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[ "", "Güzelyalı neighborhood in Çukurova", "Municipality Building of Çukurova", "Turgut Özal boulevard in Çukurova", "Adana Metro at Huzurevi District.", "Metropolitan buses on the headway.", "", "" ]

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[ "Çukurova is a district-municipality and ilçe (district) in the Adana Province of Turkey. District population of 389,000,\nis concentrated within the city of Adana, occupying north-west of the city. It is a modern residential district which came into being in the last 30 years as the city expanded north. Çukurova is located north of the Seyhan district, west of the Seyhan River and south of the Seyhan Reservoir.", "The district constitutes the northern Adana. The average altitude is about 30 m (98 ft).", "The land that Çukurova district now occupies was made up of orchards, forestry and scattered villages. After Aytaç Durak's election as the mayor of Adana, an extensive urban plan was made. The urban plan consisted of 200,000 homes, several parks, schools and shopping places to be built over the next 30 years. The project was named as New Adana and the area grew rapidly during the 1990s.", "Çukurova district is administered by three levels of government; central government, provincial administration and the municipalities.\nÇukurova Governorship is the district branch of the central government operating under the Adana Governorship. The chief executive of the Çukurova district is the District Governor who is appointed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Çukurova Governorship overseas the functioning of the district directorates of the ministries.\nÇukurova directorate of the Adana Province Special Administration is the district branch of the provincial administration. Çukurova district is represented with 7 members at the 61-member Adana Provincial Parliament.\nÇukurova district is divided into Çukurova municipality and the villages.", "There is only one municipality incorporated in the Çukurova district. Çukurova Municipality is a lower tier municipality of the city of Adana and serves most of the district. The municipality is further divided into neighborhoods.\nÇukurova Municipality was incorporated in 2008 as a lower-tier municipality of the city of Adana, after the split of the northern section from Seyhan district.\nMayor is the chief executive of the municipality, presides municipal departments and chairs the municipal council. Mayoral candidates are either nominated by the national parties or run independently. The mayor is elected by first past the post voting for a 5-year term.\nEncümen is the executive committee of the Çukurova Municipality.The mayor presides the encümen and the committee consists of 7 members, 3 councilors elected from the municipal council, 3 department directors appointed by the mayor and the treasurer.\nMunicipal Council is the decision making organ of the Çukurova Municipality. It is responsible for approving by-laws, founding, splitting or amalgamating neighborhoods, strategic planning, urban development planning and zoning, making investments, budgeting, loaning and controlling the mayor's activities. The chair of the council is the mayor. The council consists of 37 members. The candidates for the councilor positions are either nominated by National Parties or run independently. The councilors are elected by the d'Hondt method, where the whole municipality is one electoral district and there is 10% threshold for a party to gain seat at the council. As with mayor, councilors are elected for a 5-year term. Left leaning CHP leads the council with 18 members, Turkish nationalist MHP has 10, conservative AKP has 7 members at the council and two members are independent.", "Villages are the administrative units outside the municipal areas and are administered by the muhtar and the Village Seniors Council. The council can have 4, 5 or 6 members depending on the population of the village. Unlike the neighborhood muhtars, village muhtars are granted special powers and the village administration is considered to be a governmental body. In Çukurova district, there are total of 11 villages: Bozcalar, Dörtler, Fadıl, Kabasakal, Karahan, Küçükçınar, Keşoba, Memişli, Örçün, Pirirli and Söğütlü.\nAccording to Law act no 6360, all villages in metropolitan municipalities in Turkey (such as Adana) were renamed as a neighborhoods (Turkish: mahalle). Thus the villages listed above are officially neighborhoods of Adana.", "Neighborhoods (Mahalle) are small administrative units within the municipalities, and are administered by the muhtar and the Neighborhood Seniors Council consisting of 4 members. Muhtar and the Senior Council are elected for 5 years at the local elections and are not affiliated with political parties. Neighborhoods are not an incorporation therefore do not hold government status. Muhtar, although being elected by the residents, acts merely as an administrator of the district governor. Muhtar can voice the neighborhood issues to the municipal hall together with the Seniors Council.\nÇukurova has a total of 27 neighborhoods. Fourteen of them are in the urban area and thirteen of them are outside the urban area. The neighborhoods outside the urban area are the former villages and the municipalities that annexed to the city of Adana as city borders are expanded in 2008.", "The urban neighborhoods of Çukurova are spread into 3 distinctive zones. The major separators of these zones are the Adana Metro and the Turgut Özal boulevard.\nNorth of Turgut Özal Boulevard: The most scenic section of Adana, the zone is all residential, villas on the hills overlooking to the Seyhan Reservoir and high rise buildings along Turgut Özal and Süleyman Demirel Boulevards. This zone is bounded with Özal Boulevard on the south, Sadık Ahmet Boulevard on the west and Seyhan Reservoir on the north. The 4 neighborhoods of this zone are, Beyazevler, Güzelyalı, Karslılar and Kurttepe.\nEast of the Adana Metro: Bounded with Turgut Özal Boulevard on the east and north, Adana Metro on the west and Seyhan district on the south, this zone is heavily residential. The 3 neighborhoods of this zone are, Yurt, Mahfesığmaz and Toros.\nWest of the Adana Metro: Bounded by Adana Metro on the west, Turgut Özal Boulevard on the north, Tapantepe Road on the west and Seyhan district on the south, this zone is rapidly developing area of the city. Western section is zoned for low-rise and eastern section is heavily residential with high-rise buildings. The 5 neighborhoods of the zone are, Huzurevleri, Belediye Evleri, Yüzüncüyıl, Esentepe, Kabasakal and Şambayadı.", "As the city borders expanded the municipalities and villages in the new limits of the city are annexed to the city. Neighborhoods of the former municipalities and former villages then became part of the Çukurova district as neighborhoods. There are total of 4 non-urban neighborhoods, all used to be part of the former Salbaş municipality; Salbaş Esentepe, Kocatepe, Yeni Mahalle and Gökkuyu.", "Local public transportation in Çukurova district is conducted by the Adana Metro, Adana Metropolitan Municipality Buse and the minibuses.\nAdana Metro serves with 4 stations in Çukurova: Hastane, Anadolu Lisesi, Huzurevi and Mavi Bulvar. Metro line starts in Çukurova and goes Seyhan and Yüreğir districts. Metro accepts bus cards (KentKart) for payment and runs between 06:00 A.M. and 23:00 P.M.\nBus Services are using by all alongside of district and other districts. There are two types of bus services: The ones that owned by Adana Metropolitan Municipality (people buses), and the ones that partly controlled by the municipality (special people buses). People buses (known as Reds, Kırmızılar) is only accept bus cards (KentKart) for payment. But special people buses (known as Canlar) are also accept cash.\nMinibuses are serving the neighbourhoods and transport people to the city centre. It's accepting cash and Kentkart. There is a few minibus services serving the Çukurova: Topel, İtimat, Özen, Cemalpaşa, Denizli, Barkal, and Yeşilevler.", "\"Çukurova Population\".\n\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Mahali İdareler ile mahalle muhtarlıkları ve ihtiyar heyetleri seçimi hakkında kanun (in Turkish)\". Başar Mevzuat Bankası. Retrieved 2010-08-21.\n\"Neighborhoods of Çukurova\". T.C. Çukurova Kaymakamlığı.\n\"Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi\". www.mevzuat.gov.tr. Retrieved 2022-03-08." ]

[ "Çukurova, Adana", "Geography", "History", "Governance", "Çukurova Municipality", "Villages", "Neighborhoods", "Neighborhoods in the urban area", "Neighborhoods outside the urban area", "Transportation", "References" ]

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[ "", "Faculty of Education at Çukurova University", "Vocational Highschool in Çukurova University Campus", "Sculpture at the campus", "Sculpture at the campus", "A bank branch office at Çukurova University Campus.", "A view of eastern side of the building of Dept. of Plant Protection, Çukurova University.", "A view of southwestern corner of the main administration building of Faculty of Medicine", "Beyazevler Campus", "Balcalı campus lakeview" ]

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[ "Çukurova University (Turkish: Çukurova Üniversitesi) is a public university in Adana, Turkey. The university has sixteen faculties, three colleges, seven vocational colleges, three institutes and twenty six research and application centers. The university campus is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)away from Adana city center, by the Seyhan Dam Lake.\nThe university, with its 1903 teaching staff, offers courses to over 40,000 undergraduate, post graduate and doctorate students.\nThe library has internet access and houses national and international publications. Computer rooms are available for student use campus-wide. These computer rooms are also used for computer-assisted education and scientific research. The university also offers its students recreational facilities including an indoor sports center and swimming pool, a boathouse and sports grounds. Students can make the best of their leisure time in any of the 29 student clubs.\nThe students of the university have the opportunity to do practical training abroad through AIESEC and similar organizations. Transportation to the Balcalı Campus is offered by private bus services.", "The Faculty of Agriculture, founded in 1969 by Ankara University, and the Faculty of Medicine, founded in 1972 by Atatürk University, were combined to form Çukurova University in 1973. The number of the faculties rose to five when the faculties of Basic Sciences, Administrative Sciences and Engineering were founded.\nIn 1982, the Faculty of Basic Sciences was reorganized as the Faculty of Sciences and Letters, and the Faculty of Administrative Sciences was combined with the Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences forming the Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics. The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture emerged from the combination of the Faculty of Engineering and the Engineering Department of the Adana Academy of Administrative and Commercial Sciences. Also, the Faculty of Education was established when the two-year Foreign Language Colleges of the Ministry of Education in Adana, Mersin and Hatay were combined. By 1992, the university helped to lay the foundation of three new universities in Turkey. Two colleges, complete with modern buildings, laboratories and educational equipment were turned over to Mersin University, and three colleges were turned over to Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, and the Research and Application Center in Kahramanmaraş was taken over by Sutcu Imam University.\nThe number of faculties rose to 10 when the faculties of Fisheries, Theology, Dentistry and Fine Arts were established.\nAdana Vocational College of Health and Kozan Vocational College were opened to education. With the addition of three post-graduate institutions and the State Conservatory of Çukurova University, the number of academic bodies increased to 21. The Karatas College of Tourism and Hotel Management was set up in 1994, the Karaisali Vocational College was set up in 1995 and the Vocational College of Kadirli offering two educational programs: Computer Programming and Industrial Electronics was founded in 1997. The Department of Physical Education was reorganized as the College of Physical Education and Sports, and in 1996, the Vocational College of Health Services was reorganized as the College of Health Sciences.", "The Çukurova University's Balcali campus which is on the eastern side of Seyhan Lake occupies an area of 20 km². The name \"Balcali\" originates from the name of the village that stood on the present campus before the university was built.\nThe campus houses administrative and educational buildings with labs available for research services in various branches of a hospital complex, a central library, a central cafeteria, sports facilities, teacher residences, social facilities and dormitories which accommodate a total of 3500 students.\nPublic transport vehicles commute between the city center and the campus.", "", "The language of instruction in almost all the programs of the university is Turkish. However, the language of instruction in the Electric-Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Departments of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture is English.\nStudents receive compulsory English preparatory classes in all the programs of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences.\nEnglish preparatory classes are optional for the students registered in the Mathematics, Chemistry and Physics Departments of the Faculty of Science and Letters and for the students of Civil Engineering, Geology, Architecture, Industry and Textile Departments of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture.\nForeign language preparatory classes are conducted in the English, French and German Language Teaching Departments of the Faculty of Education.\nThe university consists of 10 faculties (with 80 undergraduate programs), three graduate schools (with 64 post-graduate programs), three colleges (with four undergraduate programs), seven vocational colleges (with 23 vocational programs) and YADIM (Foreign Languages Research and Application Center where both undergraduate and post-graduate students are taught English), and a state conservatory.", "Evening classes are available in the Department of Teacher Training of the Faculty of Education; in the Departments of Economics and Business in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences; in the Departments of Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Turkish Language and Literature in the Faculty of Science and Letters; in the Departments of Civil- Mechanical- Geological- Industrial- and Mining Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; in the Faculty of Fisheries; and in all Departments of Ceyhan and Osmaniye Vocational Colleges.", "There are numerous student societies active in Çukurova University.", "Founded in 2000, ÇUASK offers university students and staff alike an opportunity to start lessons in horse riding. The club has four Thoroughbred stallions that are used for schooling. Once students gain experience, they are free to go on trail rides anywhere within the campus boundaries. Instructors in the club are students themselves, who volunteer in giving lessons, taking care of the horses/stables and in managing the club.", "The university employs 1903 academic staff (24 from abroad) of which 330 are professors, 141 associate professors, 299 assistant professors, 152 instructors, 723 research assistants, 76 specialists, 157 lecturers.", "Austria\nFachhochschule BFI\nKlagenfurt University\nParis-London Universitaet Salzburg\nVorarlberger Landeskonservatorium\nBelgium\nFree University Brussels\nGhent University\nHasselt University\nHogeschool Antwerpen\nHogeschool Sint-Lukas Brussel\nLibre De Bruxelles University\nProvinciale Hogeschool Limburg\nCyprus\nCyrups University\nCzech Republic\nCzech University Of Agriculture\nLiberec Technical University\nMasaryk University\nUniverzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem\nZápadočeská University in Plzeň\nDenmark\nAarhus University\nDortmunt University\nWest Jutland University College\nEstonia\nTallinn University\nFinland\nFlensburg University\nHelsinki University\nOulu University\nSvenska Yrkeshögskolan/ Up musik\nSwedish Polytechnic\nTampere Polytechnic\nTampere University\nFrance\nFranche-Comté\nFrançois Rabelais\nParis-Sorbonne University (Paris 4)\nUniversite de Corse-Pascal Paoli\nGermany\nAnhalt University of Applied Sciences\nAugsburg University\nBonn University\nDresden Technical University\nDuisburg Essen University\nEuropean Academy Berlin\nFlensburg Universitat\nFree University Berlin\nFriedrich Alexander University\nHannover University\nHeidelberg University\nHohenheim University\nHumboldt University\nJohannes Gutenberg University\nLudwigshafen University of Applied Sciences\nMünster University\nOldenburg university\nOsnabrück University\nRuhr University Bochum\nSiegen University\nTechnical University Darmstadt\nTechnische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg\nTechnische Universitat Berlin\nULM University\nWeingarten Padagogische Hogeschule\nGreece\nAristotle University of Thessaloniki\nCrete University\nH.R.T.E.I Ionian University\nMediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania\nT.E.I Ionian Islands\nTechnological Educational Institute of Epirus\nTechnological Educational Institute of Epirus\nHungary\nCorvinus University of Budapest\nDebrecen University\nKodalanyi Janos University College\nPecs University\nSemmelweiss University\nItaly\nBologna University\nDegli Studi Di Napoli\nPadova University\nPalermo University\nRoma Tre Universita\nSassari University\nUniversita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emmilia\nUniversita Degli Studi Di Trento\nUniversita Di Catania\nUniversita di L'Aquila\nUniversity of Pisa\nLatvia\nDaugavpils Universitate\nLithuania\nKlapedia University\nTarprautine aukstoji vadybos mokykia\nNorway\nNorwegian University of Science and Technology\nTromso University\nPoland\nAdam Mickiewicz University\nAgriculture University in Szczecın\nAkademia Pedagogiczna W Krakowie\nAkademia Rolnicza w Lubline\nAkademia Techniczno - Rolnicza\nBialystok University of Technology\nMikolaja Kopernika Toruniu\nRyzsard Lazarski\nSzczecin Agriculture University\nSzkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego\nWarsaw Agricultural University\nWarsaw University\nPortugal\nAlgarve University\nLisboa (Lizbon) University\nMinho University\nPorto University\nUniversidade De Tras-os-montese e Alto Douro\nRomania\nOvidius Constanta University\nUniversitatea de Medicine si Fermacie din Targu Mures\nUniversity of Agronomic Sciences And Veterinary Medicine\nSlovakia\nUniverzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave\nSlovak Agricultural University in Nitra\nSpain\nCatalonia Technical University\nGranada Kraliyet Konservatuarı\nJaume I University\nLleida University\nPolitecnica de Cartagena Universidad\nPolitécnica de Valencia Universidad\nReal Conservatorio Superior\nUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela\nUniversitat De Girona\nSweden\nHögskolan I Boras University\nLinköping University\nLulea University of Technology\nVaxjö University\nThe Netherlands\nDelft University\nDrenthe University of Professional Education\nEindhoven University Of Technology\nWageningen University\nThe United Kingdom\nEdinburgh University\nHuddersfield University\nLancaster University\nNottingham University", "\"Cukurova University - General Information: History\". Archived from the original on 2005-12-04.\n\"ÇÜ'de Öğrenci Kayıtları (Turkish)\". Haber FX. Archived from the original on 2012-08-02.\n\"History of the Cukurova University\". University Web Site.\n\"The campus: Balcali\". University Web Site.\n\"Education\". University Web Site.", "Turgay Avcı, politician and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus\nHüseyin Dündar, world and European champion of martial arts disciplines\nFuat Oktay, 1st Vice President of Turkey\nMacit Özcan, politician and mayor of Mersin\nAli Pilli, minister of Health of the 41st government of Northern Cyprus", "Turkish Agricultural Learning Objects Repository\nAlumni Association of Çukurova University\nUnofficial Site of Çukurova University" ]

[ "Çukurova University", "History", "The Balcalı campus", "Faculties and departments", "Education", "Evening classes", "Student societies", "Çukurova University Equestrian Sports Club ÇUASK", "Academic staff", "Related EU universities", "References", "Notable alumni", "External links" ]

[ 2897, 2898, 2899, 2900, 2901, 2902, 2903, 2904, 2905 ]

[ 14029, 14030, 14031, 14032, 14033, 14034, 14035, 14036, 14037, 14038, 14039, 14040, 14041, 14042, 14043 ]

[ "Dışbudak quarter of Çulluuşağı neighborhood of Kozan" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/%C3%87ulluu%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1%2C_Kozan.jpg" ]

[ "Çulluuşağı is a village in the District of Kozan, Adana Province, Turkey.", "\"Population of city, towns and villages - 2011\". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 22 July 2012.", "Media related to Çulluuşağı, Kozan at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Çulluuşağı, Kozan", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 14044 ]

[ "Çumra railway station", "Location of Çumra within Turkey.", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Cumra_station.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Konya_districts.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" ]

[ "Çumra is a town and district of Konya Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 104,576 of which 42,308 live in the town of Çumra.", "The town of Çumra is at 37°34′30″N 32°46′29″E at an altitude of 1,020 m. It is an important stop on the Istanbul to Baghdad railway. It is central to the 500 km²/120,000 acre Çumra irrigation zone, in the Konya Plain, that was established in 1912.", "Neolithic (c. 8000 BC) archaeological discoveries have been found at Çatalhöyük.\nIn the 12th century the Konya plain experienced its second great cultural period, when the city became the capital of the Seljuk Turks.", "In 2019, a farmer near the site of Türkmen-Karahöyük, a Bronze and Iron Age mounded settlement discovered a stone stele commissioned by Hartapu to commemorate his victory over Phrygia written in Luwian Hieroglyphics. Archaeologists from the University of Chicago joined the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project to excavate the stele, and the excavations of the archaeological mound at the site, which is believed to be the capital of Hartapu's as yet unnamed kingdom, will continue in 2020. In February 2020, archaeologists announced the discovery of Luwian hieroglyphs on the stone stele pulled out of the irrigation ditch next to the ancient mound of Türkmen-Karahöyük, describing the military victory of \"Great King Hartapu\" over an alliance of 13 kings. The description has a reference to defeating the royal house of Phrygia, which included King Midas.", "\"Area of regions (including lakes), km²\". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.\n\"Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012\". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.\nTurkish Statistical Institute. \"Census 2000, Key statistics for urban areas of Turkey\" (XLS) (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-03-23.\nPlanetWare.com - Çumra, Turkey\nEskinazi.com - Central Anatolia\n\"Archaeologists Have Discovered a Lost Ancient Kingdom in Turkey\". www.vice.com. Retrieved 2021-02-07.\n\"Oriental Institute archaeologists help discover lost kingdom in ancient Turkey\". University of Chicago News. Retrieved 2021-02-07.\n\"Luwian Royal Inscription - Archaeology Magazine\". www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 2021-02-07.\nDockrill, Peter. \"Archaeologists in Turkey Have Discovered a Mysterious Ancient Kingdom Lost in History\". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2021-02-07.", "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. \"Geographical information on Çumra, Turkey\". Retrieved 2008-03-23.", "District governor's official website (in Turkish)\nDistrict municipality's official website (in Turkish)" ]

[ "Çumra", "Çumra town", "History", "Archaeological findings", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2907, 2908, 2909 ]

[ 14045, 14046, 14047, 14048, 14049, 14050 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Cumra_station.jpg" ]

[ "Çumra station is a station in Çumra, Turkey, on the Konya-Yenice railway. It is serviced by the Taurus Express and the Konya-Karaman Regional, which also serves as a connecting train to Karaman for YHT trains terminating in Konya. The station was opened on 25 October 1904 by the Baghdad Railway.\nÇumra station is 44.2 km (27.5 mi) southeast of Konya station and 324.8 km (201.8 mi) northwest of Adana station.", "\"CIOB History\". Trains and Railways of Turkey.", "Station information\nStation timetable" ]

[ "Çumra railway station", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2910 ]

[ 14051 ]

[ "The church in Ève" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/%C3%88ve_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame.jpg" ]

[ "Ève ([ɛv]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.", "Communes of the Oise department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Ève, Oise", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2911 ]

[ 14052 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Concert_%C3%88ve_Angeli_-_6_septembre_2015_30.JPG" ]

[ "Vanessa Annelyse Ève Garcin (born 25 August 1980 in Sète, Hérault, France), better known by her stage name Ève Angeli is a French pop singer, who won an NRJ Music Award for Best New French Artist in 2000–2002.", "She began her rise to fame on the television show Graines de star in 2010. Her star-making performance on the show led to a major-label recording contract with Sony Music and the eventual release of her debut single, \"Avant de venir\" in 2000. \nThe lead single from her forthcoming full-length album debut, \"Aime-Moi\" (2002), \"Avant de Partir\" was a Top Five hit on the French singles chart. \nThe follow-up single \"Elle\" was a major hit also, breaking into the Top Ten, and though successive singles \"Je Sais\" and \"C'est Pour Ça\" were less popular, the run of hit singles helped carry Aime-Moi to number 11 on the French albums chart.\nIn 2002 Angeli won the NRJ Music Award for Best New French Artist and released her second album, \"Nos Différences\", which spawned a modest hit with its title track, a bilingual collaboration with the British boy band A1. \nRelative to her debut album, however, \"Nos Différences\" was a disappointment and Angeli subsequently receded from the spotlight for a couple years. \nShe re-emerged in 2004 with the reality TV show La Ferme Célébrités, a greatest-hits compilation \"Le Meilleur d'Eve Angeli\", and the new single \"Une Chanson dans le Coeur,\" her biggest hit in years. Her third album, \"Viens\" (2005), followed, and while it spawned a couple modest hits with \"Viens\" and \"Je Vais T'aimer,\" it continued to mark a downturn in Angeli's commercial success and concluded her association with Sony.\nIn subsequent years, Angeli published a book, Mes Evangélismes: Pensées d'une Blonde (2007), and released her first independent album, \"Revolution\" (2008).", "", "", "", "\"Eve Angeli – Aime-Moi (CD, Album) at Discogs\". Discogs. 10 May 2001. Retrieved 1 May 2011.\n\"Eve Angeli, biography photography and wallpaper\". Stars-celebrites.net. Retrieved 1 May 2011.\nSteffen Hung. \"Discographie Eve Angeli\". lescharts.com. Retrieved 1 May 2011.", "NRJ Music Awards\nArtist's blog" ]

[ "Ève Angeli", "Biography", "Discography", "Albums", "Singles", "References", "See also" ]

[ 2912 ]

[ 14053, 14054, 14055, 14056, 14057, 14058 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/%C3%88ve_B%C3%A9lisle_at_the_curling_club.jpg" ]

[ "Ève Bélisle (born September 14, 1979) is a Canadian curler from Montreal. She is a three-time Quebec Scotties Tournament of Hearts champion and two-time Quebec Mixed champion.", "Bélisle became one of very few women to ever skip a team to the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship in 2004. Her Quebec team finished the round robin of the 2005 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship with a 4–7 record. The following year, Bélisle won her first women's provincial championships giving her the right to represent Team Quebec at the 2006 Scott Tournament of Hearts. At the Hearts, Bélisle finished the round robin with a 7–4 record putting her in the tiebreaker against Newfoundland and Labrador's Heather Strong. Quebec won the tiebreaker, but lost the 3 vs. 4 page playoff game against the defending champion Jennifer Jones. At the 2007 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship (played in November, 2006), Bélisle became only the second woman to skip a team to the final (Shannon Kleibrink was the first). She lost to New Brunswick in the final, skipped by Terry Odishaw.\nBélisle played in her first two Grand Slam of Curling events during the 2007–08 season. She missed the playoffs at the 2007 Sobeys Slam before reaching the semifinals of the 2008 Players' Championship. The following season, she played in three slams but failed to qualify in all of them.\nThe 2009–10 season was Bélisle's most successful season to date. She once again played in three slams, making the quarterfinals at the 2009 Trail Appliances Curling Classic and the semifinals at the 2010 Players' Championship once again. Bélisle also won her second provincial title in 2010, and proceeded to finish with a 5–6 record at the 2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts.\nIn 2013, Bélisle won the mixed doubles event with teammate Steve Johns at the New Zealand Winter Games, representing Australia.\nAfter taking a few seasons off, Bélisle returned to competitive curling for the 2016–17 season. She won her third provincial title at the 2017 Quebec Scotties Tournament of Hearts, defeating Marie-France Larouche in the final. She finished with a record of 7–4 at the 2017 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, falling just short of playoffs.", "Bélisle is employed at the Centre for Research in Computational Thermochemistry at École Polytechnique. In spring of 2008, she noticed and spread the news of a peregrine falcon pair's presence at the Pavillon Roger-Gaudry of the university, eventually leading to the installation of a nest box.", "", "", "\"2005 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship\" (PDF). Canadian Curling Association. March 28, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2020.\n\"2006 Scott Tournament of Hearts\" (PDF). Canadian Curling Association. March 7, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2020.\n\"2007 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship\" (PDF). Canadian Curling Association. January 17, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2020.\n\"Final four set at Players' Championship\". CBC Sports. April 18, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2020.\n\"Bernard, Webster curl for Players' Championship\". CBC Sports. April 17, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2020.\n\"NZ team to play for gold\". New Zealand Curling. August 23, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2020.\n\"Eve Belisle wins Quebec women's curling title, earns berth in nationals\". Vernon Morning Star. January 15, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2020.\n\"Scotties Tournament of Hearts\" (PDF). Season of Champions Fact Book. December 17, 2017. pp. 50–53. Retrieved March 3, 2020.\nMathieu Robert-Sauvé (April 14, 2008) \"Deux faucons pèlerins fréquentent la tour de l'Université de Montréal\". Forum 42(27)1-2." ]

[ "Ève Bélisle", "Career", "Personal life", "Grand Slam record", "Former events", "References" ]

[ 2913 ]

[ 14059, 14060, 14061, 14062, 14063, 14064, 14065, 14066 ]

[ "Eve Bazaiba (left) in 2019" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Eve_Bazaiba_%C3%A0_Kisangani.jpg" ]

[ "Ève Bazaiba Masudi (née Ève Bazaiba) (born 12 August 1965) is a Congolese lawyer, politician, and human rights activist. As of May 2019, she served as the Secretary General of the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC) political party. She is Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for the Environment since 2021.", "Ève Bazaiba was born on 12 August 1965 in Stanleyville (today Kisangani), in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She studied Latin and Philosophy at Bosangani High School (Lycée Bosangani), in Kinshasa before being admitted to Cardinal Malula University, also in Kinshasa, and graduating with a Bachelor of International Relations degree. In 2010 Bazaiba earned a law degree from the Protestant University in the Congo.", "In 1988, Bazaiba became an activist for the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) political party, led by Étienne Tshisekedi. She was arrested several times under the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko, imprisoned for four days under the regime of Laurent-Desire Kabila and sued by the government of Joseph Kabila for denouncing corruption in the mining industry. In 2002, she participated in the Sun City talks that set up the transitional government that led to the 2006 elections of the Third Republic. When her party, the UDPS boycotted the elections, she personally pleaded with Étienne Tshisekedi and other party leadership to obtain a waiver to contest.\nIn 2007, she was elected to the Senate as a member of the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC) political party, by the Kinshasa Provincial Assembly. After serving her five-year term, she became president (chairperson) of the socio-cultural commission at the National Assembly in the Democratic Republic of Congo. She is a strong advocate for human rights and particularly the rights of women and other vulnerable groups. During the 2011–2016 legislative session she proposed a bill that provided for special protections for disabled persons. She re-introduced the bill in 2019.\nAs of 2019, she served as the Secretary General of the MLC.", "Baizaba is a married mother.", "Eva Baizaba is the president of the League of Congolese Women for Elections (LIFCE).", "Félix Tshisekedi\nJean-Pierre Bemba\nAcacia Bandubola Mbongo", "\"Eve Bazaiba has her handbag stolen in full rally of Lamuka in Kisangani!\" (Translated from the original French language). Digital Congo. Kinshasa. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020.\n\"RDC: Eve Bazaiba vice-premier ministre en charge de l'environnement et développement durable\". Actualite.cd (in French). 12 April 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.\nMazanza Kindulu 2015, p. 30.\nMariette Thythy Tshibola (6 July 2007). \"Eve Bazaiba: Congolese Activist Woman\". Kinshasa: Congokulture.net. Archived from the original (Translated from the original French Language. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014) on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2020.\nChristophe Ayad (27 July 2006). \"In the DRC, with \"Candidate 256\" campaigning in Kinshasa\". Paris: Liberation.fr. Archived from the original (Translated from the original French language. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013) on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2020.\nCL/MMC (20 January 2007). \"The Kinshasa Provincial Assembly elects senators JP Bemba, Eve Bazaiba, Nku Imbie, Romain Nimy, Moïse Nyarugabo…\". Digital Congo. Kinshasa. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2020.\nLa Rédaction (23 March 2013). \"Francophonie: Portraits of Two Committed Women: Eve Bazaiba Masudi, President of the socio-cultural commission at the National Assembly in the Democratic Republic of Congo\" (Translated from the original French language). Paris: Revue-internationale.com. Retrieved 23 March 2020.\nTshishiku, Marcel (26 September 2019). \"Figurant sur la liste des arriérés de la Législature 2011–2016 : La proposition de loi sur les personnes handicapées relancée\". La Tempête des Tropiques (in French). Retrieved 24 March 2020.\nThe International Crisis Group (15 June 2015). \"DR Congo: The Bemba Earthquake\". Brussels, Belgium: The International Crisis Group. Retrieved 23 March 2020.", "Mazanza Kindulu, Joseph-Roger (2015). Les femmes dans l'espace décisionnel congolais (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 9782336388915.", "Gender Inequality And Social Institutions In The Democratic Republic Of The Congo As of December 2010." ]

[ "Ève Bazaiba", "Early life and education", "Career", "Family", "Other responsibilities", "See also", "References", "Works cited", "External links" ]

[ 2914 ]

[ 14067, 14068, 14069, 14070, 14071, 14072, 14073, 14074, 14075 ]

[ "Brenner in 1976" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Eve_Brenner_vuonna_1976.png" ]

[ "Ève Brenner (born 11 September 1941) is a French opera singer notable for her voice that spanned five octaves.", "Brenner was born in Saint-Chartier in central France where her parents who were both musicians and refugees were living. Her father, Ludwig Brenner, who was of Jewish-German descent, was captured and deported during World War II. He died in captivity in 1942 leaving her mother Jeanne alone to raise their children.\nWhen the family returned to Paris at the end of the war, her mother rejoined her orchestra and left her children in the care of their grandparents. Aged 14, Brenner left school to join her mother's orchestra.", "Brenner studied opera at the Conservatoire de Paris from the age of 20. She sang in films, including Manon des Sources. She released several singles and EPs from the 1970s onward. He single \"Morning on the River\" peaked at number 96 in Australia in February 1979.", "Le matin sur la rivière, 1976, Pathé\nLa sicilienne, 1977, Pathé\nL'enfant, 1979, Pathé\nA comme Amour, 1979, Delphine Records\nMemories, 1980, Pathé\n\"Hymne\", 1980, Kébec-Disque\nAmoureuse, 1981, Philips/Phonogram\nAu nom de l'amour, Delphine Records\nLe rêve d’Ève, 1984, Philips/Phonogram\nAve Maria Norma, 1985, Carrier\nKeep going, 1987, CBS", "\"Ève Brenner, fille du pays - , Saint-Chartier (36) - La Nouvelle République\" (in French). Lanouvellerepublique.fr. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.\nKent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 46. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.\nDiscogs: Ève Brenner\nDiscography: Ève Brenner" ]

[ "Ève Brenner", "Early life", "Music career", "Singles and EPs", "References" ]

[ 2915 ]

[ 14076, 14077, 14078, 14079 ]

[ "Curie in 1937", "Ève, Marie and Irene Curie in 1908" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/%C3%88ve_Curie_1937.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Eve%2C_Marie%2C_Irene_Curie_1908.jpg" ]

