to compete with Sobel for command of Easy Company; still, Sobel attempted to bring <mask> up on trumped-up charges for "failure to carry out a lawful order". Feeling that his punishment was unjust, <mask> requested that the charge be reviewed by court-martial.After <mask>' punishment was set aside by the battalion commander, Major Robert L. Strayer, Sobel brought <mask> up on another charge the following day. During the investigation, <mask> was transferred to the Headquarters Company and appointed as the battalion mess officer. In the wake of this incident, several of the company's non-commissioned officers (NCOs) delivered an ultimatum to the regimental commander, Colonel Sink, threatening to surrender their stripes unless Sobel was replaced. <mask> tried unsuccessfully to talk them out of taking this step. Sink was not impressed by the threat, and several of the NCOs were subsequently demoted and/or transferred out of the company. Nevertheless, he realized that something had to be done and decided to transfer Sobel out of Easy Company, giving him command of a new parachute training school at Chilton Foliat. <mask>' court-martial was set aside and he returned to Easy Company as leader of 1st Platoon.<mask> later said he felt that despite his differences with Sobel, at least part of Easy Company's success had been due to Sobel's strenuous training and high expectations. In February 1944, First Lieutenant Thomas Meehan was given command of Easy Company. Meehan remained in command of the company until the invasion of Normandy, when at about 1:15 a.m. on June 6, 1944, D-Day, the C-47 Skytrain transporting the company Headquarters Section was shot down by German anti-aircraft fire, killing everyone on board. <mask> jumped that night and landed safely near Sainte-Mère-Église. Losing his weapon during the drop, he nevertheless oriented himself, assembled several paratroopers, including members of the 82nd Airborne Division, and proceeded toward the unit's assigned objective near Sainte-Marie-du-Mont. With Meehan's fate unknown, <mask> became the de facto commanding officer (CO) of Easy Company, which he remained for the duration of the Normandy campaign. Later that day, <mask> led an attack that destroyed a battery of German 105mm howitzers, which were firing onto the causeways that served as the principal exits from Utah Beach.The Americans estimated that the guns were defended by about a platoon of 50 German troops, while <mask> had 13 men. This action south of the village of Le Grand-Chemin, called the Brécourt Manor Assault, has been taught at the military academy at West Point as an example of a textbook assault on a fixed position by a numerically inferior force. In addition to destroying the battery, <mask> also obtained a map that showed German gun emplacements near Utah Beach. On July 1, 1944, <mask> was told that he had been promoted to captain. The next day, he was presented with the Distinguished Service Cross by General Omar Bradley, then the commander of the U.S. First Army. Shortly after, the 506th Parachute Infantry was withdrawn from France and returned to Aldbourne, England, for reorganization. In September 1944, the 506th PIR parachuted into the Netherlands, near the village of Son, north of Eindhoven, as part of Operation Market Garden, a combined airborne and armored operation.On 5 October 1944, a German force attacked the 2nd Battalion's flank and threatened to break through the American lines. At the same time, four men in an Easy Company patrol were wounded. Returning to the headquarters, they reported that they had encountered a large group of Germans at a crossroads about to the east of the company command post. Realizing the seriousness of the situation, <mask> took one squad from 1st Platoon, and moved off toward the crossroads, where they observed a German machine gun firing to the south, toward the battalion headquarters, from a long distance. After surveying the position, <mask> led the squad in an assault on the gun crew. Soon after taking the position, the squad took fire from a German position opposite them. Estimating that this position was held by at least a platoon, <mask> called for reinforcements from the rest of the 1st Platoon and led them in a successful assault.Later it was discovered there had been at least 300 Germans. On October 9, <mask> became the battalion executive officer (XO), following the death of the battalion's former XO, Major Oliver Horton. Although this position was normally held by a major, <mask> filled it as a captain. The 101st Airborne Division was withdrawn to France soon afterward. On December 16, 1944, German forces launched a counter-offensive against the Western Allies in Belgium, commencing the Battle of the Bulge. The 101st Airborne Division was trucked to the Bastogne area two days later. Still serving as XO of the 2nd Battalion, <mask> helped defend the line northeast of Bastogne near the town of Foy.The entire 101st Airborne and elements of the 10th Armored Division battled about 15 German divisions, supported by heavy artillery and armor, for nearly a week before General George Patton's U.S. Third Army broke through the German lines surrounding Bastogne, reopening ground supply lines. After being relieved by Patton, the 2nd Battalion attacked Foy on January 9, 1945. On March 8, 1945, the 2nd Battalion was moved to Haguenau in Alsace, after which <mask> was promoted to major. Shortly afterwards, Robert Strayer, now a lieutenant colonel, was elevated to the regimental staff and <mask> took over as acting commander of the 2nd Battalion. In April, the battalion carried out defensive duties along the Rhine before deploying to Bavaria later in the month. In early May, the 101st Airborne Division received orders to capture Berchtesgaden. The 2nd Battalion set out from the town of Thale through streams of surrendering German soldiers and reached the alpine retreat at noon on 5 May 1945.Three days later, the war in Europe ended. After the end of hostilities, <mask> remained in Europe as the process of occupation and demobilization began. Even though he had enough points to return to the United States, he was told that he was needed in Germany. Later, he was offered a regular (non-reserve) commission, but declined it. He finally embarked from Marseille aboard the Wooster Victory on 4 November 1945. He was separated from the Army on November 29, 1945, although he was not officially discharged until January 22, 1946, and he remained on terminal leave until then. <mask> was recommended for the Medal of Honor for his leadership at Brécourt Manor, but instead received the U.S. Army's second-highest award for combat valor, the Distinguished Service Cross.After the release of the Band of Brothers television miniseries, Representative Tim Holden (D-PA) introduced a bill asking the President to grant the Medal, but the bill died in the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Military Personnel in 2007. Korean War After leaving the Army, <mask> worked for his close wartime friend Captain Lewis Nixon at Nixon's family business, Nixon Nitration Works of Edison, New Jersey, rising to become general manager in 1950. On May 16, 1948, <mask> married Ethel Estoppey and continued to pursue his education through the GI Bill, attending a number of business and personnel management courses at Rutgers University. In June 1951, <mask> was recalled to active duty in the Army during the Korean War. He was ordered to join the 11th Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, but he was given six months to report and in this time he traveled to Washington, D.C., to speak to General Anthony McAuliffe, in the hope that he could convince the Army not to send him to Korea. He explained to McAuliffe that he had seen enough of war and apparently McAuliffe understood his position, but explained that he was needed because of his command experience. <mask> then reported to Fort Dix, New Jersey, where he was assigned as a regimental planning and training officer.While at Fort Dix, <mask> became disillusioned with his job, finding that he had little enthusiasm for training officers who lacked discipline and did not attend their scheduled classes. As a result, he volunteered to attend Ranger School, where he passed and became a Ranger. He then received orders to deploy to Korea and traveled to Seattle, where, during pre-deployment administration, he was offered the option of resigning his commission, which he accepted. Later life <mask> was discharged from the Army and became a production supervisor at a plastics adhesive business, Nixon Nitration Works in New Brunswick, New Jersey. In 1951, he and his wife bought a small farm where later they built a home and raised two children. In 1972, <mask> went into business for himself, starting his own company and selling animal feed products to farmers throughout Pennsylvania. Soon afterward, he moved his family to Hershey, Pennsylvania.He retired in 1997. During the 1990s, <mask> was featured in a number of books and television series about his experiences and those of the men in Easy Company. In 1992, Stephen Ambrose wrote the book Band of Brothers: Easy Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest, which was subsequently turned into an HBO mini-series Band of Brothers, with Damian Lewis portraying <mask>. When the miniseries won Primetime Emmy awards, <mask> attended the ceremony to accept on behalf of Easy Company while other surviving members of the company watched from the St. Regis Hotel in Los Angeles. <mask> was also the subject of the 2005 book Biggest Brother: The Life of Major <mask>, The Man Who Led the Band of Brothers, written by Larry Alexander. His own memoir, Beyond Band of Brothers: The War Memoirs of Major <mask>, co-written by military historian and retired U.S. Army Colonel Cole C. Kingseed, was published in early 2006. He also gave a number of lectures on leadership to cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point.On May 16, 2009, Franklin and Marshall College conferred an honorary doctorate in humane letters upon <mask>. Despite the many accolades he had received, <mask> remained humble about his service. During the interview segment of the miniseries Band of Brothers, <mask> quoted a passage from a letter he received from Sergeant Myron "Mike" Ranney: "I cherish the memories of a question my grandson asked me the other day when he said, 'Grandpa, were you a hero in the war?' Grandpa said 'No...but I served in a company of heroes'." Death <mask> died on January 2, 2011, at an assisted living facility in Campbelltown, Pennsylvania, 19 days before his 93rd birthday. He had suffered from Parkinson's disease for several years. <mask> was buried in a private funeral service, which was held on 8 January 2011.He was buried in the Bergstrasse Evangelical Lutheran Church cemetery in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, next to his parents in the <mask>' family plot. His grave is marked "<mask><mask>, World War II 101st Airborne". His wife Ethel died in 2012, at age 89. Memorials On June 6, 2012, the 68th anniversary of the D-Day landings, a 12-foot bronze statue of <mask> by sculptor Stephen C. Spears was unveiled near the village of Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, France . <mask> agreed for the statue to bear his resemblance on the condition that the monument would be dedicated to all junior officers who served and died during the Normandy landings. A cast of the sculpture was placed in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, in a plaza on the Ephrata-to-Warwick linear trail park near Railroad Avenue and East Fulton Street, where <mask> lived with his family from ages two to eight. That statue was dedicated on May 25, 2015.Some of <mask>' World War II uniforms and memorabilia are on display at three museums: December 44 Museum – Battle of the Bulge – La Gleize, Belgium Gettysburg Museum of History - Gettysburg Pennsylvania Medals and decorations Five Overseas Service Bars for serving 2½ years overseas in Europe. In 2001, <mask>, as a representative on behalf of the U.S. Army, was one of five World War II veterans to be awarded the Freedom Medal & Freedom from Fear Medal from the Roosevelt Institute. References External links Beyond Band of Brothers : The war memoirs of Major <mask> <mask>' military records, courtesy of the national Archives 1918 births 2011 deaths United States Army personnel of World War II American Lutherans Band of Brothers characters Franklin & Marshall College alumni Operation Overlord people People from New Holland, Pennsylvania People from Lancaster, Pennsylvania People from Hershey, Pennsylvania Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) United States Army officers Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) 20th-century Lutherans Military personnel from Pennsylvania

Giulia Frasi

original

<mask> (also Frassi) was born c. 1730 and died in 1772 or after May 1774. She was an Italian soprano who was primarily active in London. She sang in every one of Handel's English oratorios (with the exception of Semele), including various world premières for which the composer wrote roles specifically for her. Early life and career Italy There is very little biographical information about <mask>. She was born in or around Milan before 1730. She had a younger brother named Giovanni who, like her, settled in England and died there in 1795 at 65, after having worked extensively as a tailor-embroiderer for the Prince of Wales. In her native Italy <mask> studied singing with Milanese composer Giuseppe Ferdinando Brivio.She also performed there for a few years during the early 1740s making her operatic debut at Lodi (1740) and then singing in Alessandria (1740), Bergamo (1741), and Modena (1742). London She moved to London in autumn 1742 – perhaps following Giuseppe Ferdinando Brivio – with her friend and fellow singer the contralto Caterina Galli. In England she joined Lord Middlesex's Italian opera company. Lord Middlesex was director of Italian opera at the Haymarket Theatre whose purpose was to challenge Handel's solid hold on London opera goers. She studied under the English educator, musician and historian Charles Burney. Her English career began shortly after her arrival, first performing in comprimario roles at the King's Theatre. Her profile rising gradually within the company, she soon appears in secondary roles, including breeches roles (for example: Taxiles (1743) and Cleon (1747–8), both in Rossane, and the giant Briareus in the première of Gluck's La caduta de' giganti in 1746).Her actual London début took place on 2 November 1742 at the King's Theatre as Mahobeth in the pasticcio Gianguir with music by Giovanni Battista Lampugnani, Johann Adolph Hasse and Giuseppe Ferdinando Brivio. The latter's music will also be used in two other pasticcios produced at the King's Theatre during the 1740s: Mandane, premièred on 12 December 1742 (and later, L'incostanza delusa, premièred on 9 February 1745). This was followed straight away by a period of intense artistic activity on the London stage, still at the King's Theater, singing works by Giovanni Battista Lampugnani, Johann Adolph Hasse, Nicola Porpora, Baldassare Galuppi. However, just a couple of years after her arrival in the British capital, shortly after the première of the pasticcio L'incostanza delusa, all theatres in London were closed because of the political turmoil caused by the Stuart rising. When the political situation improved theatrical activities recommenced with a première of Christoph Willibald Gluck's opera La caduta de' giganti (The Fall of the Giants) on 17 January 1746. La caduta de' giganti, a command from Lord Middlesex, with a libretto by Vanneschi, glorified the hero of the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland. <mask>, who had created the role of the giant Briareo for Gluck, was back on stage and continued her intense musical activity: first with a role in Gluck's second London opera (Artamene) and then with works by Matteo Capranica, Antonio Caldara, Francesco Maria Veracini, Domènec Terradellas, Pietro Domenico Paradisi and others.In addition, her association with the annual charity concerts in aid of the Fund for Decay'd - known today as the Royal Society of Musicians - started as early as 1743. The earliest documented occasion (a fundraiser event) on which she performed English-language airs, including some by Handel, in public was as early as March 1746. Her charity fundraising also included benefactors such as the Foundling Hospital, where Handel held regular benefit concerts and annual performances of Messiah that continued until Handel's death and beyond, the Jermyn Lying-in Hospital, in aid of which she sang in a performance of Arne's revised version of Alfred organised at the King's Theatre on 12 May 1753, and many others. Noticed by Handel A few years after her London début she is noticed by Handel, who, appreciating her singing, her determination to sing articulately in English and, above all, her musical expressiveness, hires her for his 1749 season. That same year she becomes his principal soprano and sings the title role in Susanna (her first Handel oratorio). Handel takes her under his wing and she quickly becomes one of his favourites. "The subtle artistry and emotional depth of Handel's [powerful] writing for Frasi" is a testament to how expressive her singing must have been and to how much Handel must have estimated this particular talent of hers.For example, in Theodora (premièred in 1750 with <mask> being once again the principal soprano in a title role written specifically for her by Handel), Act II, Scene 2 opens with "a plaintive symphony for flutes and strings establish[ing] the lonely despair of the character, and [then] her dread for the violation of her chastity is sublimely expressed in 'With Darkness deep as is my Woe' – in the extraordinary key of F sharp minor; [...with] pathos-generating rolling strings and almost unbearable uses of silence between phrases. After an interlude of 'soft Musick' the desperate woman prays effusively for divine deliverance in 'O that I on Wings cou'd rise'." 1749, a busy year Some of <mask> <mask>'s engagements during the year 1749: Twice weekly: noon concerts at Ranelagh with the tenor John Beard. revival of Handel's Messiah. revival of Handel's Hercules. 10 February: production of Handel's Susanna (including première and creation of the role of Susanna). 17 March: production of Handel's Solomon (including première and creation of the principal soprano roles).6 April: puts on her own benefit concert at the New Theatre. 10 April: concert for the benefit of the five-year-old singer Cassandra Frederick, with whom <mask> may later have starred in the première of Handel's The Triumph of Time and Truth (1757) and the revivals of Handel's oratorios Belshazzar (1758), Jephtha (1758), Messiah (1758), Judas Maccabaeus (1759), and Thomas Arne's The Masque of Alfred (1759). 13 April: benefit concert for her friend and colleague Caterina Galli. 24 April: Mr Tozzi's concert at Hickford's Room. Private life Addresses in London From 1745 to 1752 <mask> lived in Great Pulteney street, not far from Golden Square. Great Pulteney Street had just been laid out during the area's redevelopment in the early eighteenth century (Many of the houses built at this time still survive today). The street was never fashionable though, nor was it identified with any trade or craft.Yet there was a large brewery and there were famous musical instrument makers as well: notably Kirkman's, which had been established there in 1739 and remained until 1750, and, from 1742 to 1774, the harpsichord-maker Burkat Shudi, founder of the firm now known as Broadwood & Sons. Composer Michael Festing also lived there between 1747 and 1752. Then she moved to Gerrard Street, which is now part of London's Chinatown. She lived there at Charles Churchill's (Horace Walpole's future brother-in-law) for many years with her daughter (born in 1743). At the time, the City of Westminster had its Penny Post offices at number 39. In 1740, No. 44 had become an apothecary's shop and was occupied until 1765 by the apothecary to George III's household.Many artists lived in Gerrard Street, for instance: the painter Chevalier Andrea Casali, or the architect John Crunden. The tavern at number 9 was the first home of The Club, founded in 1764 by Joshua Reynolds and Dr. Samuel Johnson. Wages She was paid 6 guineas, very high wages at the time, for the charity revivals of Handel's Solomon at the Foundling Hospital in 1754, 1758 and 1759. She was the highest paid singer at Handel's Foundling Hospital performances of Messiah. Voice <mask> <mask> was endowed with a beautiful and robust soprano voice whose expressive qualities were greatly valued by Handel, much more than her technical ones. Indeed, allegedly, <mask> had a very limited interest in studying and practicing; Burney tells us an anecdote showing the composer's sarcasm about Giulia's motivation regarding training: "When Frasi told him, that she should study hard; and was going to learn Thorough-Base, in order to accompany herself: Handel, who well knew how little this pleasing singer was addicted to application and diligence, says, 'Oh – vaat may we not expect!' " Nonetheless she did study under Handel - along with Caterina Galli - and benefited greatly from his tuition.In his General History of Music (1789), Charles Burney remembers her at the beginning of her career as "[being...] young, and interesting in person, with a sweet and clear voice, and a smooth and chaste style of singing, which, though, cold and unimpassioned, pleased natural ears, and escaped the censure of critics." She had excellent reviews, especially in Salisbury, and was highly appreciated by the British public, whose preference yet was the nightingale singing of castrati rather than a voice whose abilities had nothing exceptional however delicate it was.Although it is to be noted that she did reprise some castrati roles in revivals (for example in Artaxerxes) and that arias written specifically for her do occasionally include fiery - if short - coloraturas. "Gracious Heav'n, O hear me!" composed by Arne for Frasi and added to The Masque of Alfred is a "lively da capo aria di bravura." "Là per l'ombrosa sponda! ", found in Vincenzo Ciampi's Trionfo di Camilla is another example of virtuoso aria written for Frasi. Both arias are strongly influenced by the Neapolitan school, whose composers Frasi had sung earlier in her career.Burney also recorded that a virtuoso aria by Pergolesi "was sung at concerts by Frasi for ten years, at least." However, inspired by her rare and particular talent in musical expressiveness, Handel composed for her music of overwhelming sensitivity and beauty. "Time and time again [you] feel [yourself] drawn to the empathetic temperament and lyrical ease of the vocal writing, embodied in the music Handel wrote for her." Her roles contain vivid scenes of emotional and spiritual drama; they depict suffering and distress along with courage, dignity, and selflessness, a whole palette of subtle and complex human emotions. The wonderful series of oratorio parts Handel composed for her, including the two Queens in Solomon, the title roles in Susanna and Theodora, and Iphis in Jephtha, are an indication of his regard for her expressive powers, though they are not technically arduous; their extreme compass is B3 to A5. Following in Handel's steps, Smith's Paradise Lost required Frasi to express innocence, culpability, pious sorrow and penitence when Eve faces the consequences of her new and inevitable mortality. The aria "It comes" is a showcase of Smith's and <mask>'s abilities in conveying such emotions.Rebecca is another example of Smith showcasing <mask>'s talent at expressing human feelings in music. On a different note, Burney highlights that "having come to this country at an early period of her life, she pronounced our language in singing in a more articulate and intelligible manner than the natives". Repertoire Note that the table below is not exhaustive.

Giulia Frasi

original

Note also that the works/events listed in bold are documented; the ones not in bold are plausible suppositions. Second part and end of career Handel's last prima donna As of 1749 Giulia sings in all of the Covent Garden concerts that Handel gave for the rest of his life and she remained Handel's Prima Donna in all his later seasons, creating and interpreting parts he often wrote specifically for her. Her greatest successes were Handel's oratorios. From 1750 Messiah had annual performances at the Foundling Hospital until Handel's death and beyond.Based on Frasi's professional relationship with Handel and her involvement in charity, she is likely to have taken part in most of them. Indeed, David Vickers states that "Frasi participated in all of Handel's annual performances of Messiah, in the chapel of the Foundling Hospital (from 1750)." Many of Handel's oratorios had numerous revivals with her, including in provencial cities: Oxford in 1754, 1756, 1759, Salisbury in 1758, 1761, 1765, Ranelagh in 1751, 1752, and for nine consecutive years at the Three Choir festival (1756- 64). For instance: On Saturday 22 June 1754 the Oxford Journal published the following advertising: On Wednesday the 3rd, Thursday the 4th and Friday the 5th of July, being the three Days following the Commemoration of Founders and Benefactors to the University, L'Allegro, il Penseroso, &c. Judas Macchabæus, and Messiah will be performed in the Theatre. The principal Vocal Parts by SIGNORA FRASI, Mr. BEARD, Mr. WASS, and others; and the Instrumental Parts by many of the most excellent Performers of every Kind from LONDON. Further particulars will be specified in the Bills of each Days Performance.On Saturday 30 June 1759 the Oxford Journal published the following advertising: On Tuesday the 3rd of July (the Day of the Installation) will be performed, in the Theatre, the Oratorio of SAMSON; on Wednesday the 4th (the Day appointed for commemorating our Founders and Benefactors), the Oratorio of ESTHER; and on the 5th MESSIAH, or the SACRED ORATORIO; together with select pieces between the Acts (as will be specified in the Bill of each Days Performance) by a numerous and excellent Band from London, Bath and other Places. The principal Vocal Parts by Signora <mask>, Miss Brent, Mess. BEARD, CHAMPNES, WASS and HUDSON from London and Master NORRIS from Salisbury. TICKETS are to be had at Mr. Cross's Music Shop and at the Coffee Houses; Price FIVE SHILLINGS. Throughout the 1750s, "<mask>'s concert repertoire stretched from Purcell to Terradellas." She was considered a paramount principal soprano in English oratorios or other works of the sort by Handel and by other composers. <mask> was at nine consecutive meetings of the Three Choirs Festival: she sang for William Boyce at Hereford in 1756, then she performed for Arne, and so on.She gave regular concerts in Oxford too. She also continued to be part of the Covent Garden oratorio concerts given by Handel and, later, by John Christopher Smith and John Stanley. (The latter two would produce their own oratorios (or other works suitable for the occasion) whilst also putting together revivals of Handel's.) In fact, after Handel's death in 1759, <mask> continued as Prima Donna under his successors until about 1768. In total <mask> also participated in at least fourteen opera seasons at the King's Theatre between 1742 and 1761. In addition to which, during the 1754-1756 seasons, <mask> regularly covered for Regina Mingotti. (Mingotti's fits of temper, antagonisms with the director of the opera company of the King's Theatre and ailings often made her "indisposed".<mask> covered for her many a time, more often than not ending up taking over Mingotti's role for the rest of the performances as Regina Mingotti "[would] not yet [have] recovered of her indisposition". Michael Burden quotes the following newspaper clip: Signora Mingotti having acquainted Sig Vanneschi Yesterday Afternoon that she continues very much indisposed, and is not able to sing To morrow night, by which Reason the Opera called Ezio cannot be performed; instead thereof Sig. Vanneschi begs Leave to perform the Opera of Andromaca, in which Signora <mask> will do the part of Signora Mingotti; and Signora Peralta is to do the part of Signora <mask>. During the 1760s, <mask> continued to play a prominent part in the musical life of London. She seems to have transitioned smoothly to the new music style of the generation of composers younger than her; composers like Philip Hayes, who announce the advent of the Classical Era. She was part of the London Stage for about 31 years in total. Aside from interpreting Handel's and other composers' music on stage, <mask> also continued to sing regularly in charity concerts; she also took part regularly in the annual Musicians Fund (and other) benefits, and sang at the Castle and Swan concerts, at Ranelagh and elsewhere.Progressive retirement From 1764 onwards her public appearances became less frequent. In 1767 she appeared at London's Covent Garden in Esther and at Haberdashers' Hall in Messiah. She made her last appearances in 1769 in Handel's Judas Maccabaeus at the King's Theatre, and as Arbaces in Artaxerxes by Thomas Arne. The latter is her last known appearance on the stage in an opera. Finally, in 1770 - after having been "confined for some Time by a bad State of Health" - she appeared again at the Little Theatre for a charity concert to her own benefit singing Judas Maccabaeus. But the organisation of the concert was plagued with difficulties which eventually lead her to give a "full-scale oratorio [...] at the unsociable hour of noon." Three years later she appeared in a few concerts, making a new "come-back" about which The Morning Post and Daily Advertiser wrote sarcastically: "Signora Frazi, who may be said, with respect to the musical world, to have been long since dead and buried, is expected to rise again in Lent[.]"Vickers adds that "the soprano's comeback comprised a few scattered concerts at inauspicious venues". A significant musical figure <mask> <mask> was not only able to quickly win over the London Opera Stage, but she had Handel's assent as well. She also gained the affection and became a favourite of the English public. The thirty-one-year career that <mask> enjoyed in London was much broader and varied than being Handel's last prima donna. She also sang composers as varied as Gluck, the Venetian heritage style of Galuppi, the Neapolitans like Porpora, Pergolesi, Lampugnani, Hasse, Cocchi, and English composers, among which Boyce, Smith, Hayes and Arne. Operas and oratorios on the London stage were a rather important part of her career but so was her music making in other occasions. She did have a non-negligeable place in London's community of musicians and participated in the cultural richness and musical diversity of London and Britain during the mid-Georgian era.Ruby Hughes says of the roles written by Handel for <mask> <mask> that they "seem to engender a depth of female characterisation which may well have subverted the norm at a time". She adds that "Encountering Frasi through the music that was written for her, and contemplating her career as a musician, has been a tremendous source of inspiration" [...and that she is] "struck by the significance of [<mask>'s] considerable achievements." Undoubtedly, <mask> <mask> was one of the significant musical figures of London from the 1740s to the 1760s. Death <mask>'s infamous profligacy inevitably caused problems when her vocal powers ran out. Her accumulated debts due to her expensive and extravagant lifestyle reduced her to poverty, so much so that, in her latest years, after her last documented concert at Hickford's Room on 16 May 1774, she found herself forced to flee to Calais where she died destitute. Discography There are countless commercial recordings of Handel's works, including the ones sung by <mask> <mask>. Handel's Last Prima Donna: <mask> <mask> In London.Ruby Hughes (soprano); Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Laurence Cummings. (Chaconne Hybrid SACD, Chandos CHSA0403, 2018). This CD is a tribute to <mask> <mask> and includes 4 world première recordings of works by Ciampi, Hayes and Smith. There is a historical and musicological essay by David Vickers in the CD booklet. Mozart in London. Helen Sherman (soprano); The Mozartists, Ian Page. (Signum Classics, B07BF2482X, 2018).This CD offers a musical landscape of the London of the 1760s. The tracklist encompasses works by J. C. Bach, Abel, Pescetti, Perez, Rush and Bates, many of which are world première recordings. It also includes two arias from Artaxerxes by Thomas Arne and both are arias <mask> <mask> would have sung in the 1763 revival: Act I, Scene 2: "Amid a thousand racking Woes" and Act I, Scene 13: "O too lovely, too unkind." Notes References Vickers, David: Handel's last prima donna: <mask> <mask> in London. CHSA0403, Chaconne Super Audio CD. Colchester, England: Finn S. Gundersen & Chandos Early Music, 2008. Dean, Winton: "Frasi [Frassi], <mask>".(2001), OxfordMusicOnline. Campi, Paola, in "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", 1998. Enciclopedia Treccani. E. Ferrettini, C. W. Gluck, Torino 1914, p. 31 P.H. Lang, Händel, Milano 1985, pp. 511 s., 536, 555, 560, 585 A. Loewenberg, Annals of opera, I, 1597-1940, Genêve 1955, col. 228 P.H. Highfill - K.A.Buenim - E.A. Langhans, A biographical Dict. of actors, actress, musicians... in London, 1660–1800, V, Carbondale, IL, 1978, pp. 398 s. W. Dean, "G. F.", in The New Grove Dict. of music and musicians, London 1980, VI, p. 808 Diz. enc. univ.della musica e dei musicisti, App., pp. 292 s. BHO - British History Online New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2ª Ed. (2001) Bucciarelli, Melania (2006). Italian opera in Central Europe (La ópera italiana en Centroeuropa) (in English). Berlín: Berliner Wissenschafts / Verlag. Burden, Michael (2013). Regina Mingotti: Diva and Impresario at the King's Theatre, London.London: Royal Musical Association Monographs, Ashgate. Pascual, Josep (2004). Ed. Robinbook, ed. Guía Universal de la Música Clásica.. 8496222098. p. 445. . Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2010. (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial y la última versión). AA., VV.(1999). Ópera. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft. The New Grove Dict. of Opera, II, pp. 289 s. Metastasio, Pietro (1751). Demetrio.Ed. Lorenzo Francisco Mojados. Madrid. Howell, Caro (2014). "How Handel's Messiah helped London's orphans – and vice versa". Guardian News & Media Limited. Shaw (1965).A Textual and Historical Companion to Handel's Messiah. Burney, Charles (1935) [1789]. F. Mercer (ed.). A General History of Music from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period. Oxford Publishing Company. Morin, Alexander J. (1998)."CD Review - George Frideric Handel, Alceste - Incidental Music HWV 45". ClassicalNet Croll, Gerhard. "Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer". Encyclopædia Britannica. The Oxford Journal (1754 and 1759), British Newspaper Archive http://www.quellusignolo.fr/ Italian operatic sopranos Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown 18th-century Italian women opera singers Singers from Milan 1730s births 1770s deaths Italian expatriates in