[ "Ève Denise Curie Labouisse ([ɛv dəniz kyʁi labwis]; December 6, 1904 – October 22, 2007) was a French and American writer, journalist and pianist. Ève Curie was the younger daughter of Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. Her sister was Irène Joliot-Curie and her brother-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie. She worked as a journalist and authored her mother's biography Madame Curie and a book of war reportage, Journey Among Warriors. From the 1960s she committed herself to work for UNICEF, providing help to children and mothers in developing countries. Ève was the only member of her family who did not choose a career as a scientist and did not win a Nobel Prize, although her husband, Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr., did collect the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on behalf of UNICEF, completing the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes.", "Ève Denise Curie was born in Paris, France, on December 6, 1904. She was the younger daughter of the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, who also had another daughter Irène (born 1897). Ève did not know her father, who died in 1906 in an accident, run over by a horse cart. After this accident, Marie Curie accepted her husband's teaching position at La Sorbonne. Her father-in-law, Dr. Eugène Curie, had moved in with the family when his wife died, and he took care of the children while Pierre and Marie, and then Marie only, went to work. When he died in 1910, Marie Curie was forced to bring up her daughters herself with the help of governesses. Even though Ève confessed later that as a child she had suffered from a lack of sufficient attention of her mother and that only later, in her teens, she developed a stronger emotional bond to her, Marie took great care for the education and development of interests of both her daughters. Whereas Irène followed in her mother's footsteps and became an eminent scientist (she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with her husband Frédéric Joliot-Curie in 1935), Ève showed more artistic and literary interests. Even as a child she displayed a particular talent for music.\nWhatever the weather, they went on long walks and rode on bikes. They went swimming in summer, and Marie had gymnastics equipment installed in the garden of their house in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine. Ève and Irène also learned sewing, gardening and cooking.\nAlthough the girls were French nationals (Ève later became an American citizen), and their first language was French, they were familiar with their Polish origin and spoke Polish. In 1911 they visited Poland (the southern part, which was then under Austrian rule). During their visit to Poland, they also rode horses and hiked in the mountains.", "In 1921, Ève set off on her first journey across the Atlantic Ocean: that spring, she sailed with her sister and mother on board the ship RMS Olympic to New York City. Marie Curie, as a two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize, the discoverer of radium and polonium, was welcomed there with all due ceremony; her daughters were also very popular with American high society. Radiant at parties and joyous, Ève was dubbed by the press \"the girl with radium eyes\". During the trip Ève and Irène also acted as their mother's \"bodyguards\" – Marie, usually focused on research work and preferring a simple life, did not always feel comfortable facing the homage paid to her. While in the United States, Marie, Irène and Ève met President Warren G. Harding in Washington, D.C., saw Niagara Falls and went by train to see the Grand Canyon. They returned to Paris in June 1921.\nÈve, like her sister Irène, graduated from the Collège Sévigné, a non denominational private high school in Paris, where she obtained her baccalaureate in 1925. Meanwhile, she also improved her piano skills and gave her first concert in Paris in 1925. Later, she performed on stage many times, giving concerts in the French capital, in the provinces and in Belgium.\nAfter Irène married Frédéric Joliot in 1926, Ève stayed with her mother in Paris, taking care of her and accompanying her on trips throughout France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland. In 1932, they also accompanied President of Czechoslovakia, Tomáš Masaryk, on his trip to Spain.\nAlthough she loved her mother, Ève had a quite different personality from her (and from her sister Irène). She was not interested in science, preferring the humanities. Unlike her mother, she was always attracted by refined life. Whereas Marie usually wore simple, black dresses, Ève always cared about smart clothes, wore high-heeled shoes and make-up, and loved shining at parties. However, both Ève and Irène nursed their mother with devotion until her death. Marie, ill with aplastic anemia, probably caused by her long-term exposure to radium, died on July 4, 1934. Although now (in 2021) it is believed that it was the long term exposure to Roentgen Rays during WWI, that caused aplastic anemia, as Marie for 4 years assisted in examining wounded patients through Roentgen machines.", "After Marie Curie's death, Ève decided to express her love by writing a biography. To this end, she temporarily withdrew from social life and moved to a small flat in Auteuil, Yvelines, where she gathered and sorted documents and letters left by Marie. In Autumn 1935, she visited her family in Poland, looking for information about her mother's childhood and youth. The fruit of this work was the biography Madame Curie, simultaneously published in France, Britain, Italy, Spain, the United States and other countries in 1937.\nMadame Curie was instantly popular; in many countries including the United States, it was a bestseller. In the U.S. it won the third annual National Book Award for Non-Fiction\nvoted by the American Booksellers Association.\nThere was a film adaptation in 1943 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Greer Garson in the title role.\nÈve became more and more engaged in literary and journalistic work. Apart from her mother's biography, she published musical reviews in the Candide weekly and articles on theater, music, and film in other Paris newspapers.", "After the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the novelist and playwright Jean Giraudoux, who had become the French Information Commissioner (Commissaire général à l'information) in the same year, appointed Ève Curie head of the feminine division in his office. After Germany invaded France, Ève left Paris on June 11, 1940, and after the surrender of France she fled with other refugees on board an overcrowded ship to England, which was strafed by German aircraft. There she joined the Free French Forces of General Charles de Gaulle and started her active fight against Nazism, which resulted in the Vichy government's depriving her of French nationality and confiscating her property in 1941.\nÈve Curie spent most of the war years in Britain, where she met Winston Churchill, and the United States, where she gave lectures and wrote articles to American newspapers (mostly the New York Herald Tribune). In 1940 she met Eleanor Roosevelt at the White House. Inspired by this visit, she later gave a series of lectures on French Women and the War; in May 1940 The Atlantic Monthly published her essay under the same title.\nFrom November 1941 to April 1942, Ève Curie traveled as a war correspondent to Africa, the Soviet Union and Asia, where she witnessed the British offensive in Egypt and Libya in December 1941 and the Soviet counter-offensive at Moscow in January 1942. During this journey she met the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the leader of Free China, Chiang Kai-shek, fighting the Japanese, and Mahatma Gandhi. Several times she had the opportunity to meet her half-compatriots, Polish soldiers, who fought on the side of the British or organized the Polish Army in the Soviet Union.\nCurie's reports from this journey were published in American newspapers, and in 1943 they were gathered in the book Journey Among Warriors, which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence in 1944 (eventually losing to Ernie Pyle) An article in the Autumn 1943 issue of The Russian Review critiqued Curie's book. The reviewer, Michael Karpovich, complimented her enthusiastic and sympathetic style of writing about people she met and interviewed in the Soviet Union. However, Karpovich felt that Curie did\nnot characterize believably the Russians she described. In Journey Among Warriors she wrote about her conversations with a Greek Orthodox bishop, a noted ballerina, a Red Army general, factory workers, local communist leaders, and scientists. Karpovich thought that Curie's exuberance distorted both her judgment and her vision, in her book.\nAfter her return to Europe, Ève Curie served as a volunteer in the women's medical corps of the Free French during the Italian Campaign, where she was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the French 1st Armored Division. In August 1944 she took part in landing with her troops in Provence in southern France. She was decorated with the Croix de guerre for her services.", "After the liberation of France, Ève Curie first worked as a co-editor of the daily newspaper Paris-Presse from 1944 to 1949, but was also active in the political sphere. For example, she was responsible for women's affairs in de Gaulle's government, and in 1948 along with other prominent European intellectuals, she appealed to the United Nations for recognition of the state of Israel. In the years 1952–1954, she was a special advisor to Hastings Lionel Ismay, the first Secretary General of NATO. On 19 November 1954 she married the American politician and diplomat Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr., who served as the United States Ambassador to Greece from 1962 to 1965. Ève Curie became an American citizen in 1958.", "In 1965, Ève's husband gave up his job in the U.S. government when the Secretary General of the United Nations U Thant offered him the position of the Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF. Labouisse held this office until 1979, actively supported by his wife, who also worked for the organization and was often called \"the First Lady of UNICEF\". Together, they visited more than 100 countries, mostly in the Third World, which were beneficiaries of UNICEF's help. In 1965, Labouisse, accompanied by his wife, accepted the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to his organization.", "After her husband's death in 1987, Ève lived in New York City. She had no children from her marriage to Henry Labouisse, but she had a stepdaughter, Anne Peretz (Labouisse's only daughter, born of his first marriage), and all of Anne Peretz' children considered her their grandmother and their children considered her their great-grandmother.\nIn December 2004, Ève Curie celebrated her one-hundredth birthday. On this occasion, she was visited in her New York flat by the Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan. She also received congratulatory letters from the Presidents of the United States – George W. Bush – and France – Jacques Chirac.\nIn July 2005, Ève Curie Labouisse was promoted for her work in UNICEF to the rank of 'Officier de la Légion d'Honneur' of the Republic of France – the country's highest decoration. She expressed thanks for the decoration, saying:\nI feel honoured, I feel proud. I'm a little embarrassed because I don't think I deserve all those wonderful compliments, so I just don't quite know how to behave. But it's a really wonderful day for me and I will remember it for a very long time.\nShe sometimes joked that she brought shame on her family. \"There were five Nobel Prizes in my family,\" she joked, \"two for my mother, one for my father, one for [my] sister and brother-in-law and one for my husband. Only I was not successful ...\".\nÈve Curie died in her sleep on 22 October 2007 in her residence on Sutton Place in Manhattan. She was 102 years old.\nAnn Veneman, the Executive Director of UNICEF, said after her death:\nMrs. Labouisse was a talented professional woman who used her many skills to promote peace and development. While her husband headed UNICEF, she played a very active role in the organization, traveling with him to advocate for children and to provide support and encouragement to UNICEF staff in remote and difficult locations. Her energy and her commitment to the betterment of the world should serve as an inspiration to us all.", "After two U.S. National Book Award cycles, the Non-fiction and Biography categories were combined beginning 1937.", "Curie, Ève (1938). Madame Curie, translated by Vincent Sheean (1 ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc. Retrieved 23 August 2016 – via Internet Archive.\nCurie, Ève (1943). Journey Among Warriors (1 ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Co., Inc. Retrieved 21 August 2016 – via Internet Archive.\nFox, Margalit (October 25, 2007). \"Ève Curie's obituary in New York Times\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2010.\n\"Ève Curie's biography\". Answers.com. Retrieved March 7, 2010.\n\"Ève Curie's obituary in The Times\". London. October 26, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2010.\n\"Madame Curie : Eve Curie : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\". Internet Archive.\n\n\"Books and Authors\", The New York Times, 1936-04-12, page BR12. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007).\n\n\"Booksellers Give Prize to 'Citadel': Cronin's Work About Doctors Their Favorite ...\", The New York Times 1938-03-02, page 14. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007).\nBook Reviews, Russian Review, Volume 3, Number 1, Autumn 1943,\npg. 104.\nPace, Eric (March 27, 1987). \"Henry Labouisse's obituary in New York Times\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2010.\n\"UNICEF hosts award ceremony in honour of Madame Eve Labouisse\". Retrieved March 7, 2010.\n\"Ève Curie's obituary (Polish)\". Retrieved March 7, 2010.\n\"UNICEF mourns the death of Ève Curie Labouisse\". Retrieved March 7, 2010.", "Ève Curie's biography\nÈve Curie's in Encyclopedia of World Biography\nThe Land of My Mother – Polish-American, color, documentary movie (1938) narrated by Eve Curie (1941)[1] on YouTube\nObituary from The Times, October 26, 2007\nObituary from The Daily Telegraph, November 8, 2007\nObituary from The New York Times, October 25, 2007\nIllustrated biography by Richard F Mould in English (PDF format)\nLIFE photo essay 'Doubleday Party for Eve Curie' 1939\nTIME magazine cover featuring Eve Curie\nLIFE photo Captain Nolan tells Eve Curie her baggage was left behind in New York\nLIFE photo Eve Curie map reading with Frenchman Charles Rist on board Pan Am Clipper to Lisbon 1940\nLIFE photo Eve Curie leads the passengers off the Boeing 314 at Lisbon 1940\nLIFE photo Eve Curie dining with companions on the Lisbon bound Clipper 1940\nWorks by or about Ève Curie at Internet Archive\n\"Kraj mojej matki, film – Pocisk.com – ciekawostki historyczne\"." ]

[ "Ève Curie", "Childhood", "Youth", "After mother's death", "Second World War", "After the war", "Work for UNICEF", "Last years of life", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2916, 2917 ]

[ 14080, 14081, 14082, 14083, 14084, 14085, 14086, 14087, 14088, 14089, 14090, 14091, 14092, 14093, 14094, 14095, 14096, 14097, 14098, 14099, 14100, 14101, 14102, 14103, 14104, 14105, 14106, 14107, 14108, 14109, 14110, 14111, 14112, 14113 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Eva_Francis_001.jpg" ]

[ "Ève Francis (born Eva Louise François; 20 August 1886 – 6 December 1980) was an actress and film-maker. She was born in Belgium but spent most of her career in France. She became closely associated with the writer Paul Claudel, and she was married to the critic and film-maker Louis Delluc.", "Ève Francis was born Eva Louise François at Saint-Josse-ten-Noode in Belgium. After completing her secondary education in Belgium, she embarked on a career as an actress and began working in the theatre in Paris in 1913. In 1914 she was introduced to the author Paul Claudel who chose her for the leading role in the first Paris production of his play L'Otage. Although only a few performances were given, the play was well received in literary and artistic circles and her reputation was established. Her long-lasting association with Claudel was at times personal as well as artistic, and in later years she described him as the most extraordinary person she had known and the dominant influence in her life. When Claudel wrote his Paroles au maréchal, addressed to Philippe Pétain after the collapse of France in 1940, Ève Francis gave a public recital of the poem in Vichy.\nIn 1913 Ève Francis met Louis Delluc, then a young novelist, poet and playwright, and a growing friendship led eventually to their marriage in January 1918. It was at her insistence that Delluc set aside his aversion to the film productions of the time and, in 1916, underwent a conversion to the possibilities of the new medium which would define the remainder of his career as a pioneering critic and film-maker. Her own career as a film actress developed fitfully from 1914 onwards, but in 1918 she made the first of several films with Germaine Dulac and became firmly linked with the avant-garde directors who contributed to the movement sometimes called impressionist cinema. When Louis Delluc turned to directing his own films in 1920, Ève Francis took the leading role in almost all of them, including La Femme de nulle part (1922) and L'Inondation (1924). She had one of her greatest successes in Marcel L'Herbier's El Dorado (1921) in which she played the ill-fated cabaret dancer Sibilla. Her style of acting has been described as balanced \"between mannerism and pose; at its extreme it could be seen as an element of film architecture\".\nAlthough by the time of Delluc's early death in 1924, their personal relationship was becoming more distant, as his widow Ève Francis took charge of the substantial legacy of his writings and oversaw the posthumous publication of many of them. She greatly reduced the number of her own screen appearances, and during the 1930s she worked regularly as an assistant director with Marcel L'Herbier as well as giving lectures and writing film criticism. In the 1950s she gave support to the growing network of film societies in France (\"ciné-clubs\"), a project which Louis Delluc had first promulgated in 1920.\nÈve Francis published two books of her own. Temps héroïques: théâtre, cinéma (Gand: Enseigne du chat qui pêche, 1949), with a preface by Paul Claudel, included her portrait of Louis Delluc. She recorded her recollections of Claudel himself in Un autre Claudel (Paris: Grasset, 1973).\nAfter making two final screen appearances when in her late 80s, she died at Neuilly-sur-Seine on the outskirts of Paris on 6 December 1980 at the age of 94. She was buried in the cemetery at Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine.", "", "1914 : La Dame blonde, directed by Charles Maudru\n1917 : Un homme passa, directed by Henry Roussell\n1917 : Le Roi de la mer, directed by Jacques de Baroncelli\n1918 : Âmes de fou, directed by Germaine Dulac\n1918 : Frivolité, directed by Maurice Landais\n1919 : Le Bonheur des autres, directed by Germaine Dulac\n1919 : La Fête espagnole, directed by Germaine Dulac\n1920 : Fumée noire, directed by Louis Delluc\n1920 : Le Silence, directed by Louis Delluc\n1921 : Fièvre, directed by Louis Delluc\n1921 : Le Chemin d'Ernoa, directed by Louis Delluc\n1921 : Eldorado, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1921 : Prométhée banquier, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1922 : La Femme de nulle part, directed by Louis Delluc\n1924 : L'Inondation, directed by Louis Delluc\n1924 : Âme d'artiste (Heart of an Actress), directed by Germaine Dulac\n1926 : Antoinette Sabrier, directed by Germaine Dulac\n1936 : Club de femmes (Women's Club), directed by Jacques Deval\n1937 : Forfaiture (The Cheat), directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1938 : La Brigade sauvage (Savage Brigade), directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1939 : Yamilé sous les cèdres, directed by Charles d'Espinay\n1939 : La Mode rêvée, short film directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1940 : La Comédie du bonheur, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1975 : La Chair de l'orchidée, directed by Patrice Chéreau\n1975 : Adieu poulet, directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre", "1933 : L'Épervier, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1934 : Le Bonheur, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1934 : Le Scandale, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1935 : La Route impériale, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1935 : Veille d'armes, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1935 : Les Hommes nouveaux, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1936 : La Porte du large, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1936 : Le Roman d'un spahi, directed by Michel Berheim\n1937 : La Citadelle du silence, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1937 : Forfaiture, directed by Marcel L'Herbier\n1939 : La Brigade sauvage, directed by Marcel L'Herbier", "Ève Francis recalls Paul Claudel: an interview filmed in 1973 and archived by INA. [In French].\nYvan Foucart. Dictionnaire des comédiens français disparus; nouvelle édition. (Domont: Dupli-Print, 2008) pp.473-474.\nPierre Lherminier. Louis Delluc et le cinéma français. (Paris: Ramsay, 2008) pp.28-35.\nDictionnaire du cinéma français, sous la direction de Jean-Loup Passek. (Paris: Larousse, 1987) p.157: \"Le jeu d'Ève Francis oscille entre le maniérisme et la pose; à la limite, on peut la considérer comme un élément d'architecture filmique.", "Ève Francis at IMDb\nÈve Francis recalls Paul Claudel: an interview filmed in 1973 and archived by INA. [In French]" ]

[ "Ève Francis", "Career", "Filmography", "Actress", "Assistant director", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2918 ]

[ 14114, 14115, 14116, 14117, 14118, 14119, 14120, 14121, 14122, 14123, 14124 ]

[ "Ève Landry performing at Rivière-du-Loup." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/%C3%88ve_Landry.jpg" ]

[ "Ève Landry (born June 5, 1985, in Saint-Pascal, Quebec) is an actress from Quebec. After a time at the Ligue nationale d'improvisation, she began to appear on TV in the Ici Radio-Canada Télé show Unité 9 in the bad girl character of Jeanne Biron.\nShe attended the Festival de Cannes to present the TV show at the MIPCOM.", "Petrowski, Nathalie (13 October 2012). \"Ève Landry : mauvaise (bonne) fille\". La Presse (in French).\nTout le monde en parle (14 October 2012). \"Émission du 14 octobre 2012\". Société Radio-Canada (in French).\n(in French) Agence QMI, Eve Landry ira à Cannes, Canoë, 27 septembre 2012.", "Ève Landry at IMDb\n(in French)Public profile on Facebook." ]

[ "Ève Landry", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2919 ]

[ 14125 ]

[ "Ève Lavallière Circa 1890", "Caricature by Georges Goursat Sem (1902)." ]

[ 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/%C3%88ve_Lavalli%C3%A8re-1890.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Sem_Lavalliere_1902.jpg" ]

[ "Ève Lavallière (born Eugénie Marie Pascaline Fenoglio, 1 April 1866 – 10 July 1929) was a French stage actress and later a noteworthy Catholic penitent and member of the Secular Franciscan Order.", "Ève Lavallière was born at 8 rue Champ-de-Mars in Toulon. She was the daughter of Louis-Emile Fenoglio, a tailor of Neapolitan origin, and Albania-Marie Rana, who was born in Perpignan. At birth, her parents already had a son. Her birth was not desired, and she was placed, up to school age, with a local family of peasants. At school age, however, she was enrolled by her parents in a private school of excellent reputation. After the death of her parents in tragic circumstances and running away from home she arrived in Paris as a teenager.\nShe became an actress renowned in the Belle Époque, including the Théâtre des Variétés in Paris.\nFrom 1917, she moved to the castle of Choisille, at Chanceaux-sur-Choisille, Indre-et-Loire (later occupied by the Pinder circus). She had a radical religious conversion and became a devout Catholic. She wished to join a religious order and for a time was a medical missionary in Tunisia. She became a Franciscan tertiary, a member of the Secular Franciscans or Third Order of St Francis. \nShe is buried in Thuillières where she died in 1929.", "Her most famous roles were in the following:\n1892 : La Vie parisienne by Jacques Offenbach, Henri Meilhac, Ludovic Halévy, Théâtre des Variétés,\n1896 : Le Carillon by Ernest Blum and Paul Ferrier, Théâtre des Variétés\n1897 : Paris qui Marche, a review by Hector Monréal and Henri Blondeau, Théâtre des Variétés\n1898 : Les Petites Barnett by Paul Gavault and Louis Varney, Théâtre des Variétés\n1899 : La Belle Hélène by Jacques Offenbach, booklet by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, Théâtre des Variétés\n1900 : Mademoiselle George by Victor de Cottens and Pierre Veber, music by Louis Vernet, Théâtre des Variétés\n1901 : La Veine by Alfred Capus, Théâtre des Variétés\n1902 : Les Deux Écoles by Alfred Capus, Théâtre des Variétés\n1903 : Le Sire de Vergy by Gaston Arman de Caillavet, Théâtre des Variétés\n1903 : Paris aux Variétés, revue by Paul Gavault, Théâtre des Variétés\n1904 : La Boule by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, Théâtre des Variétés\n1904 : Monsieur de la Palisse by Robert de Flers and Gaston Arman de Caillavet, music by Claude Terrasse, Théâtre des Variétés\n1904 : Die Fledermaus as La Chauve-Souris (Prince Orlofsky), words by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halevy, music by Johann Strauss\n1904 : Barbe-bleue by Jacques Offenbach, libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, Théâtre des Variétés\n1905 : L'Âge d'Or by Georges Feydeau and Maurice Desvallières, Théâtre des Variétés\n1905 : Miss Helyett, an opérette in 3 acts, text by Maxime Boucheron, music by Edmond Audran, Théâtre des Variétés\n1905 : La Petite Bohême, an opera in 3 acts, text by Paul Ferrier after Henry Murger, music by Henri Hirchmann, Théâtre des Variétés\n1906 : Miquette et sa mère by Robert de Flers and Gaston Arman de Caillavet, Théâtre des Variétés\n1907 : Le Faux-pas by André Picard, Théâtre des Variétés\n1908 : Le Roi by Robert de Flers, Gaston Arman de Caillavet, Emmanuel Arène, Théâtre des Variétés\n1908 : L'Oiseau blessé by Alfred Capus, Théâtre de la Renaissance\n1909 : Un ange by Alfred Capus, Théâtre des Variétés\n1910 : Le Bois sacré by Robert de Flers and Gaston Arman de Caillavet, Théâtre des Variétés\n1911 : Les Favorites by Alfred Capus, Théâtre des Variétés\n1912 : Les Petits by Lucien Népoty, Théâtre Antoine\n1913 : La Dame de chez Maxim by Georges Feydeau, Théâtre des Variétés\n1913 : Le Tango, a work of Jean Richepin, Théâtre de l'Athénée\n1914 : Ma tante d'Honfleur by Paul Gavault, Théâtre des Variétés", "(Spanish) Omer Englebert, \"Vida y conversion de Eva Lavallière\", Mundo Moderno, Biografías y Memorias, Buenos Aires, 1953\n(Spanish) José María Hernández Gamell, \"Una mujer extraordinaria. Vida y conversion de la famosa artista de Paris, Eva Lavallière\". Ed. Caballeros Comendadores de Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús y de la Santa Faz, Madrid, 1944; reissue, Afrodisio Aguado, Madrid, 1945\n(French) Jean-Paul Claudel, Ève Lavallière : Orpheline de la terre (\"Ève Lavallière: orphan of the Earth\"), Gérard Louis Editor, 2007\n(English) L.L. McReavy A Modern Magdalen, Eva Lavalliere (1866-1929) (1934)\n(English) Charlotte Kelly, A Saint of the Stage - Eve Lavalliere Australian Catholic Truth Society No. 775 (1947) http://www.pamphlets.org.au/cts-pamphlets/9-austraila/738-a-saint-of-the-stage-eve-lavalliere.html", "Ève Lavallière on data.bnf.fr\nQuelques mots sur Ève Lavallière\nLe séjour en Tunisie d'Ève Lavallière\nLa tombe d'Ève Lavallière à Thuillières\nProfile, michaeljournal.org\nProfile, catholicireland.net\nProfile, todayscatholicworld.com" ]

[ "Ève Lavallière", "Biography", "Theater", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2920, 2921 ]

[ 14126, 14127, 14128, 14129, 14130, 14131, 14132 ]

[ "The Èvre in Montrevault", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Pont_de_Bohardy_sur_l%27%C3%88vre_%C3%A0_Montrevault-4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Pays_de_la_Loire_region_relief_location_map.jpg" ]

[ "The Èvre ([ɛvʁ]) is a 91.8 km (57.0 mi) long river in western France, left tributary of the Loire. Its source is at Vezins, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) northeast of the village. It flows into the Loire at Le Marillais, 3 km (1.9 mi) east of the village.\nThe Èvre flows through the following communes in the Maine-et-Loire département, ordered from source to mouth: Vezins, La Tourlandry, Trémentines, Le May-sur-Èvre, La Jubaudière, Jallais, La Poitevinière, Beaupréau, La Chapelle-du-Genêt, Le Fief-Sauvin, Montrevault, Saint-Pierre-Montlimart, Saint-Rémy-en-Mauges, La Boissière-sur-Èvre, La Chapelle-Saint-Florent, Botz-en-Mauges, Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, Le Marillais", "Sandre. \"Fiche cours d'eau - Èvre (M60-0300)\"." ]

[ "Èvre", "References" ]

[ 2922, 2923, 2924 ]

[ 14133 ]

[ "The church in Èvres" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Eglise_Saint-Evence1.JPG" ]

[ "Èvres ([ɛvʁ]) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.", "Communes of the Meuse department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Èvres", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2925 ]

[ 14134 ]

[ "A view of Èze", "Detail of one of the silver plates from Èze in the British Museum", "", "", "The buildings in the medieval village of Èze that have been turned into small shops and cafés.", "An old engraving of Èze", "The railway building at Èze-sur-Mer on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway. A tourist office and bus stop are nearby to reach Èze-Village in a few minutes." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/%C3%88ze_Alpes_Maritimes_France_%28261171069%29.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/British_Museum_-_Room_73_%2822459487258%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/%C3%88ze_and_%C3%88ze-bord-de-Mer_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Eze_from_Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27%C3%88ze.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Eze%2C_Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Old_engraving_of_Eze.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Eze-sur-Mer_train_station.jpg" ]

[ "Èze ([ɛːz]; Occitan: Esa; Italian: Eza) is a seaside commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is located on the French Riviera, 8.5 km (5.2 mi) to the northeast of Nice and 4.5 km (2.7 mi) to the west of . In 2018, Èze had a population of 2,225. Its inhabitants are known as Ezasques (masculine and feminine).", "The area surrounding Èze was first populated around 2000 BC as a commune situated near Mount Bastide. The earliest occurrence of the name \"Èze\" can be found in the maritime books of Antonin as a bay called the St. Laurent of Èze.\nA hoard of ancient Greek silver phialae dating from the 3rd century BC was found in Èze in the late nineteenth century and is now part of the British Museum's collection. The area was subsequently occupied by not only the Romans but also the Moors, who held the area for approximately 80 years until they were driven out by William of Provence in 973.\nBy 1388 Èze fell under the jurisdiction of the House of Savoy, who built up the town as a fortified stronghold because of its proximity to Nice. The history of Èze became turbulent several times in the next few centuries as French and Turkish troops seized the village under orders from Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1543, and Louis XIV destroyed the walls surrounding the city in 1706 in the war of the Spanish succession. Finally in April 1860, Èze was designated as part of France by unanimous decision by the people of Èze.\nÈze has been described as an \"eagle's nest\" because of its location overlooking a high cliff 427 metres (1,401 ft) above sea level on the French Mediterranean. It is so high that the light ochre church within (Notre Dame de l’Assomption built in 1764) can be seen from afar. An Egyptian cross inside the church suggests the village's ancient roots, when the Phoenicians erected a temple there to honour the goddess Isis.\nTraditionally, the territory of the Principality of Monaco was considered to begin in the Èze village (outskirts of Nice), running along the Mediterranean coast to Menton, on the present Italian border.", "The commune of Èze is located on the French Riviera, extending from the Mediterranean Sea (Èze-sur-Mer) to the hilltop with a medieval village (Èze-Village). Saint-Laurent-d'Èze connects these villages.", "", "Èze, renowned tourist site on the French Riviera, is famous worldwide for the view of the sea from its hill top. Its Jardin botanique d'Èze is known for its collection of cacti and succulents, as well as its panoramic views. Walt Disney spent a significant amount of time in Èze.\nThe oldest building in the village is the Chapelle de la Sainte Croix and dates back to 1306. Members of the lay order of the White Penitents of Èze, in charge of giving assistance to plague victims, would hold their meetings there. The shape of the bell-turret is an indication that the village once belonged to the Republic of Genoa.\nThe small medieval village is famous for its beauty and charm. Its many shops, art galleries, hotels and restaurants attract a large number of tourists and honeymooners. As a result, Èze has become dubbed by some a village-musée, a \"museum village\", as few residents of local origin live here. From Èze there are gorgeous views of the Mediterranean Sea.\nÈze-Village can be reached by train from Nice via the train station Èze-sur-Mer or by bus from Nice. Close to the train station is a bus stop for buses bringing tourists to Èze-Village.\nThe motto of the village is the phrase Isis Moriendo Renascor (meaning \"In death I am Reborn\") and its emblem is a phoenix perched on a bone.\nThe local dialect (nearly extinct) is similar to the Monégasque language of the nearby Principality of Monaco; it is therefore related to Ligurian, but with some influences from the Occitan language.\nÈze is one of sixteen villages grouped together by Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur tourist department as the Route des Villages Perchés (Route of Perched Villages). The others are: Aspremont, Carros, Castagniers, Coaraze, Colomars, Duranus, Falicon, La Gaude, Lantosque, Levens, La Roquette-sur-Var, Saint-Blaise, Saint-Jeannet, Tourrette-Levens and Utelle.", "Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nBritish Museum Collection\nTourist Office of Eze - Chateau de la Chevre d'Or\n\"The route of perched villages\" (PDF). Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur. 2013.", "Official website of Èze Tourist Office\nMigraction.net: Bird migration at Fort de la Revère, Eze" ]

[ "Èze", "History", "Geography", "Demographics", "Tourism", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

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[ 14135, 14136, 14137, 14138, 14139, 14140, 14141, 14142, 14143, 14144, 14145 ]

[ "", "Poster for ÉCU 2020, the confinement edition", "ÉCU prize 2019", "Workshops are held at every festival edition.", "ÉCU 2019 poster" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 9 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/ECU_official_square_logo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/%C3%89CU2020_online_poster_low_rez.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/%C3%89CU_prize_2019.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Workshop2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/%C3%89CU_2019_poster.jpg" ]

[ "The European Independent Film Festival is an annual international film festival dedicated to independent cinema. Held in Paris, France, it was created in 2006 by Scott Hillier. The festival is dedicated to the discovery and promotion of independent film making talents from Europe and beyond, showcasing films that demonstrate quality, innovation, and creativity in both form and content. \nThese qualities are judged in 14 categories, 7 of which are open to non-European filmmakers (from the Americas, Australia, Africa, and Asia), and compete for 25 awards. Jury members come from all around the globe and have a variety of backgrounds.\nThe founder and president of ÉCU, Scott Hillier, is a Paris-based Australian filmmaker. He gained international recognition from his cinematography, editing, writing producing and directing portfolio and served as Director of Photography on the documentary ‘Twin Towers’ which won an Academy Award in 2003.\nThe 16th edition of ÉCU was held on April 9–11, 2021 in Paris, France.\nAs well as the film screenings, festival attendees participate in workshops, ‘Meet-the-Directors’ discussions in which the audience posed questions directly to the filmmakers. There was also a full program of live music hosted by ÉCU's partner Access Film-Music at the after-parties on all three nights of the festival.", "During the festival, workshops available to all attendees are conducted by professionals in the film making industry. These workshops give a chance to the public to get into film making and to the enthusiasts to improve their craft.", "ÉCU is a strong supporter of musicians. Along with the usual film festival activities, live music can be heard throughout the entirety of the weekend.", "After each screening, the audience will have the opportunity to meet the directors and participate in a Question and Answer session. Here they will be able to directly ask questions to the filmmakers and to discuss in detail the ups and downs faced when creating a film.", "Every year, the festival travels around the world making sure the “Official Selection” directors and films are made known. \nAll this has been possible through the help of over 50 (and quickly growing) partner festivals, cultural centers and film commissions around the globe. During these events, some of the “Official Selection” films are screened, which furthers the size of the directors audience.\nÉCU-on-the-road", "The festival comprises both European and non-European films.", "Dramatic Feature\nDramatic Short\nDocumentary\nAnimated Film\nMusic Video\nExperimental Film\nComedy Film", "Dramatic Feature\nDramatic Short\nDocumentary", "Student Film\nMuch More than a Script Competition\nArab Special Selection", "ÉCU 2020\nThe 15th ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from 23 to 26 April 2020. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the festival took place online, with the films being screened on the festival's website, followed by the recorded Q&A sessions with the directors.\nÉCU 2019\nThe 14th ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from 5–7 April 2019 at Cinema Les 7 Parnassiens in Paris. The participants of the festival enjoyed the screening of 79 independent films, workshops dedicated to the filmmaking industry together with #sheshoots, a discussion panel focused on women filmmakers and actresses. In addition, there was the possibility to meet the directors and asked them everything about their film. Afterparties and live music performances were organised to close every day of the festival.\nThe winners of ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival 2019:\nÉCU 2018\nThe 13th ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from May 4–6 at Cinema Les 7 Parnassiens in Paris. 81 films from 37 countries were screened during the 3-day festival.\nDuring the festival weekend, international audiences were exposed to film and their filmmakers from across a spectrum of experiences, cultures, and genres. The Director Q&A sessions provided a setting for discussion between the audience and the directors on filmmaking, while after-parties throughout Paris extended these conversations into the fueled early morning hours. ÉCU endeavours to provide a cultural platform not only for entertainment but also for active networking across the independent film world.\nHere are the winners of ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival 2018:", "The 12th ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from 21st to 23 April 2017 at Cinema Les 7 Parnassiens in Paris. 73 films from 28 countries were screened during the 3 day festival. In addition, the audience attended '#SheShoots - Female Filmmakers in Conversation' discussion panel.\nHere are the winners of ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival 2017:", "The 11th Annual ÉCU - The European Independent Film Festival took place from April 8 to 10 at Cinéma Les 7 Parnassiens, 75014 Paris. 77 films from 31 countries were screened over 3 days. Films competed across 14 categories and were judged according to their quality, creativity, and independent spirit in both form and content.", "The 10th Annual European Independent Film Festival took place from April 10 to 12 at Cinéma Les 7 Parnassiens, 75014 Paris. During the 3 days screening, it showed 84 films from 32 countries and then came up with the award-winning list. This year's \"ÉCU-on-the-Road\", ÉCU went to São Paulo, Brazil, from January 29 to February 4; and Berlin, Germany, from January 14 to 15. Each event showcased more than 20 independent films.", "The 9th Annual European Independent Film Festival took place from April 4 to 6 at Cinéma Les 7 Parnassiens, 75014 Paris.\nAs well as the film screenings, festival attendees had the opportunity to participate in an array of workshops as well as a series of ‘Meet the Directors‘ panel discussions, in which the audience pose questions directly to the filmmakers. There was also a full program of live music hosted by ÉCU's partner Access Film-Music.", "ÉCU 2013- The 8th Annual European Independent Film Festival took place from March 29 to March 31 and showcased 109 films from 35 countries. The festival was located at the principal cinema Les 7 Parnassiens; film screenings and professional workshops about screenwriting, directing, editing, acting, and sound mixing were held at Cinéma Action Christine. The Arab Section was held at Cinéma Lincoln.", "\"Hareza and English prepare for upcoming European tour\". ParkRecord.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017.\n\"ÉCU-on-the-Road 2014/2015 |\"." ]

[ "ÉCU The European Independent Film Festival", "Workshops", "Music", "Meet the directors session", "ÉCU-on-the-road", "Categories", "European Categories", "Non-European Categories", "Worldwide Categories", "Past Editions", "ÉCU 2017", "ÉCU 2016", "ÉCU 2015", "ÉCU 2014", "ÉCU 2013", "References" ]

[ 2930, 2931, 2932, 2933, 2934 ]

[ 14146, 14147, 14148, 14149, 14150, 14151, 14152, 14153, 14154, 14155, 14156, 14157 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Wall_plaque_showing_libation_scene_from_Ur%2C_Iraq%2C_2500_BCE._British_Museum.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Temple_evolution_in_cuneiform_%28sound_E%29.jpg" ]

[ "É (Cuneiform: 𒂍)\nWall plaque showing libations by devotees and a naked priest, to a seated god and a temple. Ur, 2500 BCE.\nEvolution of the word \"Temple\" (Sumerian: \"É\") in cuneiform, from a 2500 BCE relief in Ur, to Assyrian cuneiform circa 600 BCE.\nNeo-Assyrian form of the É sign\nÉ (Cuneiform: 𒂍) is the Sumerian word or symbol for house or temple.\nThe Sumerian term É.GAL (𒂍𒃲,\"palace\", literally \"big house\") denoted a city's main building. É.LUGAL (𒂍𒈗,\"king's house\") was used synonymously. In the texts of Lagash, the É.GAL is the center of the ensi's administration of the city, and the site of the city archives.\nSumerian É.GAL is the probable etymology of Semitic words for \"palace, temple\", such as Hebrew היכל heikhal, and Arabic هيكل haykal. It has thus been speculated that the word É originated from something akin to *hai or *ˀai, especially since the cuneiform sign È is used for /a/ in Eblaite.\nThe term TEMEN (𒋼) appearing frequently after É in names of ziggurats is translated as \"foundation pegs\", apparently the first step in the construction process of a house; compare, for example, verses 551–561 of the account of the construction of E-ninnu:\nHe stretched out lines in the most perfect way; he set up (?) a sanctuary in the holy uzga. In the house, Enki drove in the foundation pegs, while Nanshe, the daughter of Eridu, took care of the oracular messages. The mother of Lagash, holy Gatumdug, gave birth to its bricks amid cries (?), and Bau, the lady, first-born daughter of An, sprinkled them with oil and cedar essence. En and lagar priests were detailed to the house to provide maintenance for it. The Anuna gods stood there full of admiration.\nTemen has been occasionally compared to Greek temenos \"holy precinct\", but since the latter has a well established Indo-European etymology (see temple), the comparison is either mistaken, or at best describes a case of popular etymology or convergence.\nIn E-temen-an-ki, \"the temple of the foundation (pegs) of heaven and earth\", temen has been taken to refer to an axis mundi connecting earth to heaven (thus re-enforcing the Tower of Babel connection), but the term re-appears in several other temple names, referring to their physical stability rather than, or as well as, to a mythological world axis; compare the Egyptian notion of Djed.", "E-ab-lu-a - 𒂍𒀖𒇻𒀀, (House with teeming cattle) temple to Suen in Urum\nE-ab-šag-a-la - 𒂍𒀊𒊮𒀀𒇲, (House which stretches over the midst of the sea) temple to Ninmarki in Gu-aba\nE-abzu - 𒂍𒍪𒀊 , \"temple of the abzu\" (also E-engura \"House of the subterranean waters\") temple to Enki in Eridu.\nE-ad-da - 𒂍𒀜𒁕, temple to Enlil\nE-akkil - 𒂍𒃰𒋺𒋛, (House of lamentation) temple to Ninshubur in Akkil\nE-am-kur-kurra - 𒂍𒆳, \"temple of the lord of lands\" to Bēl in Assur\nE-ama-geštin \"mother of wine\"\nE-ama-lamma\nE-a-mal, temple in Babylon\nE-amaš-azag, \"temple of the bright fold\" in Dur-ilu\nE-ana (House of heaven) temple to Inanna in Uruk\nE-an-da-di-a, the ziggurat of Akkad\nE-an-ki, \"temple of heaven and earth\"\nE-a-nun, temple of Lugal-girra\nE-an-za-kar \"temple of the pillar\"\nE-a-ra-li \"temple of the underworld\"\nE-a-ra-zu-giš-tug \"temple of the hearing of prayers\"\nE-as-ᵈmaḫ \"temple of the supreme god\"\nE-as-ra-tum \"temple to the goddess Ashratum\"\nE-babbar (Shining house) temple to Utu in Larsa\nE-bara-igi-e-di \"temple of wonders\", ziggurat to Dumuzi in Akkad\nE-bagara\nE-bau, temple to the goddess Bau in Lagash\nE-belit-mati \"temple to the mother of the world\"\nE-bur-sigsig (House with beautiful bowls) temple to Shara in Umma\nE-bur-sin, temple to the deified king Bur-Sin in Ur\nE-dam, built by Ur-Nanshe in Lagash\nE-dara-an-na \"temple of the darkness of heaven\"\nE-di-kud-kalam-ma \"temple of the judge of the world\"\nE-Dilmuna \"temple of Dilmun\" in Ur\nE-dim-an-na \"temple of the bond of heaven\", built by Nebuchadnezzar for Sin\nE-dim-gal-abzu in Lagash\nE-dim-gal-kalama (House which is the great pole of the Land) temple to Ishtaran in Der\nE-du-azaga \"temple of the brilliant shrine\", to Marduk\nE-du-kug (House of the sheer heap) in Eridu, Nippur\nE-dub (Storage house) temple to Zababa in Kish (Sumer)\nE-dubba, scribal schools\nE-duga\nE-dumi-zi-abzu, to Tammuz, destroyed in the time of Urukagina\nE-dun-gi, temple to the deified king Dungi\nE-dur-gi-na \"temple of the lasting abode\", built by Nebuchadnezzar\nE-e-a, shrine to Ea (Enki) at Khorsabad built by Sargon.\nE-engura (House of the subterranean waters, also \"E-abzu\") temple to Enki in Eridu\nE-ešdam-kug in Girsu\nE-gida (Long house) temple to Ninazu in Enegir\nE-gud-du-shar (House with numerous perfect oxen) temple of Ningublaga in Ki-abrig\nE-ĝa-duda (House, chamber of the mound) temple to Shu-zi-ana in Nga-gi-mah\nE-ĝa-ĝiš-šua\nE-ĝalga-sud (House which spreads counsel far and wide) temple to Bau (goddess) in Iri-kug\nE-ĝeštug-Nisaba (House of the Wisdom of Nisaba) in Ur\nE-ĝipar in Uruk\nE-ĝiškešda-kalama (The House which is the bond of the Land) temple to Nergal in Kutha\nE-ḫamun (The House of Harmony)\nE-ḫursaĝ (The House which is a hill) of Shulgi in Ur\nE-ḫuš\nE-ibe-Anu, temple to Urash in Dilbat\nE-igi-kalama (House which is the eye of the Land) of Lugal-Marad to Ninurta in Marad\nE-igi-šu-galam\nE-igi-zi(d)-bar-ra, temple to Ningirsu, built by Entemena\nE-igizu-uru (House, your face is mighty) temple to Ninshubur in Akkil\nE-Iri-kug\nE-itida-buru\nE-kiš-nu-ĝal (House sending light to the earth (?)) temple to Nanna in Ur\nE-kug-nuna temple to Inanna in Uruk\nE-kur \"mountain temple\" to Enlil in Nippur\nE-ku-nin-azag \"temple of the brilliant goddess\" in Girsu\nE-maḫ (Great house) temple to Shara in Umma\nE-maḫ (Great house) temple to Ninhursanga in Adab.\nE-me-ur-ana (House which gathers the divine powers of heaven) temple to Ninurta in Nippur\nE-me-urur\nE-melem-ḫuš (House of terrifying radiance) temple to Nuska in Nippur\nE-mešlam, temple of Nergal\nE-mu-maḫ (House with a great name)\nE-mud-kura, in Ur\nE-muš (House which is the precinct) or E-mush-kalama, temple to Lulal in Bad-tibira\nE-namtila\nE-ni-guru\nE-nin.gara\nE-ninnu (House of 50), temple to Ningirsu in Lagash\nE-a-mer, the ziggurat of E-ninnu\nE-nun, the abzu in Eridu\nE-nun-ana (House of the prince of heaven), temple to Utu in Sippar\nE-nutura\nE-puḫruma\nE-sag-il \"temple that raises its head\", the temple of Marduk in Babylon, according to the Enuma elish home to all the gods under the patronage of Marduk.\nE-saĝ-ila\nE-sara (Cuneiform: E₂SAR.A) \"House of the Universe\" dedicated to Inanna in Uruk by Ur-Nammu\nE-sikil (Maiden house) temple to Ninazu in Eshnunna\nE-sila\nE-Sirara\nE-šag-ḫula, in Kazallu\nE-šara, in Adab\nE-šeg-meše-du, in Isin\nE-šenšena, to Ninlil\nE-šerzid-guru (House clad in splendour) temple to Inanna in Zabala\nE-šu-me-ša (House which deals being rouge)\nE-suga (Merry house)\nE-tar-sirsir\nE-temen-anki \"temple of the foundation of heaven and earth\", the ziggurat to Marduk in Babylon\nE-temen-ni-guru, main ziggurat of Ur\nE-tilla-maḫ\nE-Tummal (Tummal House), temple to Ninlil in Nippur\nE-tur-kalama\nE-uduna, built by Amar-Suena\nE-Ulmaš, in Akkad\nE-unir (House of gaze reach) temple to Enki in Eridu\nE-uru-ga\nE-zagin (Lapis lazuli house), temple to Nisaba in Uruk\nE-zida-temple to Nabu\nE-zi-Kalam-ma, to Inanna in Zabala, built by Hammurabi", "Ziggurat\nBayt, Bethel (Israel), Bethel (god)\nTemenos", "For a better image\nBudge, E. A. Wallis (Ernst Alfred Wallis) (1922). A guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian antiquities. British Museum. p. 22.\nThe word is phonologically simply /e/; the acute accent is an assyriological convention specifying the corresponding cuneiform sign.\nAage Westenholz, Old Sumerian and old Akkadian texts in Philadelphia, Volume 3 of Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, Volume 1 of Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1987, ISBN 978-87-7289-008-1,p. 96\nThe New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew-English Lexicon by Francis Brown et al. (ISBN 0-913573-20-5), p. 228", "The building of Ningirsu's temple: composite text (translation), The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature\nAbraham and the City of Ur, The Book of the Cave of Treasures (1927)\nLuckenbill, D. D. (1908). \"The Temples of Babylonia and Assyria\". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 24 (4): 291–322. doi:10.1086/369611. ISSN 1062-0516. JSTOR 527646 – via JSTOR." ]

[ "É (temple)", "List of specific temples", "See also", "Notes", "References" ]

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[ "É o Tchan in 2011" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/%C3%89_o_Tchan_2011_%28edit%29.jpg" ]

[ "É o Tchan! is a pagode band from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil that started in 1992.", "Originally called Gera Samba, they debuted with their hit single Segura o Tchan. Their first album, called É o Tchan (1995), sold triple platinum.\nAfter legal problems, the name of the band changed from Gera Samba to É o Tchan, and with this name, they released the album Na Cabeça e na Cintura (In the Head and in the Waist), a reference to one of their signature dance moves.\nThe group became popular because of the combination of catchy melody and simple lyrics, with choreography performed by two dancers, a blonde (loira do Tchan) and a brunette (morena do Tchan). Both became big stars and did Playboy Brasil covers, with the Carla Perez cover being the bestselling until 1999, when the Tiazinha and Feiticeira issues outsold her. The brunette dancer, Scheila, was also a big star. Both dancers wore little tops and bootie shorts. The male dancer from the beginning to 2007 was Afro-Brazilian Edson Cardoso, also known as Alligator (Jacaré).\nCarla Perez was very popular among kids and teenagers, and so was the group. Many licensed products were released under her image, such as costumes, sticker albums and bootie shorts. There was controversy when the highly eroticized lyrics and choreography became popular among children and children's dancing contests.\nTheir 1996 album was the best-selling of the year, selling over 2 million copies in Brazil, and in 1997 they released another huge hit, the album É o Tchan do Brasil. The album sold, again, over 2 million copies and was the best-selling of the year. It was released after the brunette dancer left the group and an audition took place on the highest-rated Sunday show in Brazil, the Domingão do Faustão. Soon after the release, Carla Perez decided to leave the group and start a solo career, and again another audition took place on Domingão do Faustão. The first prize was, aside from becoming a member of the group, the cover of Playboy Brasil.\nTheir fourth album, third as É o Tchan, garnered less success than their previous albums, though it still achieved a diamond certification. The CD, after É o Tchan do Brasil (It's Tchan from Brasil), was called É o Tchan no Havai (It's Tchan in Hawaii). Their next album also received diamond certification, É o Tchan na Selva (It's Tchan in the Jungle) and that was their last album to become certified diamond. After that, the group's popularity gradually decreased, with most of the members leaving for other groups or musical styles.\nThe lineup has changed three times since then and they have released two other albums and a compilation, in 2000, 2001 and 2003, respectively. The group released, in 2005, a 10 Year Celebratory DVD which was certified triple platinum. Morenas and loiras of the group maintain the tradition of posing nude for men's magazines but, after their peak, less popular Revista Sexy has replaced Playboy Brasil in their preferences: Silmara Miranda (October 2003), Scheila Carvalho (October 2005), Aline Rosado & Juliane Almeida (February 2006).", "Morenas who replaced Scheila Carvalho:\nAline Rosado (2005 - 2009)\nJuliane Almeida (2005 - )", "Studio Albums\nÉ o Tchan (1995)\nNa Cabeça e na Cintura (1996)\nÉ o Tchan do Brasil (1997)\nÉ o Tchan no Hawaí (1998)\nÉ o Tchan na Selva (1999)\nTchan.com.br (2000)\nFunk do Tchan (2001)\nTurma do Batente (2001)\nLigado em 220V (2003)\nDesafio do Manequim (2017)" ]

[ "É o Tchan!", "History", "Members", "Discography" ]

[ 2937 ]

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[ "Zayed with Persepolis in 2012" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/%C3%89amon_Zayed.jpg" ]

[ "Éamon Zayed (Arabic: أیمن زايد; born 4 October 1983) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is currently the head coach of Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC in USL League One.\nZayed gained international fame on 2 February 2012 after scoring a hat-trick in the final ten minutes of the Tehran derby against Esteghlal in a match where Persepolis were one man down and losing 2–0 until the 82nd minute, and which was later referred to as \"10 minutes with 10 men\" or \"10-10-3\".", "Zayed started his career with Broadford Rovers before moving to St. Joseph's Boys AFC, based in Sallynoggin, Dublin. While with the club, Zayed was selected at U-16 and U-17 levels for both the Leinster Schoolboys and Dublin teams, and was on the Leinster Schools team at U-17. In two years at Leicester City, he played for their youth (U-18), U-19 and Reserve sides. He then returned to Ireland after Leicester's relegation from the English Premiership in 2002.", "", "He joined Bray Wanderers and after impressing in the Under-21s, Zayed soon graduated to the senior team making his League of Ireland debut on 18 October 2002 at the Carlisle Grounds. He scored the fastest hat-trick ever by a Bray Wanderers player against Dundalk in 2003 within a nine-minute spell from the 7th to the 15th minute.\nZayed signed for Crewe Alexandra in February 2004 on loan, but returned to Bray in May without having made a first team appearance at Gresty Road. Zayed was the PFAI Young Player of the Year for 2003. He represented the Eircom League Under-21s in a four nations tournament in Scotland in May 2004 and earned his second U-21 international cap against Scotland in May 2004 in Galway. In October 2004, Zayed became the first Bray player to score four goals in one match, in a 5–3 win over Athone Town. He again left Bray on loan in August 2005, this time for Aalesunds in Norway. He made one appearance for the club, coming on as a substitute in a 4–1 defeat by Molde.", "Zayed signed for Drogheda United in July 2006 on a two and a half-year full-time contract, and scored on his debut on 7 July. His first of 5 goals in the Europa League came in a 1–1 draw with IK Start in August 2006. The following season he scored at A.C. Libertas. His third Drogheda goal in European competition came against Helsingborgs IF. He was a key part of the Drogheda team that won their first League of Ireland title in 2007 and finished as their top scorer.", "In the midst of great financial uncertainty at Drogheda at the end of the 2008 season, Zayed was released from his contract. He went on trial at Incheon United in the K-League, but eventually decided to remain in Ireland and moved to Sporting Fingal in January 2009. He scored twice against his former club Bray in Fingal's 4–2 FAI Cup semi-final victory in October 2009. He also scored twice against C.S. Marítimo in July 2010 in Sporting Fingal's European debut. He was released by Sporting Fingal at the end of the 2010 season. He was set to sign for Al Ahly in the Libyan Premier League, but the transfer was blocked following the introduction of a new rule preventing foreign-born Libyan internationals under the age of 30 from playing in the league.", "He joined Derry City in January 2011 on a free transfer, signing a one-year contract. In his first season at Derry, Zayed finished as the league's top scorer with 23 goals (helping the club to European qualification), and also scored the winner in the Candystripes' League Cup final victory over Cork City. Zayed gained himself a place in the Premier Division team of the season, and went on to win the PFAI Players' Player of the Year award.\nAt the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season Zayed is joint twenty fourth in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 118 league goals", "On 23 December 2011, Zayed signed a 6-month contract with Iran Pro League side, Persepolis. He wore the number 12 shirt.\nOn 2 February 2012, he came on as a substitute in his first appearance, in the Tehran derby with Persepolis being reduced to 10 men and 2–0 behind, he scored in the 82nd minute to make it 2–1 with a right-footed curling shot. Two minutes later, he headed home an angled cross to level the game. In the 92nd minute of the match Zayed put Persepolis into a 3–2 lead in dramatic style to be the first non-Iranian player to net a hat-trick in the Tehran derby.\nHe was voted World Player of the Week after the Tehran derby by Goal.com.\nOn 21 March 2012, Zayed scored a second hat-trick against Al-Shabab in AFC Champions League. This was the first hat-trick a Persepolis player had scored in the AFC Champions League. Persepolis won the game 6–1. Zayed scored another hat-trick against Rah Ahan F.C. on 6 May 2012. Persepolis fans then began referring to Zayed as “Mr. hat-trick”. Due to his great performances and popularity with the fans, Persepolis extended his contract for the new season 2012–2013. However, he decided to leave his team before end of the season and on 24 November 2012, Perspolis and Zayed officially agreed to cancel his contract.", "On 11 January 2013, Zayed joined another Iranian club, Aluminium Hormozgan and signed a contract with this team until the end of the season.", "On 3 July 2013, Zayed made a return to the League of Ireland when he signed an 18-month contract with Shamrock Rovers. He made his debut in a friendly against Birmingham City. He scored his first league goal for Rovers on 16 July.", "On 31 July 2014, he joined Sligo Rovers on loan until the end of the season.", "In December 2014, Zayed joined Sabah FA. On 6 February 2015, Eamon scored his first goal against Kuala Lumpur SPA bringing the team towards victory.", "On December 23, 2015, Zayed signed with the NASL side, Indy Eleven. On April 16, 2016, Zayed scored two late goals against the New York Cosmos, leading his side to a 2–1 victory, and earning Player of the Week honors. On June 11, Zayed scored a hat-trick in the final game of the Spring season, a 4–1 victory over the Carolina RailHawks. This result evened the Eleven and the Cosmos atop the table on goals scored and allowed, with Indy holding the tiebreaker based on their head-to-head result with New York.", "On March 23, 2018, Zayed signed with USL side Charlotte Independence for the 2018 season.", "On October 24, 2018, it was announced that Zayed would join USL League One side Chattanooga Red Wolves SC ahead of their inaugural season in 2019.", "", "Zayed was eligible to play international football for Republic of Ireland, Tunisia, as a result of his father, and Libya, as a result of his grandparents, however he chose to begin his international career with Ireland. Zayed made his international debut for the Irish U-20s against South Korea in January 2003 in a pre-World Cup tournament and followed up with two goals against the United Arab Emirates two days later in a 3–2 win. He made his U-21 debut for Ireland against Poland in a 5–1 away win in August 2003. Zayed played in all four of Ireland's games in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship, held in the UAE, starting two and making two appearances as a substitute. Following the tournament, he was contacted by both the Tunisian and Libyan FAs with a view to declaring for either, however, Zayed declined as he wanted to pursue his dream of representing Ireland at senior level.", "With no further caps at underage level for Ireland, and the chances of him receiving any senior caps looking slim, Zayed declared for Libya in October 2010. He received his first call up to the Libyan national team from Brazilian coach, Marcos Paquetá, for an African Cup of Nations qualifier against Zambia in the same month. He made his debut a few weeks later in a friendly against Niger. After impressing on his debut, Zayed was called up to Libya's 23-man training squad for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations in November 2011. He went on to play in the 2011 Pan Arab Games in Doha, Qatar, gaining three caps against Sudan, Palestine and Jordan. He scored his first goal for his country on 4 September 2013 against Equatorial Guinea in an international friendly, scoring the Libyan goal of the 1-1 draw.", "", "", "On August 11, 2021, Zayed was hired as the first ever head coach of the Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC, which will begin play in USL League One, starting in the 2022 season. He possesses a UEFA \"A\" coaching license.", "Eamon's father is Libyan and his mother is Irish. His younger brother has played for University College Dublin A.F.C. in the 2012–13 FAI U19 League.", "Drogheda United :\nLeague of Ireland (1): 2007\nSetanta Sports Cup (1): 2007\nSporting Fingal :\nFAI Cup (1): 2009\nDerry City :\nLeague of Ireland Cup (1): 2011\nPFAI Players' Player of the Year (1): 2011\nPFAI Young Player of the Year (1): 2003", "Éamon Zayed at National-Football-Teams.com\nfootballzz.com footballzz.com\nCrewe swoop for Zayed Retrieved 1 August 2010.\n\"Video: Eamon Zayed's brilliant hat-trick in the Tehran derby | JOE.ie\". JOE.ie. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"Eamon Zayed thrilled with hat-trick for Persepolis in Tehran derby | Goal.com\". www.goal.com. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"From Irish journeyman to Asian superstar: Éamon Zayed - Mr Hat-trick - Back Page Football\". Back Page Football. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.\n\"Club history League of Ireland 2000 - date\". Bray Wanderers AFC. Retrieved 24 August 2014.\nShels star Byrne wins top PFAI award www.rte.ie, 23 February 2004. Retrieved 1 August 2010.\n\"Ireland beat England\". Irish Football Online. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.\n\"Republic of Ireland v Scotland, 25 May 2004\". 11 v 11. Retrieved 24 August 2014.\n\"Aalesund 1-4 Molde\". alt om football. Retrieved 24 August 2014.\nDrogheda land Bray striker Zayed www.rte.ie, 4 July 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nDrogheda United 2 – St Patrick's Athletic 1 Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nDefiant Drogs exit on penalties Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nFlying starts for Helsingborg and AIK Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nDrogs battle back to claim UEFA draw Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nFormer Drogheda striker Eamon Zayed joins Derry City Retrieved 10 November 2011.\nPotential Earnings in Unfamiliar Places Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Eamon Zayed, 10 March 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2011.\nCombination reaps rewards Archived 22 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine Eamon Zayed, 3 March 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nHeads held high after Europa exit Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine www.sportingfingal.ie. Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nZayed completes Derry City deal Archived 9 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine www.extratime.ie Retrieved 2011-24-01.\nDerry striker Eamon Zayed wins PFAI award www.bbc.co.uk/sport Retrieved 10 December 2011.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2009.\n\"Eamon Zayed: Roy of the Rovers in Tehran | Rob Smith's Football El Mundo\". wordpress.hotpress.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"World Player of the Week: Eamon Zayed - Persepolis | Goal.com\". www.goal.com. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"Eamon Zayed 'honoured' to be named Goal.com's World Player of the Week | Goal.com\". www.goal.com. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"The AFC.com - The Asian Football Confederation\". www.the-afc.com. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"Zayed extended contract with Persepolis\". Archived from the original on 23 January 2013.\n\"Eamon Zayed leaves Perspolis F.C.\" Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2012.\n\"Zayed Joins Aluminium Hormozgan\". Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2013.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2013.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2013.\n\"Zayed quits Hoops for Showgrounds loan\". RTE.ie. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.\n\"PLAYER OF THE WEEK | Indy Eleven Forward Eamon Zayed\". Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.\nThomas, James (22 March 2018). \"Independence Bulks Up Backline, Offense\". Charlotte Independence. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\nhttps://www.chattredwolves.com/news_article/show/962089\n\"Zayed still willing to answer Libya's call\". Independent.ie. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.\nEamon ZAYED Record at FIFA Tournaments Retrieved 1 August 2010.\nSport At 7: Eamon Zayed Archived 12 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11 October 2011.\nLibya call on Zayed Archived 18 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine www.extratime.ie. Retrieved 5 October 2010.\nZayed's Nations call www.independent.ie. Retrieved 10 November 2011.\nFootball: Libyan national football team in Qatar for Arab Games Archived 16 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine www.afriquejet.com. Retrieved 16 December 2011.\n2011 Arab Games – Football: Disappointing Defeat for Libya in Opener Archived 28 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine www.tripolipost.com. Retrieved 16 December 2011.\nDoha 2011 – Football: Libya Face Elimination After Another Disappointing Performance Archived 28 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine www.tripolipost.com. Retrieved 16 December 2011.\n2011 Arab Games – Football: Below Par Libya Eliminated After Scoreless Tie Archived 28 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine www.tripolipost.com. Retrieved 22 December 2011.\n\"Hailstorm FC Announces Éamon Zayed As Club's First-Ever Head Coach\". USLLeagueOne.com. USL League One. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2012.\n\"Drogs retain Setanta Cup after shoot-out drama\". Irish Football Online. 12 May 2007. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.\n\"Sligo Rovers 1-2 Sporting Fingal\". RTÉ Sport. 22 November 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2014.\nSmith, Alan (24 September 2011). \"Derry City win EA Sports Cup\". extratime.ie. Retrieved 19 August 2014.", "Éamon Zayed at USL League One\nÉamon Zayed at National-Football-Teams.com\nÉamon Zayed at FootballDatabase.eu\nEamon Zayed at PersianLeague.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 19 May 2012)" ]

[ "Éamon Zayed", "Youth career", "Senior club career", "Bray Wanderers", "Drogheda United", "Sporting Fingal", "Derry City", "Persepolis", "Aluminium Hormozgan", "Shamrock Rovers", "Sligo Rovers (loan)", "Sabah FA", "Indy Eleven", "Charlotte Independence", "Chattanooga Red Wolves", "International career", "Republic of Ireland", "Libya", "International goals", "Coaching career", "USL League One", "Personal life", "Honours", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "de Valera, photographed c. 1922–1930", "De Valera in March 1918", "De Valera addressing a crowd on the steps of Ennis Courthouse, County Clare, in July 1917", "The Kilmainham Gaol cell of Éamon de Valera", "De Valera in academic dress to receive an honorary degree from College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts in 1920", "De Valera c. 1918–1921", "De Valera on the cover of Time magazine in 1932", "De Valera (right) with Mayor of Boston John F. Collins and his wife Mary", "De Valera in the 1960s while President of Ireland", "Éamon de Valera's grave in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin. His wife, Sinéad, and son, Brian (who was killed in a horse-riding accident in 1936) are buried there also." ]