Mina Shum

original

<mask> (born 1966) is an independent Canadian filmmaker. She is a writer and director of award-winning feature films, numerous shorts and has created site specific installations and theatre. Her features, Double Happiness and Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity both premiered in the US at the Sundance Film Festival and Double Happiness won the Wolfgang Staudte Prize for Best First Feature at the Berlin Film Festival and the Audience Award at Torino. She was director resident at the Canadian Film Centre in Toronto. She was also a member of an alternative rock band called Playdoh Republic. Early life <mask> was born in Hong Kong in 1966 and came to Vancouver with her family at the age of one. Her family, who had originally left Maoist China, settled in Vancouver as part of the first wave of Chinese immigration.In her early school years, Shum was interested in acting and theatre, and decided to pursue these interests despite her parents' disapproval. Shum attended the University of British Columbia from 1983 to 1989, and received a B.A. in theatre as well as a Diploma in Film Production. At the age of 19, Shum decided that she wanted to be a filmmaker after watching a film by Peter Weir titled, Gallipoli. From Gallipoli she discovered that "one, you could make a film that wasn't American-centric as well as find an audience and two, you could marry beautiful visuals with a very intimate story." After receiving her degree, she was briefly part of the director's program at the Canadian Film Centre, in Toronto. Shum is also close friends with fellow filmmaker, Ann Marie Fleming, whom she met in 1989 while they were both students.Career Although she is often pigeonholed as a "Chinese-Canadian woman film director," Shum prefers to be known as an "independent filmmaker", rather than one of national identity. She views this label as one way to get audiences to view her film without prejudice. When discussing her association with feminism and multiculturalism Shum says, "Because I'm a living breathing human being in Vancouver, which is a very multicultural city, and I'm a woman, I tend to get tagged as someone who might write about "issues." But that's not where it starts for me, it starts on a very human level. I use narrative to reveal things that people don't see." Shum describes herself as being an enthusiastic consumer of ideas, movies, art, theatre, music, dance, fiction, and non-fiction. When discussing her inspirations she says, "I read interviews with people I've never heard of.And I listen to both friends and strangers speak. I live entirely, throw myself into situations, get my heart broken, soar with infatuations. And somehow all that gets funneled through my guiding intention, which is to reflect and reveal how we can be happier. How to live more authentically, how to make the most out of this one life." Short films Shum's first short film, Picture Perfect, is a 1989 release about a man obsessed with pornography and the effects of media on his personal life. The film is based on Shum's ex-boyfriend being a pornography addict and her experiences finding out about it. She ended up casting him in the lead role.Picture Perfect was nominated for "Best Short Drama" at the 1989 Yorkton Film Festival. In 1993, Shum released a 20-minute documentary about her family titled, Me, Mom and Mona. The film is reminiscent of a television talk show surrounding the lives of three women. Through the duration of the film, the women discuss the complexities of familial history and the sometimes strained relationship with the patriarch of the family. The film was well-received and won "Best Short Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival. Shum has written and directed several other short films, including: Shortchanged, Love In, Hunger, and Thirsty. Her most recent short film titled, Hip Hop Mom, was released online in 2011 and has garnered thousands of hits.Feature films Shum has directed four feature-length films. Her first feature-length film, Double Happiness, was released in 1994, and stars Sandra Oh. Double Happiness, is a semi-autobiographical film based on Shum's early experiences of leaving home as a teenager. The film is about an aspiring actress trying to assert her independence from the expectations of her Chinese Canadian family. Double Happiness won numerous awards including: the "Wolfgang Staudte Award" at the Berlin International Film Festival, the "Audience Award" at the Torino International Festival of Young Cinema, and "Best Canadian Feature Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival. <mask>'s second feature film, Drive, She Said, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1997 and was in official competition at the Turin Delle Donne Film Festival. Drive, She Said, is about a woman that is willingly taken hostage by a bank robber and accompanies him cross country to visit his ailing mother and her estranged family.Her third feature film, Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity was screened as part of the Canadian Perspective Program at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival and at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival. The film is about a young girl who uses Taoist magic to help her mother's financial situation and love life. In her three narrative feature films, Double Happiness, Drive, She Said, and Long Life, Happiness, and Prosperity, Shum uses a comedic approach to depict the Chinese Canadian family in multicultural Canada. She says that as a Chinese immigrant, she uses humour to characterize society in general. Shum's films often features ironic, discontented young women that want to leave home for something better. In her films, Shum characterizes home as being a place of conflict, boredom, and disappointment. Her depiction of familial negotiations ensure conflicts for her protagonists.In February 2014, Shum began shooting in Montreal on a National Film Board of Canada feature documentary entitled Ninth Floor, about the Sir George Williams Affair student protest. Filming coincided with the 45th anniversary of the incident. Ninth Floor premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It deals with an incident in 1969 at Sir George Williams University (later merged into Concordia University) where students occupied a ninth-floor computer lab to protest the handling by school officials of a complaint about racial discrimination. At the 2015 Vancouver International Film Festival, Shum was awarded the Women in Film+Television Artistic Merit Award for Ninth Floor. Filmography Picture Perfect (1989) Shortchanged (1990) (Short) Love In (1991) (Short) Hunger (1991) (Short) Me, Mom, and Mona (1993) (Short) Double Happiness (1994) Drive, She Said (1997) Thirsty (1998) (Short) You are What You Eat (2001) (Installation) Bliss (2002) (TV) Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity (2002) Mob Princess (2003) (TV movie) The Shields Stories (2004) (TV) Romeo! References External links Interview with <mask>m: The Director's Question Rusty Talk with <mask>m 1966 births Living people Canadian television directors Canadian women film directors Hong Kong emigrants to Canada Naturalized citizens of Canada Film directors from Vancouver University of British Columbia alumni Canadian Film Centre alumni Canadian women television directors Asian-Canadian filmmakers

Elizabeth J. Feinler

original

<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born March 2, 1931) is an American information scientist. From 1972 until 1989 she was director of the Network Information Systems Center at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI International). Her group operated the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET as it evolved into the Defense Data Network (DDN) and the Internet. Early life and education <mask> was born on March 2, 1931 in Wheeling, West Virginia, where she also grew up. She received an undergraduate degree from West Liberty State College, the first from her family to attend college. Career Early career She was working toward a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Purdue University when she decided to earn some money by working for a year or two before starting on her thesis. Working at the Chemical Abstracts Service in Columbus, Ohio, she served as an assistant editor on a huge project to index the world's chemical compounds.There she became intrigued with the challenges of creating such large data compilations and never returned to biochemistry. Instead, in 1960, she relocated to California and joined the Information Research Department at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) where she worked to develop the Handbook of Psychopharmacology and the Chemical Process Economics Handbook. ARPANET and NIC Feinler was leading the Literature Research section of SRI's library when, in 1972, Doug Engelbart recruited her to join his Augmentation Research Center (ARC), which was sponsored by the Information Processing Techniques Office of the US Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Her first task was to write a Resource Handbook for the first demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference. By 1974 she was the principal investigator to help plan and run the new Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET. The NIC provided reference service to users (initially over the phone and by physical mail), maintained and published a directory of people (the "white pages"), a resource handbook (the "yellow pages", a list of services) and the protocol handbook. After the Network Operations Center at Bolt, Beranek and Newman brought new hosts onto the network, the NIC registered names, provided access control for terminals, audit trail and billing information, and distributed Request for Comments (RFCs).<mask>, working with Steve Crocker, <mask>, <mask> and other members of the Network Working Group (NWG), developed RFCs into the official set of technical notes for the ARPANET and later the Internet. The NIC provided the first links to on-line documents using the NLS Journal system developed at ARC. Engelbart continued leading-edge research in the ARC, while the NIC provided a service to all network users. This led to establishing the NIC as a separate project with <mask> as manager. The NWG and <mask>'s team defined a simple text file format for host names in 1974, and revised the format several times as the networks evolved. The host table itself was continuously updated on almost a daily basis. In 1975, the Defense Communication Agency (DCA) took operational control and support, and over time split the ARPANET into research and military networks.DCA used the name Defense Data Network to refer to the combination, and the NIC served as its information center. When e-mail and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) became available around 1976, the NIC used them to deliver information to users via the network. In 1977, Postel moved to the Information Sciences Institute, and the RFC editor and number assignment functions moved with him, while the NIC stayed at SRI. By 1979, <mask> and her group were working on ways to scale up the name service. In 1982, an Internet protocol was defined by Ken Harrenstien and Vic White in her group to access the online directory of people, called Whois. As the Internet expanded, the Domain Name System was designed to handle the growth by delegating naming authority to distributed name servers. Her group became the overall naming authority of the Internet, developing and managing the name registries of the top-level domains of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, and .com.Even the names of the top-level domains, based on generic categories such as .com were suggestions of the NIC team, approved by the Internet developer community. Later career After <mask> left SRI, in 1989, she worked as a network requirements manager and helped develop guidelines for managing the NASA Science Internet (NSI) NIC at the NASA Ames Research Center. <mask> donated an extensive collection of early Internet papers to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California and after she retired from NASA in 1996 worked as a volunteer at the museum to organize the material. She published a history of the NIC in 2010. In 2012, <mask> was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society. In July, 2013 she received the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award "for her contributions to the early development and administration of the Internet through her leadership of the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET". Nickname <mask> explains how she got her nickname, "<mask>": When I was born, double names were popular.My real name is <mask> <mask>, and my family was going to call me <mask> to match my sister’s name, Mary Lou. Only two at the time, my sister’s version of <mask> sounded like <mask>. I always say, Thank goodness they dropped the "Baby". References External links <mask>'s bibliography from dblp: Computer Science Bibliography "Internet History 1969", web pages, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, USA "<mask> (<mask>) Feinler photos", MouseSite Photo Gallery, Science and Technology in the Making (STIM) web site, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA Video of interview. Internet pioneers Women Internet pioneers Living people People from Wheeling, West Virginia Purdue University alumni SRI International people West Liberty University alumni 1931 births 21st-century American chemists American women chemists Scientists from West Virginia 21st-century American women 20th-century American women

Terry Gordy

original

<mask>. (April 23, 1961 – July 16, 2001) was an American professional wrestler. Gordy appeared in the United States with promotions such as Mid-South Wrestling, Georgia Championship Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling, Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling and the Universal Wrestling Federation as a member of The Fabulous Freebirds. He also appeared in Japan with All Japan Pro Wrestling as one-half of The Miracle Violence Connection. Championships held by <mask> over the course of his career include the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, AJPW World Tag Team Championship, WCW World Tag Team Championship, NWA World Tag Team Championship, UWF Heavyweight Championship and SMW Heavyweight Championship. He has been posthumously inducted into the Wrestling Observer, Professional Wrestling, and WWE Hall of Fame. Professional wrestling career Early career (1975–1982) A standout high school football and baseball player at Rossville High School, <mask> dropped out of high school following his freshman year and started wrestling in 1975 at the age of 14 as <mask> for the International Wrestling Association. In early 1979, he began wrestling under his real name and formed The Fabulous Freebirds with Michael Hayes, with Buddy Roberts later added to the group.In 1980, the Freebirds moved to Georgia Championship Wrestling, where they won the territory’s tag team championship. The Fabulous Freebirds had feuds while there, including those against Tommy Rich, Junkyard Dog, Kevin Sullivan, Austin Idol, and Ted DiBiase. One match on the Saturday night WTBS Georgia Championship Wrestling show saw the Freebirds take on the Junkyard Dog and Ted DiBiase. Towards the end of the match, <mask> gave DiBiase 4 consecutive piledrivers, which led to DiBiase being taken away in an ambulance. In 1981, the Freebirds split up when Buddy Roberts left the area. Michael and <mask> then had a falling out, which led to a feud against each other. <mask> and Michael eventually put their differences aside, and reformed the Freebirds as a duo in 1982 where they feuded with Ole Anderson and Stan Hansen.Memphis CWA Wrestling and Mid South Wrestling (1979–1985) The Freebirds came to Memphis the first time in 1979 and feuded mainly with Jerry Lawler & Bill Dundee. When in mid South Wrestling, he formed The Fabulous Freebirds as the suggestion by Bill Watts with Michael Hayes and Buddy Roberts. They returned in 1984 to feud with Lawler & Austin Idol and later with Lawler & Phil Hickerson. World Class Championship Wrestling (1982–1989) In 1982, the Freebirds went to World Class Championship Wrestling and had a feud with the Von Erichs (David, Kevin, Kerry and Mike) that was kicked off when <mask> slammed the Cage door on Kerry during his Cage Match at WCCW Star Wars (1982) against Ric Flair where Michael Hayes was the special guest Referee, inciting a riot among fans attending. They traded the six man title back and forth a few times over the years. <mask> was also at one time one half of the WCCW American Tag Team champions. While in WCCW, Killer Khan taught <mask> how to perform the Oriental Spike.All Japan Pro Wrestling (1983–1994) <mask> teamed with Stan Hansen beginning in 1983 in All Japan Pro Wrestling. <mask> later teamed with Steve Williams as The Miracle Violence Connection. During his time there, he also held the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship on two occasions. World Wrestling Federation (1984) The Freebirds spent a brief time in the World Wrestling Federation in 1984, but were fired after missing a show and showing up late and drunk. Universal Wrestling Federation (1986) In 1986, when the Freebirds were in the Universal Wrestling Federation, the former Mid South Wrestling, <mask> won the UWF Heavyweight Championship title and held it for six months, before losing it via forfeit to The One Man Gang, after an angle the same night in which <mask> was injured by "Dr. Death" Steve Williams. During this time, <mask> and the Freebirds had an ongoing feud with the Hacksaw Jim Duggan, in which Duggan and <mask> squared off, usually ending in a disqualification because of outside interference. Jim Crockett Promotions/NWA World Championship Wrestling (1987, 1989, 1992) The Freebirds spent some time in the National Wrestling Alliance's Jim Crockett Promotions where they split to feud briefly, but later reunited.In 1989, <mask> helped Hayes to reform the Freebirds, with Jimmy Garvin, in the NWA, which became World Championship Wrestling in 1991. Later he alongside of Dr. Death Steve Williams defeated the Steiners to become World Tag Team Champions. <mask> and Williams returned to World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1992 and won the WCW World Tag Team titles. They also won the NWA World Tag Team titles in a tournament at the Great American Bash card in Albany, Georgia, one week later, and unified the titles. Their feud with Rick and Scott Steiner; in Japan, this was hyped as a feud between the best foreign teams of the two top Japanese promotions (the Steiners were competing for rival New Japan Pro-Wrestling at the time). Despite advances by New Japan, <mask> and Williams, out of loyalty to the AJPW founder and promoter, Giant Baba, refused to compete for the promotion (which had business ties with WCW at the time), leading to <mask>'s departure from WCW before Halloween Havoc and Williams' departure after Starrcade. In 1993 <mask>, while traveling from the United States to Japan for a tour, took an overdose of pain medication and slipped into a coma, ultimately suffering permanent brain damage.He returned to action later that year, but never received a shot at the Triple Crown again. In 1994, <mask> had a small reunion with Hayes and Garvin as the Freebirds in the Global Wrestling Federation where he and Garvin won the GWF Tag Team titles. Various promotions (1989-1995) After World Class folded in 1989, <mask> wrestled in various promotions. He started working for United States Wrestling Association (USWA). In 1991, he worked for Universal Wrestling Federation where he feuded with Don Muraco. In 1994, he reunited with The Freebirds (Michael Hayes and Jimmy Garvin) for Global Wrestling Federation in Texas where they feuded with Bill Irwin, Black Bart and Moadib. <mask> returned to USWA in 1995 where he teamed with Tracy Smothers.Smokey Mountain Wrestling (1995) In 1995 <mask> worked for Smokey Mountain Wrestling teaming with Tommy Rich as the Militia. He would feud with Brad Armstrong. <mask> won the SMW Heavyweight Championship defeating Armstrong when he teamed with Thrasher to defeat Armstrong and the Wolfman on October 27. A month later he dropped the title back to Armstrong in a Country whipping match. <mask> left SMW before its closed its doors at the end of the year. Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996) In 1996, <mask> appeared in Extreme Championship Wrestling to challenge Raven for the ECW World Heavyweight title, as the "internationally recognized #1 contender". He had been working for the International Wrestling Association of Japan promotion in Japan, wrestling deathmatches.He lost, but went on to team up with Tommy Dreamer and later to reunite with "Dr. Death" Steve Williams to wrestle The Eliminators. He also wrestled Bam Bam Bigelow at Ultimate Jeopardy in what was billed as the second ever "Battle Of The Bam Bams" (The first happened on a Windy City Wrestling show). <mask> lost the match due to outside interference from The Eliminators. Return to World Wrestling Federation (1995, 1996–1997, 1998) On February 11 and 12 1995 <mask> worked as the Executioner teaming with Mike Bell losing to The Smoking Gunns. <mask> had a brief run in the WWF as The Executioner in 1996 and 1997. He teamed up with Mankind, both managed by Paul Bearer, and feuded with The Undertaker. The Executioner came to the ring under a mask and carrying an axe and Paul Bearer 's "hired assassin".He made his TV debut at the In Your House pay-per-view, Buried Alive, where he interfered in The Undertaker's Buried Alive match with Mankind, hitting Undertaker with a shovel and burying him with the help of Mankind and several other wrestlers. However, at In Your House 12: It's Time, The Undertaker defeated The Executioner in an Armageddon Rules match, and <mask> left the promotion shortly afterwards. His final televised appearance was on the January 12, 1997 episode of WWF Superstars, where he lost to Goldust, after which Paul Bearer turned on him by hitting him with his urn. He was advertised to be one of the 30 participants in the 1997 Royal Rumble match, but did not make an appearance. He returned to WWF one last time at a house show as the Executioner on April 28, 1998 losing to Wellington Wilkins. On an episode of Something to Wrestle With, Bruce Prichard claimed that the Executioner gimmick was given to <mask> because McMahon had doubts that <mask> could still compete effectively and the use of a mask was intended to protect <mask> so that if that were the case, <mask>'s legacy would not be tainted. Had Gordy been able to compete at a high level then there would have been the opportunity later for <mask> to unmask.It was mentioned that the hiring was mostly done as a favor for Michael Hayes. International Wrestling Association of Japan and WAR (1995–1997, 1998) <mask> returned to Japan working for International Wrestling Association of Japan where he wrestled in deathmatches. Mainly worked in tag teams. He left IWA Japan in 1997. In 1998, <mask> returned to Japan for the final time working for Wrestle Association R where he feuded with Genichiro Tenryu. Later career (1998–2001) After leaving the WWF and Japan, <mask> worked in the independent circuit. On February 21, 1998 <mask> teamed with Dan Severn in a losing effort to Doug Gilbert and Dutch Mantel at the Eddie Gilbert Memorial Show for IWA Mid-South.<mask> would reunite with Hayes as they fought Glen Kulka and JR Smooth to a no contest for Power Pro Wrestling on May 28, 1999. He wrestled his last match returning to IWA Japan on February 4, 2001 with Shoichi Ichimiya, Tomohiro Ishii, Yukihide Ueno, and Yuji Kito defeating Doug Gilbert, TJ Shinjuku, Ultra Sebun, Takashi Uwano and Keizo Mastuda. Personal life <mask> had two daughters and a son, <mask>, who wrestled for WWE as "Jesse" and "Slam Master J" before being released in 2010. His nephew is Richard Aslinger, who competed for All Japan Pro Wrestling as Richard Slinger. His daughter Miranda currently wrestles on the independent circuit and has also competed in Japan. Death <mask> died of a heart attack caused by a blood clot on July 16, 2001. In 2014, he was posthumously inducted into the Southern Wrestling Hall of Fame.A year later, he was also posthumously inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum. On April 2, 2016, <mask> was posthumously inducted by his son into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of The Fabulous Freebirds. Championships and accomplishments All Japan Pro Wrestling Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (2 times) World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Stan Hansen (2) and Steve Williams (5) World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1988, 1990, 1991) – with Stan Hansen (1988) and Steve Williams (1990 and 1991) World's Strongest Tag Determination League Fighting Spirit Award (1989) – with Bill Irwin Georgia Championship Wrestling NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Michael Hayes NWA National Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Michael Hayes (3) and Jimmy Snuka (1) Global Wrestling Federation GWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jimmy Garvin Mid-South Wrestling Association | Universal Wrestling Federation Mid-South Louisiana Championship (1 time) Mid-South Mississippi Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Mid-South Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Michael Hayes (1) and Buddy Roberts UWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time) UWF Heavyweight Championship Tournament (1986) NWA Mid-America NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Michael Hayes Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2015 as a member of The Fabulous Freebirds Pro Wrestling Illustrated Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (1986) Tag Team of the Year (1981) – with Michael Hayes Tag Team of the Year (1992) – with Steve Williams Ranked No. 31 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1992 Ranked No. 36 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003 Ranked No. 2The Freebirds' 5th reign carried over after the title's name was changed to the WCWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship since they were the champions at the time the title was renamed. See also List of premature professional wrestling deaths References External links 1961 births 2001 deaths American male professional wrestlers Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan Professional wrestlers from Tennessee Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum Sportspeople from Chattanooga, Tennessee WWE Hall of Fame inductees

Madeon

original

Hugo Pierre Leclercq (; born 30 May 1994), better known by his stage name <mask> (), is a French musician, DJ, record producer, singer and songwriter from Nantes, currently based in Los Angeles. He initially came to widespread public attention at 17 through a YouTube video, "Pop Culture", where he performed a mash-up of 39 different popular songs in real-time using a Novation Launchpad. It received millions of hits in its first few days of release. Leclercq has cited The Beatles and Daft Punk as his greatest musical influences. Leclercq's first EP, The City, was released in 2012. His debut studio album, Adventure, was released on 27 March 2015, supported by a 22-stop North American tour. On 15 November 2019, Leclercq released his second album, Good Faith, as part of the Good Faith Live tour.He was ranked at number 105 on DJ Mags top DJs for 2017. In 2017, he was nominated for two Electronic Music Awards with Porter Robinson for Single of the Year and Live Act of the Year. Good Faith was nominated for a 2021 Best Electronic Album Grammy Award. Career beginnings Leclercq started composing music at the age of 11, producing hands-up under the name of "Daemon" and Wayne Mont until 2010 when he began producing house music under his current name, <mask>, which is an anagram of his previous nickname. He won a remix competition for "The Island" by Pendulum the same year. He went on to remix tracks by other electronic artists the following year. A clip of Leclercq performing his mash-up "Pop Culture", uploaded to YouTube on 11 July 2011, propelled him to international fame.It featured samples from thirty-nine songs mixed together on-the-fly using a Novation Launchpad. The clip went viral and reached over six million views in just a few days. According to a Reddit AMA he hosted in November 2019, he had the idea, purchased the Launchpad, and recorded the song all on the same day. During live performances, apart from the Launchpads, he also uses Allen & Heath's Xone:K2, Novation's Launch Control XL and Ableton Live. His first live performance was in Paris in April 2011 where he was a support act to Yelle, and his UK debut was at The Nest in Dalston, London where he performed alongside the likes of Jacques Lu Cont. Leclercq has been featured several times on "15 Minutes of Fame", a segment of Pete Tong's radio show on BBC Radio 1, with both his debut single "Icarus" and his remix for deadmau5's "Raise Your Weapon" given their first full play on the show. His live recorded performance debut was for Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 gala event in Hull on 27 January 2012, where he played a 20-minute-long set.A debut EP was scheduled to be released at the end of 2011, but then cancelled in favour of multiple singles. The first single, "Icarus", was released on 24 February 2012 on his independent label popcultur. Madeon toured with Lady Gaga as an opening act during her Born This Way Ball. He later worked with Gaga on three tracks, "Gypsy", "Mary Jane Holland", and "Venus" on her third studio album, Artpop. In 2012, he was invited to play four major American festivals, the Ultra Music Festival in Miami, Coachella in California, Lollapalooza in Chicago and Electric Daisy Carnival in New York, as well as several UK dance music festivals, including the Dance Arena at the BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend; he also provided support for Swedish House Mafia's headlining set at the Milton Keynes Bowl. Leclercq was listed at number 54 on DJ Mag in 2012. Madeon released a new single on 3 August 2013 titled "Technicolor."On 25 February 2014, Leclercq released a track available for a free download on his website called "Cut the Kid", stating that it was created circa 2011 or 2012. Many of his songs have been used in media franchises: "Icarus" was featured in the US show Dancing with the Stars in May 2012 and 21 May 2013 (finals with Aly Raisman) and on the in-game soundtrack of Forza Horizon; "Finale" and "Imperium" have been featured in EA Sports' FIFA 13 and FIFA 15 respectively. "You're On" was also featured in Pro Evolution Soccer 2016. "Finale" has also been included in the opening cinematic of PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale; "The City" appears in EA Sports' NHL 15, Need for Speed: Most Wanted and "Technicolor (Club Extended)" in Need for Speed Rivals. "Finale" and Leclercq's remix of "The Night Out" by Martin Solveig were featured on the official soundtrack of ESPN's Winter X Games XVII event in Tignes, France and both received several plays on air. "Finale" continues to be used as the bumper music for X Games broadcasts. 2015: Adventure In September 2014, Leclercq released "Imperium" as the lead single from his debut studio album, Adventure.On 8 December 2014, Leclercq released the second single from the album, titled "You're On", featuring Kyan. On 9 February 2015, Leclercq released the album's third single, "Pay No Mind," featuring Passion Pit. The album's fourth single, "Home," was released on 10 March 2015. On 24 March 2015, the final single of Adventure, "Nonsense," was released, featuring Mark Foster of Foster the People. On 27 March 2015, Adventure was released. The album peaked at number 43 on the US Billboard 200 and at number one on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart. In mid-2015, Leclercq embarked on his first headlining tour, Adventure Live, consisting of 22 stops in North America.The tour ended on 9 May 2015. Leclercq further promoted his debut studio album on his Pixel Empire US Tour in early 2016, which ended on 21 February 2016. 2016–2017: Shelter On 11 August 2016, Leclercq released with his close friend Porter Robinson a new track called "Shelter". Throughout 2016–2017, he toured the US and Europe alongside Porter Robinson on a live show they called the Shelter Live Tour. This back to back set contained tracks made by both artists, often mixed together between themselves. Throughout the tour both Madeon and Porter also would sing their own songs. Their last performance was on 23 April 2017 at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.In August 2016, the new gameplay trailer of EA Sports' FIFA 17 was released, featuring <mask>'s remix of "Song 2" by Blur, which was also featured in a BBC Radio 1's Essential Mix in 2012. Leclercq's collaboration with Porter Robinson, "Shelter" was included in the FIFA 17 soundtrack. 2018–present: Good Faith On 13 November 2017, Leclercq announced that he would be releasing his next project in 2018. Further hints about the project were not officially revealed until 20 August 2018, when Leclercq's creative director was interviewed via a Madeon-inspired podcast called the Pixel Empire Podcast. On 30 January 2018, Leclercq stated on his Instagram and Twitter that he had moved to the United States to finish his upcoming album. On 20 March 2019, Leclercq announced his new live show would debut on Lollapalooza 2019. He stated this would not be a DJ set but rather a new live show; fans will be expecting new music.Later that year, on 28 May 2019, Leclercq announced that he would be releasing a new song on 29 May 2019 through a new website, goodfaith.world. On 29 May 2019, the goodfaith.world website was updated with a video previewing the new song, titled "All My Friends", along with locations of record stores in four cities: Los Angeles, New York, Ålesund, and Nantes. Each record store was issued two copies of the new single on clear 7" vinyl. On 30 May 2019, the full official audio was released on YouTube. On 10 July 2019, Leclercq premiered the first episode of Good Faith Radio (Beats Radio on Apple Music), where he officially played and released his next single, "Dream Dream Dream". Along with the single, he played tracks by other artists, including some sent by his own fans accompanied by fan-made art. He described the radio show as "...a space I want us to share, I want to introduce you to my favorite things and showcase some of the amazing music and art you create."Along with the radio premiere, it was released on music streaming platforms and a visualizer video was released on YouTube. The Good Faith Live tour was premiered at Lollapalooza 2019, followed by headlining shows in London, Amsterdam, and Paris. A longer North American leg started on 30 October in Vancouver and ended on 14 December in Austin, followed by an Australian tour as part of FOMO Festival in January 2020. On 29 October 2019, Leclercq revealed that Good Faith would be released on 15 November 2019. In an interview with NPR Music, Leclercq said the album was based on his relationship to joy and his mental health: "I wanted to make music that was celebratory but that hinted at the fact that that joy had to have been reclaimed and fought for a little bit." Madeon worked again with Lady Gaga on the track "911" from her 2020 studio album, Chromatica. On 9 May 2020, Madeon played a DJ set for the virtual Secret Sky music festival.During the set, he previewed a song called "The Prince". The song was released on 14 August that year. Along with the release, <mask> launched an alternate reality game. When it was solved, a 6-track EP named 12122017 was found, reportedly named for the date it was made. However, after an email correspondence with Leclercq, he revealed that the EP was produced on 6 December 2017. The creation of the EP is attributed to Madeon's own anger due to "not feeling anything from music", and has referred to the EP as a document that serves as context to the Good Faith album instead of an EP. On 18 September 2021, Madeon premiered the Good Faith Forever Live set at Second Sky music festival in Oakland, California.Discography Adventure (2015) Good Faith (2019) Awards and nominations References External links "Pop Culture" on Madeon's official YouTube channel 1994 births 21st-century French musicians Ableton Live users FL Studio users Electro house musicians Electronic dance music DJs French DJs French electronic musicians French house musicians French record producers French songwriters Male songwriters Living people Musicians from Nantes Nu-disco musicians Remixers

Beata Poźniak

original

<mask> (; born 30 April 1960) is a Polish-American actress, film director, poet, painter and an Earphones Award-winning narrator. She is also a human rights activist who introduced the first bill in the history of US Congress to officially recognize International Women's Day in the United States. Early life Poźniak was born in Gdańsk, Poland. Her mother was born in Wilno, Lithuania and her father's family is from Ukraine. She passed her entrance exam to the National Film School in Łódź PWSFTViT with the highest score in the country, and received a Master's of Fine Arts degree with High Honors at age 22. Her very first film role, while still in high school, was as an extra in the Academy Award winning film The Tin Drum which happened to be filming near her home. She later made many film appearances and worked as a fashion model and was the calendar girl for Poland's national soccer team.Career Film and television work Poźniak was discovered by the U.S. audiences when Oliver Stone cast her in JFK as Marina Oswald. This memorable role in an Academy Award-nominated film was her U.S. feature debut and it led to her appearances in over 30 film and TV projects worldwide. After playing Earth Alliance President Susanna Luchenko in Babylon 5 and a fiery young revolutionary in George Lucas' The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, as well as a sharp scientist Ludmilla in Dark Skies or Eva in Pensacola she becomes known for playing badass female characters. Other powerful roles have included Paramount's JAG where she appeared as an exotic Israeli spy, a double agent working for the Mossad and CIA. In the television series Melrose Place, she created a ground-breaking character, Dr. Katya Fielding, a "straight" woman and mother who decides to marry a gay man - the role that is still very much talked about, making Poźniak one of the show's most popular former cast members. Her other diverse roles include Masha in Mad About You, Raisa on The Drew Carey Show and Tambor, the Japanese nanny in Oliver Stone's Wild Palms miniseries. In the CBS movie of the week A Mother's Gift, she was seen as a character that aged thirty years, whereas in a World War II drama entitled “Miriam” she played a Catholic woman who risks her life to save a Jewish girl from the Nazis.She also stars as Laina in the interactive movie/video game Psychic Detective, premiered at Sundance Film Festival as the first video game in the New Media category. An experimental film "All These Voices" where she stars as <mask>, a World War II Survivor wins a Student Academy Award. Voiceover work Poźniak narrated the bestseller, The Winter Palace: A Novel of Catherine the Great, a 19-hour audiobook for Random House, where she made use of her European background in bringing to life the 78 characters and their colorful accents. After embodying one of the most intriguing women in history, she read another 19 hour story of the Empress of the Night: A Novel of Catherine the Great. This was followed by a teen romance/adventure/sci-fi thriller, "The Illuminae Files", by Amie Kaufman and Jay Kristoff, which won an Audie Award. After that, she co-narrated "The Tsar of Love and Techno" by Anthony Marra which was selected in the Top 5 Best Audiobooks of the year by The Washington Post. As a producer and narrator she takes on "Libretto for the Desert – Poetry Dedicated to the Victims of Genocide and War" a project that acknowledges the universality of loss, persecution, and intolerance.Poźniak received the 2019 Earphones Award for the best read audiobook Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead written by Nobel Prize Winner Olga Tokarczuk. In the video game world, she voiced Skarlet, the Blood Queen in Mortal Kombat 11. She also narrated documentaries such as, "The Officer's Wife" about the mass murder of Polish officers in the Katyn forest and co-narrated Freedom from Despair, a film about communism, which won several Awards and received an honorable mention in the US Congress. She narrated the 2020 novel Light in Hidden Places by Sharon Cameron, based on the true story of Stefania Podgorska a Polish Catholic teenager who hid 13 Jewish persons during World War 2, Theatre and performance art Seeking a new voice for herself in a uniquely contemporary style that declares "anything is possible," she founded Theater Discordia. Creating performance-art pieces that have been part of the L.A. Theatre Festival, and the L.A. Poetry Festival, she directed and wrote "Poeticus Umbilicus", "Poetry Discordia", "Return of Umbilicus", "We & They" and "Changing Flags." Her Theater Discordia evolved, with the participation of Peter Sellars, into a celebrated venue for experimental theater works. Visual Arts Poźniak is also a painter, and continues to work in film, often appearing in experimental and independent productions, several of which she has also directed.In her directorial debut, which was a short film, "Mnemosyne", she used several art pieces made by herself. Praised by F.X. Feeney LA Weekly: "the multitalented Pozniak rapidly intercuts news footage of violence with live models and her own sensual sculptures to express a fierce moral sense." Through her art, Poźniak often explores what it is to be a woman in today's world with recurring themes of women's rights, social justice and women's history. Her artworks combine the choreographic traditions of theater with symbolic and surreal imagery of painting and sculpture. In her early mask series, Poźniak connects an ancient and mythological theatrical device with the surrealism of Man Ray to produce a stunning range of fantastical masks made from feathers and other found objects. Her more recent paintings and sculptures explore the collision of ancient myths and the modern world.By combining imagery reminiscent of surrealist dreamscapes with found objects, these works challenge our notions of continuity between past and present. Poźniak says: "Surrealism is a lens through which I view many of the events and circumstances occurring in the world today. Whether it is the horrors of war or inspirational insights found in ancient mythology, I am constantly exploring fantastical juxtapositions that express something about the experience of being a woman. That is why my paintings and sculptures are often surreal and full of symbolism. Feministic, poetical, and political." Charity and causes Poźniak's art is often auctioned off for charity and support different causes including Children's Hospital and Looking Above & Beyond, an organization dedicated to creating awareness and the enrichment of children with special needs or Our House, an organization providing grief support services, education, resources, and hope. She also hosted Domestic Violence Prevention Awards, National Women's Political Caucus's - Women's Leadership Awards.International Women's Day Beginning in the late 1980s, soon after her arrival in America, Poźniak began a campaign to get the US Government to recognize International Women's Day. She was very successful, and she accomplished the introduction of the first bill in the history of the U.S. Congress for national recognition of the holiday (H.J. Res. 316) designating March 8 as International Women's Day occurred on 8 March 1994. She made the headlines of the Los Angeles Times, who hailed her as "Taking the Banner For Women Everywhere". Furthermore, Poźniak established an educational organization Women's Day USA, which aims to raise a public awareness of women's inspirational achievements all over the world. She also works on projects that help bring awareness to third world issues with a special emphasis on the representation of women's voices and their untold stories.She received official recognition from the Los Angeles City Council, which commended her for her efforts in establishing International Women's Day as a day to be celebrated in the United States and from Mayor Richard Riordan for her vision in creating International Women's Day, and from Mayor Tom Bradley for bringing the idea to Los Angeles. Poźniak has been acknowledged for her ability to work across both political parties in seeking greater recognition for women's rights. In 1995, at a public awards event, a women's rights attorney, Gloria Allred acknowledged Poźniak for her contributions to human rights and to women's history and also named Poźniak as being her personal hero. Furthermore, Poźniak established an educational organization Women's Day USA,. In 1994, to commemorate the introduction of the first bill in the history of the U.S. Congress (H.J. Res. 316) to recognize International Women's Day in the United States, Poźniak created a painting "Mnemosyne - International Women's Day", the Mother of Memory which celebrates the many contributions to human rights by women from all over the world.A symbol of International Women's Day, the work depicts a community of all races of the world in a female form. It evokes the achievements of women along their struggle for peace and equality in the face of discrimination and war. Awards and honors Recognized by Congresswoman Maxine Waters for "bringing International Women's Day to the forefront and for initiating an official bill and for making this day a larger part of our nation's support of women here and around the world". Recognized by Senator Dianne Feinstein for seeing that "International Women's Day would not go by unnoticed" in the United States (1993) Presented and acknowledged by Councilwoman Jackie Goldberg for Poźniak's commitment for International Women's Day and creating Women's Day USA (1998) Awarded with a star, a bronze handprint at Festiwal Gwiazd, Poland's "Hollywood Walk of Fame." Past honorees include: Volker Schlöndorff, Peter Greenaway, David Lynch, Faye Dunaway, Ian Gillan, Anna Paquin among others (2017) Recognized by the Mayors of Los Angeles: Tom Bradley (1993) and Richard Riordan (1997) for her "vision in creating International Women's Day" Awarded a "Lifetime Achievement Award" - Presented by Osobowosci i Sukcesy Magazine (2018) Voice Arts Awards Nominee - "Outstanding Video Game Character - Best Voiceover" Category for Skarlet (voice) in Mortal Kombat 11 Warner Bros (2019) International Maria Konopnicka Prize – "For Outstanding Achievements in the Arts and for Championing Women's Rights Around the World". Presented at the GRAMMY LA Live (2019) The Ianicius Klemens Janicki Award – "For Artistic and Literary Achievements (2019) Voice Arts Awards Nominee - "Outstanding Spoken Word or Storytelling - Best Performance" Category for "Libretto for the Desert: Poetry Dedicated to the Victims of Genocide and War" (2019) The Earphones Award Winner (2019) – for narrating Penguin Random House Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead, written by Nobel Prize winner, Olga Tokarczuk (2019) The Earphones Award Winner (2020) – for narrating "The Light in Hidden Places" audiobook for Scholastic (2020) Voice Arts Award nomination in the Outstanding Spoken Word or Storytelling - Best Performance Category - for "Tribute to Nobel Prize Winning Poet. Beata Pozniak at the HAMMER Museum Reads LIVE" (2020) Voice Arts Award nomination "Audiobook Narration – History – Best Voiceover" for The Light in Hidden Places by Sharon Cameron • Publisher: Scholastic Audio (2020).Voice Arts Award Winner, Outstanding Video Game Character, Best Voiceover Skarlet, Mortal Kombat 11 • Warner Bros. Games • NetherRealm Studio (2020) The Tadeusz Micinski Award "Feniks" for outstanding interpretation of poetry dedicated to victims of war. (2020) Poet of the Month - selected by Quarry Press The Modjeska Prize - For continuing the traditions and legacy of an extraordinary Polish immigrant who succeeded as a Shakespearean actress in the U.S. (2021) Filmography Video Games Audiobooks and Spoken Word Further reading "Before the Camera Rolled", a book about the craft of acting by Jason Norman. Poźniak is one of the studies for her portrayal of Marina Oswald in Oliver Stone's JFK, "Die Nacht der Zeitlosen" by Patrick Roth. Poźniak appears in the title-story of a cycle of 5 tales as an actress at a Hollywood party who played Marina Oswald in Oliver Stone's JFK, "Portraits: Polish Artists in America" by Czeslaw Czaplinski, Rosikon Press "The Official Melrose Place Companion" by David Wild, Harper Collins Poźniak is one of the cast members, plays Dr. Katya Petrova Fielding. References External links Beata Poźniak. beata.com. About Women's Day USA.womensday.org. Noriyuki, Duane (8 March 1996). "Taking the Banner for Women Everywhere". Los Angeles Times. <mask> Poźniak. Huffington Post. McCabe, Maureen (29 April 2014).<mask> <mask>: Empress of the AudioBook. The Hollywood Times. 1960 births Polish film actresses Polish stage actresses Polish people of Lithuanian descent Polish people of Ukrainian descent Polish television actresses Polish video game actresses Polish voice actresses American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American people of Lithuanian descent American people of Ukrainian descent American video game actresses American voice actresses Polish emigrants to the United States Actresses from Gdańsk Living people Łódź Film School alumni 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses 20th-century Polish actresses 21st-century Polish actresses People

Vladimir Andreyevich Komarov

original

<mask> (; born 14 September 1976, Novosibirsk) is a Russian musician, singer, songwriter, sound producer, DJ, and journalist. He is the founder of Hot Zex and the frontman of Punk TV. Biography <mask> became interested in modern pop music when his mother brought a tape recorder and some Beatles cassettes when he was six years old. In 1989, <mask> left music school after completing eight years as a major in piano and three years in a Jazz and Pop faculty. On 1 September 1991, he started an art-punk band named Shoe Repair (Remont Obuvi) with his school, which morphed into a more serious project, Hot Zex, in the next couple of months. After graduating from World Culture Studies at the Novosibirsk State Pedagogic University History Department, <mask> enrolled as a social philosophy postgraduate at the Novosibirsk State Architectural University Philosophy Department. He left in 2001 with a thesis on the Nature and Typology of Nationalism and continued as a journalist.In 2002, he completed a Management Training Program at Manchester University Business School. In the summer of 2006, <mask>'s project, Punk TV, signed with Moscow production company Soundhunters, and moved to Moscow to become a professional musician. Hot Zex and Punk TV earned international acclaim in the Russian indie rock and indietronica scene. Music Hot Zex Hot Zex is a Russian rock group formed in Novosibirsk in 1991. The line-up changed several times with <mask> as the only constant member. <mask> started out as the band's drummer, but after a few failed attempts at recruiting a singer, he took on vocal duties in January 1995. The exact date of the band's founding is unknown.Between September 1 and December 26, 1991, they used a primitive tape recorder to track their first demo which consisted of four instrumental songs. The band continued to play rare gigs in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg (with Alexander Bogdan on bass), the most recent of which dates back to 2010. Hot Zex never officially broke up. <mask> and Nikonov are rumored to have put the project on hiatus, with a collection of rare and unissued recordings in the pipeline. Punk TV Punk TV is a Russian electro-rock band, formed in Novosibirsk in 2004. Miscellaneous projects In Autumn 2007, <mask> recorded vocals on "Bely List" for Bi-2 side project Nechetny Voin 2. In 2008, he played live with Bi-2 at Nashestvie festival and a series of TV shows.The Bi-2 gig at Moscow Modern Play Theatre, 3 March 2008, was released on DVD in 2011. In 2008, <mask> collaborated with Oleg Kostrov on his Supersonic Future album "The best of the worst". He recorded the bulk of the guitar tracks throughout the album and sang on "Dead Boys". In 2008, <mask> recorded synth parts for "Anyday Anytime" by Moscow indie band Lost Weekend. The song was included on Lost Weekend's "Lights and Fears" album released by Fusion/Gala in 2010. In April 2012, the cinema release of Yusup Bakshiev's "Rendezvous", with most of the original soundtrack written by <mask>. He also made a small on-screen appearance as the soundman for a school girl-group The Poisoned Peaches.<mask> took part in the recording of Novosibirsk band FPRF's album, due for release on Hopneck Sound. In Spring 2012, <mask> founded WOW!, an electro-garage duo with Dmitry Wild in New York. In September 2012, they released an online single "Have Fun" and continue work on their debut EP at Stratosphere Sound, NY. July 2013, <mask> and Moscow's Revoltmeter joined forces in a trans-Atlantic collaboration and released "Death Electric" EP. 4 tracks release was met with warm reviews. A Russia Magazine named title song as a "track of the week" while LA-based website FFM used words "A fresh breath of Manhattan air..." to describe the atmosphere of the song. <mask> frequently plays DJ sets.In 2007-2011 he was resident DJ at Moscow club Krizis Zhanra. Sound production <mask>'s debut as other artists' sound producer took place at Riga's Sound Division Studio in Autumn 2006 when he produced 4 songs by Moscow indie band Dairy High. "Evil Lullaby" was released in 2007 as a 7" vinyl split single with "Honeypod In My Head" by New Zealand band The Cakekithchen. A year later, "Evil Lullaby" and the other three tracks from the same record session ("The Crooked Mile (Without a Song)", "Flickering Light", "Most Expensive Crash") were released on Dairy High's eponymous album. The remaining 6 album tracks were done by legendary Welsh producer Greg Haver. Apart from sound production, <mask> also played grand piano, melodica, provided backing vocals and arranged the acoustic ballad "Running Aground". In late 2007, <mask> started recording and mixing the Moscow post-punk band Manicure's debut album.The record, released in spring 2009 by Fusion/Gala, was a major hit in Russia and was noted abroad. Rolling Stone Russia called the album "a full-fledged contender for Best National Debut of the Year", Afisha dubbed it "perfect English-language post-punk". "Another Girl" was used in an ad by a famous alcohol brand and featured in the original film soundtrack to Antikiller D.K. Apart from sound production, <mask> also programmed rhythm machines and bass synthesizers on "I Wanna Be Free" and "The One", played guitar on "Magic is Shit". <mask> has remixed tracks by Ian Brown, Ash, SPC ECO, Asbo Kid, Craig Walker, Kontakte, Electric Mainline, The Nova Saints, Bondage Fairies, Brittle Stars, Bi-2, Mars Needs Lovers feat. Ilya Lagutenko, Illuminated Faces, Aerofall, A Headphones, Blast. Journalism <mask> worked as a journalist from autumn 2001 to summer 2005 at Kontinent Sibir, a Serbian business weekly.In September–December 2002 he was an intern at Financial Times, London. Since 2011, he has contributed to Russian editions of Rolling Stone and GQ, Soundengineer, Stereo&Video, and the Look At Me website. References Russian rock musicians Russian DJs Living people 1976 births Russian record producers Musicians from Novosibirsk