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[ "Éamon de Valera (/ˈeɪmən ˌdɛvəˈlɛərə, -ˈlɪər-/, Irish: [ˈeːmˠən̪ˠ dʲɛ ˈwalʲəɾʲə]; first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was a prominent statesman and political leader in 20th-century Ireland. He served several terms as head of government and head of state and had a leading role in introducing the 1937 Constitution of Ireland.\nPrior to de Valera's political career, he was a commandant at Boland's Mill during the 1916 Easter Rising. He was arrested and sentenced to death but released for a variety of reasons, including the public response to the British execution of Rising leaders. He returned to Ireland after being jailed in England and became one of the leading political figures of the War of Independence. After the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, de Valera served as the political leader of Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin until 1926, when he, along with many supporters, left the party to set up Fianna Fáil, a new political party which abandoned the policy of abstentionism from Dáil Éireann.\nFrom there, de Valera went on to be at the forefront of Irish politics until the turn of the 1960s. He took over as president of the Executive Council from W. T. Cosgrave and later became Taoiseach, with the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937. He served as Taoiseach on three different occasions: from 1937 to 1948, from 1951 to 1954, and finally from 1957 to 1959. He remains the longest serving Taoiseach by total days served in the post. He resigned in 1959 upon his election as president of Ireland. By then, he had been Leader of Fianna Fáil for 33 years and he, along with older founding members, began to take a less prominent role relative to newer ministers such as Jack Lynch, Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney. De Valera served as President of Ireland from 1959 to 1973, two full terms in office.\nDe Valera's political beliefs evolved from militant Irish republicanism to strong social, cultural and fiscal conservatism. He has been characterised as having a stern and unbending, and also devious demeanour. His roles in the Civil War have also been interpreted as making him a divisive figure in Irish history. Biographer Tim Pat Coogan sees his time in power as being characterised by economic and cultural stagnation, while Diarmaid Ferriter argues that the stereotype of de Valera as an austere, cold, and even backward figure was largely manufactured in the 1960s and is misguided.", "Éamon de Valera was born on 14 October 1882 in New York City, the son of Catherine Coll, who was originally from Bruree, County Limerick, and Juan Vivion de Valera, described on the birth certificate as a Spanish artist born in 1853. Some researchers have placed his father's place of birth in Cuba, while others have suggested other locations; according to Antonio Rivero Taravillo, he was born in Seville, while Ronan Fanning has him born in the Basque Country.\nHe was born at the Nursery and Child's Hospital, Lexington Avenue, a home for destitute orphans and abandoned children. His parents were reportedly married on 18 September 1881 at St Patrick's Church in Jersey City, New Jersey, but archivists have not located any marriage certificate or any birth, baptismal, or death certificate information for anyone called Juan Vivion de Valera (nor for \"de Valeros\", an alternative spelling). On de Valera's original birth certificate, his name is given as George de Valero and his father is listed as Vivion de Valero. Although he was known as Edward de Valera before 1901, a fresh birth certificate was issued in 1910, in which his first name was officially changed to Edward and his father's surname given as \"de Valera\". As a child, he was known as \"Eddie\" or \"Eddy\".\nAccording to Coll, Juan Vivion died in 1885 leaving Coll and her child in poor circumstances. Éamon was taken to Ireland by his uncle Ned at the age of two. When his mother remarried in the mid-1880s, he was not brought back to live with her, but was reared by his grandmother, Elizabeth Coll, her son Patrick and her daughter Hannie, in Bruree, County Limerick. He was educated locally at Bruree National School, County Limerick and C.B.S. Charleville, County Cork. Aged sixteen, he won a scholarship. He was not successful in enrolling at two colleges in Limerick, but was accepted at Blackrock College, Dublin, at the instigation of his local curate.\nHe played rugby at Blackrock and Rockwell College, then for the Munster rugby team around 1905. He remained a lifelong devotee of rugby, attending international matches even towards the end of his life when he was nearly blind.\nAt the end of his first year at Blackrock College he was student of the year. He also won further scholarships and exhibitions and in 1903 was appointed teacher of mathematics at Rockwell College, County Tipperary. It was here that de Valera was first given the nickname \"Dev\" by a teaching colleague, Tom O'Donnell. In 1904, he graduated in mathematics from the Royal University of Ireland. He then studied for a year at Trinity College Dublin but, owing to the necessity of earning a living, did not proceed further and returned to teaching, this time at Belvedere College. In 1906, he secured a post as a teacher of mathematics at Carysfort Teachers' Training College for women in Blackrock, Dublin. His applications for professorships in colleges of the National University of Ireland were unsuccessful, but he obtained a part-time appointment at St Patrick's College, Maynooth and also taught mathematics at various Dublin schools, including Castleknock College (1910–1911; under the name Edward de Valera) and Belvedere College.\nThere were occasions when de Valera seriously contemplated the religious life like his half-brother, Fr. Thomas Wheelwright, but ultimately he did not pursue this vocation. As late as 1906, when he was 24 years old, he approached the President of Clonliffe Seminary in Dublin for advice on his vocation. De Valera was throughout his life portrayed as a deeply religious man, and in death asked to be buried in a religious habit. His biographer, Tim Pat Coogan, speculated that questions surrounding de Valera's legitimacy may have been a deciding factor in his not entering religious life. Being illegitimate would have been a bar to receiving priestly orders, but not to becoming a lay member of a religious order.\nAs a young Gaeilgeoir (Irish speaker), de Valera became an activist for the Irish language. In 1908, he joined the Árdchraobh of Conradh na Gaeilge (the Gaelic League), where he met Sinéad Flanagan, a teacher by profession and four years his senior. They were married on 8 January 1910 at St Paul's Church, Arran Quay, Dublin.\nThe couple had five sons: Vivion (1910–1982), Éamon (1913–1986), Brian (1915–1936), Rúaidhrí (1916–1978), and Terence (Terry; 1922–2007); and two daughters: Máirín (1912–1984) and Emer (1918–2012). Brian de Valera predeceased his parents.", "While he was already involved in the Gaelic revival, de Valera's involvement in the political revolution began on 25 November 1913, when he joined the Irish Volunteers. The organisation was formed to oppose the Ulster Volunteers and ensure the enactment of the Irish Parliamentary Party's Third Home Rule Act won by its leader John Redmond. After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, de Valera rose through the ranks and it was not long before he was elected captain of the Donnybrook branch. Preparations were pushed ahead for an armed revolt, and he was made commandant of the Third Battalion and adjutant of the Dublin Brigade. He took part in the Howth gun-running. He was sworn by Thomas MacDonagh into the oath-bound Irish Republican Brotherhood, which secretly controlled the central executive of the Volunteers. He opposed secret societies, but this was the only way he could be guaranteed full information on plans for the Rising.", "", "On 24 April 1916, the Easter Rising began. Forces commanded by de Valera occupied Boland's Mill on Grand Canal Street in Dublin. His chief task was to cover the southeastern approaches to the city. After a week of fighting, the order came from Pádraig Pearse to surrender. De Valera was court-martialled, convicted, and sentenced to death, but the sentence was immediately commuted to penal servitude for life.\nDe Valera was among the few republican leaders the British did not execute. It has been argued that his life was saved by four facts. First, he was one of the last to surrender and he was held in a different prison from other leaders, thus his execution was delayed by practicalities. Second, the US Consulate in Dublin made representations before his trial (i.e., was he actually a United States citizen and if so, how would the United States react to the execution of one of its citizens?) while the full legal situation was clarified. The UK was trying to bring the US into the war in Europe at the time, and the Irish American vote was important in US politics. Third, when Lt-Gen Sir John Maxwell reviewed his case he said, \"Who is he? I haven't heard of him before. I wonder would he be likely to make trouble in the future?\" On being told that de Valera was unimportant, he commuted the court-martial's death sentence to life imprisonment. De Valera had no Fenian family or personal background and his MI5 file in 1916 was very slim, detailing only his open membership in the Irish Volunteers. Fourth, by the time de Valera was court-martialled on 8 May, political pressure was being brought to bear on Maxwell to halt the executions; Maxwell had already told British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith that only two more were to be executed, Seán Mac Diarmada and James Connolly, although they were court-martialled the day after de Valera. His late trial, representations made by the American Consulate, his lack of Fenian background and political pressure all combined to save his life, though had he been tried a week earlier he would probably have been shot.\nDe Valera's supporters and detractors argue about his bravery during the Easter Rising. His supporters claim he showed leadership skills and a capacity for meticulous planning. His detractors claim he suffered a nervous breakdown during the Rising. According to accounts from 1916, de Valera was seen running about, giving conflicting orders, refusing to sleep and on one occasion, having forgotten the password, almost getting himself shot in the dark by his own men. According to one account, de Valera, on being forced to sleep by one subordinate who promised to sit beside him and wake him if he was needed, suddenly woke up, his eyes \"wild\", screaming, \"Set fire to the railway! Set fire to the railway!\" Later in the Ballykinlar internment Camp, one de Valera loyalist approached another internee, a medical doctor, recounted the story, and asked for a medical opinion as to de Valera's condition. He also threatened to sue the doctor, future Fine Gael TD and Minister, Dr. Tom O'Higgins, if he ever repeated the story. The British reportedly, however, considered de Valera's forces the best-trained and best-led among the rebels. De Valera's latest biographer, Anthony J. Jordan, writes of this controversy, \"Whatever happened in Boland's Mills, or any other garrison, does not negate or undermine in any way the extraordinary heroism of \"Dev\" and his comrades\".\nAfter imprisonment in Dartmoor, Maidstone and Lewes prisons, de Valera and his comrades were released under an amnesty in June 1917. On 10 July 1917, he was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Clare (the constituency which he represented until 1959) in a by-election caused by the death of the previous incumbent Willie Redmond, brother of the Irish Party leader John Redmond, who had died fighting in World War I. In the 1918 general election he was elected both for that seat and Mayo East. But because most other Irish rebellion leaders were dead, in 1917 he was elected President of Sinn Féin, the party which had been blamed incorrectly for provoking the Easter Rising. This party became the political vehicle through which the survivors of the Easter Rising channelled their republican ethos and objectives. The previous President of Sinn Féin, Arthur Griffith, had championed an Anglo-Irish dual-monarchy based on the Austro-Hungarian model, with independent legislatures for both Ireland and Britain.", "Sinn Féin won a huge majority in the 1918 general election, largely thanks to the British executions of the 1916 leaders, the threat of conscription with the Conscription Crisis of 1918 and the first-past-the-post ballot. They won 73 out of 105 Irish seats, with about 47% of votes cast. 25 seats were uncontested. On 21 January 1919, 27 Sinn Féin MPs (the rest were imprisoned or impaired), calling themselves Teachtaí Dála (TDs), assembled in the Mansion House in Dublin and formed an Irish parliament, known as Dáil Éireann (translatable into English as the Assembly of Ireland). The Ministry of Dáil Éireann was formed, under the leadership of the Príomh Aire (also called President of Dáil Éireann) Cathal Brugha. De Valera had been re-arrested in May 1918 and imprisoned and so could not attend the January session of the Dáil. He escaped from Lincoln Gaol, England in February 1919. As a result, he replaced Brugha as Príomh Aire in the April session of Dáil Éireann.\nIn the hope of securing international recognition, Seán T. O'Kelly was sent as envoy to Paris to present the Irish case to the Peace Conference convened by the great powers at the end of World War I. When it became clear by May 1919 that this mission could not succeed, de Valera decided to visit the United States. The mission had three objectives: to ask for official recognition of the Irish Republic, to float a loan to finance the work of the Government (and by extension, the Irish Republican Army), and to secure the support of the American people for the republic. His visit lasted from June 1919 to December 1920 and had mixed success, including a visit to Fenway Park in Boston in front of 50,000 supporters. One negative outcome was the splitting of the Irish-American organisations into pro- and anti-de Valera factions. He met the young Harvard-educated leader from Puerto Rico, Pedro Albizu Campos, and forged a lasting and useful alliance with him. It was during this American tour that he recruited his long-serving personal secretary, Kathleen O'Connell, an Irish emigrant who would return to Ireland with him. In October 1919, he visited the University of Notre Dame campus in Indiana, where he planted a tree and also laid a wreath by the statue of William Corby. He toured the university archives and spoke in Washington Hall about the cause of Ireland in front of twelve hundred students.\nDe Valera managed to raise $5,500,000 from American supporters, an amount that far exceeded the hopes of the Dáil. Of this, $500,000 was devoted to the American presidential campaign in 1920, helping him gain wider public support there. In 1921, it was said that $1,466,000 had already been spent, and it is unclear when the net balance arrived in Ireland. Recognition was not forthcoming in the international sphere. He also had difficulties with various Irish-American leaders, such as John Devoy and Judge Daniel F. Cohalan, who resented the dominant position he established, preferring to retain their control over Irish affairs in the United States.\nWhile American recognition for the Republic had been his priority, in February 1921, De Valera redirected Patrick McCartan from Washington to Moscow. McCartan was told by Maxim Litvinov, that the opportunity of recognition and assistance had passed. The Soviet priority was a trade agreement with Britain (signed in March). In June the British government (with a view to both domestic and American opinion) published the proposed treaty between the Dáil government and the Soviets, and related correspondence.\nMeanwhile, in Ireland, the conflict between the British authorities and the Dáil (which the British declared illegal in September 1919), escalated into the Irish War of Independence. De Valera left day-to-day government, during his eighteen-month absence in the United States, to Michael Collins, his 29-year-old Minister for Finance. De Valera and Collins would later become opponents during the Irish Civil War.", "In January 1921, in his first appearance in the Dáil, after his return to a country gripped by the War of Independence, de Valera introduced a motion calling on the IRA to desist from ambushes and other tactics that were allowing the British to successfully portray it as a terrorist group, and to take on the British forces with conventional military methods. This they strongly opposed, and de Valera relented, issuing a statement expressing support for the IRA, and claimed it was fully under the control of the Dáil. He then, along with Cathal Brugha and Austin Stack, brought pressure to bear on Michael Collins to undertake a journey to the United States himself, on the pretext that only he could take up where de Valera had left off. Collins successfully resisted this move and stayed in Ireland. In the elections of May 1921, all candidates in Southern Ireland were returned unopposed, and Sinn Féin secured some seats in Northern Ireland. Following the Truce of July 1921 that ended the war, de Valera went to see Prime Minister David Lloyd George in London on 14 July. No agreement was reached, and by then the Parliament of Northern Ireland had already met. It became clear that neither a republic, nor independence for all 32 counties, was going to be offered; Lloyd George told de Valera he could \"put a soldier in Ireland for every man, woman and child in it\" if the IRA did not immediately agree to stop fighting. In August 1921, de Valera secured Dáil Éireann approval to change the 1919 Dáil Constitution to upgrade his office from prime minister or chairman of the cabinet to a full President of the Republic. Declaring himself now the Irish equivalent of King George V, he argued that as Irish head of state, in the absence of the British head of state from the negotiations, he too should not attend the peace conference called the Treaty Negotiations (October–December 1921) at which British and Irish government leaders agreed to the effective independence of twenty-six of Ireland's thirty-two counties as the Irish Free State, with Northern Ireland choosing to remain under British sovereignty. It is generally agreed by historians that whatever his motives, it was a mistake for de Valera not to have travelled to London.\nHaving effected these changes, a boundary commission came into place to redraw the Irish border. Nationalists expected its report to recommend that largely nationalist areas become part of the Free State, and many hoped this would make Northern Ireland so small it would not be economically viable. A Council of Ireland was also provided in the Treaty as a model for an eventual all-Irish parliament. Hence neither the pro- nor anti-Treaty sides made many complaints about partition in the Treaty Debates.", "The Republic's delegates to the Treaty Negotiations were accredited by President de Valera and his cabinet as plenipotentiaries (that is, negotiators with the legal authority to sign a treaty without reference back to the cabinet), but were given secret cabinet instructions by de Valera that required them to return to Dublin before signing the Treaty. The Treaty proved controversial in Ireland insofar as it replaced the Republic by a dominion of the British Commonwealth with the King represented by a Governor-General of the Irish Free State. The Irish delegates Arthur Griffith, Robert Barton, and Michael Collins supported by Erskine Childers as Secretary-General set up their delegation headquarters at 22 Hans Place in Knightsbridge. It was there, at 11.15 am on 5 December 1921, that the decision was made to recommend the Treaty to Dáil Éireann. The Treaty was finally signed by the delegates after further negotiations which closed at 02:20 on 6 December 1921.\nDe Valera baulked at the agreement. His opponents claimed that he had refused to join the negotiations because he knew what the outcome would be and did not wish to receive the blame. De Valera claimed that he had not gone to the treaty negotiations because he would be better able to control the extremists at home, and that his absence would allow leverage for the plenipotentiaries to refer back to him and not be pressured into any agreements. Because of the secret instructions given to the plenipotentiaries, he reacted to news of the signing of the Treaty not with anger at its contents (which he refused even to read when offered a newspaper report of its contents), but with anger over the fact that they had not consulted him, their president, before signing. His ideal drafts, presented to a secret session of the Dáil during the Treaty Debates and publicised in January 1922, were ingenious compromises but they included dominion status, the Treaty Ports, the fact of partition subject to veto by the parliament in Belfast, and some continuing status for the King as head of the Commonwealth. Ireland's share of the imperial debt was to be paid.\nAfter the Treaty was narrowly ratified by 64 to 57, de Valera and a large minority of Sinn Féin TDs left Dáil Éireann. He then resigned and Arthur Griffith was elected President of Dáil Éireann in his place, though respectfully still calling him 'The President'. On a speaking tour of the more republican province of Munster, starting on 17 March 1922, de Valera made controversial speeches at Carrick on Suir, Lismore, Dungarvan and Waterford, saying that: \"If the Treaty were accepted, [by the electorate] the fight for freedom would still go on, and the Irish people, instead of fighting foreign soldiers, will have to fight the Irish soldiers of an Irish government set up by Irishmen.\" At Thurles, several days later, he repeated this imagery and added that the IRA: \"..would have to wade through the blood of the soldiers of the Irish Government, and perhaps through that of some members of the Irish Government to get their freedom.\" In a letter to the Irish Independent on 23 March de Valera accepted the accuracy of their report of his comment about \"wading\" through blood, but deplored that the newspaper had published it.\nDe Valera objected to the oath of allegiance to the King that the treaty required Irish parliamentarians to take. He also was concerned that Ireland could not have an independent foreign policy as part of the British Commonwealth when the British retained several naval ports (see Treaty Ports) around Ireland's coast. As a compromise, de Valera proposed \"external association\" with the British Empire, which would leave Ireland's foreign policy in her own hands and a republican constitution with no mention of the British monarch (he proposed this as early as April, well before the negotiations began, under the title \"Document No. 2\"). Michael Collins was prepared to accept this formula and the two wings (pro- and anti-Treaty) of Sinn Féin formed a pact to fight the 1922 Irish general election together and form a coalition government afterwards. Collins later called off the pact on the eve of the election. De Valera's opponents won the election and civil war broke out shortly afterwards in late June 1922.", "Relations between the new Irish government, which was backed by most of the Dáil and the electorate, and the anti-treatyites, under the nominal leadership of de Valera, now descended into the Irish Civil War (June 1922 to May 1923), in which the pro-treaty Free State forces defeated the anti-treaty IRA. Both sides had wanted to avoid civil war, but fighting broke out over the takeover of the Four Courts in Dublin by anti-treaty members of the IRA. These men were not loyal to de Valera and initially were not even supported by the executive of the anti-treaty IRA. However, Michael Collins was forced to act against them when Winston Churchill threatened to re-occupy the country with British troops unless action was taken. When fighting broke out in Dublin between the Four Courts garrison and the new Free State Army, republicans backed the IRA men in the Four Courts, and civil war broke out. De Valera, though he held no military position, backed the anti-treaty IRA, or irregulars, and said that he was re-enlisting in the IRA as an ordinary volunteer. On 8 September 1922, he met in secret with Richard Mulcahy in Dublin to try to halt the fighting. However, according to de Valera, they \"could not find a basis\" for agreement.\nThough nominally head of the anti-treatyites, de Valera had little influence. He does not seem to have been involved in any fighting and had little or no influence with the revolutionary military leadership, headed by IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch. De Valera and the anti-treaty TDs formed a \"republican government\" on 25 October 1922 from anti-treaty TDs to \"be temporarily the Supreme Executive of the Republic and the State, until such time as the elected Parliament of the Republic can freely assemble, or the people being rid of external aggression are at liberty to decide freely how they are to be governed\". However, it had no real authority and was a pale shadow of the Dáil government of 1919–21.\nIn March 1923, de Valera attended the meeting of the IRA Army Executive to decide on the future of the war. He was known to be in favour of a truce but he had no voting rights and it was narrowly decided to continue hostilities. The leader of the Free State, W. T. Cosgrave, insisted that there could be no acceptance of a surrender without disarming.\nOn 30 April 1923, the IRA's new Chief of Staff, Frank Aiken (Lynch had been killed), called a ceasefire. This was followed on 24 May by an order for volunteers to \"dump arms\". De Valera, who had wanted an end to the internecine fighting for some time, backed the ceasefire order with a message in which he called the anti-treaty fighters \"the Legion of the Rearguard\", saying that \"The Republic can no longer be successfully defended by your arms. Further sacrifice on your part would now be in vain and the continuance of the struggle in arms unwise in the national interest and prejudicial to the future of our cause. Military victory must be allowed to rest for the moment with those who have destroyed the republic. Other means must be sought to safeguard the nation's right.\"\nAfter this point many of the republicans were arrested in Free State round-ups when they had come out of hiding and returned home. De Valera remained in hiding for several months after the ceasefire was declared; however, he emerged in August to stand for election in County Clare. Making a campaign appearance in Ennis on 15 August, de Valera was arrested on the platform and interned at Kilmainham jail. He was moved to Arbour Hill barracks briefly prior to his release on 16 July 1924.", "After the IRA dumped their arms rather than surrender them or continue a now fruitless war, de Valera returned to political methods. In 1924, he was arrested in Newry for \"illegally entering Northern Ireland\" and held in solitary confinement for a month in Crumlin Road Gaol, Belfast.\nDuring this time, de Valera came to believe that abstentionism was not a workable tactic in the long term. He now believed that a better course would be to try to gain power and turn the Free State from a constitutional monarchy into a republic. He tried to convince Sinn Féin to accept this new line. However, a vote to accept the Free State Constitution (contingent on the abolition of the Oath of Allegiance) narrowly failed. Soon afterwards, de Valera resigned from Sinn Féin and seriously considered leaving politics.\nHowever, one of his colleagues, Seán Lemass, convinced de Valera to found a new republican party. In March 1926, with Lemass, Constance Markievicz and others, de Valera formed a new party, Fianna Fáil (The Warriors of Destiny), a party that was to dominate 20th-century Irish politics. While Sinn Féin still held to an abstentionist line, Fianna Fáil was dedicated to republicanising the Free State from within if it gained power.\nHaving attracted most of Sinn Féin's branches due to Lemass' organisational skill, the new party made swift electoral gains in the general election on 9 June 1927. In the process, it took much of Sinn Féin's previous support, winning 44 seats to Sinn Féin's five. It refused to take the Oath of Allegiance (portrayed by opponents as an 'Oath of Allegiance to the Crown' but actually an Oath of Allegiance to the Irish Free State with a secondary promise of fidelity to the King in his role in the Treaty settlement).\nThe oath was largely the work of Michael Collins and based on three sources: British oaths in the dominions, the oath of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and a draft oath prepared by de Valera in his proposed treaty alternative, \"Document No. 2\"). De Valera began a legal case to challenge the requirement that members of his party take the Oath, but the assassination of the Vice-President of the Executive Council (deputy prime minister) Kevin O'Higgins on 10 July 1927 led the Executive Council under W. T. Cosgrave to introduce a Bill on 20 July requiring all Dáil candidates to promise on oath that if they were elected they would take the Oath of Allegiance. Forced into a corner, and faced with the option of staying outside politics forever or taking the oath and entering, de Valera and his TDs took the Oath of Allegiance on 12 August 1927, though de Valera himself described the Oath as \"an empty political formula\".\nDe Valera never organised Fianna Fáil in Northern Ireland and it was not until 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil was registered there by the UK Electoral Commission.", "In the 1932 general election Fianna Fáil secured 72 seats and became the largest party in the Dáil, although without a majority. Some Fianna Fáil members arrived at the first sitting of the new Dáil carrying arms, amid fears that Cumann na nGaedheal would not voluntarily surrender power. However, the transition was peaceful. De Valera was elected President of the Executive Council (Prime Minister) by the Dáil by a vote of 81–68, with the support of the Labour Party and Independent politicians, and took office on 9 March.\nHe at once initiated steps to fulfill his election promises to abolish the oath and withhold land annuities owed to the UK for loans provided under the Irish Land Acts and agreed as part of the 1921 Treaty. This launched the Anglo-Irish Trade War when the UK in retaliation imposed economic sanctions against Irish exports. De Valera responded in kind with levies on British imports. The ensuing \"Economic War\" lasted until 1938.\nAfter De Valera had urged King George V to dismiss McNeill as Governor-General, the King suggested an alternative course of action: that McNeill, instead, carry on a while longer as viceroy and only then resign, which he did on 1 November 1932. Subsequently, a 1916 veteran, Domhnall Ua Buachalla, was appointed Governor-General. To strengthen his position against the opposition in the Dáil and Seanad, de Valera directed the Governor-General to call a snap election in January 1933 and de Valera's party won 77 seats, giving Fianna Fáil an overall majority. Under de Valera's leadership, Fianna Fáil won further general elections in 1937, 1938, 1943, and 1944.\nDe Valera took charge of Ireland's foreign policy as well by also acting as Minister for External Affairs. In that capacity, he attended meetings of the League of Nations. He was president of the Council of the League on his first appearance at the league in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1932 and, in a speech that made a worldwide impression, appealed for genuine adherence by its members to the principles of the covenant of the league. In 1934, he supported the admission of the Soviet Union into the league. In September 1938, he was elected nineteenth president of the Assembly of the League, a tribute to the international recognition he had won by his independent stance on world questions.\nDe Valera's government followed the policy of unilaterally dismantling the treaty of 1921. In this way he would be pursuing republican policies and lessening the popularity of republican violence and the IRA. De Valera encouraged IRA members to join the Irish Defence Forces and the Gardaí. He also refused to dismiss from office those Cumann na nGaedheal, Cosgrave supporters, who had previously opposed him during the Civil War. He did, however, dismiss Eoin O'Duffy from his position as Garda Commissioner after a year. Eoin O'Duffy was then invited to be head of the Army Comrades Association (ACA) formed to protect and promote the welfare of its members, previously led by J.F. O'Higgins, Kevin O'Higgins's brother. This organisation was an obstacle to de Valera's power as it supported Cumann na nGaedheal and provided stewards for their meetings. Cumann na nGaedheal meetings were frequently disrupted by Fianna Fáil supporters following the publication of the article: No Free Speech for Traitors by Peadar O'Donnell, an IRA member.\nThe ACA changed its name to the National Guard under O'Duffy and adopted the uniform of black berets and blue shirts, using the straight-armed salute, and were nicknamed the Blueshirts. They were outwardly fascist and planned a march in August 1933 through Dublin to commemorate Michael Collins, Kevin O'Higgins, and Arthur Griffith. This march struck parallels with Mussolini's march on Rome (1922), in which he had created the image of having toppled the democratic government in Rome. De Valera revived a military tribunal, which had been set up by the previous administration, to deal with the matter. O'Duffy backed down when the National Guard was declared an illegal organisation and the march was banned. Within a few weeks, O'Duffy's followers merged with Cumann na nGaedhael and the Centre Party to form United Ireland, or Fine Gael, and O'Duffy became its leader. Smaller local marches were scheduled for the following weeks, under different names. Internal dissension set in when the party's TDs distanced themselves from O'Duffy's extreme views, and his movement fell asunder.", "Fianna Fáil having won the 1937 election held the same day as the plebiscite that ratified the constitution, de Valera continued as President of the Executive Council until 29 December 1937, when the new constitution was enacted. On that date, de Valera's post automatically became that of Taoiseach which was a considerably more powerful office. Notably, he could advise the President to dismiss Ministers individually – advice that the President was bound to follow by convention. The old Executive Council had to be dissolved and reformed en bloc if its President wanted to remove a Minister. Additionally, he could request a parliamentary dissolution on his own authority. Previously, the right to seek a dissolution was vested with the Council as a whole.\nIn social policy, de Valera's first period as Taoiseach saw the introduction (in 1947) of means-tested allowances for people suffering from infectious diseases.", "With the new constitution in place, de Valera determined that the changed circumstances made swift resolution to Ireland's ongoing trade war with the UK more desirable for both sides — as did the growing probability of the outbreak of war across Europe. In April 1938, de Valera and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain signed the Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement, lifting all duties imposed during the previous five years and ending British use of the Treaty Ports it had retained in accordance with the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The return of the ports was of particular significance, since it ensured Irish neutrality during the coming Second World War.", "During the 1930s, de Valera systematically stripped the Irish Free State constitution – a constitution originally drafted by a committee under the nominal chairmanship of his rival, Michael Collins – of features tying Ireland to the United Kingdom, limiting its independence and the republican character of its state. De Valera was able to carry out this program of constitutional change by taking advantage of three earlier modifications of constitutional arrangements. First, though the 1922 constitution originally required a public plebiscite for any amendment enacted more than eight years after its passage, the Free State government under W. T. Cosgrave had amended that period to sixteen years. This meant that, until 1938, the Free State constitution could be amended by the simple passage of a Constitutional Amendment Act through the Oireachtas. Secondly, while the Governor-General of the Irish Free State could reserve or deny Royal Assent to any legislation, from 1927, the power to advise the Governor-General to do so no longer rested with the British government in London but with His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State, which meant that, in practice, the Royal Assent was automatically granted to legislation; the government was hardly likely to advise the governor-general to block the enactment of one of its own bills. Thirdly, though in its original theory, the constitution had to be in keeping with the provisions of the Anglo-Irish Treaty as the fundamental law of the state, that requirement had been abrogated a short time before de Valera gained power.\nThe Oath of Allegiance was abolished, as were appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The opposition-controlled Senate, when it protested and slowed down these measures, was also abolished. In 1931, the British Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster, which established the legislative equal status of the self-governing Dominions of the then British Commonwealth, including the Irish Free State, to one another and the United Kingdom. Though a few constitutional links between the Dominions and the United Kingdom remained, this is often seen as the moment at which the Dominions became fully sovereign states.\nDe Valera, in his capacity as Prime Minister of His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State, wrote in July 1936 to King Edward VIII in London indicating that he planned to introduce a new constitution, the central part of which was to be the creation of an office de Valera provisionally intended to call President of Saorstát Éireann (Irish: Uachtarán Shaorstát Éireann), which would replace the Governor-General. De Valera used the sudden abdication of Edward VIII as King to pass two bills: one amended the constitution to remove all mention of the monarch and Governor-General, while the second brought the monarch back, this time through statute law, for use in representing the Irish Free State at a diplomatic level. With the implementation of the Constitution of Ireland (Irish: Bunreacht na hÉireann), the title ultimately given to the president was President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann).\nThe constitution contained reforms and symbols intended to assert Irish sovereignty. These included:\na new name for the state, \"Éire\" (in Irish) and \"Ireland\" (in English);\na claim that the national territory was the entire island of Ireland, thereby challenging Britain's partition settlement of 1921;\nthe removal of references to the King of Ireland and the replacement of the monarch's representative, the governor-general, with a popularly elected President of Ireland, who takes \"precedence over all other persons in the State and who shall exercise and perform the powers and functions conferred on the President by this Constitution and by law\";\nrecognition of the \"special position\" of the Catholic Church;\na recognition of the Catholic concept of marriage which excluded civil divorce, even though civil marriage was retained;\nthe declaration that the Irish language was the \"national language\" and the first official language of the nation although English was also included as \"a\" second official language;\nthe use of Irish language terms to stress Irish cultural and historical identity (e.g., Uachtarán, Taoiseach, Tánaiste, etc.)\nCriticisms of some of the above constitutional reforms include that:\nthe anti-partition articles needlessly antagonised Unionists in Northern Ireland, while simultaneously attracting criticism from hardline republicans by recognising the de facto situation.\nsimilarly, the recognition of the \"special position\" of the Catholic Church was inconsistent with the identity and aspirations of northern Protestants (leading to its repeal in the 1970s), while simultaneously falling short of the demands of hardline Catholics for Catholicism to be explicitly made the state religion.\nthe affirmation of Irish as the national and primary official language neither reflected contemporary realities nor led to the language's revival\nthough the King was removed from the text of the constitution, he retained a leading role in the state's foreign affairs, and the legal position of the President of Ireland was accordingly uncertain; there was also concern that the presidency would evolve into a dictatorial position\nelements of Catholic social teaching incorporated into the text, such as the articles on the role of women, the family and divorce, were inconsistent both with the practice of the Protestant minority and with contemporary liberal opinion\nAs Paul Bew concludes, in the constitution of 1937 de Valera was \"trying to placate left-wing Republicans with national phrases and pious people with expressly Catholic bits [and] patriarchal Catholicism\".\nThe Constitution was approved in a plebiscite on 1 July 1937 and came into force on 29 December 1937.", "By September 1939, a general European war was imminent. On 2 September, de Valera advised Dáil Éireann that neutrality was the best policy for the country. This policy had overwhelming political and popular support, though some advocated Irish participation in the War on the Allied side, while others, believing that \"England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity\", were pro-German. Strong objections to conscription in the North were voiced by de Valera. In June 1940, to encourage the neutral Irish state to join with the Allies, Winston Churchill indicated to de Valera that the United Kingdom would push for Irish unity, but believing that Churchill could not deliver, de Valera declined the offer. The day after the attacks on Pearl Harbor Churchill wired de Valera: \"Now is your chance. Now or never! A nation once again. I will meet you wherever you wish.\" The British did not inform the Government of Northern Ireland that they had made the offer to the Irish government, and De Valera's rejection was not publicised until 1970. The government secured wide powers for the duration of the Emergency, such as internment, censorship of the press and correspondence, and the government control of the economy. The Emergency Powers Act lapsed on 2 September 1946, though the State of Emergency declared under the constitution was not lifted until the 1970s. This status remained throughout the war, despite pressure from Chamberlain and Churchill. However, de Valera did respond to a request from Northern Ireland for fire tenders to assist in fighting fires following the 1941 Belfast Blitz.\nPersistent claims that de Valera sent a personal note of congratulation to Subhas Chandra Bose upon his declaration of the Azad Hind (Free India) government in 1943, have been shown to be inaccurate, and largely a misrepresentation by Japanese consular staff in Dublin of a statement by a small and unofficial Republican group unconnected to the Irish government.\nControversially, de Valera formally offered his condolences to the German Minister in Dublin on the death of Adolf Hitler in 1945, in accordance with diplomatic protocol. This did some damage to Ireland, particularly in the United States – and soon afterwards de Valera had a bitter exchange of words with Winston Churchill in two famous radio addresses after the end of the war in Europe. De Valera denounced reports of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as \"anti-national propaganda\"; according to Bew, this was not out of disbelief but rather because the Holocaust undermined the main assumption underlying Irish neutrality: moral equivalence between the Allies and the Axis.\nThe de Valera government was reputedly harsh with Irish Army deserters who had enlisted to fight with the Allied armies against the Axis. The legislation in question was the Emergency Powers (No. 362) order which was passed in August 1945. On 18 October 1945, Thomas F. O'Higgins moved to annul the order. He did not condone desertion, but felt that the order was specifically harsh on those deserters who had served in the Allied forces. General Richard Mulcahy also spoke against the Order, disagreeing with the way in which it applied to enlisted men and not to officers. It was revoked with effect from 1 August 1946, but was in effect continued by section 13 of the Defence Forces (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1946.", "", "After de Valera had spent sixteen years in power without answering the crucial questions of partition and republican status the public demanded a change from Fianna Fáil government. In the 1948 election, de Valera lost the outright majority he had enjoyed since 1933. It initially looked as if the National Labour Party would give Fianna Fáil enough support to stay in office as a minority government, but National Labour insisted on a formal coalition agreement, something de Valera was unwilling to concede. However, while Fianna Fáil was six seats short of a majority, it was still by far the largest party in the Dáil, with 37 more TDs than the next largest party and rival, Fine Gael (the successor to Cumann na nGaedheal). Conventional wisdom held that de Valera would remain Taoiseach with the support of independent deputies.\nThis belief came to nought when (after the final votes were counted) the other parties realised that if they banded together, they would have only one seat fewer than Fianna Fáil, and would be able to form a government with the support of at least seven independents. The result was the First Inter-Party Government, with John A. Costello of Fine Gael as its compromise candidate for Taoiseach. Costello was duly nominated, consigning de Valera to opposition for the first time in 16 years. The following year, Costello declared Ireland as a republic, leaving partition as the most pressing political issue of the day.\nDe Valera, now Leader of the Opposition, left the actual parliamentary practice of opposing the government to his deputy, Seán Lemass, and himself embarked on a world campaign to address the issue of partition. He visited the United States, Australia, New Zealand and India, and in the latter country, was the last guest of the Governor-General, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, before he was succeeded by the first Indian-born Governor-General. In Melbourne, Australia, de Valera was feted by the powerful Catholic Archbishop Daniel Mannix, at the centenary celebrations of the diocese of Melbourne. He attended mass-meetings at Xavier College, and addressed the assembled Melbourne Celtic Club. In Brisbane, Australia, at the request of the influential and long serving Archbishop Duhig de Valera laid the foundation stone for the new High School building at Marist Brothers College Rosalie. In October 1950, just thirty years after his dramatic escape from Lincoln Gaol, he returned to Lincoln and received the freedom of the gaol. The Anti-Partition of Ireland League of Great Britain marked the occasion with a dinner in his honour and the toast was 'Anglo-Irish Friendship'. A key message in de Valera's campaign was that Ireland could not join the recently established North Atlantic Treaty Organization as long as Northern Ireland was in British hands; although Costello's government favoured alliance with NATO, de Valera's approach won more widespread support and prevented the state from signing the treaty.", "Returning to Ireland during the Mother and Child Scheme crisis that racked the First Inter-Party Government, de Valera kept silent as Leader of the Opposition, preferring to stay aloof from the controversy. That stance helped return de Valera to power in the 1951 general election, but without an overall majority. His and Fianna Fáil's popularity was short-lived, however; his government introduced severe, deflationary budgetary and economic policies in 1952, causing a political backlash that cost Fianna Fáil several seats in the Dáil in by-elections of 1953 and early 1954. Faced with a likely loss of confidence in the Dáil, de Valera instead called an election in May 1954, in which Fianna Fáil was defeated and a Second Inter-Party Government was formed with John A. Costello again as Taoiseach.\nOn 16 September 1953, de Valera met British Prime Minister Winston Churchill for the first and only time, at 10 Downing Street. (The two men had seen each other at a party in 1949, but without speaking). He surprised the UK Prime Minister by claiming that if he had been in office in 1948 Ireland would not have left the Commonwealth.\nIt was during this period that de Valera's eyesight began to deteriorate and he was forced to spend several months in the Netherlands, where he had six operations. In 1955, while in opposition, de Valera spoke against the formation of a European Parliament and European federalism, noting that Ireland \"did not strive to get out of that British domination [...] to get into a worse [position]\".\nLike the first coalition government, the second lasted only three years. At the general election of 1957, de Valera, then in his seventy-fifth year, won an absolute majority of nine seats, the greatest number he had ever secured. This was the beginning of another sixteen-year period in office for Fianna Fáil. A new economic policy emerged with the First Programme for Economic Expansion. In July 1957, in response to the Border Campaign (IRA), Part II of the Offences Against the State Act was re-activated and he ordered the internment without trial of Republican suspects, an action which did much to end the IRA's campaign.\nDe Valera's final term as Taoiseach also saw the passage of numerous reforms in health and welfare. In 1952, unemployment insurance was extended to male agricultural employees, child allowances were extended to the second child, and a maternity allowance for insured women was introduced. A year later, eligibility for maternity and child services and public hospital services was extended to approximately 85% of the population.", "While Fianna Fáil remained popular among the electorate, 75-year-old de Valera had begun to be seen by the electorate as too old and out of touch to remain as head of government. At the urging of party officials, de Valera decided to retire from government and the Dáil and instead seek the presidency of Ireland. He won the 1959 presidential election on 17 June 1959 and resigned as Taoiseach, Leader of Fianna Fáil and a TD for Clare, six days later, handing over power to Seán Lemass.\nDe Valera was inaugurated President of Ireland on 25 June 1959. He was re-elected President in 1966, aged 84, until 2013 a world record for the oldest elected head of state. At his retirement in 1973 at the age of 90, he was the oldest head of state in the world.\nAs President of Ireland, de Valera received many state visits, including the 1963 visit of US president John F. Kennedy. Five months later de Valera attended the state funeral for Kennedy in Washington, D.C. and accompanied a group of 24 Defence Forces cadets who performed a silent drill at his grave site. In June 1964, he returned to Washington, D.C. as the second President of Ireland to address the United States Congress.\nIn 1966, the Dublin Jewish community arranged the planting and dedication of the Éamon de Valera Forest in Israel, near Nazareth, in recognition of his support for Ireland's Jews.\nIn January 1969, de Valera became the first President to address both houses of the Oireachtas, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of Dáil Éireann.\nIn 1969, seventy-three countries sent goodwill messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing. These messages still rest on the lunar surface. De Valera's message on behalf of Ireland stated, \"May God grant that the skill and courage which have enabled man to alight upon the Moon will enable him, also, to secure peace and happiness upon the Earth and avoid the danger of self-destruction.\"", "Éamon de Valera died from pneumonia and heart failure in Linden Convalescent Home, Blackrock, Dublin, on 29 August 1975, aged 92. His wife, Sinéad de Valera, four years his senior, had died the previous January, on the eve of their 65th wedding anniversary. His body lay in state at Dublin Castle and was given a full state funeral on 3 September at St Mary's Pro-Cathedral, which was broadcast on national television. Over 200,000 people reportedly lined the three-mile funeral route from Dublin city centre to Glasnevin Cemetery. He is buried in Glasnevin alongside his wife and son Brian.", "De Valera's political creed evolved from militant republicanism to social and cultural conservatism.\nIreland's dominant political personality for many decades, de Valera received numerous honours. He was elected Chancellor of the National University of Ireland in 1921, holding the post until his death. Pope John XXIII bestowed on him the Order of Christ (KSC). He received honorary degrees from universities in Ireland and abroad. In 1968, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a recognition of his lifelong interest in mathematics. He also served as a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland (for Down from 1921 to 1929 and for South Down from 1933 to 1937), although he held to the republican policy of abstentionism and did not take his seat in Stormont.\nDe Valera was criticised for ending up as co-owner of one of Ireland's most influential group of newspapers, Irish Press Newspapers, funded by numerous small investors who received no dividend for decades. De Valera is alleged by critics to have helped keep Ireland under the influence of Catholic conservatism. De Valera rejected, however, demands by organisations like Maria Duce that Roman Catholicism be made the state religion of Ireland, just as he rejected demands by the Irish Christian Front for the Irish Free State to support Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.\nDe Valera's preoccupation with his part in history, and his need to explain and justify it, are reflected in innumerable ways. His faith in historians as trustworthy guardians of his reputation was not absolute. He made many attempts to influence their views and to adjust and refine the historical record whenever he felt this portrayed him, his allies or his cause inaccurately or unfavourably to his mind, these could often mean the same thing. He extended these endeavours to encompass the larger Irish public. An important function of his newspaper group, the Irish Press group, was to rectify what he saw as the errors and omissions of a decade in which he had been the subject of largely hostile commentary.\nIn recent decades, his role in Irish history has no longer been unequivocally seen by historians as a positive one, and a biography by Tim Pat Coogan alleges that his failures outweigh his achievements, with de Valera's reputation declining while that of his great rival in the 1920s, Michael Collins, was rising. A more recent 2007 work on de Valera by historian Diarmaid Ferriter presents a more positive picture of de Valera's legacy.Bertie Ahern, at a book launch for Diarmaid Ferriter's biography of de Valera, described de Valera's achievements in political leadership during the formative years of the state:\nOne of de Valera's finest hours was his regrouping of the Republican side after defeat in the civil war, and setting his followers on an exclusively peaceful and democratic path, along which he later had to confront both domestic Fascism and the IRA. He became a democratic statesman, not a dictator. He did not purge the civil service of those who had served his predecessors, but made best use of the talent available.\nA notable failure was his attempt to reverse the provision of the 1937 Constitution in relation to the electoral system. On retiring as Taoiseach in 1959, he proposed that the Proportional Representation system enshrined in that constitution should be replaced. De Valera argued that Proportional Representation had been responsible for the instability that had characterised much of the post war period. A constitutional referendum to ratify this was defeated by the people. One aspect of de Valera's legacy is that since the foundation of the state, a de Valera has nearly always served in Dáil Éireann. Éamon de Valera served until 1959, his son, Vivion de Valera, was also a Teachta Dála (TD). Éamon Ó Cuív, his grandson, is currently a member of the Dáil while his granddaughter, Síle de Valera is a former TD. Both have served in ministries in the Irish Government.", "In 1931, de Valera said in the Dáil: \"I believe that every citizen in this country is entitled to his share of public appointments, and that there should not be discrimination on the ground of religion, discrimination, mind you, in the sense that because a person was of a particular religion, religion should not be made an excuse for denying a person an appointment for which he or she was fully qualified. Then there comes the question, what are qualifications? If I thought that the principle that the librarian in a Catholic community should be Catholic was a new principle, introduced merely to deny a Protestant an appointment, I would vote against it, but I know from my youth that it is not so. ... if I had a vote on a local body, and if there were two qualified people who had to deal with a Catholic community, and if one was a Catholic and the other a Protestant, I would unhesitatingly vote for the Catholic. Let us be clear and let us know where we are.\" Ryle Dwyer, writing in 2008, said \"If those were his honest views, one could also say without hesitation that the Long Fellow was a bigot. But, in fact, he was just playing the role of a political hypocrite. It was cynical, but it should be stressed that he behaved responsibly in this regard when he came to power.\"\nDe Valera led Fianna Fáil to adopt conservative social policies, since he believed devoutly that the Catholic church and the family were central to Irish identity. He added clauses to the new Constitution of Ireland (1937) to \"guard with special care the institution of marriage\" and prohibit divorce. His constitution also recognised \"the special position\" of the Catholic Church and recognised other denominations including the Church of Ireland and Jewish congregations, while guaranteeing the religious freedom of all citizens; however, he resisted an attempt to make Roman Catholicism the state religion and his constitution forbids the establishment of a state religion. His policies were welcomed by a largely devout, conservative and rural electorate. The unenforceable articles in the constitution which reinforced the traditional view that a woman's place was in the home further illustrate the direction in which Ireland was moving. An act of 1935 prohibited the importation or sale of contraceptives. The most rigorous censorship laws in western Europe complete the picture.\nThe specific recognition of Roman Catholicism was deleted by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (1973) and the prohibition of divorce was removed by the Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (1996). Nevertheless, the Irish Supreme Court declared in 1973 that the 1935 contraception legislation was not repugnant to the Constitution and therefore remained valid.", "De Valera's portrait illustrated the front cover of 25 March 1940 issue of TIME magazine accompanying the article EIRE: Prime Minister of Freedom.\nDe Valera has been portrayed by:\nAndre Van Gyseghem in a 1970 episode of ITV Playhouse entitled \"Would You Look at Them Smashing all Those Lovely Windows?\"\nSonn Connaughton in a 1981 episode of The Life and Times of David Lloyd George entitled \"Win or Lose\"\nBarry McGovern in the 1991 TV movie The Treaty, which concerned the Anglo-Irish Treaty\nArthur Riordan in the 1990s RTÉ television show Nighthawks\nAlan Rickman in the 1996 film Michael Collins, which depicted the events surrounding Ireland's struggle for independence from Britain\nAndrew Connolly in the 2001 TV mini-series Rebel Heart concerning the 1916 Rising\nStephen Mullan in the 2016 TV mini-series Rebellion", "The following governments were led by de Valera:\n2nd Ministry of the Irish Republic\n3rd Ministry of the Irish Republic\n6th Executive Council of the Irish Free State\n7th Executive Council of the Irish Free State\n8th Executive Council of the Irish Free State\n1st Government of Ireland\n2nd Government of Ireland\n3rd Government of Ireland\n4th Government of Ireland\n6th Government of Ireland\n8th Government of Ireland", "List of members of the Oireachtas imprisoned during the Irish revolutionary period\nList of people on the postage stamps of Ireland\nÉamon de Valera Forest", "His name is frequently misspelled Eamonn De Valera, but he never used the second \"n\" in his first name (the standard Irish spelling), and he always used a small \"d\" in \"de Valera\", which is proper for Spanish names (de meaning \"of\").\nÉamon(n) translates into English as \"Edmond\" or \"Edmund\". The correct Irish translation of \"Edward\" (his name as given in his amended birth certificate) is Éadhbhard.", "Schmuhl, Robert (February 2016). \"Éamon de Valera: Man of Mystery\". irishamerica.com. Irish America Magazine. Retrieved 14 June 2022.\nUK Census 1901 held in the National Archives in the Republic of Ireland Archived 29 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine de Valera listed as Edward in a Roman Catholic boarding school, Blackrock College, in Dublin. This was the same boarding school which T.F. O'Rahilly attended, listed as Rahilly.\n\"Éamon de Valera\". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2009.\nSynge, J. L. (1976). \"Eamon de Valera 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 22: 634–653. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1976.0022.\nFerriter, Judging Dev: A Reassessment of the Life and Legacy of Eamon De Valera (2007), ISBN 1-904890-28-8.\n\"Mystery of 1916 leader and New Yorker Eamon de Valera's birth\". IrishCentral.com. 14 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.\nCastro, Aurora (29 December 2021). \"Exploring the Spanish Roots of Éamon de Valera\". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5809396.\nJosé Francisco Fernández (March 2018 – February 2019). \"En busca de la Isla Esmeralda. Diccionario sentimental de la cultura Irlandesa (Antonio Rivero Taravillo)\". Estudios Irlandeses - Journal of Irish Studies (13): 197. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.\nRonan Fanning (2016). A Will To Power: Eamon De Valera. Harvard University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780674970557. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020. De Valera was born on 14 October 1882 in the Nursery and Child's Hospital, Lexington Avenue, Manhattan, New York; the only child of Juan Vivion de Valera and Catherine ('Kate') Coll\nTim Pat Coogan (31 January 2005). \"De Valera's begrudging attitude to 'The Big Fellow'\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2019.\n\"\"Eamon de Valera's father\" 2006\". Homepage.eircom.net. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.\n\"Notable New Yorkers – Eamon de Valéra\". nyc.gov. NYC Department of Records. Archived from the original on 8 February 2004.\n\"Myers on De Valera\". The Irish Times. 9 December 1998. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2017.\nMac Aonghusa, Proinsias (1983). Quotations from Éamon de Valera. p. 89. ISBN 0-85342-684-8.\nJordan, Anthony J. Eamon de Valera 1882–1975. Irish; Catholic; Visionary (Westport Books, 2010)\nJordan 2010, p. 279.\n\"Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.\nFarragher CSSp, Sean P. (1984). Dev and his Alma Mater. Dublin & London: Paraclete Press. ISBN 0-946639-01-9.\nFanning, Ronan (October 2009). \"De Valera, Éamon ('Dev')\". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Royal Irish Academy. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.\n\"Éamon de Valera\". UCC – Multitext Project in Irish History. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.\nJordan 2010, p. 23.\nJames H. Driscoll (1907). \"The Defect of Birth\". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.\nDwane, David T. (1922). Early Life of Eamonn De Valera. Dublin: The Talbott Press Limited. p. 43.\nGunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. Harper & Brothers. p. 371.\nBarton, Brian. 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Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. pp. 191–192. ISBN 9780717120154.\nCoogan, Tim Pat de Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-09-995860-0, ISBN 978-0-09-995860-4.\nD. G. Boyce, Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy, 1918–1922 (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1972), pp. 92–93.\nCoogan, Tim Pat De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow p. 234.\nP. S. O'Hegarty, A History of Ireland Under the Union: 1801 to 1922 (New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969), 751.\n\"De Valera's Treaty proposals\". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2008.\nJ.J. O'Kelly (Sceilg) A Trinity of Martyrs, Irish Book Bureau, Dublin; pp. 66–68. \"Sceilg\" was a supporter of de Valera in 1922.\nCoogan, Tim Pat de Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow p. 299, ISBN 0-09-995860-0, ISBN 978-0-09-995860-4.\nCoogan, Tim Pat de Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow p. 338, ISBN 0-09-995860-0, ISBN 978-0-09-995860-4.\nJordan, Anthony J. W. T. Cosgrave: Founder Of Modern Ireland. Westport Books, 2006, p. 89.\nBowyer Bell, J. (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Transaction Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 1-56000-901-2.\n'Building a state in the shadow of civil war (Part 1)' Irish Times\n\"'De Valera and Stack Are Set at Liberty; More Releases Expected Within 24 Hours', The New York Times, 17 July 1924\". The New York Times. 17 July 1924. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.\nExam notes Archived 3 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine about Seán Lemass\n\"BBC – History – Eamon de Valera\". Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.\n\"Dáil Éireann – Volume 3–19 December 1921 - Debate on Treaty\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.\n\"Electoral (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 1927—First Stage\". Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.\n\"BBC's Short History of Ireland\". BBC. 1 January 1970. 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ISBN 978-1-84603-270-7.\nLloyd, Lorna (2007). Diplomacy With a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006. Lieden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 72. ISBN 978-90-04-15497-1. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.\nConstitution of Ireland 1937, 12.1\nBew 2007, p. 455.\n\"IRELAND: Too Much Trouble\". Time. 9 June 1941. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.\n\"Anglo-Irish Relations, 1939–41: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy and Military Restraint\" in Twentieth Century British History (Oxford Journals, 2005), ISSN 1477-4674\n\"did Dev Valera refuse an offer of Unity...?\". Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.\nBromage, Mary (1964). Churchill and Ireland. Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 162.\n\"Emergency Powers (Continuance and Amendment) Act, 1945\". Government of Ireland. 29 July 1945. pp. §4(1). Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2007. The Principal Act shall, unless previously terminated under subsection (2) of this section, continue in force until the 2nd day of September, 1946, and shall then expire unless the Oireachtas otherwise determines.\n\"National Emergency: Motion (Resumed)\". Dáil Debates. Government of Ireland. 292: 119–256. 1 September 1976. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2007. John M. Kelly: All the 1939 emergency legislation lapsed not later than 1946.\nChakravart, S. R.; Madan Chandra Paul (2000). Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: relevance to contemporary world. Har-Anand Publications. p. 179. ISBN 81-241-0601-0. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2010.\nO'Malley, Kate (2008). Ireland, India and empire: Indo-Irish radical connections, 1919–64. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-0-7190-8171-2.\nGirvin, Brian (2006). The Emergency. London: MacMillan. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4050-0010-9. Officials of the Department of External Affairs tried to persuade him not to visit Hempel, although the secretary of the department, Joseph Walsh, who accompanied him, did support the action\nAn Irish Statesman and Revolutionary by Elizabeth Keane (ISBN 978-1845111250), p. 106.\n\"Irish Public Service Broadcasting – 1940s: De Valera and Broadcasting\". History of RTÉ. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2008.\nBew 2007, p. 474.\n\"Dev's treatment of Irish army deserters: vindictive or pragmatic?\". historyireland.com. History Ireland Magazine. 19 (9). 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.\n\"Emergency Powers (362) Order, 1945 —Motion to Annual\". Dáil Éireann Debate. 98 (4): 27. 18 October 1945. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2018.\nDepartment of the Taoiseach (29 March 1946). \"Emergency powers (no. 362) order 1945 (revocation) order 1946\" (PDF). Dublin: Stationery Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.\n\"Defence Forces (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1946, Section 13\". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.\nWilsford, David (1995). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-313-28623-0.\nTim Pat Coogan, De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow, London: Arrow, 1993, p. 639.\nD. F. Bourke, A History of the Catholic Church in Victoria, Melbourne: Catholic Bishops of Victoria, 1988, p. 299; D. J. O'Hearn, Erin go bragh – Advance Australia Fair: a hundred years of growing, Melbourne: Celtic Club, 1990, p. 54.\n\"Sacred Heart Rosalie\". website. Jubilee Parish. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.\nDiarmuid Ferriter, Judging Dev, pp. 190–191.\nStanford, Jane (17 August 2013). \"That Irishman: p.279, footnote 530\" (PDF). Look Back. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2014.\nSavage, Robert J. (1996). Irish television: the political and social origins. Cork University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-85918-102-7.\n\"Winston Churchill & Eamon De Valera: A Thirty Year \"Relationship\"\". Winstonchurchill.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2013.\nBruce Arnold (11 July 2009). \"Opinion: History warns us about the risks of ceding power to EU\". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018. Eamon de Valera on [..] return from Strasbourg in 1955 where he had been attending a meeting that was part of the construction of the future Europe [...] said: 'We did not strive to get out of that British domination of our affairs by outside force, or we did not get out of that position to get into a worse one'.\nCoogan, Tim Pat de Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow p. 669, ISBN 0-09-995860-0, ISBN 978-0-09-995860-4.\nDiarmaid Ferriter (2007). Uachtaráin – Eamon de Valera (Television production) (in Ga). Dublin, Ireland: TG4. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2011.\nThe new record was set by Giorgio Napolitano, re-elected President of Italy in 2013 aged 87.\nThe six Irish leaders who have addressed joint sessions of the US Congress are Seán T. O'Kelly (18 March 1959), Éamon de Valera (28 May 1964), Liam Cosgrave (17 March 1976), Garret FitzGerald (15 March 1984), John Bruton (11 September 1996), and Bertie Ahern (30 April 2008).\nTracy, Robert (1999). \"The Jews of Ireland\". bNet.com. p. 7. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2009.\n\"Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages\" (PDF). Press release. NASA. 13 July 1969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2007.\nRTE 1975 – Eamon De Valera is dead on YouTube RTÉ News (video). Retrieved 11 November 2011.\n\"State Funeral of Éamon de Valera at Glasnevin Cemetery\". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.\n\"President Eamon de Valera\". papalorders.ie. Retrieved 30 December 2021.\nSunday Times, 31 October 2004 p3; RTÉ broadcast on 2 November 2004.\nTom Garvin Preventing the future; why Ireland was so poor for so long. (Dublin 2004) passim; ISBN 0-7171-3771-6.\nEamon de Valera, The Earl of Longford & Thomas P. O'Neill (1970), p. 338.\nMurray, Patrick (21 December 2001). \"Obsessive Historian: Eamon de Valera and the Policing of his Reputation\" (PDF). Royal Irish Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2003.\nCoogan, Tim Pat de Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow, ISBN 0-09-995860-0, ISBN 978-0-09-995860-4.\n\"New book tries to reclaim Dev's legacy\". Irish Independent. 15 October 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2007.\n\"Speech by the Taoiseach, Mr. Bertie Ahern, TD, at the Launch of Judging Dev, A Reassessment of the Life and Legacy of Éamon De Valera by Diarmaid Ferriter\". Department of the Taoiseach. 14 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2007.\nDáil Éireann debate - Wednesday, 17 Jun 1931 - Vol. 39 No. 4\nDwyer, Ryle (2 February 2008). \"Political hypocrisy has long history, but Bertie is guilty of much worse\". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 26 December 2021.\nMohr, Thomas (8 November 2021). \"Religious Minorities under the Constitution of the Irish Free State, 1922–1937\". American Journal of Legal History. 61 (2): 235–272. doi:10.1093/ajlh/njab002. Retrieved 26 December 2021.\nDwyer, Ryle (2 February 2008). \"Political hypocrisy has long history, but Bertie is guilty of much worse\". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 26 December 2021.\nKissane, Bill (2007). \"Eamon De Valera and the Survival of Democracy in Inter-war Ireland\". Journal of Contemporary History. 42 (2): 213–226. doi:10.1177/0022009407075554. S2CID 159760801.\nRyan, Louise (1998). \"Constructing 'Irishwoman': Modern Girls and Comely Maidens\". Irish Studies Review. 6 (3): 263–272. doi:10.1080/09670889808455611.\nBAILII: McGee v. A.G. & Anor [1973] IESC 2; [1974] IR 284 Archived 18 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine McGee v the Attorney General\n\"TIME Magazine Cover: Eamon de Valera – Mar. 25, 1940\". Time. 25 March 1940. Archived from the original on 7 August 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2011.\n\"EIRE: Prime Minister of Freedom\". Time. 25 March 1940. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2011.\n\"Flann and me and his greatest story never told\", The Irish Times, 12 July 2010 (subscription required) Archived 12 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine", "Bew, Paul (2007). Ireland: the politics of enmity, 1789–2006. Oxford.", "Bowman, John (1982). De Valera and the Ulster Question 1917–73. Oxford.\nCarroll, J. T. (1975). Ireland in the War Years 1939–1945. ISBN 9780844805658.\nCoogan, Tim Pat (1993). De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091750305. published as Eamon de Valera: The Man Who Was Ireland (New York, 1993)\nDunphy, Richard (1995). The Making of Fianna Fáil Power in Ireland, 1923–1948. Irish Historical Studies. p. 346. doi:10.1017/S0021121400013092. S2CID 164091939.\nDwyer, T. Ryle (2006). Big Fellow, Long Fellow: A Joint Biography of Collins and De Valera. ISBN 0717140849. excerpt and text search\nDwyer, T. Ryle (1982). De Valera's Finest Hour 1932–59.\nFanning, Ronan. Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power (2016)\nLongford, The Earl of; O'Neill, Thomas P. (1970). Eamon de Valera. Gill and MacMillan, Dublin. ISBN 0-7171-0485-0.\nJordan, Anthony J. (2010). Eamon de Valera 1882–1975. Irish: Catholic; Visionary. ISBN 978-0-9524447-9-4.\nKissane, Bill (2007). \"Eamon De Valera and the Survival of Democracy in Inter-War Ireland\". Journal of Contemporary History. 42 (2): 213–226. doi:10.1177/0022009407075554. S2CID 159760801.\nLee, Joseph; O'Tuathaigh, Gearoid (1982). The Age of de Valera.\nLee, J. J. (1989). Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society. Cambridge.\nMcCartan, Patrick (1932). With de Valera in America. New York.\nMcCullagh, David (2017). De Valera Volume 1: Rise (1882–1932).\nMcCullagh, David (2018). De Valera Volume 2: Rule (1932–1975).\nMcGarry, Fearghal, ed. (2003). Republicanism in Modern Ireland. Dublin.\nMurphy, J. A., ed. (1983). De Valera and His Times.\nO'Carroll, J. P.; Murphy, John A (eds.) (1993). De Valera and His Times. ISBN 0902561448. – excerpt and text search", "Chapple, Phil (2005). \"'Dev': The Career of Eamon De Valera Phil Chapple Examines a Titanic and Controversial Figure in Modern Irish History\". History Review (53): 28.\nFerriter, Diarmaid (2007). Judging Dev: A Reassessment of the Life and Legacy of Eamon De Valera. Dublin. ISBN 978-1-904890-28-7.\nGirvin, Brian. \"Beyond Revisionism? Some Recent Contributions to the Study of Modern Ireland.\" English Historical Review (2009) 124#506 :94–107· DOI: 10.1093/ehr/cen341\nHogan, Gerard. \"De Valera, the Constitution and the Historians.\" Irish Jurist 40 (2005).\nMcCarthy, Mark. Ireland's 1916 Rising: Explorations of History-making, Commemoration & Heritage in Modern Times (Routledge, 2016).\nMurray, Patrick. \"Obsessive historian: Eamon de Valera and the policing of his reputation.\" Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C (2001): 37–65.\nRegan, John M (2010). \"Irish public histories as an historiographical problem\". Irish Historical Studies. 37 (146): 265–292. doi:10.1017/s002112140000225x. S2CID 159868830.\nRegan, John M (2007). \"Michael Collins, General Commanding-in-Chief, as a Historiographical Problem\". History. 92 (307): 318–346. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229x.2007.00398.x.", "1911 Census return of Edward (sic) de Valera and household from the National Archives of Ireland\nEamon de Valera's \"India and Ireland\" in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)\nBiography at Áras an Uachtaráin website\nPress Photographs of Eamon de Valera, taken from the Papers of Eamon de Valera held in UCD Archives. A UCD Digital Library Collection.\nDe Valera Funeral – 1975, Movietone, 2 September 1975\nNewspaper clippings about Éamon de Valera in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW" ]