John Rudge

original

<mask> (born 21 October 1944) is an English former football player and football manager who is now working as football adviser and club president at club Port Vale. His playing career began at Huddersfield Town in November 1961, but he made little impact at the club and was transferred to Carlisle United in December 1966. In January 1969 he joined Torquay United, and twice finished as the club's top scorer, before he moved on to Bristol Rovers in February 1972. He helped the club to win promotion of the Third Division in 1973–74, before departing for AFC Bournemouth in March 1975. His time on the coast was disrupted by injury, and he retired in 1977. He scored a total of 78 goals in 267 league and cup appearances in a sixteen-year career in the English Football League. He managed Port Vale for a sixteen-year period between 1983 and 1999, easily the longest spell in the club's history.He masterminded some of the club's most successful campaigns, leading them to promotion in 1985–86, 1989 and 1993–94; he also led them to the Anglo-Italian Cup final in 1996, and to victory in the Football League Trophy final in 1993. However, he was sacked in January 1999, and subsequently was appointed director of football at their rivals of Stoke City, a position he held until May 2013. After working as a scout at Hull City, he returned to Port Vale in an advisory role in October 2017. Playing career Huddersfield Town Born and raised in Wolverhampton, <mask> became a lifelong fan of Wolverhampton Wanderers. However, he turned professional at Second Division club Huddersfield Town in November 1961. He made his debut under manager Eddie Boot in the 1962–63 campaign, and was given the residence of the recently departed Denis Law. He did not feature in 1963–64, appeared just twice in 1964–65, and did not get a game in 1965–66.He played two games at the start of the 1966–67 season, before manager <mask> allowed him a move to Second Division rivals Carlisle United in December 1966. Carlisle United Rudge made an immediate impact at Brunton Park, scoring seven goals in 14 appearances, including a hat-trick in a 6–1 win over Bolton Wanderers, as Tim Ward's "Cumbrians" finished third in 1966–67, six points short of promotion. Over the course of the 1967–68 campaign he scored nine goals in 29 league and cup games, as Carlisle posted a tenth-place finish. He made just five goalless appearances in 1968–69, and in January 1969 manager Bob Stokoe handed him a free transfer to Torquay United of the Third Division. Torquay United He found the net just twice in 14 appearances before the end of the campaign for Allan Brown's "Gulls". He then found his form in 1969–70, finishing as the club's top scorer with 16 goals in 35 league and cup matches. He continued to regularly find the net in 1970–71, hitting 21 goals in 43 appearances, as Torquay finished tenth.However, he scored just twice in 12 games in 1971–72, as the club suffered relegation under Jack Edwards. <mask> escaped this fate as he left Plainmoor in February 1972, signing a contract with Bill Dodgin's Bristol Rovers. Bristol Rovers After three goals in eight games towards the end of the campaign, <mask> hit 12 goals in 29 appearances in 1972–73, as the club pushed for promotion under new manager Don Megson. The "Pirates" achieved their goal in 1973–74, as they finished runners-up of the Third Division; however <mask> played only 15 games, scoring five goals. He featured just three times in 1974–75, and moved on to <mask> played seven games for the "Cherries", and could not prevent them from being relegated into the Fourth Division at the end of the campaign. He missed most of the 1975–76 season with a ruptured Achilles tendon, and made only 11 league appearances in 1976–77, scoring twice.His career was ended at age 32, owing to his Achilles tendon injury. He had scored a total of 78 goals in 267 appearances in all competitions. Coaching career Manager of Port Vale Following his retirement as a player, <mask> was made a coach at old club Torquay United. In January 1980 he was appointed as a coach at Port Vale, after <mask> was recommended to new manager <mask>. <mask> was promoted to the position of assistant manager in December 1980. Following the sacking of McGrath in December 1983, <mask> was made caretaker manager at Port Vale. Under McGrath, the club had lost thirteen of their opening seventeen league games.The club had the third highest budget in the division, a weekly wage bill of three times that of the home gate receipts and were rooted to the foot of the table, nine points from their nearest competitors. <mask> understated things somewhat when he said: "We cannot change things overnight." However, player Tommy Gore noted "the players are in a more determined mood." He signed left sided midfielder Kevin Young on loan, and switched Eamonn O'Keefe from midfield to the attack. He was appointed as manager on a permanent basis on 9 March. He was unable to prevent relegation that year, though the club did avoid picking up the wooden spoon. Though Mark Bright and Robbie Earle were signed to Vale before <mask>'s appointment, he helped to nurture their talents, both were the first of many to develop into outstanding players under <mask>.In reality, the task in 1984–85 was to arrest the decline. <mask> achieved this aim, slashing the wage bill to offset the club's reduced income, the Vale finished 12th. Young striker Andy Jones was purchased for £3,000 from Rhyl. In 1985–86, promotion was the target. An eighteen-game unbeaten run from January to April helped to win Vale a fourth place promotion place, seven points clear of fifth place Leyton Orient. At the end of the season, <mask> turned down an offer of the management job at Preston North End. Major signings for the start of the 1986–87 season were Mark Grew and Ray Walker (£12,000 from Aston Villa), who would feature heavily for the club in the coming years, as well as Paul Smith.Smith was purchased for £10,000 from Sheffield United and was sold for four times that figure to Lincoln City just over a year later. The club finished mid-table, twelve points above the drop. The winter signing of veteran Bob Hazell helped to shore up the Vale's defence. At the end of the season, Bill Bell was made the club's chairman. Also Darren Beckford was signed from Manchester City for £15,000. He would become the club's top scorer for the next four seasons. In 1987–88, Vale were once again comfortable in mid-table.The cash-flow problem was eased by the sale of Andy Jones to Charlton Athletic for £350,000. <mask> spent £75,000 for Simon Mills from York City, who would be a firm fixture in the first team for the next five seasons. On 20 January the club achieved a famous 2–0 victory over top-flight Spurs in the FA Cup. Before the cup run there were rumours that the directors were considering sacking <mask> due to a poor run of results in the league. The cup run and the sale of Jones helped to put the club in the black financially for the first time in a long time. The 1988–89 season was highly successful, and <mask> signed a new two-year contract after Port Vale beat Bristol Rovers in the play-off Final. For the first time in thirty two years, Vale were in the Second Division.A new club record was set in January 1989, as <mask> purchased classy defender Dean Glover from Middlesbrough for £200,000. The next month he added Liverpool winger <mask> to the squad for £35,000, using the money he received from selling Steve Harper to Preston North End. To boost the side for the oncoming 1989–90 season, defender Neil Aspin was purchased from Leeds United for £150,000, Aspin would play over 300 games for Vale in the next ten years. £125,000 was splashed out on striker Nicky Cross, who would play around 150 games over the next five years. Vale fans were not used to such purchases, but compared to other teams in the division, the money spent was quite modest. Now on a par with rivals Stoke City, both league games ended as draws, though Stoke were relegated in bottom place. Delighted with his team, he made few changes in preparation for the 1990–91 campaign.Vale once again finished comfortably in mid-table. £80,000 was spent on Dutch midfielder Robin van der Laan, over the next five years he would become a key player. In June 1992, <mask> again broke the club's transfer record, picking up striker Martin Foyle for £375,000 from Oxford United. Foyle would be a dominant figure at the club throughout the 1990s. The money for these acquisitions came from the sale of midfield dynamo Robbie Earle to Wimbledon. In 1991–92, the club finished in last place, five points short of the safety of Oxford United. The club were still a Second Division club due to the creation of the Premier League, though they were now in the third tier.Ian Taylor became another masterstroke signing, after he was purchased from non-league Moor Green for £15,000 in May 1992. <mask> managed his team to Wembley twice in 1993, winning the Football League Trophy final 2–1 over Stockport County, but losing the play-off final 3–0 to West Bromwich Albion. His team had proved however that they were too good to remain in the third tier for long. In 1993–94 the club went up in second place, also beating top-flight Southampton in the FA Cup. At the end of the season, Ian Taylor was sold to Sheffield Wednesday, becoming the club's first million pound sale. The club consolidated their First Division status in 1994–95, finishing ten points above the drop. The money from Taylor's sale was reinvested into £225,000 Steve Guppy from Newcastle United and £15,000 striker Tony Naylor from nearby Crewe Alexandra.Both men would prove to be good buys, Naylor being a three time top scorer. At the end of the season, Van der Laan was sold to Derby County for £475,000 plus Lee Mills. £450,000 of this sum was reinvested in York City midfielder Jon McCarthy. £50,000 was also spent on midfielder Ian Bogie. In 1995–96, his team finished 12th in the First Division. <mask> had Port Vale playing some of the best football ever witnessed at Vale Park. This was mainly due to his perseverance with playing a standard 4–4–2 – employing wingers who became the focal point of much of the attacking play.The club achieved another giant-slaying by vanquishing Everton in the FA Cup. He also led Vale to the final of the Anglo-Italian Cup, where they lost out to Genoa. In 1996–97, the club finished in eighth place, their best ever post-war finish. Once again they were the best side in the Potteries. In February, he sold Guppy to Martin O'Neill's Leicester City for £850,000. Gareth Ainsworth was purchased for £500,000 from Lincoln City at the start of the 1997–98 season. This was paid for by the sale of McCarthy to Birmingham City for £1.5 million.Vale finished a disappointing 19th, a mere point away from relegation. At the start of the 1998–99 season, Ainsworth was sold to Wimbledon for £2 million. Mills was also sold to Bradford City for £1 million. The club came even closer to relegation, finishing above 22nd place Bury on goal difference. However <mask> had already departed, Chairman Bill Bell gave him the sack on 18 January 1999. It truly was the end of an era at Vale Park. This caused outrage amongst Port Vale fans who held a "flat cap protest" (<mask>'s headwear of choice) to display their disgust.One last present from <mask> to the Vale fans was the signing of Marcus Bent for £300,000 from Crystal Palace, just days before <mask>'s sacking. However new manager Brian Horton let Bent go for £375,000. In November 2000, Bent was sold by Sheffield United to Blackburn Rovers for £2 million. Another star of the late <mask> era was Anthony Gardner. Gardner was retained by Vale, and was sold to Spurs for £1 million in January 2000. <mask> was awarded £300,000 compensation by an employment tribunal. He had been at the helm for 843 Port Vale games.Following the dismissal, Sir Alex Ferguson said: "Every Port Vale supporter should get down on their knees and thank The Lord for <mask>." Director of football at Stoke City <mask> was appointed as director of football at Stoke City in 1999, after turning down the same role at Port Vale. <mask> had hoped to retire on his own terms at Vale and become a director of football at the club under a "with someone like Robbie Earle as manager". He was offered the management job at Stoke but turned it down. He has never held ambitions of being appointed manager at Stoke, and has been Director of Football under five men: Gary Megson, Guðjón Þórðarson, Steve Cotterill, Johan Boskamp and Tony Pulis. On 2 November 2005, he had a public fall-out with then manager Johan Boskamp at Highfield Road. <mask> went down the dug-out during the 2–1 win over Coventry City to give some advice to Boskamp.The Dutchman took offence to this and said to the board 'either he goes or I go', under the belief that <mask> had overstepped the mark. <mask> maintains though, that Boskamp used the incident as a ploy, in an attempt to be paid off by Stoke as the Dutchman couldn't handle the pressure of the English game. <mask> points to the evidence that he talked Boskamp out of quitting during the pre-season. <mask> and his assistant Jan de Koning were twice suspended by Stoke, after disagreements with Boskamp. Following Boskamp's departure and the arrival of new chairman Peter Coates, <mask> was reinstated in his role. When the club achieved promotion to the Premier League in 2007–08, <mask> was at a top-flight club for the first time since entering the game 46 years ago, in 1962. <mask> left the Britannia Stadium at the end of the 2012–13 season in a 'major shake-up' of the club's scouting network.He left Stoke in May 2013, ending a 14-year spell at the club. After leaving Stoke he then spent the next four years scouting for Hull City. Return to Port Vale On 4 October 2017, he returned to Port Vale in an advisory role to assist his former defender Neil Aspin, who had just been appointed manager. He was appointed as club president on 10 August 2019. Managerial style Though he got his teams to play good football he was meticulous and rather cautious. He thoroughly researched opposition players and informed his players on weaknesses to exploit and strengths to watch out for. He was reluctant to use substitutions unless a player was injured as he believed in the first eleven he had selected could get the job done over the ninety minutes.He tended not to lose his temper after a bad performance, and instead Robbie Earle said that he had the "ability to make you feel guilty about playing badly". He had the knack of spotting talented players, signing them cheaply, and then selling them on to bigger clubs for a large profit. As well as being an excellent judge of talent, he also had to be a skilled negotiator. In all he made a net income for Port Vale of almost £10 million in the transfer market. Career statistics Playing statistics Source: A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the League Cup, Football League Trophy, Football League play-offs and Full Members Cup. Managerial statistics Honours As a Player Bristol Rovers Football League Third Division runner-up: 1973–74 As a Manager Port Vale Football League Fourth Division fourth place promotion: 1985–86 Football League Third Division play-offs: 1989 Football League Trophy: 1993 Football League Second Division runner-up: 1993–94 Anglo-Italian Cup runner-up: 1996 Individual Football League Third Division Manager of the Month: November 1988 EFL Awards Contribution to League football: 2021 References General Kent, Jeff.What If There Had Been No Port in the Vale? : Startling Port Vale Stories! (Witan Books, 2011, ) Specific 1944 births Living people Footballers from Wolverhampton Association football forwards English footballers English football managers English Football League players Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Carlisle United F.C. players Torquay United F.C. players Bristol Rovers F.C. players AFC Bournemouth players Port Vale F.C.managers English Football League managers Association football coaches Association football scouts Port Vale F.C. non-playing staff Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff Hull City A.F.C. non-playing staff

Terrance Mitchell

original

<mask> (born May 17, 1992) is an American football cornerback for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the seventh round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oregon. Early years <mask> attended Luther Burbank High School in Sacramento, California, where he played cornerback and running back for the Burbank Titans high school football team. As a senior, he earned Metro League Offensive MVP honors after registering 2,360 all-purpose yards, 48 receptions, and 24 touchdowns. On defense, he received All-Metro honors after he tallied 6 interceptions, a forced fumble and one blocked field goal. He also lettered in basketball.Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, he was listed as the No. 33 cornerback in the nation in 2010. College career <mask> accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oregon. As a redshirt freshman, he earned the starting left cornerback job, registering 45 tackles, 10 passes defensed (sixth in the Pac-12), 2 interceptions and 3 forced fumbles. As a sophomore, he tallied 40 tackles (ninth on the team) and 8 passes defensed. As a junior, he finished with 59 tackles (ninth on the team), 7 passes defensed, 5 interceptions (led the team) and one forced fumble. He announced on January 2, 2014, that he would forgo his senior season and enter the NFL Draft.He finished his collegiate career with 38 starts in 40 games, 144 tackles, 7 interceptions, 25 passes defensed (tied for 10th place in school history) and 4 forced fumbles. Professional career At the University of Oregon pro day he was able to improve on his 40-yard dash time, clocking in at 4.52. Dallas Cowboys (first stint) The Dallas Cowboys selected <mask> in the seventh round (254th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. <mask> was the 33rd and final cornerback drafted. His fall in the draft was speculated to be due to his performance at the NFL Combine, as teams deemed him too slow to play cornerback. On May 15, 2014, the Dallas Cowboys signed <mask> to a four-year, $2.26 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $45,896. As a rookie, he was ineligible to participate in organized team activities until the University of Oregon classes ended.Throughout training camp, <mask> competed for a roster spot as a backup cornerback against Sterling Moore, B. W. Webb, Tyler Patmon, and Dashaun Phillips. On August 30, 2014, the Dallas Cowboys waived <mask>. Chicago Bears On September 1, 2014, the Chicago Bears signed <mask> to their practice squad. On October 13, 2014, the Chicago Bears elevated <mask> to their active roster, but remained inactive as a healthy scratch for the last ten games of the regular season. Throughout training camp in 2015, <mask> competed for a roster spot as a backup cornerback against Alan Ball, Demontre Hurst, Al Louis-Jean, Sherrick McManis, Jacoby Glenn, Qumain Black, and Bryce Callahan. Head coach John Fox named <mask> the fourth cornerback on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Kyle Fuller, Alan Ball, and Sherrick McManis. In 2015, a notable preseason allowed him to make the roster by beating out Tim Jennings.He was sidelined after Week 5 with a hamstring injury. On November 17, he was released to make room for cornerback Jacoby Glenn. On November 19, he was signed to the Bears' practice squad. He was released on November 23. Dallas Cowboys (second stint) On December 2, 2015, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys to the practice squad. With cornerback Orlando Scandrick out with a season ending knee injury and Tyler Patmon struggling, <mask> was promoted to the active roster on December 18 and was named the team's nickel cornerback. In his first game against the New York Jets he registered a pass defensed and an interception, becoming one of two cornerbacks on the team to have an interception on the year.Against the Washington Redskins he sacked quarterback Colt McCoy, forcing a fumble. In three games, he registered 12 tackles, one sack, one interception and 2 passes defensed. In 2016, he was used at nickel back and safety during Organized Team Activities. He was released on June 10. Houston Texans On June 13, 2016, <mask> was claimed off waivers by the Houston Texans, to replace rookie cornerback Richard Leonard who suffered a torn hamstring. He was released on September 3. Kansas City Chiefs On September 6, 2016, <mask> was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad.He was promoted to the active roster on October 18, 2016. He was released on November 8, 2016 and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted back to the active roster on November 25, to be the third cornerback. In 2017, he began the season as a starter at right cornerback for seven games in place of an injured Steven Nelson. In Week 3, he recorded two interceptions and nine tackles in a 24–10 victory over the Los Angeles Chargers. His performance against the Chargers was the first multi-interception game of his professional career. On October 30, Nelson was activated to play against the Denver Broncos and <mask> returned to a backup role behind Kenneth Acker.He finished with 9 starts out of 15 appearances and 4 interceptions. Cleveland Browns On March 15, 2018, <mask> signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the Cleveland Browns, reuniting with John Dorsey who was the general manager with the Chiefs. He forced 2 fumbles and recovered one, in the second game 18-21 loss against the New Orleans Saints. He had a game-sealing interception in the third game 21-17 win against the New York Jets. <mask> started the first four games of the season at right cornerback, before suffering a broken wrist in Week 4 against the Oakland Raiders. He was placed on injured reserve on October 2, 2018. He was activated off injured reserve on December 8, 2018.He started 3 of the last 4 games, tallying 19 tackles and 3 passes defensed. He finished the season with 38 tackles, one interception, 6 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery. In 2019, he appeared in 15 games with 4 starts, collecting 21 tackles and one interception. He did not play a snap in the seventh game against the New England Patriots. In 2020, second-year player Greedy Williams was expected to be the starter at right cornerback opposite Denzel Ward, but was lost for the season with a nerve injury in his shoulder that he suffered midway through training camp. <mask> was named the starter instead for all 16 games and both playoff contests. He posted 65 tackles (2 for loss), 3 forced fumbles and 13 passes defensed.Houston Texans (second stint) On March 24, 2021, <mask> signed a two-year contract worth up to $7.5 million with the Houston Texans. References External links Oregon Ducks bio 1992 births Living people Players of American football from Sacramento, California American football cornerbacks Oregon Ducks football players Dallas Cowboys players Chicago Bears players Houston Texans players Kansas City Chiefs players Cleveland Browns players

Âşık Veysel

original

<mask> (born <mask>ğlu; 25 October 1894 – 21 March 1973) was a Turkish ashik and highly regarded poet of the Turkish folk literature. He was born in the Sivrialan village of the Şarkışla district, in the province of Sivas. He was an ashik, poet, songwriter, and a bağlama virtuoso, the prominent representative of the Anatolian ashik tradition in the 20th century. He was blind for most of his lifetime. His songs are usually sad tunes, often dealing with the inevitability of death. However, <mask> used a wide range of themes for his lyrics; based on morals, values, and constant questioning of issues such as love, care, beliefs, and how he perceived the world as a blind man. Biography Early life Smallpox was prevalent throughout the Ottoman region that included Sivas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.His mother Gülizar and his farmer father Karaca Ahmet had already lost two daughters to smallpox before <mask> was born. He is the fifth of their six children. When <mask> turned seven in 1901, another smallpox outbreak occurred in Sivas, and <mask> contracted the disease as well. He became blind in his left eye and a cataract developed in his right eye. After an accident, his right eye was blinded as well. His father gave his blind son a bağlama and recited many folk poems to him. Poets of the region also started to drop by Ahmet Şatıroğlu’s house as well with their friends.They played instruments and sang songs. <mask> used to listen to them carefully. <mask>, the child bağlama player <mask> devoted himself wholeheartedly to playing bağlama and singing. He was first instructed by his father's friend, Çamışıhlı Ali Aga (Âşık Alâ), who taught him about the works of Pir Sultan Abdal, Karacaoğlan, Dertli, Rühsati and other great Alevi poets and ashiks of Anatolia. World War I and after <mask> was 20 when the First World War started. All of his friends and his brother rushed to the front, but because of his blindness he was left alone with his bağlama. After the war, he married a woman named Esma, who bore him a daughter and a son.The son died 10 days after birth. On 24 February 1921 <mask>'s mother died, followed eighteen months later by his father. By then Esma had left him and their six-month-old daughter, running off with a servant from his brother's house. His daughter also died at a young age. 1930s He met Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, a literature teacher in Sivas High School, who along with his colleagues founded the Association For Preservation of Folk Poets in 1931. On 5 December 1931 they organized the Fest of Folk Poets, which lasted for three days. <mask>'s meeting with Ahmet Kutsi Tecer thus marked a turning point in his life.Until 1933, <mask> played and sang the poems of master ozans. In the tenth anniversary of the Republic, upon the directives of Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, all folk poets wrote poems about the Republic and Mustafa Kemal. <mask> submitted a poem starting with the line "Atatürk is the revival of Turkey...". This poem came into daylight only after <mask> left his village. Ali Rıza Bey, the mayor of Ağcakışla to which Sivrialan was then affiliated, had much appreciation for <mask>'s poem and wanted to send it to Ankara. <mask> said he would like to go to visit the nation's leader, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and traveled to Ankara on foot with his faithful friend İbrahim under tough winter conditions. They arrived in Ankara three months later.<mask> resided with his hospitable friends for forty five days in Ankara. Sadly, he was unable to present his poem to Atatürk. His mother Gülizar said that "He felt bitter regret for two things in life: first not having been able to visit the great leader, and second, not being able to join the army…". However, his poem was printed in a printing house named Hakimiyeti Milliye in Ulus, and was published in the newspaper for three days. Then, he started to travel around the country to perform his poems. <mask> said the following about this time in his life: Teacher of the Village Institutes Upon the establishment of the Village Institutes, an initiative from Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, <mask> <mask> in return for “his contribution to our native language and national solidarity.” On 21 March 1973 at 3:30 am, <mask> died of lung cancer in Sivrialan, the village he was born in, in a house that now serves as a museum. In 2000, a compilation album of Âşık Veysel's songs named Âşık Veysel Klasikleri was released. In 2008, Joe Satriani's album Professor Satchafunkilus and the Musterion of Rock featured two songs called Âşık Veysel and Andalusia, which were dedicated to Âşık Veysel. In the same year, a remixed version of Âşık <mask>'s song Uzun İnce Bir Yoldayım was featured as the main theme in a Turkish film series, Gece Gündüz. Uzun İnce Bir Yoldayım (lyrics) "Uzun İnce Bir Yoldayım", translated to English: "I Walk On A Long And Narrow Road" is one of Veysel's best known works and is still popular among fans of Turkish folk music.

D. J. Newbill

original

<mask> "D. J.<mask> (born May 22, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. He played college basketball for Penn State before playing professionally in France, Turkey, Belgium, New Zealand, Poland, Australia and Russia. High school career <mask> attended Strawberry Mansion High School in Philadelphia. As a junior in 2008–09, he averaged 19.0 points, 7.0 rebounds, 4.0 assists and 3.0 steals per game and garnered Second Team All-State and All-Public League honors. As a senior in 2009–10, he was named the Pennsylvania Class AA Player of the Year and Public League Player of the Year after averaging 24.2 points, 9.0 rebounds, 5.0 assists and 4.0 steals per game.He led Strawberry Mansion to a 28–2 record and the Class AA State Championship. Recruiting College career Southern Miss As a freshman at Southern Miss in 2010–11, <mask> ranked third on the Golden Eagle team posting 9.2 points and second with 6.2 rebounds per game for a veteran squad that posted a 22–10 mark. He started all 32 contests, playing 30.5 minutes per game while shooting 53.5 percent from the floor to earn Conference USA All-Freshman Team honors. Penn State In August 2011, <mask> transferred to Penn State. Due to NCAA transfer regulations, he was forced to sit out the 2011–12 season. As a redshirt sophomore in 2012–13, <mask> was thrust into the role of point guard after an early season injury to Tim Frazier. As a result, <mask> led Penn State in scoring (16.3) and assists (4.0) and was second in rebounding (5.0) and steals (1.2).He was also named team captain in his first season. At the season's end, he was named an Honorable-mention All-Big Ten selection. He became the 17th Lion to score 500 points (504) in a season. On January 16, 2013, he posted a career-high 27 points to go with six assists on 8-of-12 shooting against Michigan State. As a junior in 2013–14, <mask> was named Second Team All-Big Ten by coaches and media, becoming Penn State's 12th second-team selection and fourth picked by both entities. He was also a NABC Second Team All-District 7 member. He became Penn State's 31st 1,000-point scorer during the season and ranked 21st all-time in career scoring with 1,108 points at the season's end.He became the fourth Penn State player to reach 500-plus points in multiple campaigns. He led the team and was second in the Big Ten in scoring (17.8 ppg) and was second on team in rebounds (4.9 rpg). He scored the game-tying and game-winning field goals against Ohio State on January 29, 2014, ending night with a season-high tying 25 points, 17 of which were scored in the second half and overtime. As a senior in 2014–15, <mask> was named Second Team All-Big Ten for a second straight year. He also picked up USBWA All-District II Team, NABC All-District 7 Second Team and Big Ten All-Tournament Team honors. In 34 games, he averaged 20.7 points, 4.7 rebounds, 3.1 assists and 1.3 steals per game. After going undrafted in the 2015 NBA draft, <mask> joined the Los Angeles Clippers for the 2015 NBA Summer League.In four games for the Clippers, he averaged 10.3 points, 3.5 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 2.8 steals per game. On July 29, 2015, <mask> signed with French team ASVEL for the 2015–16 season. On January 11, 2016, he parted ways with ASVEL. In 15 LNB Pro A games, he averaged 6.7 points, 1.7 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game. He also averaged 13.0 points, 2.3 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.0 steals in seven FIBA Europe Cup games. In February 2016, <mask> signed with Turkish team Akhisar Belediyespor for the rest of the season. In eight games for Akhisar, he averaged 10.6 points, 4.8 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 1.5 steals per game.On July 17, 2016, <mask> signed with Belgian team Telenet Oostende for the 2016–17 season. He helped Oostende win both the Belgian League championship and Belgian Cup crown; he also helped Oostende reach the final of the Belgian Supercup. In 45 league games, he averaged 8.4 points, 2.3 rebounds and 1.7 assists per game. He also averaged 8.0 points, 2.2 rebounds and 2.0 assists in six FIBA Europe Cup games, and 5.8 points, 1.6 rebounds and 1.5 assists in 14 BCL games. On August 10, 2017, <mask> signed with the New Zealand Breakers for the 2017–18 NBL season. In 30 games, he averaged 13.8 points, 4.3 rebounds, 3.2 assists and 1.3 steals per game. In March 2018, he joined Polish team Polski Cukier Toruń.On June 29, 2018, <mask> signed with the Cairns Taipans for the 2018–19 NBL season. In 27 games, he averaged 14.6 points, 4.2 rebounds, 2.5 assists and 1.2 steals per game. On February 26, 2019, he signed with Russian team Avtodor Saratov. On August 17, 2019, <mask> re-signed with the Cairns Taipans for the 2019–20 NBL season. He was named to the All-NBL Second Team. On August 21, 2020, <mask> signed with Osaka Evessa of the Japanese B.League. B.League Regular season |- | style="text-align:left;"| 2021-22 | style="text-align:left;"| Osaka | 30 || 30 || 32.9 || .487 || .407 || .812 || 5.1 || 4.5 || 1.3 || .2 || 23.4 |- | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career | 30 || 30 || 32.9 || .487 || .407 || .812 || 5.1 || 4.5 || 1.3 || .2 || 23.4 Source: basketball-stats.de (Date: 02.February 2022) References External links Penn State Nittany Lions bio washingtonpost.com profile "New Breakers import DJ <mask> brings Philly swag and toughness to new home" at stuff.co.nz Basketball-Stats Profile 1992 births Living people American expatriate basketball people in Australia American expatriate basketball people in Belgium American expatriate basketball people in France American expatriate basketball people in Japan American expatriate basketball people in New Zealand American expatriate basketball people in Poland American expatriate basketball people in Russia American expatriate basketball people in Turkey American men's basketball players ASVEL Basket players Basketball players from Philadelphia BC Avtodor Saratov players BC Oostende players Cairns Taipans players New Zealand Breakers players Osaka Evessa players Penn State Nittany Lions basketball players Point guards Shooting guards Southern Miss Golden Eagles basketball players Twarde Pierniki Toruń players

Walter Hooper

original

<mask> (March 27, 1931December 7, 2020) was an American writer and literary advisor of the estate of C.S. Lewis. He was a literary trustee for Owen Barfield from December 1997 to October 2006. <mask> was born in Reidsville, North Carolina, United States. He earned an M.A. in education in 1958 from the University of North Carolina<ref>Crockford's Clerical Directory’’, 1973-74, 85th Edition, p 457.</ref> and was an instructor in English at the University of Kentucky in the early 1960s. He served briefly in 1963 as C.S.Lewis's private secretary when Lewis was in declining health. He devoted himself to Lewis's memory after his death in November 1963, eventually taking up residence in Oxford, England, where he lived until his death. <mask> became a C.S. Lewis papers custodian, advocate, and editor of his works. The Lewis papers, as researched by <mask>, contain primary data on the friendship between Lewis and his fellow Oxford don J.R.R. Tolkien. <mask> also studied for the Anglican ministry at St Stephen's House, Oxford and was ordained deacon in 1964 and priest in 1965.He was Chaplain of Wadham College, Oxford 1965-67 and Assistant Chaplain of Jesus College, Oxford 1967-70. He converted to the Catholic Church in 1988, and was a daily communicant at the Oxford Oratory. He described meeting Pope John Paul II in 1984, when still an Anglican, as "When the pope walked into the room it was as if Aslan himself had arrived." <mask> died from complications of COVID-19 on 7 December 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in England at the age of 89. Literary work <mask>'s works include: C.S. Lewis: A Biography (co-authored with Roger Lancelyn Green) (1974) Study guide to The Screwtape Letters with Owen Barfield (1976) Past Watchful Dragons: The Narnian Chronicles of C.S. Lewis (1979) With Anthony Marchington Through Joy and Beyond: The Life of C.S.Lewis (1979) The Chronicles of Narnia Soundbook (TLWW, TVOTDT, PC, TSC) (abridged) with program booklet by <mask> (1980) Through Joy and Beyond: A Pictorial Biography of C.S. Lewis (1982) C.S. Lewis: A Companion and Guide (1996) C.S. Lewis: A Complete Guide to His Life and Works (1998) In addition, <mask> edited or wrote introductions for approximately 30 books of Lewisian manuscripts and scholarship. Several of these books contain previously unknown or little-known works by Lewis. The following works were edited by <mask>: All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C.S. Lewis, 1922–27.San Diego: Harcourt, 1991. Boxen: The Imaginary World of the Young C.S. Lewis. New York: Harcourt, 1985. Christian Reflections. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1967. C.S.Lewis: Collected Letters, Volume 1: Family Letters (1905–1931). London: HarperCollins, 2000. C.S. Lewis: Collected Letters, Volume 2: Books, Broadcasts and War (1931–1949). London: HarperCollins, 2004. C.S. Lewis: Collected Letters, Volume 3: Narnia, Cambridge and Joy (1950–1963).London: HarperCollins, 2006. C.S. Lewis: Readings for Meditation and Reflection. San Francisco: Harper, 1992. God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970. Image and Imagination.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Narrative Poems. Edited with preface by <mask>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969. Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories. Edited with preface by <mask>. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966.Of This & Other Worlds. Edited with preface by <mask>. London: Collins, 1982. On Stories, and Other Essays on Literature. Edited with preface by <mask>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982. Poems.New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964. Present Concerns. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986. Selected Literary Essays. London: Cambridge University Press, 1969. Spirits in Bondage: A Cycle of Lyrics. Edited with a preface by <mask>.New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984. Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Collected by <mask>. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966. The Business of Heaven: Daily Readings from C.S. Lewis. San Diego: Harcourt, 1984.The Collected Poems of C.S. Lewis. London: Fount, 1994. The Dark Tower & Other Stories. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977. The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses (revised and expanded). Edited with introduction by <mask>.New York: Macmillan, 1980. They Stand Together: The Letters of C.S. Lewis to Arthur Greeves (1914–1963). New York: Macmillan, 1979. Letters of C.S. Lewis. Edited with a memoir by W.H. Lewis.Revised and enlarged by <mask>. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1988. Honors In 1972 <mask> was awarded the second annual Mythopoeic Scholarship Award in Inklings Studies, for scholarly contribution to the criticism and appreciation of the epic fantasy literature generated by the Inklings School, by the Mythopoeic Society. Controversy In 1977, <mask> published the unfinished science fiction novel The Dark Tower, a previously unknown work by C.S. Lewis. The novel resembles Lewis's known works in some ways and departs from them in others. A school of critics headed by Kathryn Lindskoog accused <mask> of either forging the work in toto or adding a lot of padding onto small fragments of an unknown work by Lewis to create the published work.Lindskoog also questioned the authenticity of other posthumously published works edited by <mask>. <mask> rejected these accusations, and independent research exists to disprove them and confirm the authenticity of the posthumous Lewis works edited by <mask>. Professor Alastair Fowler of the University of Edinburgh had Lewis as his doctoral supervisor in 1952, and he recalls discussing The Dark Tower with his mentor. This is a firsthand account of the manuscript's existence during Lewis' lifetime.Harry Lee Poe, "Shedding Light on the Dark Tower," Christianity Today, February 2, 2007 Lewis' stepson Douglas Gresham also disagrees with Lindskoog's forgery claims. "The whole controversy thing was engineered for very personal reasons…. Her fanciful theories have been pretty thoroughly discredited." Related works Diana Pavlac Glyer The Company They Keep: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien as Writers in Community''.Kent State University Press. Kent Ohio. 2007. References External links "<mask> Papers, circa 1940-1980", finding aid at the University of North Carolina "<mask>", citation at the Wade Center, Wheaton College (Clyde S. Kilby Lifetime Achievement Award, 2009) 1931 births 2020 deaths American male biographers American expatriates in the United Kingdom Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism People from Reidsville, North Carolina University of Kentucky alumni 20th-century American biographers People from Oxford Alumni of St Stephen's House, Oxford Catholics from North Carolina Writers from North Carolina Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in England

Mario Pannunzio

original

<mask> (5 March 1910 - 10 February 1968) was an Italian journalist and politician. As a journalist he was the director in charge of the daily newspaper Risorgimento Liberale (Liberal reawakening) in the 1940s and of the weekly political magazine Il Mondo (The World) in the 1950s. As a politician he was a co-founder of the revived Italian Liberal Party in the 1940s and then of the Radical Party in 1955. Life Early years <mask> was born in Lucca, a prosperous Tuscan city a short distance inland to the north of Pisa. He was the second son of <mask>, a lawyer of strong communist proclivities originally from the Abruzzo region. The boy's mother, Emma Bernardini, came from a traditional catholic family from the minor aristocracy. When <mask> was 10 his father fell foul of the local Fascists and the family were obliged to relocate, ending up in Rome which is where <mask> completed his schooling at the prestigious liceo classico Mamiani (classical secondary school).After this, respectful of his father's wishes, he enrolled at Rome University, emerging on 6 July 1931 with a degree in jurisprudence. The grade of his university degree was indifferent: he had been keen to obtain his degree quickly in order to clear the way for dedicating himself to his real passion, which was not for law but for art. While still at university he became a regular visitor at the Caffè Aragno in the city centre, which was a favourite meeting point for cerebrally inclined intellectuals during the 1930s. He himself became known as "lo Sfaccendato" ("the idler") at the cafe according to one commentator, although his later achievements suggest that the judgement may have rested on incomplete information. In 1931 he took part in the "Prima quadriennale d'arte nazionale" (art exhibition) which ran from January till August 1931, exhibiting several pictures including a portrait of his sister, Sandrina. By 1934, however, he had abandoned painting, turning instead to literary criticism. He got to know Attilio Riccio, formerly a fellow law student, who introduced him to this new milieu, and joined the editorial team of "Il Saggiatore", a short-lived left-field cultural magazine which had originated as a student publication.He contributed reviews and articles in which he discussed the general characteristics and purpose of the novel. It was also around this time that he renewed his acquaintance with Arrigo Benedetti (the two had known each other as children in Lucca.) and began his long friendship with Ennio Flaiano. Between 1933 and 1935 he was involved in three magazines, founded with a group of friends: "Oggi. Settimanale di lettere ed arti" (later "Rassegna mensile") was produced between May 1931 and May 1934. The "Oggi" group was formed by Pannunzio, together with Antonio Delfini, Eurialo De Michelis, Guglielmo Serafini and Elio Talarico. The project elaborated a debate on the renewal of Italian literature.The magazine claimed for itself a "neo-realist orientation" over the issues of the age, and contrasted this with the more traditional existing approach represented by publications such as "Strapaese" and "Il Selvaggio", both of which opposed the avante garde extremes encountered during the early decades of the twentieth century. Other sources state simply that "Oggi" was closed down after February 1942 at the request of Georg von Mackensen, the German ambassador. "La Corrente", co-founded with Alberto Moravia. "Caratteri", launched in March 1935 and surviving till July of that year. <mask> founded it together with Arrigo Benedetti and Antonio Delfini. These early experiences of journalism would be highly significant: Panunzio understood "the enormous influence of journalism", a form of communication he had been inclined to overlook when, as a very young man, he had been preoccupied with communicating through art and literary criticism. It was in 1935 that <mask> married Mary Malina, a young Hungarian actress whom he had met at a Rome theatre.The marriage was childless. During 1936 and 1937 Pannunzio devoted himself to cinema. Basing himself at the newly established Experimental film centre in Rome, he directed the short film "Vecchio Tabarin" ("Old Tabarin"). Journalism and the Rotogravure printing process He switched to journalism in 1937 invited, with Arrigo Benedetti to join the editorial team on "Omnibus". Newly set up by Leo Longanesi, and operated under the auspices of the Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera group, the weekly news magazine was produced using the then innovative Rotogravure printing process. Pannunzio contributed as the film critic. However, in February 1939 "Omnibus" was closed down by the government.By this time two years working on Longanesi's periodical had provided Pannunzio with an effective apprenticeship in an editorial office. Identified as one of the best of Longanesi's "apprentices", <mask> was invited to Milan by Angelo Rizzoli who was planning to launch a new magazine using "Rotogravure". With Benedetti, Pannunzio now set about creating a new intellectual focus for non-mainstream intellectuals. He chose to use the title of his earlier short-lived publication, "Oggi" ("Today"). On this occasion Oggi survived till January 1942 before it was closed down by the Fascist authorities after it published an article by a contributor whom they disliked. Pannunzio returned to Rome. Later that year the Mussolini government fell.Pannunzio joined with Leo Longanesi to compose the editorial which appeared in Il Messaggero on 26/27 July 1943, celebrating the return of liberty. During the German occupation of Rome (which began on 8 September 1943), Pannunzio formed a clandestine liberal grouping with like minded friends in the city, "the Italian liberal movement". The mouthpiece of the movement, "Risorgimento Liberale"("Liberal Re-awakening") was a notionally daily newspaper, published at irregular intervals during the second half of 1943 and thereafter till the liberation of Rome (4 June 1944). During December 1943 <mask> was arrested by Nazis while he was in the newspaper's print works: he spent several months in the Regina Coeli (prison). After the liberation, <mask> was appointed director of "Risorgimento Liberale", which now became the official newspaper of the newly reconstituted Italian Liberal Party. (The old liberal party had been banned under the Fascist regime which preferred to operate with a one-party political structure.) The middle and later 1940s were characterised by powerful political disagreement in Italy.Pannunzio did not hesitate to oppose the National Liberation Committee ("Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale" / CLN), a broad coalition of political groupings united only by opposition to Fascism and, until the general election of June 1946, the closest thing occupied post-war Italy had to a government. He was particularly critical of the CLN's muted response to the Foibe massacres, ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia and over the issue of Italian prisoners still held in the Soviet Union after the end of the war. For Pannunzio anti-Stalinism went hand in had with anti-Fascism, a political viewpoint that was far from mainstream on the Italian left, and not universal among many in the political centre. At the end of 1947 Roberto Lucifero was appointed General Secretary of the Italian Liberal Party. This reflected events at the Party Congress of November 1947 which had been widely interpreted as a take-over by the party's right wing. (Lucifero himself was a fervent monarchist, which in the eyes of some was the next worst thing to a closet fascist.) <mask> now joined the former party leader, Leone Cattani, and others, in resigning his party membership.Later he joined Altiero Spinelli's European Federalist Movement. "Il Mondo" Pannunzio now received separate offers from the journalist turned media magnate Gianni Mazzocchi and from the Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera group to take on leadership of a new magazine. In both cases he was offered the opportunity of a "blank canvas" in respect of design and editorial positioning. After carefully evaluating both propositions, Pannunzio chose Mazzocchi. Preparing for launch took place during 1948 and early 1949. In the meantime, Pannunzio contributed to the weekly magazine L'Europeo, produced by Gianni Mazzocchi and under the editorial control of his friend Arrigo Benedetti. Pannunzio took on "political editorship" work at the magazine's Rome office.For his own daily newspaper he took the name "Il Mondo" (the world), reviving, not for the first time, the name of an earlier publication that had been closed down under the Mussolini government. The first edition of "Il Mondo" appeared on 19 February 1949. Thanks to the personal prestige of its founders the new newspaper quickly became a focus for collecting and presenting the important intellectual developments of the time. The number and the quality of its contributors combined with the various issues tackled made its managing editor, <mask> an informal but influential member of the political class, despite operating from outside from outside the conventional parliamentary institutions. The use he made of this privilege to exercise his influence responsibly made him an excellent role model for a rising generation of "political opinion journalists". By 1951 Pannunzio had become politically influential among liberals and members of the intellectual class: when he rejoined the Italian Liberal Party that year, there were many "friends of Il Mondo" who did the same. The Radical Party In 1954 the Italian Liberal Party elected a new party secretary, Giovanni Malagodi which was widely perceived s another lurch to the right.On 15 July 1954 <mask>, Carandini, Libonati and Paggi reacted by resigning - in Panninzio's case for the second time - from the Liberal Party. This time the splitting of the Liberal Party led to the establishment in Rome on 9 December 1955 of a new party, the "Radical Party of Liberals and Democrats" ("Partito radicale dei democratici e dei liberali"). Unsurprisingly, the party quickly came to be known simply as the Radical Party. Leading co-founders of the Radical Party included Leopoldo Piccardi, Ernesto Rossi, Leo Valiani, Guido Calogero, Giovanni Ferrara, Paolo Ungari, Eugenio Scalfari and the man who became the longstanding leader of the Radical Party, Marco Pannella. The leaders of the new party were able to claim a degree of "liberal authenticity" superior to what remained of the Liberal Party. It was they who had clandestinely refounded the Liberal Party back in the 1940s. <mask> himself had been imprisoned during the German occupation for "antifascist resistance" between October 1943 and February 1944, after which it was he who had taken on leadership of the Risorgimento Liberale, the daily newspaper which, it could be argued (and was), had defined postwar Italian liberalism between 1943 and 1948.When the party was launched <mask> and Leo Valiani were two of the most high-profile members of its provisional executive committee. By 1962 it was the Radical Party that was fracturing. Members elected that year to the party national executive were Bruno Villabruna, Leopoldo Piccardi, Ernesto Rossi and Marco Pannella. <mask> and Benedetti broke with the majority and withdrew. The causes of the breach were a combination of political and personal differences, with additional bitterness triggered by allegations on the activities of Leopoldo Piccardi during the Fascist years. It was believed that Piccardi had collaborated in 1941. Ernesto Rossi insisted that Piccardi should therefore be expelled from the party, but he failed to obtain a majority for this.Pannunzio was among those who opposed the expulsion proposal. Rossi became determined to get his own back against Pannunzio. He set about obtaining and photocopying articles from the weekly magazine "Oggi" covering the years from 1939 to 1943, in order to find material that he might use to challenge Pannunzio's own anti-fascist credentials. When Pannunzio discovered that Rossi was in the process of building up a personal dossier on him, the break between the two former friends was complete. Relations between Pannunzio and Rossi became "icy": Rossi's contributions to Il Mondo ceased. Death Il Mondo (The World) closed in March 1966. During his last couple of years <mask> withdrew from public life, instead spending his time at home in his private library, which by this time comprised approximately 30,000 volumes.He died in Rome, supported by his wife, on 10 February 1968. The cause of his death was given as pulmonary fibrosis caused, according to at least one source, by his excessive smoking. References 1910 births 1968 deaths Politicians from Lucca Italian Liberal Party politicians Radical Party (Italy) politicians Members of the Consulta Nazionale Writers from Lucca Italian anti-fascists Italian newspaper editors Italian male journalists Italian magazine editors Sapienza University of Rome alumni

Walter fitz Alan

original

<mask> (1177) was a twelfth-century English baron who became a Scottish magnate and Steward of Scotland. He was a younger son of <mask>z Flaad and Avelina de Hesdin. In about 1136, <mask> entered into the service of David I, King of Scotland. He became the king's dapifer or steward in about 1150, and served as such for three successive Scottish kings: David, Malcolm IV and William I. In time, the stewardship became hereditarily held by <mask>'s descendants. <mask> started his career as a minor English baron. Upon arriving in Scotland, however, he received a substantial grant of lands from his Scottish sovereigns.These included the western provincial lordships of: Mearns, Strathgryfe, Renfrew and North Kyle. The caput of <mask>'s holdings is uncertain, although there is reason to suspect it was either Dundonald Castle or Renfrew Castle. <mask> was a benefactor of several religious houses, and was the founder of Paisley Priory. There is reason to suspect that <mask> took part in the Siege of Lisbon against the Moors in 1147. He probably assisted Malcolm in the series of Scottish invasions of Galloway in the 1160, which resulted in the downfall of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. In fact, <mask> and the other colonial lords settled in western Scotland were probably intended to protect the Scottish realm from external threats located in regions such as Galloway and the Isles. In 1164, Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles invaded Scotland and was defeated near Renfrew.It is possible that the commander of the local Scottish forces was <mask> himself. <mask> was married to Eschina de Londres, an apparent member of the Londres/London family. There is reason to suspect that she was also matrilineally descended from a family native to southern Scotland. If correct, this could explain why <mask> was granted the lands of Mow. Alternately, it is possible that Eschina's rights to Mow merely stemmed from her marriage to <mask>. Eschina and <mask> were the parents of <mask>, <mask>'s successor. The couple may have also been the parents of a Christina, a woman who married into the Brus and Dunbar families.<mask> was an ancestor of the Stewart family, from which descended the royal Stewart/Stuart dynasty. He died in 1177. Ancestry and arrival in Scotland <mask> was a member of the Fitz <mask> family. He was born in about 1110. <mask> was a son of <mask> Flaald (died 1121×) and Avelina de Hesdin. <mask> and Avelina had three sons: Jordan, William and <mask>. <mask>'s father was a Breton knight who was granted lands in Shropshire by Henry I, King of England.Previous to this, <mask> had acted as steward to the bishops of Dol in Brittany. <mask> was a minor English landholder. He held North Stoke, north of Arundel, by way of a grant from his brother, William. There is reason to suspect that <mask> also held Manhood, south of Chichester. He also held land at "Conelon" or "Couten", a place that possibly refers to Cound in Shropshire. <mask> appears to have arrived in Scotland in about 1136, during the reign of David I, King of Scotland. Following Henry's death in 1135, the Fitz Alans evidently sided with David in his support of the contested English royal claims of Henry's daughter, Matilda.Certainly, both William and <mask> witnessed acts of Matilda in 1141. In any event, the date of <mask>'s introduction into Scotland may be marked by the original part of the so-called "foundation charter" of Melrose Abbey, which records <mask> as a witness. <mask> served as David's or (steward). He served in this capacity for three successive Scottish kings: David, Malcolm IV and William I. <mask> is increasingly attested by royal charters from about 1150, and it is possible that it was at about this time that David granted him the stewardship to be held heritably. As the king's steward, <mask> would have been responsible for the day-to-day running of the king's household. Whilst the chamberlain was responsible for the king's sleeping compartments, the steward oversaw the king's hall. It is possible that David sought to replace the Gaelic office of ("food-divider") with that of the steward.This office certainly appears to have been a precursor to the stewardship. <mask>'s ancestors were stewards to the Breton lords of Dol. In fact, his elder brother, Jordan, inherited this stewardship from their father, and held this office at the time of <mask>'s own establishment in Scotland. As such, it is probable that <mask> possessed a degree of experience in the profession. <mask> lived during a period in history when Scottish monarchs sought to attract men to their kingdom by promising them gifts of land. To such kings, royal authority depended upon their ability to give away territories in the peripheries of the realm. Although the twelfth-century Scottish monarchs did not create any new earldoms for the incoming Anglo-Norman magnates, they did grant them provincial lordships.The most important of these mid-century colonial establishments were: Annandale for Robert de Brus; Upper Eskdale and Ewesdale for Robert Avenel; Lauderdale and Cunningham for Hugh de Morville; Liddesdale for Ranulf de Sules; and Mearns, Strathgryfe, Renfrew and North Kyle for <mask> himself. As a result of their tenure in high office, and their dominating regional influence, these provincial lords were equal to the native Scottish earls in all but rank. In 1161×1162, Malcolm confirmed <mask>'s stewardship, and confirmed David's grants of Renfrew, Paisley, Pollock, "Talahret", Cathcart, Dripps, Mearns, Eaglesham, Lochwinnoch and Innerwick. He also granted Walter West Partick, Inchinnan, Stenton, Hassenden, Legerwood and Birkenside, as well as a toft with twenty acres in every burgh and demesne in the realm. For this grant, <mask> owed his sovereign the service of five knights. The grant of lodgings in every important royal settlement would have only been entrusted to people particularly close to the king, and to those who were expected to travel with him. The impressive list of twenty-nine eminent men who attested this transaction appears to be evidence that the proceedings took place in a public setting before the royal court.At some point during his career, <mask> received North Kyle from either David or Malcolm. Also in 1161×1162—perhaps on the same date as Malcolm's aforesaid charter to <mask>—the king granted <mask> the lands of Mow for the service of one knight. There is reason to suspect that David's original grant of lands to <mask> took place in 1136. Certainly in 1139×1146, <mask> witnessed a charter of David to the cathedral of Glasgow in which the king invested the cathedral with assets from Carrick, Cunningham, Strathgryfe and Kyle. In 1165, <mask> is stated to have held lands worth two knight's fees in Shropshire. As such, the vast majority of his holdings were located north of the Anglo-Scottish border. Ecclesiastical actions <mask> was a benefactor of Melrose Abbey, and granted this religious house the lands of Mauchline in Ayrshire.He also granted his lands in Dunfermline and Inverkeithing to Dunfermline Abbey. <mask> founded Paisley Priory in about 1163. This religious house was initially established at Renfrew—at King's Inch near Renfrew Castle—before removing to Paisley within a few years. The fact that <mask> made this a Cluniac monastery could be evidence that he was personally devoted to the Cluniac Wenlock Priory in Shropshire. Alternately, the decision to associate Wenlock with his foundation at Renfrew could have stemmed from a devotion to the cult of Wenlock's patron saint: St Milburga. <mask>'s priory at Paisley was dedicated in part to St James the Greater. This, coupled with the fact that <mask> did not witness any of David's acts during a span of time in 1143×1145, could be evidence that <mask> undertook a pilgrimage to the shrine of St James the Greater at Santiago de Compostela.In the spring of 1147, Scots joined an Anglo-Flemish fleet in Dartmouth, and set off to join the Second Crusade. The presence of Scots in this multi-ethnic fighting force is specifically attested by the twelfth-century texts De expugnatione Lyxbonensi and Gesta Friderici imperatoris. In June, this fleet of Englishmen, Flemings, Normans, Rhinelanders and Scots arrived at Lisbon, and joined the King of Portugal's months-long siege of the city. Some of the adventurers who participated in the expedition—a fifty-ship detachment of Rhinelanders—clearly visited Santiago de Compostela. It is possible that <mask> was one of the Scots who took part in the Lisbon expedition. Renfrew may well have served as the caput of the Strathgryfe group of holdings held by <mask>, and could have been the main caput of all his holdings. The fact that he chose Paisley to serve as a priory does not necessarily mean that Renfrew was his principal caput.In fact, there is reason to suspect that North Kyle served as <mask>'s power centre. For example, <mask> granted this religious house a tithe from all his lands excepting North Kyle. The fact that he granted away only one piece of land in North Kyle—as opposed to his extensive donations elsewhere—suggests that North Kyle was his largest block of his own demesne. As such, the archaeological evidence of a twelfth-century motte at Dundonald could indicate that <mask> constructed Dundonald Castle, an earth and timber fortress, as his principal caput. The uneven distribution of <mask>'s grants to Paisley Priory seems to have been a result of the fact that he had subinfeudated most of Strathgryfe by the time of its establishment. <mask>'s extensive territories consisted of regions inhabited by native speakers of English, Cumbric and Gaelic. From the years spanning 1160–1241, there are roughly one hundred vassals, tenants and dependants of <mask> and his succeeding son and grandson.A considerable number of these dependants were evidently drawn from the vicinity of the Fitz Alan lands in Shropshire. The latter region was largely Welsh-speaking at the time, and it is possible that this languages was then mutually intelligible with Breton, Cumbric. If so, it could indicate that <mask> and his dependants were purposely settled in the west to take advantage of this linguistic affiliation. As such, it may have been hoped that such incoming settlers would possess a degree of legitimacy from the natives as fellow Britons. Eschina de Londres <mask> was married to Eschina de Londres (fl. 1177×1198). It is likely that the king—either David or Malcolm—arranged the union.Eschina is variously accorded locative names such as de Londres and de Molle. The former name appears to indicate that her father was a member of the Londres (or London)