[ "Éamon de Valera", "Early life", "Early political activity", "Revolutionary years", "1916 Easter Rising", "President of Dáil Éireann", "President of the Republic", "Anglo-Irish Treaty", "Civil War", "Founding of Fianna Fáil", "President of the Executive Council", "Taoiseach (1937–1948)", "Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement", "Constitution of Ireland", "The Emergency (World War II)", "Post-war period: Taoiseach/Opposition leader", "Opposition leader: 1948–51", "Final years as Taoiseach", "Presidency", "Death", "Legacy", "Catholic social policy", "In popular culture", "Governments", "See also", "Notes", "References", "Sources", "Further reading", "Historiography", "External links" ]

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[ "", "Memorial stone in Éamonn Ceannt Park, Dublin.", "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt_portrait.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Eamonn_Ceannt_monument.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png" ]

[ "Éamonn Ceannt (21 September 1881 – 8 May 1916), born Edward Thomas Kent, was an Irish republican, mostly known for his role in the Easter Rising of 1916.", "Ceannt was born in the little village of Ballymoe, overlooking the River Suck in County Galway. His parents were James Kent (4 July 1839 – 1895) and Joanne Galway. (They were married on 5 July 1870.) He was the sixth of seven children, the others being William, Michael, Richard, Nell, John and James. His father, James Kent was a Royal Irish Constabulary officer. Stationed in Ballymoe, in 1883 he was promoted and transferred to Ardee, County Louth. When his father retired from the force, the family moved to Dublin. They were a very religious Catholic family and it has been said that Ceannt's religious teaching as a child stayed with him for the rest of his life.\nTwo events that evoked nationalism at the end of the 19th century were the 1798 commemoration and the Boer War in South Africa. Éamonn became interested in these events. He took part in the commemoration.", "In 1899, Ceannt joined the central branch of the Gaelic League. It was here where he first met many of the men who would play a major role in the rising, including Patrick Pearse and Eoin MacNeill.\nHe became increasingly involved in Nationalist movements and had a strong interest in the Irish language. The main purposes of the league were to educate people on the Irish culture, revive the Irish language along with Irish music, dancing, poetry, literature and history. Ceannt was an extremely committed member to the league, he was an elected a member of the governing body and by 1905 he was teaching Irish language classes in branch offices of the league.\nIn February 1900 Ceannt, along with Edward Martyn founded Cumann na bPíobairí (The Pipers Club). Ceannt's musical talents earned him a gold medal at the 1906 Oireachtas and in 1905 he even put on a performance for Pope Pius X. It is said that the main language in the Pipers Club was Irish and played a role in reviving Irish music.\nIt was through the Gaelic League where Ceannt first met his wife, Frances Mary O’Brennan who was known as Áine. She came from a strongly nationalist family, both of her sisters Kathleen and Lily O'Brennan were also involved in the nationalist movement. She joined the League as she shared an interest in the Irish culture and heritage. They got married in June 1905. Their son, Ronan was born in June 1906.\nIn 1907 Ceannt joined the Dublin central branch of Sinn Féin and over the following years he became increasingly determined to see an Independent Ireland. In 1912 he was sworn to the Irish Republican Brotherhood by Seán Mac Diarmada. This movement was pledged to achieve Irish independence and to do so by using physical force if necessary.", "While living in county Louth, Ceannt attended the De La Salle national school. After 5 years of schooling in Louth, the family moved to Drogheda, where he attended the Christian Brothers school, Sunday's Gate (Now Scholars Townhouse Hotel). They moved to Dublin in 1892 and lived in Drumcondra. Here he attended the North Richmond Street Christian Brothers School. Two other leaders from the 1916 rising, Seán Heuston and Con Colbert, were educated at that school.\nCeannt achieved excellent results in his final exams prior to leaving school. After finishing he was presented with the opportunity to work for the civil service but turned this position down as he felt he would be working for the British. He went on to secure a job with the clerical staff of the City Treasurer and Estates and Finances office; he was working as an accountant with the Dublin Corporation from 1901 to 1916.\nCeannt was involved in trade unionism, being a member of the Dublin Metropolitan Officers' Association and later serving as its chairman. He publicly supported the workers in the Wexford lock-out of 1911 (forerunner of the Dublin Lock-out of 1913), saying \"the right of free speech, of public meeting and of organising for a lawful purpose ought to be unquestioned and unquestionable\".", "In May 1915, the IRB Military Council, consisting of Joseph Plunkett and Seán Mac Diarmada as well as Ceannt, began plans for a rebellion. Ceannt was one of the seven men to sign the Proclamation of Independence for the Irish Republic and had been appointed Director of Communications. He was made commandant of the 4th Battalion of the Volunteers, and during the Rising was stationed at the South Dublin Union, with more than 100 men under his command, notably his second-in-command Cathal Brugha, and W. T. Cosgrave. The South Dublin Union controlled a large area south of Kilmainham around Dolphin's Barn.\nAs 3rd Royal Irish came to Mount Brown, a section of Ceannt's battalion under section commander John Joyce opened fire, killing a number of soldiers. The British could not break through to Dublin Castle, and so brought up more troops from Kilmainham Barracks. A ceasefire allowed casualty retrieval. The Volunteers drove back repeated assaults from determined regimental attacks. Ceannt used a contingent at the Marrowbone Lane Distillery to enfilade the passing soldiers; grinding attacks broke through to the Women's Infirmary. On Tuesday 25 April, the British could have closed off the battle, but failed to press home the advantage when the 4th Royal Dublin Fusiliers arrived, and Ceannt continued to hold out with 20 times fewer men. On Thursday 27 April, a British battalion made south, as far as the Rialto Bridge, when Ceannt's outposts opened fire.\nThe British were forced to tunnel into the buildings and, as Ceannt's numbers reduced, it was increasingly involved in close quarter fighting. His unit saw intense fighting at times during the week, but surrendered when ordered to do so by his superior officer Patrick Pearse.", "After the unconditional surrender of the 1916 fighters, Eamonn Ceannt along with the other survivors were brought to Richmond Barracks to be detained. On Monday 1 May, plain clothes detectives known as the \"G-men\" identified the leaders of the Rising, Ceannt being one of them. While Ceannt was being picked for trial, volunteer James Coughlan remembers him being determined in looking after the welfare of \"the humblest of those who had served under him.\"\nCeannt was tried under court martial as demanded by General Maxwell. Maxwell was determined to afflict the death penalty upon Ceannt and the other leaders of the Rising. However, he faced legal issues which prevented him from doing so. These legal issues only allowed the death penalty to be used if one was found aiding the enemy, being Germany at that time. Not until Maxwell obtained a letter from Patrick Pearse addressed to his mother regarding the communication with the Germans was he legally obliged to deploy the death penalty. From this point Ceannt and his comrades began facing the prospect of a firing squad. On Tuesday 2 May, Ceannt was sent for court-martial. He was sentenced to death and transferred to Kilmainham Gaol, cell 88. He was executed on 8 May 1916, aged 34. He is buried at Arbour Hill.\nIn July 1926, the Irish Independent published an article that included Eamonn Ceannt's last message, written a few hours before his execution ten years previously. In it, he said:\nI leave for the guidance of other Irish Revolutionaries who may tread the path which I have trod this advice, never to treat with the enemy, never to surrender at his mercy, but to fight to a finish...Ireland has shown she is a nation. This generation can claim to have raised sons as brave as any that went before. And in the years to come Ireland will honour those who risked all for her honour at Easter 1916.", "Galway City's Ceannt Station, the main bus and rail station in his native county of Galway, is named in his honour, as well as Éamonn Ceannt Park in Dublin. Eamonn Ceannt Tower in Ballymun, which was demolished in 2005, was also named after him. There is also a commemorative plaque on the wall of Scholars Townhouse Hotel, the former Christian Brother School where Eamonn Ceannt was educated.\nCeannt Barracks located in the Curragh Camp bears his name.\nCeannt Fort in Dublin 8 was renamed in his honour, having been laid out in 1917-1922 by Dublin Corporation and originally named McCaffrey's Estate.", "\"Éamonn Ceannt\" (PDF). The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives. National Library of Ireland. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2014.\nMathews, P.J. (22 March 2003). \"Stirring up disloyalty: the Boer War, the Irish Literary Theatre and the emergence of a new separatism\". Irish University Review: A Journal of Irish Studies. Dublin: Irish University Review. 33 (1): 99–116. ISSN 0021-1427. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2010.\nO'Connor, John (1999). The 1916 Proclamation. Minneapolis: Anvil Books [in association with] Irish Books and Media. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-937702-19-2. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.\nMartin, F X (1967). Leaders and men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 249. ISBN 9780801402906. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.\nGallagher, Mary (9 March 2016). \"Éamonn Ceannt: from clerk to commandant\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\nCoughlan, James. \"Witness Statement 304\" (PDF). Bureau of Military History. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.\nGallagher, M (2013). Eamonn Ceannt: 16 Lives. Dublin.: O'Brien Press. pp. 356–371.\n\"Eamonn Ceannt's Last Message\". Irish Independent. 9 July 1926.\n\"Officer loses court martial appeal\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 June 2020.\nHarrison, Bernice. \"Architect breathes new life into artisan D8 two bed for €425k\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 23 June 2021.", "Henry, William, Supreme Sacrifice: The Story of Eamonn Ceannt, Mercier Press, Cork 2005.\nHenry, William, unpublished biography, Supreme Sacrifice: The Story of Eamonn Ceannt 1881-1916 William Henry Collection, Galway.\nKent, Richard, Account of his brother Eamonn Ceannt's last hours Copy in Kilmainham Gaol Collection.\nKent, Richard, Biographical Notes on Eamonn Ceannt (16 April 1917), Copy in Kilmainham Gaol Collection.\nMcNally, Michael, Easter Rising: Birth of the Irish Republic, Campaign series, Osprey publishing, 2007.\nTownshend, Charles, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion, Allen Lane, London 2005.", "Éamonn Ceannt, Census of Ireland, 1911" ]

[ "Éamonn Ceannt", "Background", "Personal life", "Education and career", "Easter Rising", "Trial and death", "Legacy", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 2948, 2949 ]

[ 14395, 14396, 14397, 14398, 14399, 14400, 14401, 14402, 14403, 14404, 14405, 14406, 14407, 14408, 14409, 14410, 14411, 14412, 14413, 14414, 14415, 14416, 14417, 14418, 14419 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Anna_Livia_Plurabelle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Fountain_Galway_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Windsculpture_1988_Eamon_O%27Doherty.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/James_Connolly_-_Dublin_statue.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Pikemen_1798%2C_Wexford%2C_Ireland.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Crann_an_Oir_-_Golden_Ball_by_%C3%89amonn_O%27Doherty.jpg" ]

[ "Éamonn O'Doherty (1939 – 4 August 2011) was an Irish sculptor, painter, printmaker, photographer and lecturer. He was best known for his sculptures in public places. He was born and raised in Derry, and died, aged 72, in Dublin.\nWell known sculptures by Éamonn O'Doherty include the Quincentennial Sculpture on Eyre Square in Galway and the Anna Livia monument, in 2011 moved to the Croppies' Acre Memorial Park, in Dublin.\nO'Doherty also won awards for his paintings, amongst other on the Irish Exhibition of Living Art. An exhibition of his photographs from the collection of the Irish Traditional Music Archive toured around the United States.\nIn the summer of 1966, O'Doherty was the first manager of Sweeney's Men and had painted the band's logo on the front of their van, from a drawing by Johnny Moynihan. According to Andy Irvine, O'Doherty was quite adept at playing the flute. He had also toured with Irvine in Denmark in the early part of 1966.", "O'Doherty studied at University College, Dublin (UCD), earning a degree in architecture. Later he became lecturer at the Department of Architecture at the Dublin Institute of Technology. In various capacities he also taught on the Dún Laoghaire College of Art and Design (Ireland), the École Spéciale d'Architecture in Paris (France), Harvard University (USA), University of Nebraska (USA) and the University of Jordan (Jordan).", "Éamonn O'Doherty was married to Barbara Ó Brolchain. They had 3 daughters and one son.", "List of public art in Dublin\nList of public art in Galway city", "Kenny Gallery\n\"Renowned Derry-born sculptor dies at 72\". The Belfast Telegraph. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.\nKenny Gallery\nO'Toole, Leagues (2006). The Humours of Planxty. Ireland: Hodder Headline. ISBN 0-340-83796-9.\nAndy's History – Chapter 3. Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Autobiography at Andy Irvine's website. Retrieved 2 July 2015\nKenny Gallery\nIndependent.ie – Eamonn O'Doherty\nIndependent.ie – Eamonn O'Doherty\n\"Art world mourns death of sculptor\". Irish Independent. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011." ]

[ "Éamonn O'Doherty (sculptor)", "Academics", "Personal", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2950, 2951, 2952, 2953, 2954 ]

[ 14420, 14421, 14422 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/%E3%80%90%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E7%A5%AD2008%E3%80%91%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88_%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88K.136_3_WMV_V9.wmv_000008600.jpg" ]

[ "The Ébène Quartet (French: Quatuor Ébène) is a French string quartet based in Boulogne-Billancourt, France.", "Quatuor Ébène was founded in 1999 at the Boulogne-Billancourt Conservatory in France. The group first came to international attention in 2004 when it won first prize in the string quartet category at the ARD International Music Competition, also taking the Audience Prize, two prizes for interpretation, and the Karl Klinger Foundation Prize. The next year, the group won the Belmont Prize from the Forberg-Schneider Foundation. In 2006, Quatuor Ébène released its first recording, a live recording of three Haydn quartets, to critical acclaim. In 2009, BBC Music Magazine named the quartet \"Newcomer of the Year\" for its recording of the Ravel, Fauré, and Debussy string quartets. The same album won the group Recording of the Year at the 2009 Classic FM Gramophone Awards. In 2010, the group was named Ensemble of the Year at the Victoires de la Musique Classique. NPR named Ébène's album Fiction one of its 50 favorite albums of 2011, describing the quartet's performance as brimming with \"silky smoothness and Gallic finesse\"/", "Quatuor Ébène is known for its versatility and performs a variety of genres, such as classical music, contemporary music, jazz, and crossover. Beyond its classical repertoire, some of the group's most popular performances have been crossover, such as a rendition of the soundtrack of Pulp Fiction, arrangements of classic Beatles hits, and a jazz vocal/instrumental arrangement of \"Someday My Prince Will Come\" from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. \nNew York Times music critic Allan Kozinn highlighted the group's versatility, describing the group as \"a string quartet that can easily morph into a jazz band\".", "Pierre Colombet, violin\nGabriel Le Magadure, violin\nMathieu Herzog, viola, until 2015\nAdrien Boisseau, viola, until 2017\nMarie Chilemme, viola, since 2017\nRaphaël Merlin, violoncello", "Haydn: Quatuors à Cordes (2006), Mirare\nBartók: Quatuors Nos. 1-3 (2007), Mirare\nDebussy, Fauré & Ravel: String Quartets (2008), Erato\nBrahms: String Quartet No. 1; Piano Quintet (2008), Erato\nFiction: Live at Folies Bergère (2011), Erato\nMozart: Dissonances (2011), Erato\nFelix & Fanny Mendelssohn (2013), Erato\nBrazil (2014), Erato\nMenahem Pressler 90th Anniversary Concert: Live in Paris (2014), Erato\nSchubert: Quintet and Lieder (2016), Erato\nBeethoven: Complete String Quartets (2020), Erato", "\"Quatuor Ébène Biography\". Retrieved 20 February 2017.\nCummings, Robert. \"Quatuor Ebène\". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 October 2013.\n\"BBC Music Magazine Awards 2009\". Presto Classical. Retrieved 18 October 2013.\nCullingford, Martin (2009). \"Quatuor Ebène win Recording of the Year\". Gramophone Magazine. Retrieved 18 October 2013.\n\"Quatuor Ébène\". Institut français. 2 April 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.\n\"50 Favorites: From Bright Eyes to Eric Church\". NPR. Retrieved 18 October 2013.\nKozinn, Allan (13 March 2009). \"A String Quartet That Can Easily Morph Into a Jazz Band\". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2013.", "Official website" ]

[ "Ébène Quartet", "History", "Musical style", "Members", "Discography", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2955 ]

[ 14423, 14424, 14425, 14426, 14427, 14428, 14429, 14430 ]

[ "The church in Ébaty" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/%C3%89baty.JPG" ]

[ "Ébaty ([ebati]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Côte-d'Or department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Ébaty", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2956 ]

[ 14431 ]

[ "The church in Ébersviller" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Eglise_Ebersviller.JPG" ]

[ "Ébersviller (Lorraine Franconian Ebeschwiller/Ewëschweller, German: Ebersweiler) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.\nLocalities of the commune: Ising (German: Isingen), Férange, Kreschmuhle (German: Kreschmühle), Labrück.", "", "Communes of the Moselle department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Ébersviller", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2957 ]

[ 14432 ]

[ "St. Wendelin's Church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Eglise_Eblange.JPG" ]

[ "Éblange ([eblɑ̃ʒ]; German: Eblingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Moselle department", "\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\n\"Eblange\". www.paysboulageois.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-08-19.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Éblange", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2958 ]

[ 14433 ]

[ "The town hall of Ébouleau", "" ]

[ 0, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/%C3%89bouleau_%28Aisne%29_mairie.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Arrondissement_de_Laon.PNG" ]

[ "Ébouleau ([ebulo]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Aisne department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Ébouleau", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2959, 2960 ]

[ 14434 ]

[ "The tower of the church in Ébreuil" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Clocher_Saint-L%C3%A9ger_d%27%C3%89breuil.jpg" ]

[ "Ébreuil ([ebʁœj]; Auvergnat: Esbreule) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.", "", "Communes of the Allier department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Ébreuil", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2961 ]

[ 14435 ]

[ "Map of part of Ivory Coast showing the Ébrié Lagoon", "Sunset over Ébrié Lagoon, with Abidjan in the distance", "Pirogue on Ébrié Lagoon" ]

[ 0, 1, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Lagune%C3%A9bri%C3%A9.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Coucher_de_soleil_lagune_%C3%89bri%C3%A9_Abidjan.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Piroguiers.jpg" ]

[ "The Ébrié Lagoon lies in Ivory Coast, separated for almost all of its length from the Atlantic Ocean by a narrow coastal strip. The 130 km (80 mi) long lagoon is linked to the sea by the Vridi Canal, while the Comoë River flows into it. The lagoon averages 4 km (2½ mi) in width, and 5 m (16 ft) in depth. Abidjan and towns such as Grand Bassam, Bingerville, Jacqueville, Attécoubé, and Tiagba lie on the lagoon.", "The Ébrié Lagoon is a long narrow lagoon complex located in the south of Ivory Coast. It lies parallel with the coast on an east/west axis and consists of several linked lagoons. At the eastern end it is linked by a channel to the Aghien and Potou Lagoons, into which the Mé River flows. The other major rivers flowing into the lagoon are the Komoé River in the east, the Agnéby River in the centre, and the Ira River in the west. At the western end, Ébrié is linked by the Asagni Canal to the Tagba Lagoon and the Bandama River. It is connected to the Gulf of Guinea by the Vridi Canal, which was opened as a navigable channel in 1950. The natural mouth of the complex is at Grand-Bassam, but this tends to silt up during the dry season. There are several large and many small islands in the lagoon. The cities of Abidjan, Bingerville, Jacqueville, Attécoubé, Tiagba and Dabou lie beside the lagoon and it is crossed by four bridges.\nThe Ébrié Lagoon has an area of approximately 560 km² (216 sq mi), a maximum length of 130 km (80 mi), and a maximum width of 7 km (4 mi). The average depth is 5 m (16 ft) and the maximum depth is 20 m (66 ft). The amount of fresh water entering the lagoon varies with the time of year, but averages 98,500,000 cubic metres (3.48×10⁹ cu ft) per year, and tidal exchanges with the sea average 380,000,000 cubic metres (1.3×10¹⁰ cu ft) per year. The water is brackish, varying in salinity from 0 to 35‰. It is also turbid and polluted, especially near Abidjan, with high levels of nitrogen and phosphate.", "There are extensive areas around the lagoon dominated by mangroves such as Rhizophora racemosa, and the golden leather fern Acrostichum aureum. Elsewhere, there are floating aquatic plants in the bays and backwaters, and reeds, sedges and grasses at the edges of the water. The lagoon is separated from the sea by a sandbar and much of the terrain close to the lagoon is swampy, with taller vegetation and some trees.\nIn the shallow parts of the lagoon there are a range of invertebrates including polychaete worms, nemertean worms, oligochaetes, isopods, amphipods and prawns. Over a hundred species of fish have been recorded in the lagoon, and it and the surrounding swamps are home to the African manatee, the pygmy hippopotamus, the Nile crocodile, the West African slender-snouted crocodile and the dwarf crocodile. Birds such as the African darter, the Pel's fishing owl, the white-crested tiger heron and the goliath heron breed here.", "Parts of the lagoon are highly polluted. Chemical pollution comes from the agricultural and industrial activity in the catchment area, with fertiliser run off occurring particularly in the wet season. Organic and bacterial pollution occurs mainly in urban areas, with high levels of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens being detected.\nThere is an artisanal fishery on the lagoon, employing about seven thousand people using four thousand boats with a potential annual catch of around 8,000 tonnes (7,900 long tons; 8,800 short tons). The bonga shad (Ethmalosa fimbriata) accounts for about 75% of the catch, especially in the more polluted waters near Abidjan where it is more abundant than other species. Other fish are found away from the urban areas in unpolluted waters, with the Atlantic bumper (Chloroscombrus chrysurus) and the Madeiran sardinella (Sardinella maderensis) being abundant, and the Guinean striped mojarra (Gerres nigri) and Senegal jack (Caranx senegallus) also contributing to the catch.", "Hughes, R.H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. pp. 341–345. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5.\nPhilip's (1994). Atlas of the World. Reed International. p. 100. ISBN 0-540-05831-9.\n\"Ébrié Lagoon\". Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa. FAO. Retrieved 17 June 2019.\n\"Grand Bassam\". Ramsar. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.\nGuyonnet, B.; Aliaume, C.; Albaret, J.-J.; Casellas, C.; Zerbi, A.; Lasserre, G.; Chi, T Do (2003). \"Biology of Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich) and fish diversity in the Ebrie Lagoon (Ivory Coast), a multipolluted environment\". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 60 (2): 259–267. doi:10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00016-X." ]

[ "Ébrié Lagoon", "Geography", "Flora and fauna", "Human use", "References" ]

[ 2962, 2963, 2964 ]

[ 14436, 14437, 14438, 14439, 14440, 14441, 14442, 14443, 14444, 14445, 14446 ]

[ "The church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Ecaillon_%28_nord%29_-_Eglise.JPG" ]

[ "Écaillon ([ekajɔ̃]) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Nord department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file" ]

[ "Écaillon", "Heraldry", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2965 ]

[ 14447 ]

[ "The church in Écalles-Alix" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Ecalles-Alix.JPG" ]

[ "Écalles-Alix is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.", "A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Rouen at the junction of the D89 with the D6015 road.", "", "The church of St. Martin, dating from the twelfth century.\nThe Château de Beauvoir, built in 1638.", "Communes of the Seine-Maritime department", "\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Écalles-Alix", "Geography", "Population", "Places of interest", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2966 ]

[ 14448 ]

[ "St. James' Church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ecaquelon_%C3%A9glise.jpg" ]

[ "Écaquelon ([ekaklɔ̃]) is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Eure department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Écaquelon", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2967 ]

[ 14449 ]

[ "The church in Écardenville-la-Campagne" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/%C3%89cardenville-la-Campagne_%28Eure%2C_Fr%29_%C3%A9glise.JPG" ]

[ "Écardenville-la-Campagne ([ekaʁdɑ̃vil la kɑ̃paɲ]) is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Eure department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Écardenville-la-Campagne", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2968 ]

[ 14450 ]

[ "St. Germanus' Church" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Ecardenville1.JPG" ]

[ "Écardenville-sur-Eure is a former commune in the Eure department in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Clef-Vallée-d'Eure.", "", "Communes of the Eure department", "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019, INSEE\nArrêté préfectoral 4 December 2015 (in French)" ]

[ "Écardenville-sur-Eure", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2969 ]

[ 14451 ]

[ "An Écarté hand", "The suit of Spades from a French pack, ranking as in Écarté" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Euchre.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Suit_of_Spades-%C3%89cart%C3%A9.jpg" ]