Walter fitz Alan

original

family. One possibility is that this man was Richard de London. The various forms of Eschina's locative surname de Molle could indicate that she was a maternal granddaughter and heir of a previous Lord of Mow: a certain Uhtred, son of Liulf. Uhtred is known to have granted the church of Mow to Kelso Abbey during David's reign. If Eschina indeed possessed an inherited claim to Mow, it is possible that <mask>'s grant of this territory was given from the king in the context of <mask>'s marriage to her. The fact that Uhtred seems to have had a son and a brother could be evidence that the king had overridden the inheritance rights of Uhtred's male heirs.On the other hand, an alternate possibility is that Eschina only possessed rights to Mow as a result of her marriage to <mask>. <mask> was Eschina's first husband. She survived <mask>, and her second husband was probably Henry de Cormunnock, by whom she had two daughters: Cecilia and Maud. Eschina's grant to Paisley Priory records that her daughter, Margaret, was buried there. A daughter of <mask> may have been Christina, a widow of William de Brus, Lord of Annandale, and second wife of Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar. Christina's kinship with <mask>'s family could account for the Dunbars' later possession of Birkenside. Galloway <mask> witnessed an act by Malcolm at Les Andelys in Normandy.This charter appears to reveal that <mask> was one of the Scottish barons who accompanied the king upon the English campaign against the French at Toulouse in 1159. This record is the only known act of the king on the Continent. Malcolm returned to Scotland in 1160, having spent months campaigning in the service of the English. Upon his return, the king was forced to confront an attempted coup at Perth. Having successfully dealt with this considerable number of disaffected magnates, the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Holyrood and Chronicle of Melrose reveal that Malcolm launched three military expeditions into Galloway. Although the names of the king's accomplices are unrecorded, it is probable that <mask> was amongst them. The circumstances surrounding these invasions is unclear; what is clear, however, is that Fergus, Lord of Galloway submitted to the Scots before the end of the year.Specifically, according to the thirteenth-century Gesta Annalia I, once the Scots subdued the Gallovidians, the conquerors forced Fergus to retire to Holyrood Abbey, and hand over his son, Uhtred, as a royal hostage. On one hand, it is possible that Fergus himself had precipitated Malcolm's Gallovian campaign, by raiding into the territory between the rivers Urr and Nith. The fact that the Chronicle of Holyrood describes Malcolm's Gallovidian opponents as "federate enemies", and makes no mention of his sons, suggests that Fergus was supported by other accomplices. In fact, it is possible that Malcolm had encountered an alliance between Fergus and Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles. The Isles In 1164, Somairle launched an invasion of Scotland. This seaborne campaign is attested by sources such as: the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster, the twelfth-century Carmen de Morte Sumerledi, the thirteenth-century Chronica of Roger de Hoveden, the Chronicle of Holyrood, the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann, the Chronicle of Melrose, Gesta Annalia I, the fifteenth-century Mac Carthaigh's Book, and the fifteenth-century Scotichronicon. The various depictions of Somairle's forces—stated to have been drawn from Argyll, Dublin and the Isles—appear to reflect the remarkable reach of power that this man possessed at his peak.According to the Chronicle of Melrose, Somairle landed at Renfrew, and was defeated and slain by the people of the district. This stated location of Renfrew could be evidence that the target of Somairle's strike was <mask>. Nevertheless, the leadership of the Scottish forces is uncertain. It is conceivable that the commander was one of the three principal men of the region: Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow, Baldwin, Sheriff of Lanark/Clydesdale, and <mask> himself. Whilst there is reason to suspect that Somairle focused his offensive upon <mask>'s lordship at Renfrew, it is also possible that Hebert, as Malcolm's agent in the west, was the intended target. Certainly, Carmen de Morte Sumerledi associates Herbert with the victory, and makes no mention of <mask> or any Scottish royal forces. On the other hand, Baldwin's nearby lands of Inverkip and Houston were passed by Somairle's naval forces, suggesting that it was either Baldwin or his followers who engaged and overcame the invaders.Exactly why Somairle struck out at the Scots is unknown. This man's rise to power appears to coincide with an apparent weakening of Scottish royal authority in Argyll. Although David may well have regarded Argyll as a Scottish tributary, Somairle's ensuing career clearly reveals that the latter regarded himself a fully independent ruler. Somairle's first attestation by a contemporary source occurs in 1153, when the Chronicle of Holyrood reports that he backed the cause of his , the Meic Máel Coluim, in an unsuccessful coup after David's death. These —possibly nephews or grandsons of Somairle—were the sons of Máel Coluim mac Alasdair, a claimant to the Scottish throne, descended from an elder brother of David, Alexander I, King of Scotland. Four years later Somairle launched his final invasion of Scotland, and it is possible that it was conducted in the context of another attempt to support Máel Coluim's claim to the Scottish throne. Another possibility is that Somairle was attempting to secure a swathe of territory that had only recently been secured by the Scottish Crown.Although there is no record of Somairle before 1153, his family was evidently involved in an earlier insurrection by Máel Coluim against David that ended with Máel Coluim's capture and imprisonment in 1134. An aftereffect of this failed insurgency may be perceptible in a Scottish royal charter issued at Cadzow in about 1136. This source records the Scottish Crown's claim to cáin in Carrick, Kyle, Cunningham and Strathgryfe. Historically, this region appears to have once formed part of the territory dominated by the Gall Gaidheil, a people of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity. One possibly is that these lands had formerly comprised part of a Gall Gaidheil realm before the Scottish Crown overcame Máel Coluim and his supporters. The Cadzow charter is one of several that mark the earliest record of Fergus. This man's attestation could indicate that, whilst Somairle's family may have suffered marginalisation as a result of Máel Coluim's defeat and David's consolidation of the region, Fergus and his family could have conversely profited at this time as supporters of David's cause.The record of Fergus amongst the Scottish elite at Cadzow is certainly evidence of the increasing reach of David's royal authority in the 1130s. Another figure first attested by these charters is <mask>, who may have been granted the lands of Strathgryfe, Renfrew, Mearns and North Kyle on the occasion of David's grant of cáin. One explanation for Somairle's invasion is that he may have been compelled to counter a threat that <mask>—and other recently-enfeoffed Scottish magnates—posed to his authority. A catalyst of this collision of competing spheres of influence may have been the vacuum left by the assassination of Somairle's father-in-law, Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, in 1153. Although the political uncertainty following Óláfr's elimination would have certainly posed a threat to the Scots, the concurrent build-up of Scottish power along the western seaboard—particularly exemplified by <mask>'s expansive territorial grants in the region—meant that the Scots were also positioned to capitalise upon the situation. In fact, there is reason to suspect that, during Malcolm's reign—and perhaps with Malcolm's consent—<mask> began to extend his own authority into the Firth of Clyde, the islands of the Clyde, the southern shores of Cowal and the fringes of Argyll. The allotment of Scottish fiefs along the western seaboard suggests that these lands were settled in the context of defending the Scottish realm from external threats located in Galloway and the Isles.It was probably in this context that substantial western lordships were granted to Hugh de Morville, Robert de Brus and <mask>. As such, the mid-part of the twelfth century saw a steady consolidation of Scottish power along the western seaboard by some of the realm's greatest magnates—men who could well have encroached into Somairle's sphere of influence. The remarkably poor health of Malcolm—a man who went on to die before reaching the age of twenty-five—combined with the rising power of Somairle along Scotland's western seaboard, could account for Malcolm's confirmation <mask>'s stewardship and lands in 1161×1162. As such, <mask> may have sought written confirmation of his rights in light of the external threats that faced the Scottish Crown. In fact, one possibility is that the king's serious illness was a specific impetus for Somairle's campaign. Somairle may have intended to seize upon Malcolm's poor health to strike out at the Scots and limit the western spread of their influence. Death and successors <mask> served as steward until his death in 1177.Before his demise, <mask> retired to Melrose Abbey, and died there a lay member of the monastery. He was thereafter buried at Paisley. <mask>'s son and successor, <mask>, does not appear to have equalled <mask>'s consistent attendance of the royal court. It was during the tenure of <mask>'s great-grandson, Alexander Stewart, Steward of Scotland, that the title of dapifer regis Scotie ("steward of the king of Scotland") came to be replaced by the style senescallus Scotie ("steward of Scotland"). It was also during this generation that forms of the surname Stewart began to be borne by <mask>'s descendants. Specifically, his like-named great-grandson, <mask>, Earl of Menteith, is the first such descendant known to have adopted senescallus as a surname without having possessed the office of steward. <mask> was the founder of the Stewart family, from which descended the royal Stewart dynasty.Notes Citations References Primary sources Secondary sources External links 1100s births 1177 deaths Year of birth uncertain 12th-century English people 12th-century Scottish people Anglo-Normans Scoto-Normans Burials in Scotland Christians of the Second Crusade English people of Breton descent <mask> family High Stewards of Scotland House of Stuart Norman

Bello Bala Shagari

original

<mask> (born 26 April 1988) is a youth activist and a documentary filmmaker. He is the Managing Director of Royal African Young Leadership Forum (RAYLF). He was appointed shortly after resigning as the President of The National Youth Council of Nigeria (NYCN) Background <mask> is a notable grandson of Nigeria's former president <mask> who is involved in Youth Activism. He announced his grandfather's death on 28 December 2018. His father is the president's eldest son, <mask> of Shagari, Sokoto State. He had his early education in Sokoto and later had his SSCE in Police Secondary School Minna, Niger State. In secondary school, he served as the Cadet Commander of his Schools Cadet Club.He is a graduate of Business Information Systems & Information Technology from Middlesex University London. Shortly after his graduation in 2012, he voluntary taught briefly as a teacher in a Primary and Secondary Schools at his hometown Shagari. He holds the chieftaincy title of the Yarima of Shagari. Career <mask> Shagari founded Barcode Multimedia in 2012. He has produced documentaries and contents on politics, history and advocacy. One of such documentaries "One Nation, One Destiny" project which began in 2013, a documentary of the history of Nigeria focusing on President Shehu <mask>'s long experiences since pre-independence to his eventual emergence as Nigeria's first executive president in 1979. Accordingly, in the course of research and interviews, <mask> has come across a number of prominent politicians, diplomats, historians and many leaders.Some of his encounters include the past and present Nigeria Heads of State such as Yakubu Gowon, Olusegun Obasanjo, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar and Goodluck Ebele Jonathan. He also interviewed high profile personalities such as Prof. Jean Herskovits, historian of the State University of New York, U.S ambassador and diplomat Thomas Pickering, and Clifford May, a former New York Times reporter and president of the Foundation for Defense of Democracy, among others. As a youth activist, Bello was appointed as the chairman of the National Youth Council of Nigeria Sokoto State Chapter in 2017 after protesting and replacing a 52 year old man who had been the chairman. His activism became stronger and he ran for the presidency of the National Youth Council of Nigeria in the 2018 Unity Congress held in Gombe which he won in a keenly contested election which has brought him to National prominence in 2018. As the Chairman of NYCN Sokoto State Chapter, he partnered with other Government and Non Governmental Organisations to initiate a program known as RRTE in Sokoto State to curb unemployment, drug abuse and community violence. NYCN presidency <mask> was elected president of the National Youth Council of Nigeria at the Unity Congress in Gombe State on 25 July 2018. <mask> polled 249 votes as against 234 polled by his opponent, AlMustapha Asuku Abdullahi.As a result he emerged as the president. Prior to his emergence as the President of the National Youth Council of Nigeria, <mask> was the Chairman of The NYCN Sokoto State Chapter. At the 3rd General Afro-Arab Youth Conference held in Khartoum, Sudan, <mask> emerged as the Coordinator of west Africa, of the Afro-Arab Youth Council. Shortly after becoming the president of NYCN, <mask> secured 3,700 empowerment opportunities for the Nigerian youth. NYCN under <mask> became well known because of the publicity he created for the organization through mass media and social media. He became very vocal on issues concerning youth inclusion especially during the 2019 General Elections where his critics accused him of working for the opposition as he refuses to publicly endorse the ruling party. But afterwards, he succeeded in a lobby which led to the creation of the Ministry For Youth & Sports Development in Kano and the appointment of the State Chairman the Commissioner by Governor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje.He saw the organization's return to participation in international activities especially across Africa. However, many of his programs at home failed as a result of the crises rocking NYCN during his time. He is counted among the most influential youth in Nigeria barely six months in office and has been inducted into the community of Crans Montana New Leaders of Tomorrow in 2019. Resignation Crises have been rocking the National Youth Council since 2014, after a controversial election was held which led to the removal of the Minister for Youth & Sports Development at the time. However, reconciliation efforts ushered in newly elected executives led by Shagari in Gombe as supervised by the Federal Ministry for Youth and Sport. Soon after the election, opposition began resurfacing among the members of the board of trustees of the NYCN. Another faction was to emerge three months later in Port Harcourt.That coupled with opposition from some government elements lashed together to frustrate the Shagari led NYCN which became increasingly unpopular with some stakeholders. However, all efforts to remove Shagari from office failed including an attempt to pass a vote of no confidence against him. Later, a vote of confidence was successfully passed on him by his executives. As the crises brought the council activities to a halt by producing 3 other factions, <mask> resigned voluntarily on 9 March 2020 as a gesture of peace. <mask> is the first NYCN President to voluntarily resign. He was widely celebrated for his actions. Awards Youth Icon of The Year 2018 by National Association of Voluntary Youth Organisations.Award of Excellence by Abdulsalami Abubakar Institute for Peace and Sustainable Development Honorary Fellowship Award by The Governing Council of The Security and Forensic Studies Nigeria Most Influential Young Nigerian 2018 - Leadership and Civic Society Crans Montana New Leaders of Tomorrow, Dakhla, Morocco, 2019 Award of Royal African Medal and Recognition in Governance & Leadership by Royal African Young Leadership Forum RAYLF 2020. References 1988 births Nigerian activists Nigerian Fula people Nigerian Sunni Muslims Living people People from Sokoto Alumni of Middlesex University

David Wagner (soccer)

original

<mask> (born 19 October 1971) is a professional football manager and former player. He is the manager of Swiss Super League club Young Boys. <mask> grew up in West Germany and made his professional debut with Eintracht Frankfurt in 1990 and played as a striker for several clubs in the first and second divisions of German football. The son of an American stepfather and German mother, <mask> played for the United States national team, earning eight caps between 1996 and 1998. From 2011 to 2015, he managed Borussia Dortmund II. <mask> left in November 2015 to take the job at Huddersfield Town, which he led to the Premier League via the 2017 EFL Championship play-off Final. He left Huddersfield in January 2019, soon afterwards taking the manager position at Bundesliga club Schalke 04 in July 2019.Early life and club career <mask> was born in Frankfurt, West Germany. His biological father is from Thailand, his mother is German. Before his birth, <mask>'s mother married an American. <mask> was a journeyman striker for his playing career, playing primarily for Mainz 05, Darmstadt 98, FC Gütersloh, and Schalke 04. He also had short at Waldhof Mannheim, Eintracht Frankfurt and TSG Weinheim and Germania Pfungstadt. He enjoyed his best spell at Mainz scoring 19 times in his four years at the club. Former teammate and lifelong friend Jurgen Klopp recalled that "He wasn't very consistent, even if he does not want to hear it [...] He was a big talent, but not every day.He was very a young player when he came from Eintracht Frankfurt to Mainz, a very skilled boy, very quick, a good striker." He was part of the Schalke squad that won the 1997 UEFA Cup. International career In 1996, <mask> was recruited along with fellow Bundesliga player Michael Mason by manager Steve Sampson for the United States national team. Sampson had never seen either of them play but had been recommended <mask> and Mason by U.S. player Thomas Dooley. Dooley, like Mason and <mask> had American citizenship but had been raised in Germany. <mask> had played for Germany's U18 and U21 teams earlier in his career. While this gave him additional credibility with Sampson, his earlier international career risked making him ineligible to play for the United States.<mask> made his debut in a friendly 3–1 win over El Salvador in Los Angeles on 30 August 1996, in which he was substituted at half-time for Brian McBride. He made five appearances the following year and two more in 1998, all but one as a starter. In April 1997, after Canada lost to the United States in a World Cup qualifying match in which <mask> played, the Canadian Soccer Association complained to FIFA that <mask> should be ineligible to play for the United States based on his appearances for Germany's youth teams. On 2 May 1997, FIFA announced that <mask> was eligible to play for the United States because his games with the German teams were exhibitions, not official matches. However, <mask> was rarely called into the U.S. team afterward and he was not named to the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Managerial career Borussia Dortmund II Following his playing career, <mask> became a manager, working mostly with his former 1. Mainz 05 teammate Jürgen Klopp.<mask> was appointed as Borussia Dortmund II manager with effect from 1 July 2011. He left the role on 31 October 2015, amidst rumours that he was going to join Klopp's backroom staff at Liverpool. Huddersfield Town On 5 November 2015, <mask> was appointed manager of English club Huddersfield Town following the departure of Chris Powell. He brought Christoph Bühler, who had left Borussia Dortmund on 1 November 2015, with him as his assistant. In the summer of 2016, <mask> brought in 13 players from across the continent, including Danny Ward, Chris Löwe, and Aaron Mooy. He took his players on a bonding tour of Sweden, where they had to survive with only basic equipment for a few days. The team's success in the early 2016–17 season was largely accredited to the squad's tight bond, something that <mask> claimed was a direct result of this Sweden trip.A few weeks later, they visited Austria and kept two clean sheets in matches against Bundesliga teams Werder Bremen and Ingolstadt 04. After an unbeaten start to the 2016–17 season, Huddersfield were top of the table at the start of September, including a win at St James' Park against Newcastle United. On 29 May 2017, Huddersfield secured promotion to the Premier League for the 2017–18 season, following a victory on penalties in the play-off final against Reading. On 30 June 2017, <mask> signed an improved two-year contract. He was praised for his achievements in keeping Huddersfield in the Premier League at the end of the 2017–18 season, a feat regarded by bookmakers as improbable and described by The Guardian as "the Premier League's greatest survival story", with <mask> in particular noted as "a leader of rare charisma and intelligence." On 14 January 2019, <mask> and Huddersfield Town agreed to terminate his contract by mutual consent, with the team in last place and eight points from safety. Schalke 04 On 9 May 2019, <mask> was appointed as manager of Bundesliga club Schalke 04 on a three-year contract until 30 June 2022.In the second half of the 2019–20 season, Schalke set a new club record of 16 league games without a win between 25 January and 27 June 2020. The winless streak continued with an 0–8 defeat against Bayern Munich in the first match of the 2020–21 season. After a 1–3 defeat against Werder Bremen, the 18th winless league match in a row, <mask> was sacked on 27 September 2020. Young Boys In the summer of 2021, <mask> was heavily linked with the vacant manager's position at recently relegated Championship club West Bromwich Albion, however talks broke down. On 10 June 2021, <mask> was appointed manager of Swiss Super League reigning champions Young Boys. <mask> is married and has two daughters, Lynn and Lea. His daughter Lea works as a sports presenter for the public regional broadcasting company SWR.She is also part of the team of reporters for Sportschau on ARD. Career statistics Player Club International Manager As of 26 February 2022 Honours Player Schalke 04 UEFA Cup: 1996–97 Manager Huddersfield Town EFL Championship play-offs: 2017 Individual EFL Championship Manager of the Year: 2016–17 Premier League Manager of the Month: August 2017 EFL Championship Manager of the Month: August 2016, February 2017 References External links 1971 births Living people German people of Thai descent German people of American descent Footballers from Frankfurt German footballers American sportspeople of Thai descent American soccer players Association football forwards Eintracht Frankfurt II players Eintracht Frankfurt players 1. FSV Mainz 05 players FC Schalke 04 players FC Gütersloh 2000 players SV Waldhof Mannheim players SV Darmstadt 98 players Bundesliga players 2. Bundesliga players Regionalliga players UEFA Cup winning players Germany youth international footballers Germany under-21 international footballers United States men's international soccer players German football managers American soccer coaches Borussia Dortmund II managers Huddersfield Town A.F.C. managers FC Schalke 04 managers BSC Young Boys managers 3. Liga managers English Football League managers Premier League managers Bundesliga managers Swiss Super League managers German expatriate football managers German expatriate sportspeople in England German expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland American expatriate soccer coaches American expatriate sportspeople in England American expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland Expatriate football managers in England Expatriate football managers in Switzerland