[ "Écarté is an old French casino game for two players that is still played today. It is a trick-taking game, similar to whist, but with a special and eponymous discarding phase; the word écarté meaning \"discarded\". Écarté was popular in the 19th century, but is now rarely played. It is described as \"an elegant two-player derivative of Triomphe [that is] quite fun to play\" and a \"classic that should be known to all educated card players.\"", "All cards from two to six are removed from a 52-card pack, to produce the Piquet pack of thirty-two cards, which rank from the lowest 7, 8, 9, 10, ace, knave, queen, to king high. Note that the ace ranks between ten and knave, making the king the highest card.\nThe players cut to determine the dealer, who deals five cards each in packets of two and three, or three and two, either to whim or some agreement. The eleventh card is dealt face up to determine the trump suit. If this card is a king, the dealer can immediately mark an extra point for himself.\nThe elder hand (the player opposite the dealer) is then entitled, if that player so desires, to begin the exchange—a crucial part of the game. This involves discarding cards in order to improve their hand with fresh cards from the remaining pack. To make an exchange, the elder hand must make a proposal to the dealer of a specific number of cards. The dealer must then decide whether or not to accept. If the dealer accepts then the elder hand must propose a discard and the dealer should deal the same number of fresh cards from the pack; following which the dealer must then also make an exchange of at least one card. Once cards have been discarded, they are no longer used, nor looked at. If the proposal was accepted, then the elder hand can make another proposal, if desired, and can go on making proposals as long as the dealer accepts them. This process ends and play begins either at the point that the elder hand chooses not to propose, or the dealer refuses to accept, or the stock of remaining cards runs out.\nThe elder hand is under no obligation to make any exchange at all. If no initial proposal is made, the elder hand becomes a vulnerable player, leaving the dealer with a chance of scoring an extra point. The dealer suffers the same liability and becomes vulnerable if he refuses the initial proposal made by the opponent. After the initial proposal, the elder hand can decline to propose further and the dealer can refuse to accept at any point, without either player becoming vulnerable.\nBefore playing the first card, if either player holds the king of trumps, he can mark an extra point for themselves by announcing it. He does not have to do so, but forfeits the right if he forgets to do so before starting play.\nThe play begins with the elder hand leading the initial trick, after which the winner of the previous trick leads the next. If it is possible to follow suit, then the other player must always do so. The trick is won by the highest card in the suit led. If a trump card is played then the highest trump wins the trick. If a player can win the trick then he must do so.", "One point is scored by the dealer by dealing the king face up as the eleventh card.\nOne point is scored by marking the king of trumps in a hand before the first card is played.\nOne point is scored by the player winning the most tricks.\nOne extra point is scored by the winning player if he wins the vole, all five tricks.\nOne extra point is scored by defeating a vulnerable player (i.e., taking a majority of the tricks). No extra point is scored for winning the vole against a vulnerable player, however (i.e., the hand is scored for winning the vole the same as if no player had been vulnerable).\nFive points wins the game. Play sometimes consist of multiple games as part of a \"rubber\" or set. Score is often kept with counters or unused cards, similar to Euchre.", "The rules of Écarté, as were accepted by the principal clubs in London at the start of the 20th century, and cited in Cavendish, are as follows:\nEach player has a right to shuffle both his own and his adversary's pack. The dealer has the right to shuffle last.\nThe pack must be shuffled neither below the table, nor in such a manner as to expose the faces of the cards, nor during the play of the hand.\nA cut must consist of at least two cards, and at least two must be left in the lower packet.\nA player exposing more than one card when cutting for deal must cut again.\nThe player who cuts the highest Écarté card deals, and has choice of cards and seats. The choice determines both seats and cards during the play.\nThe cut for deal holds good even if the pack be incorrect.\nIf in cutting to the dealer a card be exposed, there must be a fresh cut.\nThe dealer must give five cards to his adversary and five to himself, by two at a time to each, and then by three at a time to each, or vice versa. The dealer, having selected the order in which he will distribute the cards, must not change it during that game; nor may he change it at the commencement of any subsequent game, unless he informs the non-dealer before the pack is cut.\nIf the dealer give more or fewer than five cards to his adversary or to himself, or do not adhere to the order of distribution first selected, and the error be discovered before the trump card is turned, the non-dealer, before he looks at his hand, may require the dealer to rectify the error, or may claim a fresh deal.\nThe hands having been dealt, the dealer must turn up for trumps the top card of those remaining.\nIf the dealer turn up more than one card, the non-dealer, before he looks at his hand, may choose which of the exposed cards shall be the trump, or may claim a fresh deal. Should the non-dealer have looked at his hand, there must be a fresh deal.\nIf, before the trump card is turned up, a faced card be discovered in the pack, there must be a fresh deal.\nIf the dealer expose any of his own cards the deal stands good. If he expose any of his adversary's cards, the non-dealer, before he looks at his hand, may claim a fresh deal.\nIf a player deal out of his turn, or with his adversary's pack, and the error be discovered before the trump card is turned up, the deal is void. After the trump card is turned up, it is too late to rectify the error, and if the adversary's pack has been dealt with, the packs remain changed.\nIf, after the trump card is turned up, and before proposing, or, if there is no proposal, before playing, it be discovered that the non-dealer has more than five cards, he may claim a fresh deal. Should the non-dealer not claim a fresh deal, he discards the superfluous cards, and the dealer is not entitled to see them.\nIf, after the trump card is turned up, and before proposing, or, if there is no proposal, before playing, it be discovered that the non-dealer has fewer than five cards, he may have his hand completed from the stock, or may claim a fresh deal.\nIf, after the trump card is turned up, and before the dealer accepts or refuses, or, if there is no proposal, before he plays, it be discovered that he has dealt himself more than five cards, the non-dealer may claim a fresh deal. Should he not claim a fresh deal, he draws the superfluous cards from the dealer's hand. Should the dealer have taken up his hand, the non-dealer is entitled to look at the cards he draws.\nIf, after the trump card is turned up, and before the dealer accepts or refuses, or, if there is no proposal, before he plays, it be discovered that the dealer has fewer than five cards, the non-dealer may permit the dealer to complete his hand from the stock, or may claim a fresh deal.\nIf a fresh deal be not claimed when the wrong number of cards are dealt, the dealer cannot mark the king turned up.\nIf the non-dealer play without taking cards, and it be then discovered that he has more or fewer than five cards, there must be a fresh deal.\nIf the dealer play without taking cards, and it be then discovered that he has more or fewer than five cards, his adversary may claim a fresh deal.\nIf a king be turned up, the dealer is entitled to mark it at any time before the trump card of the next deal is turned up.\nIf either player hold the king of trumps, he must announce it before playing his first card, or he loses the right to mark it. It is not sufficient to mark the king held in hand without announcing it.\nIf the king be the card first led, it may be announced at any time prior to its being played to. If the king be the card first played by the dealer, he may announce it at any time before he plays again.\nIf a player, not holding the king, announce it, and fail to declare his error before he has played a card, the adversary may correct the score, and has the option of requiring the hands to be played over again, notwithstanding that he may have abandoned his hand. If the offender win the point he marks nothing; if he win the vole he marks only one; if he win the point when his adversary has played without proposing, or has refused the first proposal, he marks only one. But if the adversary himself hold the king, there is no penalty.\nIf a player propose, he cannot retract; nor can he alter the number of cards asked for. [Footnote: The elder hand may \"propose,\" i.e. ask for cards, as often as he pleases. If the dealer is not content with his own hand, he will give cards, but after the first proposal, it is entirely at his own option whether or not to do so.]\nThe dealer, having accepted or refused, cannot retract. The dealer, if required, must inform his adversary how many cards he has taken.\nEach player, before taking cards, must put his discard face downward on the table, apart from the stock, and from his adversary's discard. Cards once discarded must not be looked at.\nIf the non-dealer take more cards than he his discarded, and mix any of them with his hand, the dealer may claim a fresh deal. If the dealer elect to play the hand, he draws the superfluous cards from the non-dealer's hand. Should the non-dealer have taken up any of the cards given him, the dealer is entitled to look at the cards he draws.\nIf the non-dealer asks for fewer cards than he has discarded, the dealer counts as tricks all cards which cannot be played to.\nIf the dealer give his adversary more cards than he has asked for, the non-dealer may claim a fresh deal. If the non-dealer elect to play the hand, he discards the superfluous cards, and the dealer is not entitled to see them.\nIf the dealer give his adversary fewer cards than he has asked for, the non-dealer may claim a fresh deal. If the non-dealer elect to play the hand, he has it completed from the stock.\nIf the dealer give himself more cards than he has discarded, and mix any of them with his hand, the non-dealer may claim a fresh deal. If the non-dealer elect to play the hand, he draws the superfluous cards from the dealer's hand. Should the dealer have taken up any of the cards he has given himself, the non-dealer is entitled to look at the cards he draws.\nIf the dealer give himself fewer cards than he has discarded, he may, before playing, complete his hand from the stock. If the dealer play with fewer than five cards, the non-dealer counts as tricks all cards which cannot be played to.\nIf a face-up card be found in the stock after discarding, both players have a right to see it. The face-up card must be thrown aside, and the next card given instead.\nIf, in giving cards, any of the non-dealer's are exposed, he has the option of taking them; should the non-dealer refuse them, they must be thrown aside and the next cards given instead. If the dealer expose any of his own cards, he must take them.\nIf, after giving the cards, the dealer turn up a card in error, as though it were the trump card, he cannot refuse another discard. If another be demanded, the non-dealer has the option of taking the exposed card.\nIf the dealer accept when there are not sufficient cards left in the stock to enable the players to exchange as many cards as they wish, the non-dealer is entitled to exchange as many as he asked for, or, if there are not enough, at many as there are left, and the dealer must play his hand; the dealer is at liberty to accept, conditionally, on there being cards enough in the stock.\nA card led in turn cannot be taken up again. A card played to a lead may be taken up again to save a revoke or to correct the error of not winning a trick when able, and then only prior to another card being led.\nIf a card be led out of turn, it may be taken up again, prior to its being played to; after it has been played to, the error cannot be rectified.\nIf the leader name one suit and play another, the adversary may play to the card led, or may require the leader to play the suit named. If the leader have none of the suit named, the card led cannot be withdrawn.\nIf a player abandon his hand when he has not made a trick, his adversary is entitled to mark the vole. If a player abandon his hand after he has made one or two tricks, his adversary is entitled to mark the point. But if a player throw down his cards, claiming to score, the hand is not abandoned, and there is no penalty.\nIf a player renounce when he holds a card of the suit led, or if a player fail to win the trick when able, his adversary has the option of requiring the hands to be played again, notwithstanding that he may have abandoned his hand. If the offender win the point he marks nothing; if he win the vole, he marks only one; if he win the point when his adversary has played without proposing, or has refused the first proposal, he marks only one. Should the card played in error be taken up again prior to another card being led (as provided by Rule 39), there is no penalty.\nA player may call for new cards at his own expense, at any time before the pack is cut for the next deal. He must call for two new packs, of which the dealer has choice.\nIf a pack be discovered to be incorrect, redundant, or imperfect, the deal in which the discovery is made is void; all preceding deals stand good.\nThe game is five up. By agreement, the game may count a treble if the adversary has not scored; a double if he has scored one or two; a single if he has scored three or four.\nA player turning up a king, or holding the king of trumps in his hand, is entitled to mark one.\nA player winning the point is entitled to mark one; a player winning the vole is entitled to mark two.\nIf the non-dealer play without proposing, and fail to win the point, his adversary is entitled to mark two. If the dealer refuse the first proposal, and fail to win the point, the non-dealer is entitled to mark two. These scores apply only to the first proposal or refusal in a hand, and only to the point the score for the vole being unaffected.\nIf a player omit to mark his score, he may rectify the omission at any time before the trump card of the next deal is turned up.\nAn admitted over-score can be taken down at any time during the game.", "As in other tricking taking games such as Whist, it is common for play to consist of \"rubbers\" or \"sets,\" where the player who wins the best of three, five, seven, or even eleven games wins the rubber. \nOne of the best known descriptions of Écarté - a treatise by Cavendish written in 1886 that describes the then-current state-of-play in certain London clubs - discusses at least two different variants: Pool Écarté and French Écarté. Pool Écarté is designed for three players, with only two players playing each hand and one observing. The losing player for the hand then swaps places with the observing player, until one of the players wins two games consecutively. In French Écarté, observing bystanders are allowed to place certain wagers on the game, similar to some version of Baccarat, and are also allowed to provide certain input to the players during the course of the game. In English Écarté, bystanders were permitted to place bets on a game, but were not permitted to comment or provide input. \nFor a more modern variation of the game, the cards may be re-ranked with the Ace as the highest card and the King as the second highest card, as in most modern card games.\nAs an old casino game, betting was originally a central feature of Écarté. While this aspect of the game can be simulated with chips similar to Poker or Napoleon (card game), another mechanic that is occasionally used is to permit players to propose to \"double\" the point value of the hand then in play. This is functionally similar to raising the bet for the hand, though without the necessity of chips or money. The proposal can be made by either player at any time before the commencement of the third trick (i.e., the mid-point of the hand), and if the other player accepts, the total point value of the hand is doubled for whoever wins (including any points scored due to the vulnerability of one of the players). If the other player declines, however, the hand is immediately concluded (similar to folding in Poker) and the proposing player awarded points as if they had taken a majority of the tricks, but had not taken the vole (i.e., one point in a standard hand, or two points if the player declining to double the value of the hand was vulnerable). This mechanic permits for some additional complex strategies, such as bluffing.\nA similar variation allows either player to \"offer[] the point to the opponent,\" similar to folding in Poker. If the opponent accepts the offer, the hand is immediately concluded and scored as if the opponent had won \"the point\" (i.e., three or four out of the five available tricks). If the opponent declines the offer, however, they are \"bound to win the vole.\" If they do so, scoring proceeds as normal, but if the player declining the offer fails to win the vole (i.e., if the player who initially offered to fold takes at least one trick), then the player who made the initial offer scores two points. It is unclear from the sources for this variation whether there is any kind of rule on how late in the hand a player is permitted to make an offer, or whether the offer can be made at any time during the course of a hand.\nBourré is sometimes considered a variant of Écarté for more than two players.", "Écarté seems to be the card game played by actors in the 1895 Partie de cartes Lumière brothers film.\nÉcarté is mentioned in The Count of Monte Cristo by Dumas as being a game the French prefer over others, such as whist.\nA game of Écarté is played (and described in some detail) by the protagonist in Gaston Leroux's short story \"In Letters of Fire,\" to test a man who claims to have made a deal with the Devil that ensures he can never lose a game.\nÉcarté is also mentioned in Edgar Allan Poe's 1839 story \"William Wilson\".\nIt is played in chapter 10 of the Sherlock Holmes novel The Hound of the Baskervilles. A game of Écarté also figures prominently in Conan Doyle's The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard, Chapter 3, How the Brigadier Held the King.\nIt is mentioned in the lyrics of a song from Gilbert and Sullivan's 1889 comic opera The Gondoliers, in which the character of the Duchess of Plaza-Toro sings \"At middle class party, I play at Écarté, and I'm by no means a beginner.\".\nThe game is mentioned in Chapter VI of The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins, and in Chapter XII of the same author's Man and Wife.\nThe game is mentioned in Chapter I of Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard by Anatole France.\nThe game is specifically not played in favor of piquet in chapter 5 of Ashenden or the British Agent by W. Somerset Maugham\nIn the film The Happiest Days of Your Life, Arnold Billings, played by Richard Wattis, while introducing the new master to the Common Room, says that \"Mathews, the Second Master, plays a good hand at écarté\".\nIn Chapter XIII of Charles Dicken's The Pickwick Papers, the Club plays \"écarte\" (sic) at Eatanswill.\nÉcarté appears to be the game played by Francis Poldark and Matthew Sampson in Season 1, Episode 5 of the BBC show Poldark (2015 TV series), and similarly is played by Ross Poldark and Matthew Sampson in Season 1, Episode 6. Francis loses his mine to Matthew in Episode 5 during a high-stakes game of Écarté, before Ross catches Matthew cheating at Écarté in Episode 6.", "Euchre\nPiquet\nBourré", "Kastner, Hugo and Gerald Kador Folkvord. Die Große Humboldt-Enzyklopädie der Kartenspieler.\nParlett 2008, p. 104.\nParlett 2008, p. 184.\nCavendish 1886, p. 33-34.\nCavendish 1886, p. 34.\nCavendish 1886.\nCavendish 1886, p. 35-37.\nCavendish 1886, p. 35.\nCavendish 1886, p. 36-37.\nCavendish 1886, p. 15.\nA. Howard Cady, Écarté: A Treatise on the Game & American Sports Publishing Co. (1896), p. 11.\nCavendish 1886, p. 15, 35-37.\nCady 1896, p. 11.\nPoe, Edgar Allan. Selected Tales (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980)", "Cavendish (1886). Cavendish on Écarté, de la Rue, London.\nParlett, David (2008). The Penguin book of card games. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-03787-5.\nParlett, David (2008). The Penguin Book of Card Games, Penguin, London. ISBN 978-0-141-03787-5\n\"Cavendish\" (2017). The laws of Écarté - Adopted by The Turf and Portland Clubs with a Treatise on the Game, Westphalia Press, Washington DC. ISBN 978-1-63391-537-4\nCady, A. Howard (1896). Écarté: A Treatise on the Game with Some Historical Notes on Its Origin, American Sports Publishing Co., New York.", "A Treatise on the game of Écarté, James Harding - London, 1824." ]

[ "Écarté", "Play", "Scoring", "Early 20th century London Rules", "Variations", "In popular culture", "See also", "References", "Literature", "External links" ]

[ 2970, 2971 ]

[ 14452, 14453, 14454, 14455, 14456, 14457, 14458, 14459, 14460, 14461, 14462, 14463, 14464, 14465, 14466, 14467, 14468, 14469, 14470, 14471, 14472, 14473, 14474, 14475, 14476, 14477, 14478, 14479, 14480, 14481, 14482, 14483, 14484, 14485, 14486, 14487, 14488, 14489, 14490, 14491, 14492, 14493, 14494, 14495, 14496, 14497, 14498, 14499, 14500, 14501, 14502, 14503, 14504, 14505, 14506, 14507, 14508, 14509 ]

[ "The town hall" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/MAIRIE_D%27ECAUSSEVILLE_50310_FRANCE.jpg" ]

[ "Écausseville is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.", "Communes of the Manche department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Écausseville", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2972 ]

[ 14510 ]

[ "Écaussinnes-Lalaing Castle", "" ]

[ 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ecaussinnes-Lalaing_CH1bJPG.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Belgieheneg.png" ]

[ "Écaussinnes ([ekosin]; Picard: Les Scassenes; Walloon: Les Scåssenes) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. \nOn 1 January 2018 Écaussinnes had a total population of 11,135. The total area is 34.77 km² which gives a population density of 320 inhabitants per km².\nThe municipality consists of the following districts: Écaussinnes-d'Enghien, Écaussinnes-Lalaing, and Marche-lez-Écaussinnes.\nThe city hosts the \"Oberbayern\" Festival each year in August, and hosted the Spring Blues Festival from 1988 to 2013.", "Nearly 100 local citizens were saved from being killed by the German army by the intercession of Qian Xiuling. There is a street named Rue Perlinghi in her honour. \"Perlinghi\" was her married name.", "The ECAUSSINNES post-office opened on 1 December 1850. It used a postal code 158 with bars (before 1864), and 105 with points before 1874. \nThe ECAUSSINNES-D'ENGHIEN post-office opened on 13 November 1879, MARCHE-LEZ-ECAUSSINNES on 10 May 1880.\nPostal codes in 1969:\n- 7180 Marche-lez-Écaussinnes\n- 7190 Écaussinnes-d'Enghien\n- 7191 Écaussinnes-Lalaing\nPostal codes since at least 1990: 7190, 7191 Écaussinnes-Lalaing", "\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.\nCatalogue Spécialisé des Oblitérations Belges, 1849-1910, Nationale en Internationale\nPostzegelmanifestaties Antwerpen (NIPA), Antwerp, 1999.\nListe des Numéros Postaux, Administration des Postes, Bruxelles 1969.", "Media related to Écaussinnes at Wikimedia Commons" ]

[ "Écaussinnes", "History", "Postal history", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2973 ]

[ 14511, 14512, 14513 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Ecaussinnes-Lalaing_CH1bJPG.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/EcaussineSchlossTurm.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Ecaussinnes-Lalaing_Fe1aJPG.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Braine-le-Ch%C3%A2teau_CH1c_JPG.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Fre%C3%BFr_Castle_R01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Mirwart_JPG02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Dilbeek_town_house_0001.jpg" ]

[ "Écaussinnes-Lalaing Castle (French: Château d'Écaussinnes-Lalaing) is a castle in the village of Écaussinnes-Lalaing in the municipality of Écaussinnes in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium.", "In 1184 Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, built the first castle on this site. The lords of Écaussinnes and their heirs the de Lalaings altered the original structure several times over the centuries.\nIn 1450 Marie de Lalaing married Jean II de Croÿ, descendant of the Counts (later Princes) of Chimay. By a quirk of inheritance, the castle later became the property of the Lalaing family again. They sold it in 1642 to the van der Burcht family.\nIn the 18th century the interior was redecorated with Rococo elements in the first floor of the Gothic hall.", "List of castles in Belgium", "\"Belgian Castles - Lifestyle - Travel - Business\".", "Official website Château d'Écaussinnes-Lalaing" ]

[ "Écaussinnes-Lalaing Castle", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2974, 2975, 2976, 2977, 2978, 2979, 2980 ]

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[ "The town hall in Écauville" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Ecauville%2C_mairie_et_%C3%A9glise.jpg" ]

[ "Écauville ([ekovil]) is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Eure department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Écauville", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2981 ]

[ 14516 ]

[ "", "", "", "Échallens Castle", "A church in Échallens", "A train of the Lausanne-Échallens-Bercher (LEB) line" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 4, 7, 11 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Echallens-Kirche-St-Jean.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Reliefkarte_Waadt_blank.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Windrose_klein.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Echallens_-_Ch%C3%A2teau.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Echallens_-_Temple.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/LEB_Be_32.JPG" ]

[ "Échallens is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.", "The territory of the municipality was already settled very early. There are remains of a Bronze Age foundry.\nThe first documentation dates from 1141 under the name of Charlens. Later forms of the name include Challeins, Escharlens (1177), Eschallens (1228), and Eschalleins (1279). The present form of the name first appears in 1315. The name comes from the personal name Charles.\nThe site belonged originally to the Bishop of Lausanne. At the end of the 12th century, the Burgundian Lords of Montfaucon established the territory of Échallens and built a castle there in the 13th century. In 1317, the rights of the house of Savoy were recognized. In 1350, Échallens was encircled by a wall and received city rights in 1351. From then until the 16th century, a weekly market was held.\nIn 1410, the government of Échallens passed to the house of Chalon, which originated in Burgundy. For this reason, the Eidgenossen took over after the Burgundian Wars and put it under the administration of Fribourg and Bern in 1476.\nBecause of the common administration of Catholic Fribourg and Protestant Bern, the Reformation did not gain ground in Echallen, and it remained Catholic.\nÉchallens belonged from 1798 to 1803 to the canton of Léman in the Helvetic Republic, and was brought into the canton of Vaud by the mediation of Napoleon. It has been the capital of the district since 1798.", "Échallens has an area, as of 2009, of 6.66 square kilometers (2.57 sq mi). Of this area, 4.25 km² (1.64 sq mi) or 63.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.87 km² (0.34 sq mi) or 13.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.48 km² (0.57 sq mi) or 22.2% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.05 km² (12 acres) or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km² (4.9 acres) or 0.3% is unproductive land.\nOf the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 12.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.2%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 50.6% is used for growing crops and 10.4% is pastures, while 2.9% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.\nThe municipality was the capital of the Échallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Échallens became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud.\nÉchallens lies at an elevation of 617 m (2,024 ft) 14 km (8.7 mi) north of Lausanne. The municipality stretches across the Gros de Vaud plateau, on both sides of the river Talent, on the northwest edge of the Jorat, in central Vaud.\nIt includes a section of the rolling Gros de Vaud, the breadbasket of the canton of Vaud. The Talent runs from east to west across the municipality, from the highlands of the Jorat. In the southwest, it runs down to the Mortigue (a tributary of the Talent). The highest point in the municipality is at an elevation of 672 m (2,205 ft) in the municipality woods.\nÉchallens lies in the middle of its district. The surrounding municipalities are Villars-le-Terroir, Poliez-le-Grand, Bottens, Malapalud, Assens, Saint-Barthélemy, and Goumoens-la-Ville, all in the same district.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, an Oak-tree eradicated Sable leaved and fructed proper.", "Échallens has a population (as of December 2020) of 5,729. As of 2008, 18.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 25.7%. It has changed at a rate of 20.7% due to migration and at a rate of 4.9% due to births and deaths.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (3,815 or 89.1%), with German being second most common (122 or 2.8%) and Portuguese being third (90 or 2.1%). There are 78 people who speak Italian and 4 people who speak Romansh.\nOf the population in the municipality 894 or about 20.9% were born in Échallens and lived there in 2000. There were 1,880 or 43.9% who were born in the same canton, while 615 or 14.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 800 or 18.7% were born outside of Switzerland.\nIn 2008 there were 28 live births to Swiss citizens and 6 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 33 deaths of Swiss citizens and 3 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 5 while the foreign population increased by 3. There were 2 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 18 non-Swiss men and 12 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 30 and the non-Swiss population increased by 40 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.2%.\nThe age distribution, as of 2009, in Échallens is; 651 children or 12.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 761 teenagers or 14.8% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 651 people or 12.6% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 708 people or 13.8% are between 30 and 39, 930 people or 18.1% are between 40 and 49, and 605 people or 11.8% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 464 people or 9.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 242 people or 4.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 113 people or 2.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 22 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.\nAs of 2000, there were 1,848 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,036 married individuals, 204 widows or widowers and 193 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000, there were 1,634 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 448 households that consist of only one person and 122 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,658 households that answered this question, 27.0% were households made up of just one person and there were 5 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 391 married couples without children, 672 married couples with children There were 102 single parents with a child or children. There were 16 households that were made up of unrelated people and 24 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.\nIn 2000 there were 486 single family homes (or 61.4% of the total) out of a total of 791 inhabited buildings. There were 135 multi-family buildings (17.1%), along with 120 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (15.2%) and 50 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.3%). Of the single family homes 19 were built before 1919, while 137 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (176) were built between 1981 and 1990. The most multi-family homes (27) were built before 1919 and the next most (25) were built between 1981 and 1990. There were 2 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.\nIn 2000 there were 1,747 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 493. There were 75 single room apartments and 427 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,582 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 141 apartments (8.1%) were seasonally occupied and 24 apartments (1.4%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2.5 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.14%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 20.45% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.87%), the Green Party (14.75%) and the FDP (14.41%). In the federal election, a total of 1,343 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 44.4%.", "Échallens is a regionally important commercial center of the Gros de Vaud. Until the end of the 19th century, it was primarily agricultural. Today, agriculture is quite marginal.\nThe municipality became slowly industrialized, with machining, metalworking, and textiles being the major industries.\nMost jobs (almost 70 percent) are in the service sector. Many people now commute to Lausanne.\nAs of  2010, Échallens had an unemployment rate of 4.3%. As of 2008, there were 50 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 17 businesses involved in this sector. 291 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 39 businesses in this sector. 1,593 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 213 businesses in this sector. There were 2,206 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.8% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,566. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 38, of which 31 were in agriculture and 7 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 279 of which 53 or (19.0%) were in manufacturing and 224 (80.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,249. In the tertiary sector; 382 or 30.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 105 or 8.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 69 or 5.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 13 or 1.0% were in the information industry, 85 or 6.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 130 or 10.4% were technical professionals or scientists, 126 or 10.1% were in education and 141 or 11.3% were in health care.\nIn 2000, there were 980 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,535 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 15.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 63% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 1,667 or 38.9% were Roman Catholic, while 1,595 or 37.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 179 members of an Orthodox church (or about 4.18% of the population), and there were 292 individuals (or about 6.82% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 4 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who were Jewish, and 81 (or about 1.89% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 4 individuals who were Buddhist and 9 individuals who belonged to another church. 464 (or about 10.84% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 127 individuals (or about 2.97% of the population) did not answer the question.", "Échallens has an average of 121.6 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 972 mm (38.3 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is June during which time Échallens receives an average of 99 mm (3.9 in) of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.2 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 12.3, but with only 89 mm (3.5 in) of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 69 mm (2.7 in) of precipitation over 10.1 days.", "In Échallens about 1,654 or (38.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 481 or (11.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 481 who completed tertiary schooling, 62.4% were Swiss men, 25.6% were Swiss women, 6.7% were non-Swiss men and 5.4% were non-Swiss women.\nIn the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 830 students in the Échallens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 296 children of which 96 children (32.4%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 443 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 373 students in those schools. There were also 14 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.\nÉchallens is home to 1 museum, the Maison du blé et du pain (House of wheat and bread). In 2009 it was visited by 11,087 visitors while the average in previous years was 11,438.\nAs of 2000, there were 344 students in Échallens who came from another municipality, while 201 residents attended schools outside the municipality.", "FC Echallens play in the town. The team currently plays in Liga 1., the fourth highest tier in the Swiss football pyramid. Their home stadium is Sportplatz 3 Sapins which is situated on the outskirts of Échallens.", "Échallens lies on the main highway between Lausanne and Yverdon-les-Bains. The entrance to the A1 motorway at La Sarraz opened in 1981 and is only about 7 km from the center.\nIn 1874, the Chemin de fer Lausanne-Échallens-Bercher (LEB) opened the narrow-gauge Lausanne–Bercher line. The municipality has three stations on the line: Echallens, Sur Roche, and Grésaley. There are bus lines to Chavornay, Yverdon, und Thierrens.", "Émile Gardaz (1931 in Échallens - 2007) a Swiss Romand radio moderator and author\nGabriel Wüthrich (born 1981 in Échallens) a Swiss football goalkeeper", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.\nÉchallens in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nCatholiques et Protestants dans le pays de Vaud Olivier Blanc - 1986 p191 \"Cossonay, Échallens, Oron et Lavaux sont notamment dans ce cas. Alors que le gain ... Les communes de Cugy, Échallens et Froideville sont les principales bénéficiaires d'une augmentation de l'300 protestants dans le district d' Échallens.\"\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010.\nNomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz (in German) accessed 4 April 2011.\nFlags of the World.com accessed 26 May 2011.\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 (in German) accessed 19 June 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 26 May 2011.\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 Archived 2013-08-09 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office (in French) accessed 29 April 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 2014-09-07 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 Archived 2014-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 29 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (in German) accessed 28 May 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb Archived 2012-08-04 at archive.today (in German) accessed 24 June 2010.\n\"Temperature and Precipitation Average Values-Table, 1961-1990\" (in German, French, and Italian). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009., the Échallens weather station elevation is 603 meters above sea level.\nOrganigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009-2010 (in French) accessed 2 May 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office - Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition (in French) accessed 2 May 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office - Fréquentation de quelques musées et fondations, Vaud, 2001-2009 (in French) accessed 2 May 2011." ]

[ "Échallens", "History", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Weather", "Education", "Sport", "Transportation", "Notable people", "References" ]

[ 2982, 2983, 2984, 2985 ]

[ 14517, 14518, 14519, 14520, 14521, 14522, 14523, 14524, 14525, 14526, 14527, 14528, 14529, 14530, 14531, 14532, 14533, 14534, 14535, 14536, 14537, 14538, 14539, 14540, 14541, 14542, 14543, 14544, 14545, 14546, 14547, 14548, 14549, 14550, 14551, 14552, 14553, 14554, 14555, 14556, 14557 ]

[ "Genin Lake" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Lac_Genin_3.jpg" ]

[ "Échallon ([eʃalɔ̃]) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Ain department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Échallon", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2986 ]

[ 14558 ]

[ "The church in Échalot" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/EchalotF21_%C3%A9glise_IMF9214.jpg" ]

[ "Échalot ([eʃalo]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Côte-d'Or department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échalot", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2987 ]

[ 14559 ]

[ "The church in Échalou" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/FranceNormandieEchalouEglise.jpg" ]

[ "Échalou ([eʃalu] (listen)) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.", "Communes of the Orne department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échalou", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2988 ]

[ 14560 ]

[ "A general view of Échandelys" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Vue_depuis_le_belv%C3%A9dere_Les_Deux_Fr%C3%A8res%2C_Echandelys_-_Puy_de_D%C3%B4me%2C_France.jpg" ]

[ "Échandelys is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.", "Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Échandelys", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2989 ]

[ 14561 ]

[ "Échandens Castle", "", "Fields outside Échandens" ]

[ 0, 0, 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Chateau_Echandens.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Reliefkarte_Waadt_blank.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Echandens_DSC00651.jpg" ]

[ "Échandens is a municipality in the district of Morges of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland.", "Échandens is first mentioned in 1164 as Scandens.", "Échandens has an area, as of 2009, of 3.9 square kilometers (1.5 sq mi). Of this area, 2.03 km² (0.78 sq mi) or 52.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.7 km² (0.27 sq mi) or 18.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.13 km² (0.44 sq mi) or 29.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.03 km² (7.4 acres) or 0.8% is either rivers or lakes.\nOf the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 13.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.5%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 2.3%. Out of the forested land, 15.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 42.0% is used for growing crops, while 9.3% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.\nThe municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Échandens became part of the new district of Morges.\nIt consists of the village of Échandens and the hamlet of Les Abbesses.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, two Chevrons Argent.", "Échandens has a population (as of December 2019) of 2,733. As of 2008, 17.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 2.8%. It has changed at a rate of -1.2% due to migration and at a rate of 3.9% due to births and deaths.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (1,804 or 86.5%), with German being second most common (121 or 5.8%) and Italian being third (40 or 1.9%). There is 1 person who speaks Romansh.\nOf the population in the municipality 388 or about 18.6% were born in Échandens and lived there in 2000. There were 875 or 42.0% who were born in the same canton, while 388 or 18.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 386 or 18.5% were born outside of Switzerland.\nIn 2008 there were 10 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 11 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 6 Swiss men and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 12 non-Swiss men and 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 6 and the non-Swiss population increased by 12 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.3%.\nThe age distribution, as of 2009, in Échandens is; 196 children or 9.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 262 teenagers or 12.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 220 people or 10.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 261 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 320 people or 15.0% are between 40 and 49, and 291 people or 13.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 329 people or 15.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 182 people or 8.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 67 people or 3.1% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 9 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.\nAs of 2000, there were 810 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,068 married individuals, 77 widows or widowers and 130 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000, there were 828 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 211 households that consist of only one person and 59 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 853 households that answered this question, 24.7% were households made up of just one person and there were 3 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 253 married couples without children, 310 married couples with children There were 38 single parents with a child or children. There were 13 households that were made up of unrelated people and 25 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.\nIn 2000 there were 355 single family homes (or 71.0% of the total) out of a total of 500 inhabited buildings. There were 89 multi-family buildings (17.8%), along with 37 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (7.4%) and 19 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (3.8%). Of the single family homes 19 were built before 1919, while 31 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (139) were built between 1971 and 1980. The most multi-family homes (22) were built between 1961 and 1970 and the next most (21) were built between 1971 and 1980. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.\nIn 2000 there were 867 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 231. There were 35 single room apartments and 321 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 806 apartments (93.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 40 apartments (4.6%) were seasonally occupied and 21 apartments (2.4%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 6.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.55%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 22.16% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (17.33%), the SP (16.99%) and the Green Party (15.34%). In the federal election, a total of 704 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.7%.", "As of  2010, Échandens had an unemployment rate of 3%. As of 2008, there were 54 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 456 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 38 businesses in this sector. 591 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 102 businesses in this sector. There were 1,101 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.9% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 969. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 30, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 440 of which 72 or (16.4%) were in manufacturing and 368 (83.6%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 499. In the tertiary sector; 260 or 52.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 12 or 2.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 22 or 4.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 15 or 3.0% were in the information industry, 7 or 1.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 43 or 8.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 1 was in education and 3 or 0.6% were in health care.\nIn 2000, there were 775 workers who commuted into the municipality and 881 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 2.1% of the workforce coming into Échandens are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 14.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.8% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 575 or 27.6% were Roman Catholic, while 1,106 or 53.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 22 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.06% of the population), and there were 76 individuals (or about 3.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 9 individuals (or about 0.43% of the population) who were Jewish, and 12 (or about 0.58% of the population) who were Islamic. 243 (or about 11.65% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 79 individuals (or about 3.79% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Échandens about 832 or (39.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 379 or (18.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 379 who completed tertiary schooling, 56.5% were Swiss men, 28.8% were Swiss women, 10.0% were non-Swiss men and 4.7% were non-Swiss women.\nIn the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 233 students in the Échandens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 112 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 119 students in those schools. There were also 2 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.\nAs of 2000, there were 38 students in Échandens who came from another municipality, while 201 residents attended schools outside the municipality.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\nhttps://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/fr/px-x-0102020000_201/-/px-x-0102020000_201.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=c5985c8d-66cd-446c-9a07-d8cc07276160; retrieved: 2 June 2020.\nAlbin Jaques (Enseignant chez Etat de Vaud) La langue gauloise - toponymie pdf 2011 \" 16 toponymes burgondes .. formés sur des NP germaniques : 13 masculins : Aclens, Ballens, Bremblens, Cottens, Cuarnens, Denens, Échandens, Échichens, Éclepens, Mollens, Senarclens, Vufflens-le-Château, Vullierens, Yens\".\nÉchandens in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010.\nNomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz (in German) accessed 4 April 2011.\nFlags of the World.com accessed 23 June 2011.\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 (in German) accessed 19 June 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 23 June 2011.\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 (in German) accessed 2 February 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office (in French) accessed 29 April 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 (in German) accessed 29 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (in German) accessed 28 May 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010.\nOrganigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009-2010 (in French) accessed 2 May 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office - Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition (in French) accessed 2 May 2011.", "Official website" ]

[ "Échandens", "History", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Education", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2990, 2991, 2992 ]

[ 14562, 14563, 14564, 14565, 14566, 14567, 14568, 14569, 14570, 14571, 14572, 14573, 14574, 14575, 14576, 14577, 14578, 14579, 14580, 14581, 14582, 14583, 14584, 14585, 14586, 14587, 14588, 14589, 14590 ]

[ "A general view of Échannay" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Un_village_de_fond_de_vall%C3%A9e_en_Bourgogne%2C_Echannay_-_panoramio.jpg" ]

[ "Échannay ([eʃanɛ]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Côte-d'Or department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Échannay", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2993 ]

[ 14591 ]

[ "The town hall of Echarcon" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Echarcon_IMG_2331.jpg" ]

[ "Écharcon ([eʃaʁkɔ̃] (listen)) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.\nInhabitants of Écharcon are known as Echarconnais.", "Communes of the Essonne department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020.", "Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\nMayors of Essonne Association (in French)" ]

[ "Écharcon", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 2994 ]

[ 14592 ]

[ "The La Bouble Viaduct under construction" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Viaduc_de_la_Bouble_-_Les_Travaux_Publics_de_la_France.jpg" ]

[ "Échassières ([eʃasjɛʁ]; Occitan: Eschaseiras) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.", "The river Bouble forms most of the commune's northwestern border.", "", "Communes of the Allier department", "Town hall website (in French)", "\"Frédéric Dalaigre, nouveau maire\" [Frédéric Dalaigre, new mayor]. lamontagne.fr (in French). 7 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Échassières", "Geography", "Population", "See also", "External links", "References" ]

[ 2995 ]

[ 14593 ]

[ "Village entrance", "", "" ]

[ 0, 5, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/%C3%89chauffour_Orne_01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gare_echauffour.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/%C3%89chauffour_Orne_02.JPG" ]