Franco Mormando

original

<mask> (born 17 August 1955) is a historian, university professor, and author, focusing on the art, literature, and religious culture of Italy from the late Medieval period to the Baroque. His principal publications have been on fifteenth-century preacher Bernardino of Siena and Baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini, with other notable contributions to the study of the artist Caravaggio and the bubonic plague. Early life and education <mask> was born and raised in New York City, in Manhattan's Lower East Side, of Italian immigrant parents. His undergraduate education was at Columbia University, where he was a John Jay National Scholar, receiving his B.A. (1977) summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa. At Columbia, he also received the Bigongiari Award for Excellence in Italian Studies. From Columbia, he went on to Harvard University, where he received both his M.A.(1979) and Ph.D. (1983) in Italian literature, with a dissertation on The Vernacular Sermons of Bernardino of Siena, OFM (1380-1444): A Literary Analysis. While at Harvard, he received the "Travel-Study Prize for Excellence in Teaching," from the Department of Romance Languages (May 1980) and the "Certificate of Distinction in Teaching" from the University Committee on Undergraduate Education" (December 1983). After graduating from Harvard, Mormando entered the Jesuit Order, where he furthered his education in the form of a two-year, non-degree study of philosophy (Biennio di Filosofia) at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy, and a five-year program at the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley, California, receiving a Master's of Divinity (1992) and the S.T.L. (or Licentiate of Sacred Theology, a pontifical degree) in Church History (1994). Mormando was ordained a priest in the Jesuit order but left the Society and the priesthood in 2002. After his studies in Berkeley, Mormando obtained (July 1994) a full-time tenure-track position in the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures at Boston College, where he has been since, now at the rank of full professor, and where he also serves as the department's chairperson. He also holds an affiliate position in the university's History Department.A popular lecturer on Italian art to general audiences, Mormando has made presentations at the Metropolitan Museum and Frick Museum of New York; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; the Galleria Borghese, Rome; the Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas; the Phoenix Art Museum; the Istituto Italiano di Cultura (San Francisco); the Italian Embassy in Washington, D.C.; and Harvard and Yale Universities. On October 12, 2005, he was awarded the title of Cavaliere (Knight) in the honorary Order of the Star of Italy, conferred by the President of Italy in recognition of achievement in the promotion of Italian language and culture. Scholarly life and work Bernardino of Siena Mormando's first scholarly publication was published in 1999 by the University of Chicago Press: The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy, an extensive study of the preaching campaigns of the popular Franciscan preacher Bernardino, "the voice most eagerly listened to" and "perhaps the most influential religious force" in Italy during his lifetime. A study of the preacher's vociferous and at time violent campaigns against witches, sodomites, and Jews, all seen as dangerous enemies of Christian society, Mormando's book singlehandedly overturned the prevailing image of Bernardino as a benevolent, reassuring, pacific presence in late medieval/early Renaissance Italy, in contrast to the later preacher Girolamo Savonarola. Cornell University historian Richard Trexler noted in his review of Mormando's monograph: "As is clearly shown in this well-written, thoroughly documented study, few historical figures of fifteenth-century Italy have come up smelling like roses at the hands of historians quite like the Observant Franciscan, Bernardino of Siena. But in fact, Bernardino was a rhetorical assassin, encouraging his listeners to denounce, and even to kill those who did not meet with his approval." The Preacher's Demons went on to win the prestigious Howard R. Marraro Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in Italian History, conferred (January 2001) by the American Catholic Historical Association.Caravaggio In the same years that he was completing The Preacher's Demons, Mormando was busy organizing at Boston College's McMullen Museum of Art a major art exhibition of Italian Baroque art, conceived by him and entitled Saints and Sinners: Caravaggio and the Baroque Image] Opening in February 1999, Saints and Sinners had at its centerpiece the long-lost painting by Baroque artist, Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, The Taking of Christ (Rome, 1602), discovered in a Jesuit residence in Dublin, Ireland, and subsequently given on indefinite loan to the National Gallery of Ireland. <mask>'s exhibition represented the first appearance of the newly-discovered painting in North America and, as such, garnered much attention from the world press and was visited by many thousands of people in its four-month run. In addition to introducing the North American public to the painting, the aim of Saints and Sinners was to place Caravaggio within the context of early modern conventions and the traditions of religious art; in other words, while acknowledging his at times unconventional manner and maverick ways, it stressed his direct connection to the familiar tradition of religious art. Edited by Mormando, the exhibition catalog featured original scholarship by leading experts in Baroque art and culture, including one by Sergio Benedetti (the Dublin conservator who rediscovered and restored the painting) and two essays by Mormando, "Teaching the Faithful to Fly: Mary Magdalene and Peter in Baroque Italy" and "Just as your lips approach the lips of your brothers: Judas Iscariot and the Kiss of Betrayal." Both essays represent surveys and analyses of extensive primary sources to discover what Caravaggio's original audience would have been taught about these three figures of New Testament history that are featured prominently in his art. The bubonic plague Several years later, Mormando conceived and organized, with some of the same colleagues who put together the Saints and Sinners exhibition, another art exhibition of early modern Italian painting entitled [https://www.worcesterart.org/exhibitions/past/hope-and-healing/ Hope and Healing: Painting in Italy in a Time of Plague, 1500-1800 (Worcester Art Museum, April–September 2005). The exhibition aimed to illustrate the hitherto-unrecognized deep and wide presence of the bubonic plague in Old Master Italian painting, as well as the civic role of art in a time of the pandemic.The exhibition's catalog features essays by some of the leading scholars of the history of bubonic plague in Europe, including a long introduction by Mormando based on an extensive survey of primary sources, "Response to the Plague in Early Modern Italy: What the Primary Sources, Printed and Painted, Reveal." The exhibition was followed by a later companion volume, co-edited by <mask>, Piety and Plague: From Byzantium and the Baroque (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2007), which extended the chronological and thematic breadth of the exhibition. <mask>'s contribution to the volume was a seventy-five-page essay, "Pestilence, Apostasy, and Heresy in Seventeenth-Century Rome: Deciphering Michael Sweerts' Plague in an Ancient City," in which he offers for the first time in the scholarship on that Flemish painter an answer to the long-standing question: What is the real subject of Sweerts's mysterious painting? Gian Lorenzo Bernini In the most recent phase of his evolving scholarly interests and publication, <mask> has turned his attention to the leading artist of Roman Baroque art and one of the most important influences on all of early modern European sculpture and architecture, Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). His first work on Bernini was the first unabridged English translation and critical edition of one of the early biographical sources for the life of the artist, written by his youngest son: Domenico Bernini's Life of Gian Lorenzo Bernini (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011). Containing close to two hundred pages of source notes and a bibliography of over 600 titles, <mask>'s Domenico Bernini edition, as the publisher's dustjacket explains, "is, in effect, a one-volume encyclopedia on the artist's life and work. As such, it stands alone within the immense bibliography of Bernini scholarship."Months after the publication of the Domenico Bernini volume, <mask> produced his own biography of Gian Lorenzo, Bernini: His Life and His Rome. As English art historian Claire Ford-Wille emphasizes in her review of the work, "Bernini: His Life and His Rome is a biography for the general reader […]. Nonetheless, the biography is underpinned by <mask>’s immense and serious research and is packed with information […]." Drawing on many years of research in compiling his annotated Domenico Bernini volume, this subsequent work "can claim to be the first biography of Bernini to appear in the English and one of the very few to appear in any language since the artist's death in 1680;" it is also the first to make "the pursuit of 'Bernini himself,' the uncensored flesh-and-blood human being, one of its primary objectives." Departing in stark fashion from all of the previous, idealizing, hagiographic, uncritical portraits of Bernini of the preceding centuries, Bernini: His Life and His Rome has been criticized by a few readers for including so much unflattering, indeed, at times scandalous, information about Bernini and the people around him (including the popes and the cardinals who were his patrons), but, as the author himself points out in reply to these criticisms (in the online journal, Berfois of London, Oct. 11, 2012), all of the information in the book is documented in authentic primary sources. As <mask> further reports in the Berfois article, "[W]hen I first took up my Bernini biographical project [in 2000] and for a long time into it (it took eleven years to complete), I too simply accepted the conventional wisdom, the aforementioned clichés about Bernini, his religion and his art. Yet, the more I studied and uncovered the falsifications of Domenico’s biography, the more I discovered the skeletons in the life of Bernini, and the more I read of the darker side of his seventeenth-century contemporaries, be they pope, cardinals, or laymen, the more skeptical I became of the myth of Bernini and of his 'Roma Sancta.'Hence, the present call to a more critical approach to the study of Bernini and his art and of his ecclesiastical patrons." Describing the development of Bernini scholarship in modern times, author Loyd Grossman places <mask> in the same company as Rudolph Wittkower, John Pope-Hennessy and Irving Lavin, declaring: "Among today's scholars no one has done more to promote Bernini studies than [<mask><mask> as author of the only English language biography of Bernini and through his magnificent editing of Domenico Bernini's life of his father." Jesuit history In addition to his book and articles on Franciscan topics, <mask> has also made Jesuit studies another one of his secondary specializations. In 2006, on the occasion of the anniversary of the Jesuit saint's death, <mask> organized an exhibition at the Burns Rare Book Library, Francis Xavier and the Jesuit Missions in the Far East, featuring the most important primary sources for the biography and canonization of 'the second Jesuit saint' (after Ignatius of Loyola), and contributing an article on "The Making of the Second Jesuit Saint: The Campaign for the Canonization of Francis Xavier, 1555-1622." <mask> also contributed to the planning of a 2018 art exhibition conceived and organized by Linda Wolk-Simon at the Fairfield University Art Museum devoted to Jesuit Baroque art, The Holy Name. Art of the Gesù: Bernini and His Age. His essay, "Gian Paolo Oliva: The Forgotten Celebrity of Baroque Rome," in the accompanying catalog (published by Saint Joseph University Press), presented the first major survey in English of the career of Jesuit Father General Oliva (1600-1681), a friend to and spiritual advisor to Gian Lorenzo Bernini.Most recently, Mormando has addressed the topic of "Ignatius the Franciscan: The Franciscan Roots of Jesuit Spirituality," overturning the received wisdom about the putative revolutionary, unique character of the spirituality and way of proceeding of the Jesuit order as founded by Ignatius of Loyola. References Bibliography All of Mormando's scholarly articles and book reviews are available for download from Academia.edu External links Mormando's personal website Mormando's Author Profile on Amazon.com Mormando's Boston College Faculty Profile Mormando's profile on Academia.edu 1955 births American essayists American historians American male essayists American writers of Italian descent Boston College faculty Harvard University alumni Living people

Alexander Theroux

original

<mask> (born 1939) is an American novelist and poet. He is known for his novel Darconville's Cat (1981), which was selected by Anthony Burgess for his Ninety-Nine Novels: The Best in English Since 1939 – A Personal Choice in 1984 and by Larry McCaffery for 20th Century’s Greatest Hits. He was awarded the Lannan Literary Award for Fiction in 1991 and the Clifton Fadiman Medal for Fiction in 2002 by the Mercantile Library in New York City. He is the brother of novelist Paul Theroux and writer Peter Theroux as well as the uncle of documentarian <mask>, novelist Marcel Theroux, and actor Justin Theroux. Life and career Early life Theroux was born in Medford, Massachusetts, the first son of Catholic parents; his mother, Anne (born Dittami), was Italian American, and his father, Albert Eugene Theroux, was French Canadian. His mother was a grammar school teacher and his father was a salesman for the American Leather Oak company. Theroux graduated from Medford High School; he attended Boys State in Amherst, Massachusetts, was class president in 1956, and was a starting member of the Medford High School basketball team.He entered the Trappist Monastery at St. Joseph's Abbey in Spencer, Massachusetts in 1958, and then the Franciscan Seminary at Callicoon, New York in 1960. He earned his bachelor of arts at St. Francis College in 1964. He earned a masters of arts in English literature in 1965, and his doctorate in English literature, 1968 at the University of Virginia, where he won the Schubert Playwrighting Fellowship in 1967. He belonged to both the Raven Society and the Society of the Purple Shadows. He spent a year on a Fulbright Grant in London in 1969. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1974. He taught at the University of Virginia in 1968 and at Harvard University as Brigg-Copeland Lecturer from 1973 to 1979.He was writer-in-residence at Phillips Academy in Andover from 1979 to 1982. He taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1982 to 1987 and at Yale University from 1987 to 1991. He has also lived in England, Estonia, and France. Literary work Three Wogs, his first novel, was written during a stay in London and was briefly considered by the actor Roy Dotrice for performance by BBC television. Darconville’s Cat, his second novel, was nominated for the National Book Award. He published the fable Master Snickup’s Cloak, which was illustrated by Brian Froud, in 1979. That followed two other fables, The Schinocephalic Waif and The Wragby Cars, with illustrations by Stan Washburn, in 1975.In 1987, he published An Adultery. Laura Warholic, his longest and most satirical novel, was published in 2007. His non-fiction books on color, The Primary Colors (1994) and The Secondary Colors (1996), were briefly on the best-seller lists in Los Angeles. As a writer, he is known for his encyclopedic, highly allusive style and learned wit. Critic Colin Marshall wrote “Defending of his prose, Theroux once likened it to 'a Victorian attic.' He delivers more inner life than outer, more desire for vengeance than for anything else, and more sheer stuff per page—stuff you don't expect—than in any other novels.” Literary broadcaster Michael Silverblatt once questioned Theroux’s "perverse appreciation" at how inaccessible his books are thought to be.“Perhaps he sees his finely-wrought works of language and their lack of purchase on the culture as an apocalyptic indictment of that culture, of the intellectually (and especially verbally) careless society that could corrupt them. Were I him, I feel as if I’d want revenge: against lazy readers, against unengaged critics, against risk-averse publishers.But maybe, given what they’re all missing out on, he’s already taking it.” Alex Kurtagić wrote on his blog in 2009: “At my wedding, my cousin Pierre remarked upon the fact that when in my teens I used to enjoy reading dictionaries and collecting rare, antique, and obscure words (a criterion that defines my collecting in other areas as well). Several such dictionaries consisted purely of such words, and one of them helpfully illustrated their usage with quotes by modern authors. One of the authors most frequently mentioned was <mask>, who wrote Darconville's Cat (1981) and whose last novel, Laura Warholic, was published in 2007, following twenty years of silence. I presented my wife with a copy of the latter two days before our wedding, and, having only recently begun reading it, she has been sharing with me selected passages, where the author's contemptuous wit has iridesced with particular brilliance.” Theroux’s work has been published in Esquire, The London Magazine, Antaeus, The New York Times, Harper’s Magazine, The Massachusetts Review, Art & Antiques, Mississippi Review, Review of Contemporary Fiction, Chicago Tribune, and San Diego Reader. His poems have appeared in The Yale Review, The Paris Review, Poetry East, Conjunctions, Graham House Review, The San Diego Reader, Exquisite Corpse, Denver Quarterly, The Literary Quarterly, Urbanus Magazine, Boulevard, The Michigan Quarterly Review, Rain Taxi, Review of Contemporary Fiction, Image, Helicoptero, Seneca Review, The Recorder, The Journal of the American Irish Historical Society, 3rd Bed, Fence, Anomaly, Subdrive, Sahara Sahara, Nantucket Magazine, Gobshite Quarterly, Gargoyle Magazine, Italian-American, Bomb, Provincetown Arts, Green Mountains Review, and The Hopkins Review. Plagiarism controversy In 1995, The New York Times reported that one of its readers had noted the similarity of six passages in Theroux's 1994 survey of The Primary Colors with a 1954 book Song of the Sky by Guy Murchie. Theroux attributed the matter to "stupidity and bad note taking," noting that he had read hundreds of books for The Primary Colors.Theroux's editor said that future editions would credit Murchie's work, or remove the passages. A few months later, Theroux published a lengthy defense in the San Diego Reader. Select awards Schubert Playwrighting Award (1967) Fulbright Grant (1969–1970) Guggenheim Grant (1974) National Book Award nominee (twice) Clifton Fadiman Medal from the Mercantile Library (2002) Lannan Foundation Grant (1991) Selected works Novels Three Wogs (1972) Darconville's Cat (1981) An Adultery (1987) Laura Warholic or, The Sexual Intellectual (2007) Fables The Schinocephalic Waif (1975) The Great Wheadle Tragedy (1975) Master Snickup's Cloak (1979) Poetry The Lollipop Trollops (1992) Collected Poems (2015) Short Fiction Early Stories (2021) Fables (2021) Non-fiction The Primary Colors (1994) The Secondary Colors (1996) The Enigma of Al Capp (1999) The Strange Case of Edward Gorey (2000) (revised, updated edition 2011) Estonia: A Ramble Through the Periphery (2011) The Grammar of Rock: Art and Artlessness in 20th Century Pop Lyrics (2013) Einstein's Beets: An Examination of Food Phobias (2017) Critical studies Jo Allen Bradham, "The American Scholar: From Emerson to <mask>x's Darconville's Cat. Critique 24.4 (Summer 1983): 215-27. Larry McCaffery, "And Still They Smooch: Erotic Visions and Re-visions in Postmodern American Fiction." Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines 9.20 (May 1984): 275-87. Steven Moore, "<mask> Theroux's Darconville's Cat and the Tradition of Learned Wit."Contemporary Literature 27.2 (Summer 1986): 233–45. Michael Pinker, "Cupid and Vindice: The Novels of <mask>roux." Denver Quarterly 24.3 (Winter 1990): 101-24. "<mask>roux/Paul West Number", The Review of Contemporary Fiction 11.1 (Spring 1991): 7-139. Sam Endrigkeit. “‘Do Your Worst’: Maximalism and Intertextuality in <mask>’s Darconville’s Cat." Thesis, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 2015.Steven Moore. <mask>x: A Fan's Notes. Los Angeles: Zerogram Press, 2020. Greg Gerke, "An Adultery." In his See What I See. Los Angeles: Zerogram Press, 2021, 112-16. References External links Short Biography Audio of Theroux reading from Laura Warholic Radio Interview with Michael Silverblatt, KCRW's Bookworm An interview with <mask>x on The Marketplace of Ideas Interview from the Review of Contemporary Fiction Archives at Harry Ransom Center Checklist of Theroux's Writings 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists American male novelists Harvard University faculty 1939 births Living people 20th-century American poets 21st-century American poets American male poets American male essayists <mask> 21st-century essayists 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers Novelists from Massachusetts 20th-century American essayists 21st-century American non-fiction writers

Luchino Visconti

original

<mask>, Count of Lonate Pozzolo (; 2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976) was an Italian filmmaker, stage director, and screenwriter. A major figure of Italian art and culture in the mid-20th century, <mask> was one of the fathers of cinematic neorealism, but later moved towards luxurious, sweeping epics dealing with themes of beauty, decadence, death and European history – especially the decay of the nobility and the bourgeoisie was repeated several times in his films. He was the recipient of many accolades, including the Palme d'Or and the Golden Lion, and many of his works are regarded as highly-influential to future generations of filmmakers. Born to a noble Milanese family, <mask> explored artistic proclivities from an early age, working as an assistant director to Jean Renoir. His 1943 directorial debut, Ossessione, was condemned by the Fascist regime for its unvarnished depictions of working-class characters resorting to criminality, but is today renowned as a pioneering work of Italian cinema. His best-known films include Senso (1954) and The Leopard (1963), both historical melodramas based on Italian literary classics, the gritty drama Rocco and His Brothers (1960), and his "German Trilogy" – The Damned (1969), Death in Venice (1971) and Ludwig (1972). He was also an accomplished stage director of plays and opera, both in Italy and abroad.Early life <mask> <mask> was born into a prominent noble family in Milan, one of seven children of <mask> di Modrone, Duke of Grazzano Visconti and Count of Lonate Pozzolo, and his wife Carla (née Erba, heiress to Erba Pharmaceuticals). He was formally known as Count don <mask> <mask> di Modrone, and his family is a branch of the Visconti of Milan where they ruled from 1277 to 1447, initially as lords then as dukes. He grew up in the Milanese family seat, the Palazzo Visconti di Modrone in Via Cerva, as well as on the family estate, Grazzano Visconti Castle near Vigolzone. He was baptized and raised in the Roman Catholic church. After his parents separated in the early 1920s, his mother moved with her younger children, including him, to her own house in Milan, as well as to her summer residence, Villa Erba in Cernobbio on Lake Como. The father, as chamberlain of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, also owned a villa in Rome that <mask> later inherited and lived in for decades. In his early years, he was exposed to art, music and theatre: The Palazzo Visconti di Modrone in Milan, where he grew up, had its own small private theater and the children participated in its performances.The family also had their own box in the La Scala opera house. <mask> studied cello with the Italian cellist and composer Lorenzo de Paolis (1890–1965) and met the composer Giacomo Puccini, the conductor Arturo Toscanini and the writer Gabriele D'Annunzio. <mask> found literature by reading Proust's In Search of Lost Time, later a lifelong film project that he never realized. Before he started his film career, he was passionate about training racehorses in his own stable. An engagement concluded in 1935 with Princess Irma of Windisch-Graetz raised concerns with her father, Prince Hugo, whereupon <mask> broke it off. Wartime resistance activity During World War II, <mask> joined the Italian Communist Party, which he considered to be the only effective opponent of Italian Fascism. While in his early years, at least the aesthetic aspects of the solemn parades of the National Fascist Party, marching in columns in boots and uniform, had impressed him, he had now come to hate the Mussolini regime.He accused the bourgeoisie of treason to tyranny, and following the Badoglio Proclamation, began working with the Italian resistance. He supported the communists' partisan fight at risk of death; his villa in Rome became a meeting place for oppositional artists. After the king's flight in autumn 1943 and the intervention of the Germans, he went into hiding in the mountains, at Settefrati, under the nom de guerre Alfredo Guidi. <mask> helped English and American prisoners of war hide after they had escaped, and also gave shelter to partisans in his house in Rome, with the help of actress María Denis. After the German occupation of Rome in April 1944, <mask> was arrested and detained by the anti-partisan Pietro Koch and sentenced to execution by firing squad. He was only saved from death by Denis' last-minute intervention. After the war, <mask> testified against Koch, who was himself convicted and executed.Career Films He began his film-making career as an set dresser on Jean Renoir's Partie de campagne (1936) through the intercession of their common friend Coco Chanel. After a short tour of the United States, where he visited Hollywood, he returned to Italy to be Renoir's assistant again, this time for Tosca (1941), a production that was interrupted and later completed by German director Karl Koch. Together with Roberto Rossellini, <mask> joined the salotto of Vittorio Mussolini (the son of Benito, who was then the national arbitrator for cinema and other arts). Here he presumably also met Federico Fellini. With Gianni Puccini, Antonio Pietrangeli and Giuseppe De Santis, he wrote the screenplay for his first film as director: Ossessione (Obsession, 1943), one of the first neorealist movies and an unofficial adaptation of the novel The Postman Always Rings Twice. In 1948, he wrote and directed La terra trema (The Earth Trembles), based on the novel I Malavoglia by Giovanni Verga. <mask> continued working throughout the 1950s, but he veered away from the neorealist path with his 1954 film, Senso, shot in colour.Based on the novella by Camillo Boito, it is set in Austrian-occupied Venice in 1866. In this film, <mask> combines realism and romanticism as a way to break away from neorealism. However, as one biographer notes, "Visconti without neorealism is like Lang without expressionism and Eisenstein without formalism". He describes the film as the "most Viscontian" of all <mask>'s films. <mask> returned to neorealism once more with Rocco e i suoi fratelli (Rocco and His Brothers, 1960), the story of Southern Italians who migrate to Milan hoping to find financial stability. In 1961, he was a member of the jury at the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. Throughout the 1960s, <mask>'s films became more personal.Il Gattopardo (The Leopard, 1963) is based on Lampedusa's novel of the same name about the decline of the Sicilian aristocracy at the time of the Risorgimento, where the change of times becomes visible in two of the main characters: Don Fabrizio Corbera, Prince of Salina (Burt Lancaster) appears patriarchal but humane, while Don Calogero Sedara (Paolo Stoppa), a shrewd entrepreneur and social climber from the village, appears submissive, but foxy and brutal at the same time, a mafia-like type of the future. The tension arises from the marriage of their relatives of the next generation, combined with the fall of the old Bourbon rule and the rise of a united Italy. This film was distributed in America and Britain by Twentieth-Century Fox, which deleted important scenes. <mask> repudiated the Twentieth-Century Fox version. It was not until The Damned (1969) that <mask> received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. The film, one of <mask>'s better-known works, concerns a German industrialist's family which begins to disintegrate during the Nazi consolidation of power in the 1930s. The film opened to widespread critical acclaim, but also faced controversy from ratings boards for its sexual content, including depictions of homosexuality, pedophilia, rape, and incest.In the United States, the film was given an X rating. The avant-garde filmmaker Rainer Werner Fassbinder praised it as his favorite movie. Its decadence and lavish beauty are characteristic of <mask>'s aesthetic − very visible also in the movie Death in Venice (1971) that processed the daring novella Death in Venice published in 1912 by Thomas Mann. <mask>'s final film was The Innocent (1976), in which he returns to his recurring interest in infidelity and betrayal. Theatre <mask> was also a celebrated theatre and opera director. During the years 1946 to 1960 he directed many performances of the Rina Morelli-Paolo Stoppa Company with actor Vittorio Gassman as well as many celebrated productions of operas. <mask>'s love of opera is evident in the 1954 Senso, where the beginning of the film shows scenes from the fourth act of Il trovatore, which were filmed at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice.Beginning when he directed a production at Milan's Teatro alla Scala of La vestale in December 1954, his career included a famous revival of La traviata at La Scala in 1955 with Maria Callas and an equally famous Anna Bolena (also at La Scala) in 1957 with Callas. A significant 1958 Royal Opera House (London) production of Verdi's five-act Italian version of Don Carlos (with Jon Vickers) followed, along with a Macbeth in Spoleto in 1958 and a famous black-and-white Il trovatore with scenery and costumes by Filippo Sanjust at the Royal Opera House in 1964. In 1966 <mask>'s luscious Falstaff for the Vienna State Opera conducted by Leonard Bernstein was critically acclaimed. On the other hand, his austere 1969 Simon Boccanegra with the singers clothed in geometrical costumes provoked controversy. Filmmaking style and themes In the aftermath of World War II he became one of the founding fathers of the Italian neorealistic film movement that focused on challenging economic and conditions, and how it affected the psyche of the underclass. <mask> himself came from nobility, highly educated and never in financial lack. His films thusly reflected that tension.In fact <mask> said he felt he came from a world long ago, that of the previous (19th) century. In the film The Leopard, he addressed the decline of an old social order and the rise of “modern times”. He did not see his opulent flashbacks as an escape into imaginary, lost worlds, but saw them as the deciphering of signs. He wanted to put his finger on the signs of profound historical changes that will only become visible later. He searched world literature for relevant works to show the discrepancies between generations and their world views, as a task of realism in art. When he was accused of decadence, he recalled Thomas Mann and his way of creating art. Personal life In later years, <mask> made no secret of his homosexuality, though he remained a devout Catholic throughout his life."I am a Catholic," he commented in 1971. "I was born a Catholic, I was baptized a Catholic. I cannot change what I am, I cannot easily become a Protestant. My ideas may be unorthodox, but I am still a Catholic." While his first 3-years-relationship from 1936, with the photographer Horst P. Horst, remained discreet because of the circumstances of the time, he later showed up openly in the company of his lovers, among them the director and producer Franco Zeffirelli and the actor Udo Kier. His last lover was the Austrian actor Helmut Berger, who played Martin in <mask>'s film The Damned. Berger also appeared in <mask>'s Ludwig in 1973 and Conversation Piece in 1974, along with Burt Lancaster.Zeffirelli also worked as part of the crew in production design, as assistant director, and other roles in a number of <mask>'s films, operas, and theatrical productions. According to <mask>'s autobiography, he and Umberto II of Italy had a romantic relationship during their youth in the 1920s. <mask> was hostile to the Protests of 1968 and didn't even try to follow the movement and adopt the airs of a youth, like Alberto Moravia or Pier Paolo Pasolini did. In his view the protesters sought change for the sake of destruction without building something new. Disgusted, he looked at the young people in their enthusiasm, outbursts of anger, parties and tumults, their abstract speeches, their confused juggling with Mao, Marx and Che Guevara. They saw him as a symbol of reaction, a member of the mandarin caste. The emerging radical-left terrorism in Italy frightened him and made him fear the rise of a new fascism.Health issues and death <mask> smoked 120 cigarettes a day. He suffered a heavy stroke in 1972, but continued to smoke heavily. He died in Rome of another stroke at the age of sixty-nine on 17 March 1976. There is a museum dedicated to the director's work in Ischia where he had his summer residence La Colombaia. Work Filmography Feature films Other films , documentary, 1945 Appunti su un fatto di cronaca, short film, 1951 Siamo donne (We, the Women), 1953, episode Anna Magnani Boccaccio '70, 1962, based on the episode Il lavoro in Boccaccio's Decameron Le streghe (The Witches), 1967, episode La strega bruciata viva , TV movie, 1970 Opera References Notes Sources Ardoin, John, The Callas Legacy, London: Duckworth, 1977 Bacon, Henry, Visconti: Explorations of Beauty and Decay, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998 Düttmann, Alexander García, Visconti: Insights into Flesh and Blood, translated by Robert Savage, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009 Glasenapp, Jörg (ed. ): <mask> <mask> (= Film-Konzepte, vol. 48).Munich: edition text + kritik 2017. Iannello, Silvia, Le immagini e le parole dei Malavoglia Roma: Sovera, 2008 (in Italian) Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, <mask> <mask>. London: British Film Institute, 2003. Visconti bibliography, University of California Library, Berkeley. Retrieved 7 November 2011. Schifano, Laurence: <mask> <mask> (biography, in French), Paris 1987 (German translation: <mask> <mask>, Fürst des Films, Gernsbach 1988) Viscontiana: <mask> Visconti e il melodramma verdiano, Milan: Edizioni Gabriele Mazzotta, 2001. A catalog for an exhibition in Parma of artifacts relating to Visconti's productions of operas by Verdi, curated by Caterina d'Amico de Carvalho, in Italian.External links Biography, Filmography and More on <mask> <mask> British Film Institute: "<mask> <mask>": filmography Hutchison, Alexander, "<mask> <mask>'s Death in Venice", Literature/Film Quarterly, v. 2, 1974. (In-Depth Analysis of Death in Venice). 1906 births 1976 deaths Bisexual men Bisexual artists Directors of Palme d'Or winners Directors of Golden Lion winners Giallo film directors Luchino 2 Italian nobility Italian film directors Italian communists Italian Marxists Italian Roman Catholics Italian opera directors LGBT Roman Catholics LGBT theatre directors LGBT writers from Italy David di Donatello winners Nastro d'Argento winners Deaths from cerebrovascular disease Theatre people from Milan LGBT film directors