[ "Échauffour ([eʃofuʁ] (listen)) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.", "The commune is on the borders of the country of Ouche and the campaign of Alençon. Its village is 4.5 km northwest of Sainte-Gauburge-Sainte-Colombe, 9 km north-east of Merlerault, 11 km south-east of Gacé and 20 km west of L 'Aigle1.\nCovering 3,314 hectares, the territory of Échauffour is the largest in the canton of Merlerault.", "The name of the locality is attested in the forms Escalfo in 1050 and Scalfou around 1053. The toponym would be linked to the presence of lime kilns: ès chaufours (former French: \"in the lime kilns\") It can also be derived from the old French cracked (\"split, burst\") crazy (\"beech\").\nThe residents are called Échauffourien", "", "The current Mayor is Luc Féret who replaced Claude Burin in 2008\n.", "St. Andrew's Church.\nThe castle built around the year 1000, by Helgon, after attribution of the estate by Richard II of Normandy and belonging to the Giroie family by marriage until the 14th century, is replaced in the 15th century by a fortified house. The house is remodeled and enlarged in the 18th century. The 18th century farmhouse was remodeled in the 19th century. 15th century chapel.\nAt a place called Old town, the castle of the eighteenth where resided the Marquis de Sade. No plaque indicates this stay.\nThe three menhirs of Crouttes classified as Historic Monuments. A dolmen is also present at Les Brossettes.\nChurches St. Andrew (fifteenth century), former Benedictine priory, and St. Germain (fifteenth century). Both buildings house many works classified as objects to the Historical Monuments.", "The Échauffour Sports Union has made a football team evolve into a district division until 2012.", "In 1763, following a first scandal, the case Jeanne Testard, the Marquis de Sade is under house arrest for four months at the castle d'Echauffour, property of his father-in-law, Claude-René de Montreuil, president of the court of the aides of Paris. The Marquise de Sade, Renée-Pélagie de Montreuil, after her separation from the Marquis in 1790, resided in the castle with her daughter for most of the year until her death in 1810. One can still read their names engraved on the tombstone, in the small cemetery of the village.\nPaul Harel (1854 to Échauffour - 1927), poet, innkeeper and man of the press.\nDenise d'Échauffour, abbess of the abbey to the Ladies of Caen from 1141 to 1160.\nMarie-Thérèse Auffray (1912-1990 to Échauffour), artist and member of the French resistance during WWII.", "Communes of the Orne department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020.\nAlbert Dauzat et Charles Rostaing, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France, Paris, Larousse, 1963.\nErnest Nègre, Toponymie générale de la France, vol. 2 : Formations non romanes ; formations dialectales, Genève, 1998 (lire en ligne, p. 1236.\nRené Lepelley, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de communes de Normandie, Condé-sur-Noireau, Éd. Charles Corlet, 1996 (ISBN 2-905461-80-2), p. 113\nAlbert Dauzat et Charles Rostaing, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France, Paris, Larousse, 1963.\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE\nBase Mérimée: Trois menhirs dits les croûtes, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)\n\"LIGUE DE FOOTBALL DE NORMANDIE – Au cœur du Football Régional\"." ]

[ "Échauffour", "Geography", "Name", "Population", "Politics", "Places and monuments", "Sports", "Personalities linked to the commune", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2996, 2997, 2998 ]

[ 14594, 14595, 14596, 14597, 14598, 14599, 14600, 14601, 14602 ]

[ "The town hall" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/%C3%89chavanne%2C_Mairie.jpg" ]

[ "Échavanne is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.", "Communes of the Haute-Saône department", "\"Populations légales 2017\". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020." ]

[ "Échavanne", "See also", "References" ]

[ 2999 ]

[ 14603 ]

[ "Renaissance house La Téru" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Echay%2C_maison_Renaissance.jpg" ]

[ "Échay ([eʃɛ]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Doubs department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Échay", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3000 ]

[ 14604 ]

[ "The town hall" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/%C3%89chemir%C3%A9_TiKer.jpg" ]

[ "Échemiré ([eʃmiʁe] (listen)) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Baugé-en-Anjou. The inhabitants of the town of Échemiré are \"Echemiréens, Echemiréennes.\"", "Communes of the Maine-et-Loire department", "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019, INSEE\nArrêté préfectoral 10 July 2015\nde la Loire/maine-et-loire/echemire_49150/ \"Communes\"" ]

[ "Échemiré", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3001 ]

[ 14605 ]

[ "The town hall in Échenans" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Echenans-Mairie.JPG" ]

[ "Échenans is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Doubs department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échenans", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3002 ]

[ 14606 ]

[ "The town hall in Échenans-sous-Mont-Vaudois" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/%C3%89chenans-sous-Mont-Vaudois%2C_Mairie.jpg" ]

[ "Échenans-sous-Mont-Vaudois ([eʃnɑ̃ su mɔ̃ vodwa]) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.", "Communes of the Haute-Saône department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échenans-sous-Mont-Vaudois", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3003 ]

[ 14607 ]

[ "Town hall", "", "", "", "Panoramic view of Echenevex" ]

[ 0, 3, 3, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/MairiedEchenevex%2801%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Sources_de_l%27Allondon_11-05-2007.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/CheminDeLaSource.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Echenevex_sous_la_neige_24-01-2007.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/PanoramiqueEchenevexLegende.jpg" ]

[ "Échenevex ([eʃnəvɛ]) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.", "Échenevex is located between the Jura mountains and the Lake Geneva region. It is situated on the slopes of the Jura mountains, just 3 km south of Gex. The Large Hadron Collider passes under Échenevex, about 100 m below the surface. Echenevex consists partly of the Jura mountains natural park area and is approximately 8 minutes from the Crozet Telecabine ski station, and 15 minutes from Geneva International Airport.", "", "", "Communes of the Ain department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échenevex", "Geography", "Population", "Gallery", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3004, 3005, 3006, 3007, 3008 ]

[ 14608, 14609 ]

[ "The town hall in Échenoz-la-Méline" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Mairie_d%27Echenoz-la-M%C3%A9line%2C_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne.jpg" ]

[ "Échenoz-la-Méline ([eʃno la melin]) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.", "Communes of the Haute-Saône department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échenoz-la-Méline", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3009 ]

[ 14610 ]

[ "The church in Échevannes" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Kirko_de_%C3%89chevannes.jpg" ]

[ "Échevannes ([eʃvan]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Côte-d'Or department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échevannes, Côte-d'Or", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3010 ]

[ 14611 ]

[ "The chapel in Échevannes" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Chapelle_Echevannes_%28Doubs%29.jpg" ]

[ "Échevannes ([eʃvan]) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Doubs department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échevannes, Doubs", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3011 ]

[ 14612 ]

[ "Town hall" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Mairie_%C3%89chevis_2011-10-04-053.jpg" ]

[ "Échevis is a commune in the Drôme department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.", "", "Communes of the Drôme department\nParc naturel régional du Vercors", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échevis", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3012 ]

[ 14613 ]

[ "The church in Échevronne" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Echevronne.JPG" ]

[ "Échevronne ([eʃvʁɔn]) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Côte-d'Or department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Échevronne", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3013 ]

[ 14614 ]

[ "", "", "" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Maubourguet_%28Hautes-Pyr%2C_Fr%29_pont_sur_l%27Echez.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es_region_relief_location_map.jpg" ]

[ "The Échez ([eʃɛz]) is a left tributary of the Adour, in the Hautes-Pyrénées, in the Southwest of France. It is 64.2 km (39.9 mi) long.", "The Échez rises in Sère-Lanso (east of Lourdes) and flows north along the Adour, which it joins in Maubourguet. It flows through Tarbes and Vic-en-Bigorre.", "(R) Aube,\n(L) Jeune,\n(R) Gespe, in Tarbes,\n(L) Souy,\n(L) Géline, from the plateau of Ger\n(L) Lis, from Ger.", "Sandre. \"Fiche cours d'eau - L'Echez (Q02-0400)\"." ]

[ "Échez", "Geography", "Main tributaries", "References" ]

[ 3014, 3015, 3016 ]

[ 14615 ]

[ "A bottle of Échezeaux wine." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Dufouleur_Echezeaux_2000.jpg" ]

[ "Échezeaux ([e.ʃə.zo]) is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety. Échezeaux is located within the commune of Flagey-Echézeaux, on a strip of land between the territory of the communes Vosne-Romanée, Vougeot and Chambolle-Musigny. Échezeaux borders on the Clos de Vougeot and its wall as well as Grands Échezeaux in the east, on Chambolle-Musigny vineyards in the north, some Vosne-Romanée vineyards in the west and on the Vosne-Romanée Premier Cru vineyard Les Suchots in the south. The AOC was created in 1937.", "Échezeaux, which in the early 2000s had 80 vineyard owners, has a reputation for being somewhat variable in quality, which is a reputation it shares with its likewise much sub-divided neighbour Clos de Vougeot. Échezeaux from some producers has a much higher reputation than others, and prices can therefore vary. The most well-known vineyard owner in Échezeaux is Domaine de la Romanée-Conti.", "In 2008, 34.79 hectares (86.0 acres) of vineyard surface was in production within the AOC, and 1,240 hectoliters of wine were produced, corresponding to some 165,000 bottles.", "The main grape variety for Échezeaux is Pinot noir. The AOC regulations also allow up to 15 per cent total of Chardonnay, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris as accessory grapes, but this is practically never used for any Burgundy Grand Cru vineyard. The allowed base yield is 35 hectoliter per hectare, a minimum planting density of 9,000 vines per hectare and a minimum grape maturity of 11.5 per cent potential alcohol is required.", "List of Burgundy Grand Crus\nGrands Échezeaux", "K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 191-195 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5\nJancis Robinson, ed. (2006). \"Échezeaux\". Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 247. ISBN 0-19-860990-6.\nBIVB: Les Appellations d’Origine Contrôlée de Bourgogne, accessed on November 30, 2009\nAOC regulations, last updated 2009" ]

[ "Échezeaux", "Wine style", "Production", "AOC regulations", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3017 ]

[ 14616, 14617, 14618, 14619 ]

[ "A general view of Échiré", "", "" ]

[ 0, 3, 3 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/%C3%89chir%C3%A9-%C3%A9glise%26village.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/%C3%89chir%C3%A9-taill%C3%A9e%26salbart.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/%C3%89chir%C3%A9-s%C3%A8vre-%C3%A9t%C3%A9%26hiver.jpg" ]

[ "Échiré ([eʃiʁe]) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.", "Knowledge of Echiré has been enhanced by recent archeological investigations. The 'Les Loups' (Literally 'The Wolves') site identified by Maurice Marsac using aerial photography comprises a late Neolithic defensive site protected by two ditches adapted from a dried up valley and from the course of the River Sèvre Niortaise. The lesser of the two ditches, which surrounds the smaller portion of the fort, has yielded pottery fragments that indicate connections with the more extensive archaeological site of Kroh Kollé at Saint-Pierre-Quiberon to the north. Elsewhere the tomb of a young woman with a baby provides evidence of a double perinatal death.\nOther archaeological sites have been identified by Marsac, including the remains of a Gallic farm.\nIn the centre of the little town, near to the church, survive the remains of a Gallo-Roman temple, rediscovered at the beginning of the twentieth century.", "The town's economy is based on the local dairy which produces the well-regarded Échiré brand of butter. Other residents commute to Niort where the insurance industry is a significant source of employment.", "Échiré is home to three castles classified as historic monuments (in French \"monuments historiques\"): Coudray-Salbart, a middle-age fortress dating back to the 13th century, La Taillée, built in the 17th century, and Mursay, a former residence of Agrippa d'Aubigné. The church of Notre-Dame dates back from the end of the 11th century.\nThe river Sèvre Niortaise winds in the commune territory for 18 km, offering opportunities for walks, picnics and angling. The famous GR 36 walking route crosses Échiré, following the river banks.", "Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Échiré", "History", "Economy", "Main sights", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3018, 3019, 3020 ]

[ 14620, 14621, 14622, 14623, 14624 ]

[ "The town hall in Échouboulains" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/%C3%89chouboulains_mairie.jpg" ]

[ "Échouboulains ([eʃubulɛ̃] (listen)) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.", "Inhabitants of Échouboulains are called Échouboulinois.", "Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department\nHole in the Wall Gang Camp", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020.", "Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)" ]

[ "Échouboulains", "Demographics", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3021 ]

[ 14625 ]

[ "", "", "The so-called wounded amazon, a sculpture from the Colonia Firma Astigi found in the Plaza Mayor de Écija on 7 February 2002,[3] exhibited at the Municipal History Museum of Écija.", "View of Écija circa 1567 by Joris Hoefnagel, published in the Civitates orbis terrarum.[21]", "Aerial view of Écija (March 2021)" ]

[ 0, 0, 2, 4, 6 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Parroquia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_panoramio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Relief_Map_of_Spain.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Amazona_herida_2016001.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Braun_Ecija_HAAB.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Ecija_2.jpg" ]

[ "Écija ([ˈeθixa]) is a city and municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Seville, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is in the countryside, 85 km east of the city of Seville. According to the 2008 census, Écija had a total population of 40,100 inhabitants, ranking as the fifth most populous municipality in the province. The river Genil, the main tributary of the river Guadalquivir, runs through the city.\nThe economy of Écija is based on agriculture (olives, cereals and vegetables), cattle (cows and horses) and textile industry.\nThe most distinctive feature of the urban landscape of Écija are the city's Baroque bell towers.", "", "Ancient Iberian finds date back to the 8th century BC, and there are several archaeological remains of later Greek and Roman settlements. In Roman times the town was at first known as Astigi. During the Roman civil war Écija stood \"firmly\" at the side of Julius Caesar in the Battle of Munda. As a reward Caesar ordered the town's fortification and refounded it as a Julian colony, possibly Colonia Iulia Firma Astigitana. Under the reign of Octavian, the later emperor Augustus, the colony was strengthened according to Caesar's construction plans, and its name was finalised as Colonia Iulia Augusta Firma Astigitana. According to Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela, who both wrote in the 1st century AD, it was the rival of Cordova and Seville.\nAstigi was an important town of Hispania Baetica, as well as the seat of the Astigitanus, one of the four conventi where the chief men met together at fixed times of the year under the eye of the proconsul to oversee the administration of justice. It was also from an early date the seat of a diocese. St. Fulgentius (died before 633), was named to the see by his brother Isidore of Seville. With the Reconquista, by which areas that had been held by Muslims were restored to Christian hands, the archdiocese of Seville was recovered, leading to the overshadowing of nearby Astigi, whose territory was joined to that of the archdiocese in 1144. Astigi thus ceased to be a residential diocese and is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.", "After the Romans, it was ruled by successively by Suevs and Visigoths.\nIn 711, Écija was conquered by an Islamic army on its way to Córdoba, meeting strong opposition from the population, who offered a 6-month-long resistance before capitulating. Capital of an extensive cora, Écija (known as Istiyya during the Muslim era) preserved its condition as a centre of high agricultural productivity, featuring a cereal-based production (wheat, barley, sorghum). Enjoying from productive agricultural systems able to sustain several harvests a year, Écija served as food provider for Córdoba and Seville. The city walls were demolished in the early 10th century as punishment for the local support to the rebellion against Umayyad rule led by Umar ibn Hafsun. New walls, enclosing a smaller area than the Roman era Astigi were built by Almohads, tightening the size of the medina.\nThe place was seized by Christians on 3 May 1240. The proximity to the newly born Nasrid Kingdom of Granada turned Écija into a border town for years to come. Écija soon became a realengo, a territory directly dependent on the Crown (of Castile). Most of the mudéjar population was expelled in 1263. The countryside of Écija greatly suffered from the Marinid razzias in the Guadalquivir Valley initiated in 1275. The Jewish population of Écija apparently suffered the antisemitic revolt initiated after the assault on the jewry of Seville in June 1391, that spread across Andalusia and much of the Iberian Peninsula. Écija consolidated its status as border town during the 14th century. Écija was granted the title of city in 1402. It was not until 1410, with the conquest of Antequera, that Écija stopped being the head of a borderland territory. During the 15th century, Écija was the third most important urban centre of the Kingdom of Seville after Seville and Jerez, progressively evening the distance with the latter. Estimations for the 15th century yield a population of about 18,000.", "During the transition from the late middle ages to the early modern period, Écija remained integrated, within the Crown of Castile, in the Kingdom of Seville. A significant community of \"new christians\" of Portuguese origin settled in Écija in the Early Modern period, acquiring a notable influence in the city. Olive oil production grew at the expense of the relative dominance of the traditional cereal crops starting by the 17th century.\nStrategically located in between Seville and Córdoba, Écija remained one of the most important Andalusian cities, economically thriving in the 17th and 18th centuries. It also stood out for its wool trade, with the lavaderos in control of Flemish merchants. Écija featured a relatively multicultural society, allowing for Peninsular and European denizens, and even from the Americas, to share a common space of interchange.\nThe effects of the 1755 earthquake forced a deep urban renewal in Écija. The city had an urban population of 29,343 circa 1786–1787.\nAlthough Astigi was one of the largest and most complete Roman cities ever unearthed, the city council decided in 1998 to bulldoze Écija's Roman ruins, including \"a well-preserved Roman forum, bath house, gymnasium and temple as well as dozens of private homes and hundreds of mosaics and statues\" and replace them with a 299-car parking lot.", "", "The urban nucleus of Écija lies on the left bank of the Genil, over the river's fluvial terraces, built in the Roman era on a location apt for the control of the river and its meadows.", "Écija is known in Spain as La sartén de Andalucía (\"The Frying Pan of Andalusia\"), supposedly because its high summer temperatures, although records show higher temperatures elsewhere in Spain (Murcia or Montoro, Córdoba).\nÉcija suffered several floods in December 2010.", "", "Convento de la Santísima Trinidad y Purísima Concepción\nReal Monasterio de Santa Inés del Valle\nChurch of Santa María\nSt. James' Church\nHoly Cross Church\nSt John the Baptist's Church\nPeñaflor House\nBenamejí Palace\nVallehermoso House", "Citations\nMunicipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.\nGarcía León & Romero Torres 2009, p. 21.\nRomo Salas 2004, p. 149.\nMacfarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). Encyclopædia britannica: or, A dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 46. Retrieved 27 January 2013.\nOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Écija\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 884.\nAnnuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 841\nBecerra Fernández, Blancat Castilla & Almisas Cruz 2015, p. 207.\nCarrasco Gómez & Martín Pradas 2013, p. 87.\nBecerra Fernández, Blancat Castilla & Almisas Cruz 2015, p. 208.\nBecerra Fernández, Blancat Castilla & Almisas Cruz 2015, p. 209.\nFernández Martín 2015, p. 25.\nFernández Martín 2015, p. 26.\nFernández Martín 2015, p. 27.\nFernández Martín 2015, pp. 29–30.\nRomero-Camacho 2008, pp. 143–209.\nFernández Martín 2015, p. 31.\nFernández Martín 2015, p. 39.\nFernández Martín 2015, p. 34.\nCollantes de Terán Sánchez 2004, pp. 57–58.\nLadero Quesada 1987, p. 75.\nGámiz Gordo 2011, pp. 44, 51, 56.\nCollantes de Terán Sánchez 2004, p. 47.\nCañas Pelayo 2016, p. 95.\nCollantes de Terán Sánchez 2004, p. 73.\nFernández Valle 2009–2010, p. 125.\nVila Vilar 2009, p. 67.\nFernández Valle 2009–2010, pp. 125–126.\nLadero Quesada 1987, p. 74.\nVidal 1998, p. 146.\nClarke, Jon (30 April 2006). \"Spain destroys lost Roman city for a car park\". Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. They discovered a well-preserved Roman forum, bath house, gymnasium and temple as well as dozens of private homes and hundreds of mosaics and statues, one of them considered to be among the finest found. But now the bulldozers have moved in. The last vestiges of the lost city known as Colonia Augusta Firma Astigi \"one of the great cities of the Roman world\" have been destroyed to build an underground municipal car park... Much of the site has been hurriedly concreted over: the only minor concession to archeologists and historians is to leave a tiny section on show for tourists. The rest will be space for 299 cars\n\"Altiplanos de Écija y Vega del Genil\". Catálogo de Paisajes de la provincia de Sevilla (PDF). Seville: Centro de Estudios Paisaje y Territorio. 2015. pp. 199, 201. ISBN 978-84-606-6502-1.\n\"Écija cuantifica los daños causados por las inundaciones en 23,5 millones\" (in Spanish). Europress. Retrieved 27 January 2013.\n\"Población de municipios españoles. Serie histórica\" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 2014-05-21.\nBibliography\nBecerra Fernández, Daniel; Blancat Castilla, Diego; Almisas Cruz, Sergio (2015). \"La evolución del urbanismo de Écija (Sevilla): de la tardoantigüedad a la época islámica\" (PDF). Arqueología y Sociedad (30): 205–221. ISSN 0254-8062.\nCañas Pelayo, Marcos Rafael (2016). \"Cristianos nuevos portugueses en Écija: integración y dificultades (finales siglo XVI-comienzos siglo XVII)\". Historia Instituciones Documentos. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla. 43 (43): 71–98. doi:10.12795/hid.2016.i43.03.\nCarrasco Gómez, Inmaculada; Martín Pradas, Antonio (2013). \"Nuevos datos sobre la muralla del sector nororiental de Écija (Sevilla)\" (PDF). Cuadernos de los Amigos de los Museos de Osuna (15): 84–89. ISSN 1697-1019.\nCollantes de Terán Sánchez, Antonio (2004). \"Las ciudades andaluzas en la transición de la edad media a la moderna\" (PDF). Boletín de la Real academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae Baeticae. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla (32): 31–124. ISSN 0214-4395.\nFernández Martín, Javier (2015). \"La frontera occidental del Reino nazarí de Granada a través de la evolución histórica de la ciudad de Écija (1240-1410)\" (PDF). Historias del Orbis Terrarum (9): 22–40. ISSN 0718-7246.\nFernández Valle, María de los Ángeles (2009–2010). \"El imaginario americano en Écija: el caso de la capilla de los Montero en la Iglesia de Santiago\". Atrio. Seville: Universidad Pablo de Olavide (15–16): 123–134. ISSN 2659-5230.\nGámiz Gordo, Antonio (2011). \"Los primeras vistas paisajísticas de Écija en el siglo XVI\". Actas de las IX Jornadas de Protección del Patrimonio Histórico de Écija (PDF). Écija: Asociación Amigos de Écija. pp. 41–58. ISBN 84-615-8082-6.\nGarcía León, Gerardo; Romero Torres, José Luis (2009). \"La ciudad representada: plazas y torres barrocas\" (PDF). Junta de Andalucía. ISBN 978-84-8266-861-1.\nVidal, Josep Juan (1998). \"La población urbana en la España del siglo XVIII\" (PDF). In Molas Ribalta, Pere; Alvar Ezquerra, Alfredo; Bernardo Ares, José Manuel de (eds.). Espacios urbanos, mundos ciudadanos: España y Holanda (ss. XVI-XVIII). Actas del VI Coloquio Hispano-Holandés de Historiadores celebrado en Barcelona en Noviembre de 1995. Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, Servicio de Publicaciones. pp. 131–158. ISBN 84-7801-452-7.\nLadero Quesada, Miguel Ángel (1987). \"Las ciudades de Andalucía occidental en la Baja Edad Media sociedad, morfología y funciones urbanas\". En la España medieval. Madrid: Ediciones Complutense (10): 69–108. ISSN 0214-3038.\nRomero-Camacho, Isabel Montes (2008). \"Judíos y Mudéjares en Andalucía (siglos XIII-XV). Un intento de balance historiográfico\". In Barros, Maria Filomena Lopes de; Hinojosa Montalvo, José (eds.). Minorias étnico-religiosas na Península Ibérica. Períodos medieval e moderno. Évora: Publicações do Cidehus. pp. 143–209. doi:10.4000/books.cidehus.220.\nRomo Salas, Ana (2004). \"La amazona de Astigi y las circunstancias de su hallazgo\" (PDF). Mus-A: Revista de los museos de Andalucía (3): 149–155. ISSN 1695-7229.\nVila Vilar, Enriqueta (2009). \"Sevilla, Capital de Europa\" (PDF). Boletín de la Real academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae Baeticae (37): 57–74. ISSN 0214-4395.", "Turismo Écija, in English.\nEcijaWeb, in Spanish.\nAstigi Romana\nBishops of Astigi: list\nCatholic Hierarchy: Astigi (titular see)" ]

[ "Écija", "History", "Roman Astigi", "Post-Roman", "Modern era", "Geography", "Location", "Climate", "Population", "Landmarks", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3022, 3023, 3024 ]

[ 14626, 14627, 14628, 14629, 14630, 14631, 14632, 14633, 14634, 14635, 14636, 14637, 14638, 14639, 14640, 14641, 14642, 14643, 14644, 14645, 14646, 14647, 14648, 14649, 14650, 14651, 14652, 14653, 14654 ]

[ "Éclépens village center", "", "Éclépens castle", "Holcim cement works", "Part of the abandoned D’Entreroches canal", "Postal center in Éclépens", "Village church" ]

[ 0, 0, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Dorfzentrum_von_Eclepens.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Reliefkarte_Waadt_blank.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Eclepens_chateau.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Eclepens-Holcim.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Canal_d%27Entreroches.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Briefzentrum_Ecl%C3%A9pens.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Eclepens-Kirche.jpg" ]

[ "Éclépens is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Morges.", "Éclépens is first mentioned in 814 as Sclepedingus.", "Éclépens has an area, as of 2009, of 5.81 square kilometers (2.24 sq mi). Of this area, 3.07 km² (1.19 sq mi) or 52.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.52 km² (0.59 sq mi) or 26.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.16 km² (0.45 sq mi) or 20.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.05 km² (12 acres) or 0.9% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km² (4.9 acres) or 0.3% is unproductive land.\nOf the built up area, industrial buildings made up 4.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 4.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 5.5%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 4.8% of the area Out of the forested land, 23.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 44.2% is used for growing crops and 7.9% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.\nThe municipality was part of the Cossonay District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Éclépens became part of the new district of Morges.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, on a Coupeaux Vert a Lion rampant Gules, a Bar wavy overall.", "Éclépens has a population (as of December 2019) of 1,219. As of 2008, 22.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 11.2%. It has changed at a rate of 6.5% due to migration and at a rate of 4.3% due to births and deaths.\nMost of the population (as of 2000) speaks French (810 or 89.6%), with German being second most common (27 or 3.0%) and Italian being third (20 or 2.2%).\nOf the population in the municipality 217 or about 24.0% were born in Éclépens and lived there in 2000. There were 376 or 41.6% who were born in the same canton, while 122 or 13.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 167 or 18.5% were born outside of Switzerland.\nIn 2008 there were 3 live births to Swiss citizens and 6 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 5 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 6. There were 2 Swiss men who immigrated back to Switzerland and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 2 and the non-Swiss population increased by 9 people. This represents a population growth rate of 1.1%.\nThe age distribution, as of 2009, in Éclépens is; 101 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 119 teenagers or 12.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 131 people or 13.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 135 people or 13.9% are between 30 and 39, 168 people or 17.2% are between 40 and 49, and 120 people or 12.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 103 people or 10.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 62 people or 6.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 33 people or 3.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 0.2% who are 90 and older.\nAs of 2000, there were 362 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 471 married individuals, 34 widows or widowers and 37 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000, there were 360 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 94 households that consist of only one person and 27 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 367 households that answered this question, 25.6% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 114 married couples without children, 132 married couples with children There were 11 single parents with a child or children. There were 8 households that were made up of unrelated people and 7 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.\nIn 2000 there were 143 single family homes (or 66.8% of the total) out of a total of 214 inhabited buildings. There were 43 multi-family buildings (20.1%), along with 19 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (8.9%) and 9 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.2%). Of the single family homes 27 were built before 1919, while 17 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (28) were built between 1961 and 1970. The most multi-family homes (20) were built before 1919 and the next most (8) were built between 1981 and 1990. There was 1 multi-family house built between 1996 and 2000.\nIn 2000 there were 386 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 109. There were 10 single room apartments and 97 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 350 apartments (90.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 19 apartments (4.9%) were seasonally occupied and 17 apartments (4.4%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 3.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.24%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "The abandoned D’Entreroches canal and Le Mormont, a proto-historic through Iron Age archeological site are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Éclépens is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.", "In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 29.02% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (22.55%), the Green Party (13.8%) and the FDP (11.15%). In the federal election, a total of 290 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.9%.", "As of  2010, Éclépens had an unemployment rate of 4.4%. As of 2008, there were 31 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 642 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 16 businesses in this sector. 498 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 28 businesses in this sector. There were 465 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.1% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,082. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 22, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 622 of which 479 or (77.0%) were in manufacturing, 4 or (0.6%) were in mining and 88 (14.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 438. In the tertiary sector; 42 or 9.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 355 or 81.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 11 or 2.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7 or 1.6% were in the information industry, 3 or 0.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 11 or 2.5% were in education and 3 or 0.7% were in health care.\nIn 2000, there were 449 workers who commuted into the municipality and 307 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.5 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 6.2% of the workforce coming into Éclépens are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 11% used public transportation to get to work, and 66.5% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 221 or 24.4% were Roman Catholic, while 474 or 52.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.55% of the population), and there were 24 individuals (or about 2.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 19 (or about 2.10% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 individual who belonged to another church. 120 (or about 13.27% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 51 individuals (or about 5.64% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Éclépens about 327 or (36.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 113 or (12.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 113 who completed tertiary schooling, 55.8% were Swiss men, 32.7% were Swiss women, 9.7% were non-Swiss men.\nIn the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 111 students in the Éclépens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 631 children of which 203 children (32.2%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 57 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 54 students in those schools.\nAs of 2000, there were 33 students in Éclépens who came from another municipality, while 111 residents attended schools outside the municipality.", "The municipality has a railway station, Eclépens, on the Jura Foot line. It has regular service to Grandson, Yverdon-les-Bains, and Lausanne.", "\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.\nAlbin Jaques (Enseignant chez Etat de Vaud) La langue gauloise - toponymie pdf 2011 \" 16 toponymes burgondes .. formés sur des NP germaniques : 13 masculins : Aclens, Ballens, Bremblens, Cottens, Cuarnens, Denens, Échandens, Échichens, Éclepens, Mollens, Senarclens, Vufflens-le-Château, Vullierens, Yens\".\nÉclépens in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010.\nNomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz (in German) accessed 4 April 2011.\nFlags of the World.com accessed 20 May 2011.\n\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 (in German) accessed 19 June 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 20 May 2011.\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 (in German) accessed 2 February 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office (in French) accessed 29 April 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 (in German) accessed 29 January 2011.\n\"Kantonsliste A-Objekte\". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (in German) accessed 28 May 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010.\nOrganigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009-2010 (in French) accessed 2 May 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office - Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition (in French) accessed 2 May 2011." ]

[ "Éclépens", "History", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Heritage sites of national significance", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Education", "Transportation", "References" ]

[ 3025, 3026, 3027, 3028 ]

[ 14655, 14656, 14657, 14658, 14659, 14660, 14661, 14662, 14663, 14664, 14665, 14666, 14667, 14668, 14669, 14670, 14671, 14672, 14673, 14674, 14675, 14676, 14677, 14678, 14679, 14680, 14681, 14682, 14683, 14684 ]

[ "Éclagnens village administration building", "", "Main street in Éclagnens" ]

[ 0, 0, 4 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Eclagnens_-_maison_de_commune.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Reliefkarte_Waadt_blank.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Eclagnens_-_rue_principale.jpg" ]

[ "Éclagnens is a former municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.\nThe municipalities of Éclagnens, Goumoens-la-Ville and Goumoens-le-Jux merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Goumoëns.", "Éclagnens is first mentioned in 1265 as de Clanens.", "Éclagnens has an area, as of 2009, of 2.14 square kilometers (0.83 sq mi). Of this area, 1.67 km² (0.64 sq mi) or 78.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.31 km² (0.12 sq mi) or 14.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.12 km² (30 acres) or 5.6% is settled (buildings or roads).\nOf the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.8%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 66.8% is used for growing crops and 10.7% is pastures.\nThe municipality was part of the Échallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Éclagnens became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud.\nThe municipality is located in the middle of the Gros-de-Vaud region.", "The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, bordered Or, two Bars (or Sea-daces) addorsed of the second.", "Éclagnens has a population (as of 2009) of 113. As of 2008, 6.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 82.3%. It has changed at a rate of 77.4% due to migration and at a rate of 6.5% due to births and deaths. All of the population (as of 2000) speaks French.\nOf the population in the municipality 23 or about 27.7% were born in Éclagnens and lived there in 2000. There were 35 or 42.2% who were born in the same canton, while 7 or 8.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 3 or 3.6% were born outside of Switzerland.\nIn 2008 there was 1 live birth to Swiss citizens and 1 death of a Swiss citizen. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population remained the same. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 2 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 2 people. This represents a population growth rate of -3.8%.\nThe age distribution, as of 2009, in Éclagnens is; 23 children or 20.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 6 teenagers or 5.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 7 people or 6.2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 31 people or 27.4% are between 30 and 39, 15 people or 13.3% are between 40 and 49, and 11 people or 9.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 9 people or 8.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 6 people or 5.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 3 people or 2.7% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 1.8% who are 90 and older.\nAs of 2000, there were 30 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 41 married individuals, 6 widows or widowers and 6 individuals who are divorced.\nAs of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.52 which is fewer people per room than the cantonal average of 0.61 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m² (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 58.6% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).\nAs of 2000, there were 29 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 6 households that consist of only one person and 3 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 30 households that answered this question, 20.0% were households made up of just one person. Of the rest of the households, there are 13 married couples without children, 7 married couples with children There were 2 single parents with a child or children. There was 1 household that was made up of unrelated people and 1 household that was made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.\nIn 2000 there were 12 single family homes (or 50.0% of the total) out of a total of 24 inhabited buildings. There were 1 multi-family buildings (4.2%), along with 9 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (37.5%) and 2 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.3%). Of the single family homes 8 were built before 1919, while 1 was built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (1) were built between 1991 and 1995.\nIn 2000 there were 31 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 8. There were 1 single room apartments and 10 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 29 apartments (93.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 1 apartment was seasonally occupied and one apartment was empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 8.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0%.\nThe historical population is given in the following chart:", "In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 42.95% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (18.34%), the FDP (14.73%) and the SP (8.93%). In the federal election, a total of 38 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 53.5%.", "As of  2010, Éclagnens had an unemployment rate of 3.5%. As of 2008, there were 14 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. No one is employed in the secondary sector. 2 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector. There were 35 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.7% of the workforce.\nIn 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 11. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 9, all of which were in agriculture. There were no jobs in the secondary sector. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2, both of which were technical professionals or scientists.\nIn 2000, there were 26 workers who commuted away from the municipality. Of the working population, 2.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 74.3% used a private car.", "From the 2000 census, 9 or 10.8% were Roman Catholic, while 56 or 67.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. 10 (or about 12.05% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 8 individuals (or about 9.64% of the population) did not answer the question.", "In Éclagnens about 24 or (28.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 11 or (13.3%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule). Of the 11 who completed tertiary schooling, 45.5% were Swiss men, 54.5% were Swiss women.\nIn the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 17 students in the Éclagnens school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 296 children of which 96 children (32.4%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 13 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 3 students in those schools. There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.\nAs of 2000, there were 12 students from Éclagnens who attended schools outside the municipality.", "Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (in German) accessed 17 February 2011.\nÉclagnens in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010.\nNomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz (in German) accessed 4 April 2011.\nFlags of the World.com accessed 27 May 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 27 May 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 (in German) accessed 19 June 2010.\nSTAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 (in German) accessed 2 February 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office (in French) accessed 29 April 2011.\nEurostat. \"Housing (SA1)\". Urban Audit Glossary (pdf). 2007. p. 18. Retrieved 12 February 2010.\nUrban Audit Glossary p. 17.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 (in German) accessed 29 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office, Nationalratswahlen 2007: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung, nach Gemeinden/Bezirk/Canton (in German) accessed 28 May 2010.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 (in German) accessed 28 January 2011.\nSwiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010.\nOrganigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009-2010 (in French) accessed 2 May 2011.\nCanton of Vaud Statistical Office - Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition (in French) accessed 2 May 2011." ]

[ "Éclagnens", "History", "Geography", "Coat of arms", "Demographics", "Politics", "Economy", "Religion", "Education", "References" ]

[ 3029, 3030, 3031 ]

[ 14685, 14686, 14687, 14688, 14689, 14690, 14691, 14692, 14693, 14694, 14695, 14696, 14697, 14698, 14699, 14700, 14701, 14702, 14703, 14704, 14705, 14706, 14707 ]

[ "Global view" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/%C3%89claibesVue_d_ensemble250507_%2812%29.JPG" ]

[ "Éclaibes ([eklɛb]) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Nord department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file" ]

[ "Éclaibes", "Heraldry", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3032 ]

[ 14708 ]

[ "Éclairs at Fauchon in Paris", "A classic éclair", "Bakers in Belgium using a machine to make éclairs" ]

[ 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Eclairs_at_Fauchon_in_Paris.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Eclair_1120005560.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/0_Frameries_-_Boulangerie-p%C3%A2tisserie_Godefroid_%288%29.JPG" ]