Jimmy Robertson (snooker player)

original

<mask> (born 3 May 1986) is an English professional snooker player. In October 2018, <mask> won his first ranking title at the 2018 European Masters, defeating Joe Perry 9–6 in the final, despite never previously having gone beyond the quarter-finals of a ranking event. <mask> also holds the record for the most points scored in a frame in professional competition, scoring 178 against Lee Walker at the 2021 Scottish Open. Career 2002–2011 He was on the main tour for 2002–03 where he was the youngest player on the tour. He qualified for the main tour again in 2007–08, by becoming the number One Ranked English Amateur, through winning the EASB (English Governing Body) pro-Ticket Tour Rankings. <mask> also won the EASB Pro-Ticket tour for a second time in April 2009, to finish as England's Number one Amateur for the second time, which guaranteed him a place on the World Snookers main Professional tour for the third time for the 2009/10 season. He also added the English Amateur Championships to his portfolio of victories, by beating David Craggs 9–8.His third return to the professional main tour ranks in 2009/10, saw him rise up the ranks, to number 63 in the world. He got off to a terrific start in the first event, the Shanghai Masters, where he won his first three qualifiers, and then faced former world champion Graeme Dott. Despite taking a 4–1 lead, <mask> lost 4–5. In the 2010/11, <mask> continued to rise up the rankings. He also qualified for the main draw of a ranking event for the first time, at the 2011 World Snooker Championship. He defeated Xiao Guodong, Tony Drago, and former world champion Ken Doherty to qualify for his Crucible debut. He won the first frame of his first round match against Mark Selby only to lose the match 10–1.2011–12 season <mask> qualified for one ranking event in the 2011–12 season, the World Open, thanks to wins over Andrew Norman, Ken Doherty and Rory McLeod, before seeing off amateur Zhou Yuelong in the wildcard round at the event in Haikou, China. In the first round of the event proper he played Mark Allen and was beaten 1–5, with the Northern Irishman later going on to win the tournament. <mask> reached the semi-finals of Event 7 of the minor-ranking Players Tour Championship series, where he lost 0–4 to Matthew Stevens. He played in 11 out of 12 of these events, also picking up a last 16 finish in Event 4 to be placed 31st on the PTC Order of Merit, just outside the top 24 who made the Finals. <mask> finished the season ranked world number 55, inside the top 64 who automatically retained their places for the 2012–13 season. 2012–13 season <mask> qualified for two ranking events during the 2012/2013 season. The first of these was the Shanghai Masters by beating Tian Pengfei, Jack Lisowski and Anthony Hamilton, but he was defeated 4–5 by Jin Long in the wildcard round in Shanghai.His second appearance at a ranking event was at the China Open by seeing off Robbie Williams and Joe Perry in qualifying and this time came through the wildcard round with a 5–1 defeat of Wang Yuchen, compiling his highest competitive break of 142 in the process He faced <mask> in the last 32 and was whitewashed 0–5. <mask> had a consistent season in the ten Players Tour Championship events, with his best result being a last 16 loss to Andrew Higginson in the Scottish Open, to finish 45th on the PTC Order of Merit. <mask>'s season ended when he was beaten 3–10 by Liang Wenbo in the third round of World Championship Qualifying, to be placed world number 52 in the rankings. 2013–14 season He began the 2013–14 season by qualifying for the Wuxi Classic and whitewashed Graeme Dott 5–0 in the first round, before losing 5–4 to Scott Donaldson in the last 32. <mask> lost in the last 64 of four other ranking events during the season. He had a very good season in the European Tour events as he reached the quarter-finals of the Bulgarian Open where he was beaten 4–2 by <mask>. <mask> had a very eventful tournament at the Bluebell Wood Open as Stuart Bingham made a 72 break in the deciding frame of their second round match, before <mask> cleared the table with a 73 break to win.In the last 16 he came back from 3–0 against Vinnie Calabrese to triumph 4–3 and reach another quarter-final, where Ding Junhui defeated him 4–1. <mask> finished 20th on the Order of Merit which saw him qualify for the Finals for the first time in his career, but he lost 4–2 to John Higgins in the opening round. 2014–15 season <mask> played at the venue stage of eight ranking tournaments this year, the most he has reached in any one season. However, he was unable to win past the last 32 in any of them. He had another good season in the minor-ranking Players Tour Championship events, losing in the semi-finals of the Asian Tour's Haining City Open 4–3 to Oliver Lines which saw him finish eighth on the Order of Merit. His other semi-final came on the European Tour at the Gdynia Open where he was whitewashed 4–0 by Mark Williams. <mask> was ranked 15th on their Order of Merit.He qualified for his second World Championship by edging Xiao Guodong 10–9 on the final pink. <mask> made a 106 break to level his first round tie with Marco Fu at 5–5, but would go on to lose 10–6. His ranking of 41st in the world was the highest <mask> had finished a season at that point in his career. 2015–16 season At the Haining Open, <mask> reached the semi-finals by knocking out Xiao Guodong and Thepchaiya Un-Nooh from the fourth round stage, but he lost 4–2 to Ding Junhui. He reached the last 16 of a ranking event for the first time in his career by beating Darryl Hill 6–2 and Barry Hawkins 6–4 at the International Championship and then lost 6–3 to Marco Fu. <mask> saw off Michael Wild 4–3 and Michael Holt 4–1 in reaching the third round of the Welsh Open, where he was thrashed 4–0 by Ronnie O'Sullivan. He lost 5–1 to Judd Trump in the second round of the China Open and 10–2 to Alan McManus in the last round of World Championship qualifying.<mask>'s end of season ranking of 34 is the highest he has ever finished a year in his career. 2016–17 season <mask> reached the last 16 of a ranking event for the second time by beating Dechawat Poomjaeng 4–0 and Martin O'Donnell 4–3 at the Riga Masters and was defeated 4–1 by John Astley. He also recorded the event's high break of 138. <mask> was thrashed 5–0 by Shaun Murphy in the second round of the World Open after he had eliminated Wang Yuchen 5–1 in the opener. He won through to the third round of both the UK Championship and Welsh Open, but failed to pick up a frame in losses to Oliver Lines and Scott Donaldson respectively. <mask> defeated Cao Yupeng 10–8, Oliver Lines 10–4 and Rod Lawler 10–6 to qualify for the World Championship and played Mark Allen in the opening round. In a close match he was edged out 10–8.2017–18 season With his partner Hayley due to give birth to their second child, <mask> withdrew from the 2017 Riga Masters. He also spoke about how he had been frustrated with his performances in big matches and had been working with a sports psychologist during the World Championship to help him prepare for the season ahead. His best performance in the first half of the season was reaching the last 16 of the 2017 World Open, where he lost 5–1 to Mark Williams. However he did reach the quarter-finals of a ranking event for the first time at the 2018 German Masters. After qualifying victories over Rhys Clark and Peter Lines, he defeated defending champion Anthony Hamilton 5–1 in the last 32 and Gary Wilson 5-3 in the last 16 before losing out to Williams 5–3. After losing in the opening round of the next five ranking events, he once again came through qualifying for the World Championship, defeating Alex Borg 10–2, Sam Baird 10–7 and Michael White 10–7. Making his fourth Crucible appearance, it was eventual tournament winner Williams who defeated him with a 10–5 victory in the first round.2018–19 season: first ranking title <mask> had an up and down start to the 2018–19 snooker season, failing to qualify for the Riga Masters, World Open and China Championship, but reached the last 16 at the Paul Hunter Classic where he lost 4–0 to Jack Lisowski. At the European Masters, <mask> unexpectedly won the tournament and his first ranking title. After defeating Andy Lee 4–3 in qualifying, at the main stages of the tournament in Lommel, Belgium, his first three matches were also won in a deciding frame (4–3 victories against Zhang Yong, Zhou Yuelong and Anthony McGill respectively). He defeated Mark Allen 4–2 in the quarter-finals and Mark King 6–4 in the semi-finals to set up a final against Joe Perry, who had won one ranking event previously. In the first session <mask> raced into a 5–0 lead before Perry recovered to 5–3. In the second session <mask> went 7–3 ahead before Perry once again won three frames in a row to close the gap to 7–6. <mask> then managed to win the remaining two frames (with a century in the last frame) to win the match 9–6.Due to his victory, <mask> received an entry to the Champion of Champions for the first time. Drawn against Shaun Murphy in the opening round, he lost 4–2. The boost to his seasons's ranking points also helped him to qualify for the Players Championship for the first time in its current format; he was whitewashed 6–0 by reigning world champion Judd Trump in the first round. In the first round of qualifying for the World Championship, <mask> recorded a rare whitewash of his own with a 10–0 victory over Chen Feilong; he then lost in the second round of qualifying 9–10 to Joe O'Connor. 2019–20 season Despite starting the season ranked 24th in the world, <mask> could not build on his success of the previous season during 2019–20 as he failed to advance beyond the last 32 of a ranking event in the first half of the season until the 2019 Scottish Open, where he reached the last 16 before losing 4–0 to eventual tournament winner Mark Selby. The furthest he advanced in a ranking tournament that season was at the 2020 Gibraltar Open where he was defeated in the quarter-finals 4–3 by Xiao Guodong in a tournament seriously effected by the emerging COVID-19 pandemic. At the re-scheduled qualifying for the World Championship, <mask> lost 6–4 to Ashley Carty in the first round.2020–21 season During the 2020–21 season which was played almost entirely behind closed doors, <mask> endured a nightmare run of results, losing in the opening round on five occasions and leaving his place on the tour in jeopardy; his best finish was at the 2020 English Open where he reached the last 32 before losing 4–1 to John Higgins. After reaching a career high ranking of 21st in March 2019, <mask> was ranked 61st before entering qualifying for the World Championship, and failure to win and results going against him could have resulted in <mask> dropping out of the top 64 in the rankings and being relegated from the tour. He faced Zhao Jianbo in the first round of qualifying and after trailing 3–0, won 6–5. Despite losing by the same scoreline to Lu Ning in the next round, the win was enough to narrowly maintain his place on the tour, finishing the season ranked 63rd. <mask> later revealed that working with a mind coach on his mental approach had helped him to get over the line in his decisive match and that he had "belief" in his ability going forward. 2021–22 season <mask> began the season with advancing to the second group phase of the Championship League. He then reached the second ranking semi-final of his career at the 2021 British Open where he lost 4–1 to eventual winner Mark Williams.After a narrow 4–3 defeat to Judd Trump at the 2021 Northern Ireland Open in the last 16, he reached the quarter-final of the 2021 World Grand Prix where he was defeated 5–2 by Ronnie O'Sullivan. Personal life <mask> has two children with his partner Hayley and owns O'Sullivan's Snooker & Pool Club in his hometown of Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex. He is a close friend and practice partner of fellow professional Mark Davis. Performance and rankings timeline Career finals Ranking finals: 1 (1 title) Amateur finals: 1 (1 title) References External links <mask> at worldsnooker.com Player profile on Global Snooker 1986 births Living people English snooker players People from Bexhill-on-Sea

50 Cent

original

Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), known professionally as <mask>nt, is an American rapper, actor and entrepreneur. Known for his impact in the hip hop industry, he has been described as a "master of the nuanced art of lyrical brevity". Born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of Queens, Jackson began selling drugs at age 12 during the 1980s crack epidemic. He later began pursuing a musical career and in 2000 he produced Power of the Dollar for Columbia Records, but days before the planned release he was shot and the album was never released. In 2002, after <mask>m and signed to Shady Records, under the aegis of Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records. With the aid of Eminem and Dr. Dre (who produced his first major-label album Get Rich or Die Tryin'), <mask>nt became one of the world's best selling rappers and rose to prominence as de facto leader of East Coast hip hop group G-Unit. In 2003, he founded G-Unit Records, signing his G-Unit associates Young Buck, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo.<mask> had similar commercial and critical success with his second album, The Massacre, which was released in 2005. He underwent musical changes by his fifth album, Animal Ambition (2014), and is currently working on his sixth studio album. He executive-produced and starred in the television series Power (2014–2020) and is slated to produce its spin-offs. <mask>nt has sold over 30 million albums worldwide and won several awards, including a Grammy Award, thirteen Billboard Music Awards, six World Music Awards, three American Music Awards and four BET Awards. As an actor, Jackson appeared in the semi-autobiographical film Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2005), the war film Home of the Brave (2006), and the crime thriller film Righteous Kill (2008). <mask> was ranked the sixth-best artist of the 2000s and the third-best rapper (behind Eminem and Nelly) by Billboard. Rolling Stone ranked Get Rich or Die Tryin and "In da Club" in its lists of the "100 Best Albums of the 2000s" and "100 Best Songs of the 2000s" at numbers 37 and 13, respectively.Early life Jackson was born in the borough of Queens, New York City, and raised in its South Jamaica neighborhood by his mother Sabrina. A drug dealer, Sabrina raised Jackson until she died in a fire when Jackson was 8. (online is excerpt only) Jackson revealed in an interview that his mother was a lesbian. After his mother's death and his father's departure, Jackson was raised by his grandmother. He began boxing at about age 11, and when he was 14, a neighbor opened a boxing gym for local youth. "When I wasn't killing time in school, I was sparring in the gym or selling crack on the strip," Jackson remembered. He sold crack during primary school."I was competitive in the ring and hip-hop is competitive too ... I think rappers condition themselves like boxers, so they all kind of feel like they're the champ." At age 12, Jackson began dealing narcotics when his grandparents thought he was in after-school programs and brought guns and drug money to school. In the tenth grade, he was caught by metal detectors at Andrew Jackson High School: "I was embarrassed that I got arrested like that ... After I got arrested I stopped hiding it. I was telling my grandmother [openly], 'I sell drugs.'" On June 29, 1994, Jackson was arrested for selling four vials of cocaine to an undercover police officer. He was arrested again three weeks later, when police searched his home and found heroin, ten ounces of crack cocaine, and a starting pistol.Although Jackson was sentenced to three to nine years in prison, he served six months in a boot camp and earned his GED. He has said that he did not use cocaine himself.The Smoking Gun: 50 Cent . The Smoking Gun (February 27, 2003). Accessed May 22, 2007. Jackson adopted the nickname "50 Cent" as a metaphor for change. The name was inspired by Kelvin Martin, a 1980s Brooklyn robber known as "50 Cent"; Jackson chose it "because it says everything I want it to say. I'm the same kind of person 50 Cent was.I provide for myself by any means." Career 1996–2002: Rise to fame, shooting, and early mixtapes Jackson began rapping in a friend's basement, where he used turntables to record over instrumentals. In 1996, a friend introduced him to Jam Master Jay of Run-DMC, who was establishing Jam Master Jay Records. Jay taught him how to count bars, write choruses, structure songs, and make records.Tarek, Shams (May 16, 2003). Jamaica's 'Own Bad Guy' 50 Cent Making Good in the Music Biz . Queens Press. Accessed May 22, 2007.Jackson's first appearance was on "React" with Onyx, for their 1998 album Shut 'Em Down. He credited Jam Master Jay for improving his ability to write hooks, and Jay produced Jackson's first (unreleased) album. In 1999, after Jackson left Jam Master Jay, the platinum-selling producers Trackmasters signed him to Columbia Records. They sent him to an upstate New York studio, where he produced thirty-six songs in two weeks; eighteen were included on his 2000 album, Power of the Dollar. Jackson founded Hollow Point Entertainment with former G-Unit member Bang 'Em Smurf.Williams, Houston (February 2004). Bang'em Smurf: Life after G-Unit. AllHipHop.Retrieved July 20, 2007. Jackson's popularity began to grow after the successful, controversial underground single "How to Rob", which he wrote in a half-hour car ride to a studio.50 Cent. From Pieces to Weight Part 5 . MTV. Accessed May 22, 2007. The track comically describes how he would rob famous artists. Jackson explained the song's rationale: "There's a hundred artists on that label, you gotta separate yourself from that group and make yourself relevant".Rappers Jay-Z, Kurupt, Sticky Fingaz, Big Pun, DMX, Wyclef Jean, and the Wu-Tang Clan responded to the track, and Nas invited Jackson to join him on his Nastradamus tour. Although "How to Rob" was intended to be released with "Thug Love" (with Destiny's Child), two days before he was scheduled to film the "Thug Love" music video, Jackson was shot and hospitalized. On May 24, 2000, Jackson was attacked by a gunman outside his grandmother's former home in South Jamaica. After getting into a friend's car, he was asked to return to the house to get some jewelry; his son was in the house, and his grandmother was in the front yard. Jackson returned to the back seat of the car, and another car pulled up nearby; an assailant walked up and fired nine shots at close range with a 9mm handgun. Jackson was shot in the hand, arm, hip, both legs, chest, and left cheek. His facial wound resulted in a swollen tongue, the loss of a wisdom tooth and a slightly slurred voice; his friend was wounded in the hand.They were driven to a hospital, where Jackson spent thirteen days. The alleged attacker, Darryl Baum, Mike Tyson's close friend and bodyguard, was killed three weeks later. Jackson recalled the shooting: "It happens so fast that you don't even get a chance to shoot back .... I was scared the whole time ... I was looking in the rear-view mirror like, 'Oh shit, somebody shot me in the face! It burns, burns, burns.'" In his autobiography, From Pieces to Weight: Once upon a Time in Southside Queens, he wrote: "After I got shot nine times at close range and didn't die, I started to think that I must have a purpose in life ... How much more damage could that shell have done?Give me an inch in this direction or that one, and I'm gone". Jackson used a walker for six weeks and fully recovered after five months. When he left the hospital he stayed in the Poconos with his girlfriend and son, and his workout regime helped him develop a muscular physique. In the hospital Jackson signed a publishing deal with Columbia Records before he was dropped from the label and blacklisted by the recording industry because of his song, "Ghetto Qu'ran". Unable to work in a U.S. studio, he went to Canada.Weiner, Jonah (April 2005). Dear Superstar: 50 Cent . Blender.Accessed May 22, 2007. With business partner Sha Money XL, Jackson recorded over thirty songs for mixtapes to build a reputation. In a HitQuarters interview, Marc Labelle of Shady Records A&R said that Jackson used the mixtape circuit to his advantage: "He took all the hottest beats from every artist and flipped them with better hooks. They then got into all the markets on the mixtapes and all the mixtape DJs were messing with them." Jackson's popularity increased, and in 2002 he released the mixtape Guess Who's Back?. He then released 50 Cent Is the Future backed by G-Unit, a mixtape revisiting material by Jay-Z and Raphael Saadiq. ===2002–2007: Mainstream breakthrough, Get Rich or Die Tryin''', and The Massacre=== In 2002, Eminem heard Jackson's Guess Who's Back?CD, received from Jackson's attorney (who was working with Eminem's manager, Paul Rosenberg). Impressed, Eminem invited Jackson to fly to Los Angeles and introduced him to Dr. Dre. After signing a $1 million record deal, Jackson released No Mercy, No Fear. The mixtape featured one new track, "Wanksta", which appeared on Eminem's 8 Mile soundtrack. Jackson was also signed by Chris Lighty's Violator Management and Sha Money XL's Money Management Group. <mask> Cent released his debut album, Get Rich or Die Tryin' (described by AllMusic as "probably the most hyped debut album by a rap artist in about a decade"), in February 2003. Rolling Stone noted its "dark synth grooves, buzzy keyboards and a persistently funky bounce", with Jackson complementing the production in "an unflappable, laid-back flow".It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 872,000 copies in its first four days. The lead single, "In da Club" (noted by The Source for its "blaring horns, funky organs, guitar riffs and sparse hand claps"), set a Billboard record as the most listened-to song in radio history within a week. Interscope gave Jackson his own label, G-Unit Records, in 2003. He signed Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo and Young Buck as members of G-Unit, and The Game was later signed in a joint venture with Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment. In March 2005, 50 Cent's second commercial album, The Massacre, sold 1.14 million copies in its first four days (the highest in an abbreviated sales cycle) and was number one on the Billboard 200 for six weeks. He was the first solo artist with three singles in the Billboard top five in the same week with "Candy Shop", "Disco Inferno" and "How We Do". According to Rolling Stone, "50's secret weapon is his singing voice - the deceptively amateur-sounding tenor croon that he deploys on almost every chorus".After The Game's departure Jackson signed Olivia and rap veterans Mobb Deep to G-Unit Records, with Spider Loc, M.O.P., 40 Glocc and Young Hot Rod later joining the label, who all eventually departed the label.Chery, Carl (May 27, 2005). Pulse Report: M.O.P. Signs to G-Unit . SOHH. Retrieved June 22, 2007. Jackson expressed an interest in working with rappers other than G-Unit, such as Lil' Scrappy of BME, LL Cool J of Def Jam, Mase of Bad Boy and Freeway of Roc-A-Fella, and recorded with several. 2007–2010: Curtis, sales battle with Kanye West, and Before I Self Destruct In September 2007, <mask> Cent released his third album, Curtis, which was inspired by his life before Get Rich or Die Tryin.It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 691,000 copies during its first week. It sold behind Kanye West's Graduation, released the same day; the outcome of this highly-publicized sales battle between Jackson and West has been accredited to the commercial decline of the gangsta rap and "bling era" style that previously dominated mainstream hip-hop. On the September 10, 2008 episode of Total Request Live, Jackson said his fourth studio album, Before I Self Destruct, would be "done and released in November". He released "Ok, You're Right", produced by Dr. Dre for Before I Self Destruct, on May 18, 2009 and was scheduled to appear in a fall 2009 episode of VH1's Behind the Music. On September 3, 2009, Jackson posted a video for the Soundkillers' Phoenix- produced track, "Flight 187", introducing his mixtape and book (The 50th Law). The song, with lyrics inspiring speculation about tension between Jackson and Jay-Z, was a bonus track on the iTunes version of Before I Self Destruct. Before I Self Destruct was released on November 9, 2009.2010–2015: New musical directions, new business ventures, and Animal Ambition In a Contactmusic.com interview, Jackson said he was working on a Eurodance album, Black Magic, inspired by European nightclubs: "First they played hip-hop which suddenly changed to uptempo songs, known as Eurodance". He later said he had changed his next album to The Return of the Heartless Monster after writing different material when he returned home from the Invitation Tour in 2010, shelving Black Magic. On September 3, Jackson supported Eminem on his and Jay-Z's The Home & Home Tour, performing "Crack A Bottle" with Eminem and Dr. Dre amid rumors of tension between Jackson and Dre. He "recorded 20 songs to a whole different album concept" before putting them aside, wanting his new album to have the "aggression" of Get Rich or Die Tryin. Jackson tweeted that the album was "80 percent done" and fans could expect it in the summer of 2011. It was ultimately delayed a year due to disagreements with Interscope Records, with Jackson saying that he would release it in November 2011 with a different title than Black Magic. Eminem would appear on the album, and Jackson said he was working with new producers such as Boi-1da and Alex da Kid.Cardiak, who produced Lloyd Banks' "Start It Up", confirmed that he produced a song for the upcoming album. Jackson released a song, "Outlaw", from his fifth album on the Internet on June 16, 2011. The single, produced by Cardiak, was released on iTunes on July 19 (although Jackson tweeted that it was not the album's first single). The rapper planned to write a semi-autobiographical young-adult novel about bullying, different from his previous books which focused on his life and the rules of power. According to the book's publisher, the first-person novel (about a 13-year-old schoolyard bully "who finds redemption as he faces what he's done") was scheduled for publication in January 2012. In a series of tweets, Jackson said that the delay of his fifth album was due to disagreements with Interscope Records, later suggesting that it would be released in November 2011 with his headphone line (SMS by 50). He speculated to MTV News about not renewing his five-album contract with Interscope: "I don't know ...It will all be clear in the negotiations following me turning this actual album in. And, of course, the performance and how they actually treat the work will determine whether you still want to stay in that position or not." On June 20, 2011, Jackson announced the release of Before I Self Destruct II after his fifth album. Although he planned to shoot a music video for the fifth album's lead single, "I'm On It", on June 26 the video was never filmed. Jackson told Shade45, "I did four songs in Detroit with Eminem. I did two with Just Blaze, a Boi-1da joint, and I did something with Alex da Kid. We made two that are definite singles and the other two are the kinds of records that we been making, more aimed at my core audience, more aggressive, more of a different kind of energy to it."He released "Street King Energy Track #7" in September 2011 to promote Street King, his charity-based energy drink. An announcement that Jackson was shooting a music video for "Girls Go Wild", the fifth-album lead single featuring Jeremih, was made on September 28, 2011.Music Video News: IN PRODUCTION: 50 Cent f/ Jeremih – Colin Tilley . Video Static (September 28, 2011). Retrieved on October 25, 2011. Jackson's fifth album, Street King Immortal, was initially scheduled for a summer 2012 release and postponed until November 13. Disagreements with Interscope Records about its release and promotion led to its temporary cancellation. Its first promo single, "New Day" with Dr. Dre and Alicia Keys, was released on July 27.The song was produced by Dr. Dre, mixed by Eminem and written by <mask>nt, Alicia Keys, Royce da 5'9" and Dr. Dre. A solo version by Keys was leaked by her husband, Swizz Beatz. "My Life", the album's second promo single (with Eminem and Maroon 5 lead singer Adam Levine), was released on November 26, 2012. In January 2014, Jackson said he planned to release Animal Ambition in the first quarter of the year, followed by Street King Immortal. On February 20, he left Shady Records, Aftermath Entertainment, and Interscope, signing with Caroline and Capitol Music Group. According to Jackson, although he owed Interscope another album, he was released from his contract because of his friendship with Eminem and Dr. Dre: "I'm a special case and situation. It's also because of the leverage of having