[ "An éclair (/eɪˈklɛər/, /ɪˈklɛər/; [e.klɛʁ]) is a pastry made with choux dough filled with a cream and topped with a flavored icing. The dough, which is the same as that used for profiterole, is typically piped into an oblong shape with a pastry bag and baked until it is crisp and hollow inside. Once cool, the pastry is filled with custard (crème pâtissière), whipped cream or chiboust cream, then iced with fondant icing. Other fillings include pistachio- and rum-flavoured custard, fruit-flavoured fillings, or chestnut purée. The icing is sometimes caramel, in which case the dessert may be called a bâton de Jacob. A similar pastry in a round rather than oblong shape is called a Religieuse.", "The word comes from the French éclair, meaning \"flash of lightning\", so named because it is eaten quickly (in a flash); however some believe that the name is due to the glistening of the frosting resembling lightning.", "The éclair originated during the nineteenth century in France where it was called \"pain à la Duchesse\" or \"petite duchesse\" until 1850. The word is first attested both in English and in French in the 1860s. Some food historians speculate that éclairs were first made by Antonin Carême (1784–1833), the famous French chef. The first known English-language recipe for éclairs appears in the Boston Cooking School Cook Book by Mrs. D.A. Lincoln, published in 1884.", "Some pastry chains in the United States and Canada market Long John doughnuts as éclairs or éclair doughnuts.\nIn the United States there is National Chocolate Eclair Day which is celebrated on the 22nd of June annually.", "French cuisine\nList of choux pastry dishes\nList of custard desserts\nList of French desserts", "\"éclair\". Macmillan Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2013-11-30.\n\"eclair\". Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2014-06-19.\nMontagné, Prosper, Larousse gastronomique: the new American edition of the world's greatest culinary encyclopedia, Jenifer Harvey Lang, ed., New York: Crown Publishers, 1988, p. 401 ISBN 978-0-517-57032-6\n(Montagné 1961, p. 365, Éclair)\nÉclair Archived 2014-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, 8th edition\n\"Éclair - Why is It Named After Lightning?\". www.lexicolatry.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.\n(Gouffé 1873, p. 288)\n(Montagné 1961, p. 357, Duchesses)\nOxford English Dictionary, 1861. Petit Larousse, 1863.\n(Gouffé 1873, p. 288) \"On a changé, depuis une vingtaine d'années, le nom de ces gâteaux [pains à la duchesse] : on les désigne actuellement sous le nom d'éclairs.\"\n\"Krispy Kreme Doughnuts\". www.krispykreme.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.\n\"National Chocolate Eclair Day\". nationaltoday.com. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2022.", "Gouffé, Jules (1873). \"Deuxième Partie, Chapitre IX, \"Pains à la duchesse au café\"\". Le livre de pâtisserie.\nMontagné, Prosper (1961). Larousse Gastronomique, The Encyclopedia of Wine, Food & Cookery (English translation).", "A brief éclair history" ]

[ "Éclair", "Etymology", "History", "North America", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]

[ 3033, 3034, 3035 ]

[ 14709, 14710, 14711, 14712, 14713, 14714 ]

[ "The church in Éclance" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Eclance_%C3%A9glise.JPG" ]

[ "Éclance ([eklɑ̃s]) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.", "", "Communes of the Aube department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Éclance", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3036 ]

[ 14715 ]

[ "The town hall in Éclans-Nenon" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/%C3%89clans_-_Mairie.jpg" ]

[ "Éclans-Nenon ([eklɑ̃ nənɔ̃]) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Jura department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 4 May 2022.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file" ]

[ "Éclans-Nenon", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3037 ]

[ 14716 ]

[ "The town hall in Éclaron" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/2012ao%C3%BBt_St_Dizier_a_Dijon_0044_Mairie_d%27Eclaron.jpg" ]

[ "Éclaron-Braucourt-Sainte-Livière ([eklaʁɔ̃ bʁokuʁ sɛ̃t livjɛʁ]) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.", "The river Blaise flows through the commune.", "Communes of the Haute-Marne department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Éclaron-Braucourt-Sainte-Livière", "Geography", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3038 ]

[ 14717 ]

[ "The town hall in Écleux" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/%C3%89cleux_%28Jura%29_en_janvier_2018_-_5.JPG" ]

[ "Écleux ([eklø]) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.", "", "Communes of the Jura department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file" ]

[ "Écleux", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3039 ]

[ 14718 ]

[ "The centre of Éclimeux" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/%C3%89climeux_-_Centre.JPG" ]

[ "Éclimeux ([eklimø]) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "A rural village situated some 5 miles (8 km) east of Hesdin on the D105 junction with the D106 road.", "The eighteenth-century church of Notre-Dame\nRemains of a 17th-century château", "", "Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Éclimeux", "Geography", "Places of interest", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3040 ]

[ 14719, 14720 ]

[ "The Eure River" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/L%27Eure_%C3%A0_Ecluzelles.jpg" ]

[ "Écluzelles ([eklyzɛl]) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in north central France.", "", "Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department", "\"Populations légales 2018\". INSEE. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "Écluzelles", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3041 ]

[ 14721 ]

[ "The church in Écly" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/%C3%89cly_%28Ardennes%29_%C3%A9glise%2C_vue_lat%C3%A9rale.JPG" ]

[ "Écly ([ekli]) is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France.", "", "Communes of the Ardennes department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021." ]

[ "Écly", "Population", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3042 ]

[ 14722 ]

[ "The church of Ecoivres", "" ]

[ 0, 5 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Ecoivres_%C3%A9glise2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Arrondissement_d_Arras.PNG" ]

[ "Écoivres ([ekwavʁ]) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.\nA hamlet with the same name is to be found in the commune of Mont-Saint-Eloi.", "A small farming village 20 miles (32 km) west of Arras at the junction of the D103 and D104 roads.", "", "The church of St.Martin, dating from the sixteenth century.\nTraces of an old castle.", "Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nINSEE commune file\nPopulation en historique depuis 1968, INSEE" ]

[ "Écoivres", "Geography", "Population", "Places of interest", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3043, 3044 ]

[ 14723, 14724 ]

[ "The road into École" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/%C3%89cole_-_Entr%C3%A9e_%28Savoie%29.JPG" ]

[ "École ([ekɔl] (listen); Arpitan: Ekoule) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.", "The village lies in the north-western part of the commune, on the left bank of the Chéran, which forms most of the commune's northern border.", "Communes of the Savoie department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.\n\"Populations légales 2018\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2020." ]

[ "École, Savoie", "Geography", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3045 ]

[ 14725 ]

[ "The town hall in École" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Mairie_d%27%C3%A9cole.jpg" ]

[ "École-Valentin is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.", "", "The town, located north of Besançon, is crossed by the National Road 57. It is part of the Besançon urban area.\nThe toll of the \"Besançon North\" exit of the A36 motorway is located in the village of Ecole-Valentin. École-Valentin station has rail connections with Besançon and the TGV station Besançon Franche-Comté.\nA major shopping area is located in the town of École-Valentin (as well as the neighboring towns of Miserey-Salines and Châtillon-le-Duc).", "Gare d'École-Valentin", "Fountain below the village, called St. George fountain, dating from 1630, located on the ancient Roman paved road linking Besançon Vesoul, where the animals could drink.\nPriory\nChurch of St. George: 1892/83\nCastle built from 1557 to 1559 by the Commander of the Order of the Hospital of the Holy Spirit, Claude Buffet.", "It is twinned with Rathcoole in County Dublin, Ireland.", "Communes of the Doubs department", "\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.\n\"Populations légales 2019\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.\nDes villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet École-Valentin, EHESS. (in French)" ]

[ "École-Valentin", "Population", "Geography", "Transport", "Sights", "International relations", "See also", "References" ]

[ 3046 ]

[ 14726, 14727, 14728, 14729 ]

[ "École-Valentin railway station" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Gare_d%27%C3%89cole_Valentin_30082014.JPG" ]

[ "École-Valentin is a railway station located in École-Valentin, Doubs, eastern France. The station was opened in 2013 and is located on the Besançon-Viotte-Vesoul railway connecting railway, linking Besançon with Besançon Franche-Comté TGV. The train services are operated by SNCF.", "\"Fréquentation en gares\". SNCF. Retrieved 9 December 2019.", "The station on ter-sncf.com (in French)" ]

[ "École-Valentin station", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3047 ]

[ 14730 ]

[ "Saint-Étienne priory, home of the École Biblique" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Monnik_in_kruisgang_van_de_%C3%89cole_biblique_et_arch%C3%A9ologique_fran%C3%A7aise_de_J%C3%A9rusale%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-5370.jpg" ]

[ "École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, commonly known as École Biblique, is a French academic establishment in Jerusalem specializing in archaeology and Biblical exegesis.", "", "The school was founded in 1890 under the name École pratique d’études bibliques by Marie-Joseph Lagrange, a Dominican priest. Its studies were officially sanctioned by Pope Leo XIII in his papal encyclical Providentissimus Deus in 1893.", "The election of Pope Pius X in 1903 saw the beginning of a conservative reaction against perceived \"Modernists\" inside the Catholic Church. Père Lagrange, like other scholars involved in the 19th-century renaissance of biblical studies, was suspected of being a Modernist. The historical-critical method was considered suspect by the Vatican. His 1904 book, The Historical Method, drew criticism. In 1905, the Pontifical Biblical Commission issued a caution about two of his methodological principles.\nThe situation worsened with the enactment of the papal decree Lamentabili sane exitu and the papal encyclical Pascendi Dominici gregis by Pius X in 1907, both of which condemned Modernism as heretical. In 1909, conflict between the Dominicans and the Jesuits, common at the time, resulted in the Pope's creation of the Pontifical Biblical Institute, as a Jesuit rival to the school. In 1912 Lagrange was given an order of silence for the Revue Biblique to cease publication and to return to France. The École itself was closed for a year, but was then re-opened by the new Pope Benedict XV and Lagrange was allowed to return to Jerusalem continue its work.", "In 1920 the school took its current name, following its recognition, by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, as a national archaeological school in France. The enactment of the papal encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu by Pope Pius XII in 1943 officially sanctioned the use of historical criticism in the study of the Bible, ending previous tensions between the school and the Vatican.\nFollowing the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the scholars at the school have been heavily involved in the translation and interpretation of the texts. In 1956 the School published La Bible de Jérusalem, a work which strove both for critical translational rigour and for quality as a piece of literature; a second, revised version, was published in 1998.", "The school is part of the Dominican St. Stephen's Priory, French: \"Couvent de Saint-Étienne\". Most of the teachers of the École Biblique are Dominican friars, and all members of the Dominican priory are involved in the work of the École.\nThe priory is centred around the modern Basilica of St Stephen (Saint-Étienne) built over the ruins of an ancient predecessor, to which the supposed relics of Saint Stephen were transferred in 439, making the Byzantine-period church the centre of the cult of this particular saint.\nSince its creation, the school has been involved in the exegesis of biblical text, and has carried out archaeological research, in a complementary manner and without secrecy, in Palestine and the adjacent territories. Its principal disciplines are epigraphy, the Semitic languages, Assyriology, Egyptology, other aspects of ancient history, geography, and ethnography.\nIt has the power to confer official doctorates in Holy Scripture. It publishes the Revue Biblique, which is a diverse collection of scholarship from its fields of excellence, and it also publishes material addressed to larger audiences, including a particular French translation of the Bible, known as the Jerusalem Bible (a work which strove both for critical translational rigour and for quality as a piece of literature).", "Among its most illustrious members, in addition to Marie-Joseph Lagrange, are Marie-Emile Boismard, Roland de Vaux, Raymond-Jacques Tournay, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, and Pierre Benoit.\nFélix-Marie Abel (1878–1953)\npl:Charles Coüasnon, led the 1961–1977 excavations at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre\nJean-Baptiste Humbert (born 1940)\nLouis-Hugues Vincent (1872–1960)", "\"Our Founder\",, École biblique et archéologique française de Jerusalem\nBernard Montagnes, Les séquelles de la crise moderniste. L'Ecole biblique au lendemain de la Grande Guerre, in Revue thomiste, XCVIIIᵗʰ year vol. XC, n°2, pp. 245–270, 1990\nAviva Bar-Am, St. Stephen’s Monastary [sic] – The brothers' work, Jerusalem Post, 14 September 2009", "Official website" ]

[ "École Biblique", "History", "Foundation", "Modernist crisis", "Subsequent years", "Activities", "Notable members", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3048 ]

[ 14731, 14732, 14733, 14734, 14735, 14736, 14737, 14738, 14739, 14740, 14741 ]

[ "" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/2006-09-24_Ecole_Bois_Joli.jpg" ]

[ "École Bois-Joli is a Canadian French public school in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. It is operated by Conseil scolaire acadien provincial.\nAfter grade 4, students will continue their studies at École du Carrefour." ]

[ "École Bois-Joli" ]

[ 3049 ]

[]

[ "Ecole Boulle." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/%C3%89cole_Boulle_2.JPG" ]

[ "The École Boulle is a college of fine arts and crafts and applied arts in Paris, France.", "The École Boulle was founded in 1886 and is named after the cabinetmaker André-Charles Boulle, who is generally considered to be the preeminent artist in the field of marquetry or inlay during the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715), the Sun King. André-Charles Boulle's art is today known as \"Boulle Work\". The school trains students from the Applied Arts Baccalauréat (French national secondary-school diploma required to pursue university studies for 18-year-old students) to the DSAA (4-year degree in applied arts after the Baccalauréat, equivalent to a master's degree). There are three different DSAA (Diplôme Supérieur d'Arts Appliqués), relating to three different departments: Spatial Design, Communication Design and Product Design.", "The \"École Boulle\" has trained students in two main fields, which correspond to two main departments:\nArtistic crafts including chairmaking, marquetry, cabinetmaking, tapestry, engraving, sculpture in wood, wood turning, bronze sculpture, jewellery\nApplied arts including spatial design and interior architecture, industrial design, furniture design, visual expression and communication, with additional education in computer software, applied philosophy, semiotics, history of art etc.", "\"Décret n° 2011-995 du 23 août 2011 relatif au diplôme supérieur d'arts appliqués\" [Decree n° 2011-995 of august the 23rd 2011 about the diplôme supérieur d'arts appliqués] (in French). Retrieved 28 January 2017.", "Official Website" ]

[ "École Boulle", "History", "Departments", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3050 ]

[ 14742, 14743, 14744, 14745 ]

[ "École Camondo, viewed from the garden.", "" ]

[ 0, 8 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/06606_spad_ESA_jardin_colonnes_maitrier.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/EB1911_Capital_Fig._7.%E2%80%94Roman_Capital_from_the_Temple_of_Mars_Ultor%2C_Rome.jpg" ]

[ "The École Camondo is a five-year private school of product design and interior architecture located in Paris, France, which was created in 1944 and was recognized by the French Ministry of Education in 1989. It is named after the Camondo family, a European family of Jewish financiers and philanthropists.", "École Camondo, located in Paris, France, is a well-known private higher education institution, established in October 1944. It is the top interior architecture design school in France and is considered by professionals as the best interior design school. One of the Schools of Architecture and Product Design. The school has trained famous designers such as philippe starck, Pierre Paulin...", "The Camondo School of Design belongs to the French decoration organization MAD (Musée Arts décoratifs), which is composed of the French Decoration Museum, the Camon Donisi Museum, the Carrousel Studio, and the Camondo School of Design. It is one of the few in Europe that is supported by a museum. School. The duration of schooling is five years, and the postgraduate graduation is the RNCP Level I Diploma. The school offers a unique curriculum that builds on a specific education in interior architecture and design, developing students' creativity and individuality with artistic methods, sociology, anthropology, semiotics...", "For nearly 70 years, the Camondo School has been training designers who envision interior and exterior living environments, individual and collective functions and desired uses and experiences of spaces. This is leading in the field of national and international higher education as it provides students with the critical flexibility to train to adapt to changing careers due to the intersection of interior architecture and design.\nCamondo School provides education and training relevant to professional fields and contemporary society. Partners engage in intensive dialogue between professionals and students. In the realm of pragmatic and creative experimentation, they pose practical problems and provide companies with rational and innovative solutions through the practice of project study groups, high-intensity studios and cross-curriculum.\nSince 1988, the academy has been located at 266 Avenue Raspail in Paris, built by architect Cuno Brullmann, opposite the Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art.", "École Boulle École Boulle is one of the top arts and crafts schools in France and Europe and one of the largest design arts schools in Europe. Named after André-Charles Boulle, a famous furniture maker in the 17th century, the famous Boulle Advanced Decorative Arts Academy in France is a school famous for furniture design education. It was founded in 1886 and is located in the 12th district of Paris. This school gives me the feeling that the scale is large in design schools, and the majors include applied art, product design, furniture making, jewelry design and space design. Due to historical reasons, this school attaches great importance to craftsmanship, and there are many workshops like factories inside the school. The most interesting part of the open day is to see the various equipment in their workshop. They will show how different tools are used, and at the same time, they will display industrial products and artworks produced and processed by different processes.\nThe diploma offered by the school is DNMADE - Diplôme National des Métiers d’Art et du Design, which roughly translates to the National Diploma of Arts and Crafts and Design. The professional direction is divided into two categories: Métiers d’Art and Design. The only three-year undergraduate training in the craft direction is the first year of basic knowledge, the second year of in-depth study, and the third year of professional development. It is subdivided into six majors: Craft in Heritage Conservation, Craft Materials Science and Innovation, Craft and Decoration, Craft and Space, Craft and Activity, and Craft and Social Innovation. Students of each major must choose one of the thirteen workshops to do the project from start to finish, and the assessment method is mainly based on project assessment. Optional workshops include jewelry art, metal carving, decorative finishing, joinery, model carving, decorative carving, model making, wood carving, tapestry and more. The Design track offers both undergraduate and postgraduate study. Three years for undergraduate and two years for postgraduate. The direction is subdivided into space design, product design and festival place design.", "An entrance exam is required for undergraduate applications, and a school interview is required for graduate applications. Entrance needs to provide French scores, and the class is also a pure French environment. All in all, this is a craftsman school that values the combination of craftsmanship and design. If you are interested in the various production processes of the French tradition, this will be the best choice! École Camondo École Camondo, the main campus is located in the 14th district of Paris. It was established in October 1944. The school is surrounded by Haussmann-style buildings, next to the private school of architecture called École Spécialed'architecture, opposite the Cartier designed by Jean Nouvel The Foundation, officially introduced as the top interior architecture design school in France, is regarded by professionals as one of the best interior design and architecture schools. Since 2019, the Toulon campus has been newly opened. On the coast of the famous French Riviera, it can be accompanied by the Atlantic Ocean day and night. Well-known alumni include designer Philippe Starck, Pierre Paulin…\nIt is particularly worth mentioning that the Camondo Design Academy belongs to the French decoration group MAD (Musée Arts décoratifs), which also owns the French Decoration Museum, the Camon Donisi Museum, the carrousel studio and other institutions. It is one of the few museums in Europe to receive support from the museum 's school. Students will get a pass from MAD and can freely enter and exit other institutions of the group. In addition to a lot of furniture collections, the Camondonisi Museum will also provide students with some elective courses related to it. \nThe frequency of school lectures and open classes is very high. At the beginning of the semester, there will be a two-day special lecture day. Experts, designers and artists in different fields are invited to share, which ensures enough and good knowledge intake. The school attaches great importance to the cultivation of art and creativity. There are courses close to pure art in both compulsory and elective courses to fully stimulate the imagination. We attach great importance to the integrity of design. In addition to the design of the space itself, the biggest project of each semester has teachers to guide the layout, font design, printing and exhibition design. Every part of a project will be designed, and during the semester, there will be a visit to the printing factory to see directly how the paper processed by different processes is processed. When the exhibition is set up, students will carry various toolboxes and materials for on-site work, and use tools to build booths and prepare brochures just like preparing works of art.", "Pierre Paulin, designer\nPatrick Bouchain, architect\nJean-Michel Wilmotte, architect, urban designer\nPatrick Rubin, architect\nJacques Grange, interior designer\nPhilippe Starck, designer\nTran Nu Yen Khe, Vietnamese-born French actress\nRobert Couturier, interior architect", "[1] https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B\n[2] https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0\n[3] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/formation/programmes-pedagogiques/\n[4] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/vie-etudiante/les-echanges-academiques/\n[5] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/\n[6] https://www.ecolecamondo.fr/en/vie-etudiante/echanges-internationaux/", "Official web Site" ]

[ "École Camondo", "School Profile", "Teaching Construction", "Academic Research", "Research Area", "Advantage Professional", "Notable former students", "Reference", "External links" ]

[ 3051, 3052 ]

[ 14746, 14747, 14748, 14749, 14750, 14751, 14752, 14753, 14754, 14755, 14756, 14757, 14758, 14759, 14760, 14761 ]

[ "", "", "", "", "Gustave Eiffel, designed the Eiffel Tower and internal structure of the Statue of Liberty in New York" ]

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[ "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/ECP2.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ECP5.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/ECP1.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/ECP4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gustave_Eiffel.jpg" ]

[ "École Centrale Paris (ECP; also known as École Centrale or Centrale) was a French grande école in engineering and science. It was also known by its official name École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures. In 2015, École Centrale Paris merged with Supélec to form CentraleSupélec, a constituent college of the University of Paris-Saclay.\nFounded in 1829, it was among the most prestigious and selective grandes écoles. Rooted in rich entrepreneurial tradition since the industrial revolution era, it served as the cradle for top-level engineers and executives who continue to constitute a major part of the industry leadership in France. Since the 19th century, its model of education for training generalist engineers inspired the establishment of several engineering institutes around the world, such as the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland, Faculté polytechnique de Mons in Belgium, as well as other member schools of the Ecole Centrales Group alliance in France, Morocco, China, and India.", "\"Between 1832 and 1870, the Central School of Arts and Manufactures produced 3,000 engineers, and served as a model for most of the industrialized countries.\"\n— Mathias, Peter; Postan, Michael (1978). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Cambridge university press. p. 313. ISBN 9780521215909.\nÉcole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures was founded in 1829 as a private institute by Alphonse Lavallée, a lawyer and a prominent businessman from Nantes, who put forward most of his personal capital into founding the school, together with three top scientists who became its founding associates: Eugène Peclet, Jean-Baptiste Dumas, and Théodore Olivier. Notably, Lavallée was a shareholder of Le Globe, which became in 1831 the official organ of the Saint-Simonian movement.\nThe founding vision of École Centrale was to train multidisciplinary engineers who will become the first \"doctors of factories and mills\" of the then-emerging industrial sector in France, at a time when most of the other engineering schools trained students for public service. As the scientific discoveries in this era were beginning to have a major impact on industrial development in Europe, a new breed of engineers with a broad and rigorous knowledge of sciences and mathematics were needed in order for France to develop its industry and consequently compete amongst the world's superpowers.\nThe school was initially located in various premises in Paris, including Hotel Salé (which now hosts the Picasso Museum) and buildings which now belong to Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Lavallée served as the first president of École Centrale.\nIn 1857, Lavallée transferred the ownership of the school to the French state in order to ensure its sustainability. Under Napoleon's initiative for an imperial university, the school was then temporarily renamed as École Impériale des Arts et Manufactures.\nIn 1862, graduates of the school were awarded accredited graduate diplomas in engineering, with the official academic title of 'ingénieur des arts et manufactures', which was the first of its kind in France.\nThe school was transferred in 1969 to a new campus located in Châtenay-Malabry. The Châtenay-Malabry campus was designed by architect Jean Fayeton, and was inaugurated by President Georges Pompidou, who was accompanied on this occasion by Robert Galley. The school was renamed as École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures.\nIn 2015, the school formed a strategic alliance with Supélec to create CentraleSupélec, which is part of the University of Paris-Saclay. The new campus is located in Gif-sur-Yvette, approximately 20 km from the center of Paris.", "École Centrale Paris was one of the Centrale Graduate Schools associated as the Groupe Centrale network with its sister institutes (Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Beijing, Hyderabad (with Mahindra Group) and Casablanca).\nSince 1837, the school had established several international partnerships (double degrees, exchanges, research collaboration) with the world's leading universities, such as California Institute of Technology, University of Cambridge, ETH Zurich, Georgia Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Indian Institutes of Technology, KAIST, Princeton University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Politecnico di Milano, National University of Singapore, Stanford University, University of Toronto, Tsinghua University, TU Delft and Technische Universität München. It was a founding member of the TIME (Top Industrial Managers for Europe) network among top engineering schools in Europe, and also a member of the UniverSud Paris and the CESAER association of European engineering schools.", "Initially located in the Hôtel de Juigné (now Hôtel Salé and home to the Musée Picasso), the main campus of the school was transferred to rue Montgolfier in 1884, where it stayed until 1969. Its current location neighbours the Parc de Sceaux.\nFormer location of the École Centrale, rue Montgolfier in Paris (3rd arrondissement): \nThe school is now located at Châtenay-Malabry, Hauts-de-Seine, a southern suburb of Paris (in the Île-de-France region), next to the Parc de Sceaux and its Château de Sceaux. Within the main campus at Châtenay Malabry, ECP hosts eight laboratories:\nMolecular and Macroscopic Energy, Combustion\nSystem Analysis and Macroeconomics Modeling\nIndustrial Engineering\nChemical Engineering and Materials Processing Laboratory\nApplied Mathematics\nSoil and Structure Mechanics\nTechnology and Strategy\nSolids Structure and Properties\nMost of the 2000 students at École Centrale Paris stay in dedicated on-campus student residences, which is located near the research labs and easily accessible via public transport.\nFollowing the merger of the school with Supelec, now forming CentraleSupelec, the progressive move of the campus has started from Chatenay-Malabry to Gif-sur-Yvette.", "Most French students who were admitted to École Centrale Paris had completed 2 to 3 years of post high school education in sciences through the classes préparatoires or prépas, which corresponds to freshman and sophomore years at US universities. The classes préparatoires is itself a selective and academically intensive program that admits less than top 10% of high school graduates in France each year. The entrance examination to the grandes écoles including École Centrale Paris is taken by students only at the end of their second year in prépas (Mathématiques spéciales).\nFor its flagship degree program leading to the French engineer's degree (Diplôme d'ingénieur), in 2016 for instance, École Centrale Paris recruited among the top 4% candidates from prépas for a quota of about 400 students, in addition to some 50 international students from top foreign universities after an equivalently selective process.\nInternational students are first selected internally by their respective home universities on the basis of academic performance (within top 10% GPA) and receive additional training in various subjects including mathematics, sciences, computing, and French language for at least 1–2 years on top of their undergraduate degree program requirements. International students then apply and compete for admission to each grande école via written and oral examinations, and the application must include 2 referrals by professors, a record of extracurricular achievements, internship or research/project experiences, and a motivation letter.\nLastly, a small number of places for the engineer degree program is reserved for French university graduates who have excelled in a relevant 3-year bachelor's degree program.", "The general engineering program at Centrale was multidisciplinary and typically lasted between 3 and 4 years. The curriculum was similar to those offered at other general engineering schools (écoles d'ingénieurs généralistes). All courses were taught in either French or English.\nDuring the first year (Tronc Commun, or Common Core), students were required to study several subjects in science (mathematics, quantum physics, biology...), engineering (continuum mechanics, heat transfer, algorithms, programming...), as well as social sciences (economics, management, foreign languages...). In the second year, students were given the option to choose elective courses but with heavy emphasis in science nevertheless. The first two years were also used to train students in various research, startup and industry projects.\nIn the third year, students could choose to major (specialize) in a particular field depending on their academic and professional interests. Upon graduation, students received the degree of Diplôme d'Ingénieur (equivalent to Master of Science) along with the title of Ingénieur diplômé, which was more commonly called Ingénieur centralien.", "The school offered a broad range of specialized master's programmes in science and engineering (one-year or two-year programs).\nIt also offered various PhD programmes for holders of a master's degree. More than 200 doctoral candidates currently work in one of the eight laboratories of the school.", "The following is a non-exhaustive list of notable alumni of Ecole Centrale Paris, also commonly known as Centraliens or Pistons, which is a reference to the piston engine as one of the key innovations that powered the French industrial revolution.\nName (Year of graduation):\nNorbert Rillieux (1830), inventor of the multiple-effect evaporator\nGustave Eiffel (1855), designer of the Eiffel Tower and the internal structure of the Statue of Liberty\nWilliam Le Baron Jenney (1856), architect of the first steel framed building in Chicago\nGeorges Leclanché (1860), inventor of Leclanché cell\nÉmile Levassor and René Panhard (1864), founders of the first car manufacturing company, Panhard et Levassor\nAndré Michelin (1877), founder of Michelin\nEdmond Coignet (1879) a pioneer of reinforced concrete\nGeorges Vésier (1882), president of the Compagnie française des métaux\nLouis Blériot (1895), aviation pioneer, first pilot to cross the Channel\nGeorges Darrieus, French aeronautical engineer, inventor of the Darrieus wind turbine\nArmand Peugeot (1895), founder of automobile maker Peugeot (Peugeot PSA)\nRené Lorin (1901), French aeronautical engineer, patented the first ramjet engine\nSolomon Lefschetz (1905), American mathematician\nPierre-Georges Latécoère (1906), aeronautics pioneer, founder of Latécoère and Aéropostale (later Air France)\nMarcel Schlumberger (1907), co-founder of Schlumberger Limited\nEtienne Oehmichen (1908), pioneer of helicopters\nBoris Vian (1942), writer\nMehdi Bazargan, former Iranian Prime Minister\nFrancis Bouygues (1947), founder of Bouygues\nJacques Maisonrouge (1948), Corporate Executive at IBM\nGérard Pélisson (1955), founder of the Accor group (Novotel, Sofitel, Mercure, All Seasons hotels)\nRobert Peugeot, Peugeot holding president as of 2005\nAntoine (1966), singer-songwriter, navigator\nHenri Gouraud (1967), computer scientist\nSébastien Candel (1968), physicist, Vice President of the French Academy of Sciences\nJustin Ndioro (1972), former Cameroonian Minister of Finances (1993–1996)\nÉtienne Klein, physicist and professor, Research Director of the CEA\nFrançois Goulard (1976), French delegate minister for research (2005–2007)\nBenoît Potier (1979), CEO of Air Liquide\nPierre Chappaz (1982), founder of Kelkoo\nJean-Loïc Galle (1982), President and CEO of Thales Alenia Space\nCharbel Farhat (1983), Vivian Church Hoff Professor of Aircraft Structures in the School of Engineering and inaugural James and Anna Marie Spilker Chair of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, at Stanford University; Member of the National Academy of Engineering (US); Member of the Royal Academy of Engineering (UK); and Member of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences\nBernard Liautaud (1984), founder of Business Objects\nÉdouard Michelin (born 1963) (1987), former CEO of Michelin\nDriss Ben-Brahim (1987), investor and highest paid trader in London\nCharles Beigbeder (1988), CEO of Poweo\nGilbert Daniel Nessim (1991), professor of chemistry at Bar-Ilan University\nBruno Iksil (1991), JPMorgan Chief Investments Trader, a.k.a. the 'London Whale'\nValerie Masson-Delmotte (1993, 1996), climate scientist\nJean-Sebastien Jacques (1994), Rio Tinto CEO\nFabrice Tourre (2000), the 'Fabulous Fab'\nStephane Bancel (1995), CEO of Moderna\nOlivier Pomel (1999), Founder and CEO of Datadog\nAlexis Lê-Quôc (1999), Founder and CTO of Datadog\nBernard Liataud (1984), Founder and CEO of BusinessObjects and Balderton Capital\nJean-Baptiste Kempf (2006), Creator of VLC media player and VideoLAN\nSoulaymane Kachani, Columbia University's Senior Vice Provost", "Paul Appell - mathematician\nRaymond Barre, economist, Vice President of the European Commission, French Prime Minister\nSébastien Candel - physicist, President of the French Academy of Sciences\nJean-Daniel Colladon - engineer and physicist\nGustave-Gaspard Coriolis - physicist, known for the Coriolis effect\nJean-Baptiste Dumas - chemist, known for atomic weights\nJacques Hadamard - mathematician\nÉtienne Klein - physicist and philosopher of science\nJoseph Liouville - mathematician\nAnselme Payen - chemist, discovered the first enzyme\nEugène Péclet - physicist, known for the Péclet number\nÉmile Picard - mathematician", "Centrale-Supélec Career Fair\nEducation in France", "Ecole Centrale Paris key figures (2016)\nBourdieu, Pierre (1998). The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35. ISBN 9780804733465.\nOnline article on EPFL history\nBiography of Théodore Olivier\n\"List of centrale paris partners february 2014\". Issuu. Retrieved 2016-06-02.\nem2c.ecp.fr\nerasme.ecp.fr\nlgi.ecp.fr\nlgpm.ecp.fr\nmas.ecp.fr\nmssmat.ecp.fr\nst.ecp.fr\nspms.ecp.fr\nNote on classes préparatoires\nhttp://www.scei-concours.fr/cadre_statistique.htm scei-concours.fr\nMS programs at ECP\n\"Norbert Rillieux\". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2016-03-18.\n(in French)french ministry for research\n(in French)profile on AXA Talents website\nArticle on interview with Bruno Iksil, the 'London Whale'\n\"Valerie Masson-Delmotte\". Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement. Retrieved 2016-06-24.", "English official website\nTIME association Network\nAlumni Association Website (in French)\n\"Understanding the Grandes écoles\"\nA detailed explanation on the admission process for the centralien curriculum on Stanford University's website" ]

[ "École Centrale Paris", "History", "Partnerships", "Campus", "Admission", "Curriculum", "The Graduate School", "Alumni", "Notable faculty", "See also", "Notes and references", "External links" ]

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[ "The front façade of the École Estienne.", "École Estienne" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Ecole_estienne.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Bd_Blanqui-18-_Estienne.JPG" ]

[ "L'école Estienne is the traditional name of the l'École supérieure des arts et industries graphiques (ESAIG) (Graduate School of Arts and Printing Industry). It is located at 18, Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, not far from the Butte-aux-Cailles.", "In 1887 the anthropologist and linguist Abel Hovelacque proposed that the city of Paris should create a municipal school of arts and professional printing for industry. In November 1889 the school opened with 108 students in temporary premises on rue Vauquelin.\nThe school was named in honour of the Estienne family, a famous family of 16th century printers including Henri Estienne (elder), Robert Estienne and Charles Estienne. Its vocation was to address the poor qualifications and standards of printing and book-making, covering theoretical and practical aspects.\nThe main building was designed by architect Menjot Dammartin and built in 1896. The frame of the machine shop (1200 m2) was built by the Gustave Eiffel workshops in Levallois-Perret. The premises were inaugurated in July 1896 by the President of France Félix Faure.", "Cabu (1938–2015), cartoonist\nRobert Doisneau (1912–1994), photographer\nPierre Gandon (1899–1990)\nPatrick Malrieu, industrialist\nLéo Quievreux (born 1971), comic book author and illustrator\nSiné (1928–2016), cartoonist\nXavier de Rosnay (1982), half of the duo Justice", "\"Léo Quiévreux\". lambiek.net. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.", "Three books on the History of the Ecole Estienne are available at the School library.\nVolume 1: 1889-1939 From the Belle Epoque to the Phony War.\nVolume 2: From 1939 to 1968 defeat at the shambles.\nVolume 3: 1969-2000 Footprints on the Moon to the bug of the Century.\nMonograph of the Ecole Estienne. Municipal School of Professional Art and Paper Industries, Paris, Imprimerie School Estienne, 1900, 228 p.", "Ecole Estienne - Official site" ]

[ "École Estienne", "History", "Notable alumni", "References", "General references", "External links" ]

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[ "" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Jh_picard_southwest_view.jpg" ]

[ "École J.H. Picard School is an elementary, junior, and senior high school located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is presently the only Catholic school in Western Canada that provides complete French Immersion education from kindergarten to grade 12.", "The school is named after Joseph Henri Picard, a francophone politician from Edmonton. It was officially opened on September 9, 1973 at a cost of $1.2 million. The school was built to consolidate the students previously attending l'Académie Assomption, a private girls school originally run by the Sisters of the Assumption, and College St. Jean for boys into a co-ed environment. The original location of the school was 8828 95 Street in the Bonnie Doon community, not far from Campus Saint Jean and Edmonton's French Quarter. Many dignitaries attended the official opening of the school including; Archbishop Anthony Jordan, Hon. Lou Hyndman Minister of Education, Julian Koziak, MLA, Edmonton-Strathcona, Dr. Ivor Dent, Mayor of the City of Edmonton and Lt. Governor Dr. Grant MacEwan. The school remained at that location until 1984, when it moved to a much larger facility, the former St. Mary's high school, at 7055 99 St NW. The original, smaller facility of Picard became École Maurice-Lavallée, a Catholic francophone rather than French immersion school, providing education to Grade 10-12 (vs Picard's K-12) students; Maurice-Lavallée became part of the Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2, a distinct francophone board, following the 1990 Mahe v Alberta court case.\nIn 2000 the parents' council for J.H. Picard helped fund the building of a new playground.\nAs early as the late 1990s J.H. Picard was placed on a list for a major modernization which would have included a completely updated theater space. In 2011, the Edmonton Catholic School District (ECSD) Board of trustees decided to place J.H. Picard as the number one priority for relocation on their capital plan. The plan would have entailed relocation of the junior and senior high school to the Silverberry district of south east Edmonton. The new location would have shared a property with the adjacent Meadows Community Recreation Center as well with a possible new Edmonton Public Schools high school. Due to pressure from the then current parents committee, the Catholic School trustee board changed its mind and shelved the relocation plan.\nIn 2014 the Edmonton Catholic School board approved and commenced construction of the modernization of the 99th Street site, which temporarily displaced the elementary grades to across the field at the former St. Margaret school building. Construction was completed in February 2017. Renovations included an expansion of the parking lot, a new sound and recording studio, newly renovated Drama instruction and rehearsal space as well as other modernizations of technology.", "École J.H. Picard is now an arts academy with an emphasis on the fine arts and performing arts. The drama program has put on numerous productions, including Othello, Annie, West Side Story, and for the first time in its history put on a Jr.High Production: the Lion King.' The students operate an inhouse daily broadcast call JHPTV, as well as taking advantage of social media and email to replace the monthly newsletter \"The Picardien.\"\nThe school continues to field sports teams in junior and senior high, participating in soccer, volleyball, basketball, and track & field. The school sports teams are known as the Pumas.", "Official Opening J.H.Picard School (in English and French). p. 2. Retrieved December 7, 2017.\n\"J.H.Picard modernization\". Retrieved December 7, 2017.\nJ. H. Picard School", "School website" ]

[ "École J. H. Picard School", "History", "The Present", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3058 ]

[ 14790, 14791, 14792, 14793, 14794, 14795, 14796, 14797 ]

[ "", "View of the courtyard, Rue du Théâtre" ]

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[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Ecole_Jeannine_Manuel.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/%C3%89cole_Jeannine_Manuel.jpg" ]

[ "École Jeannine Manuel is a private highly selective and co-educational day school founded in 1954, with locations in Paris, Lille, and London.\nThe school's Paris campuses, located in the 7th and 15th arrondissement, are home to 2,400 students of 80 different nationalities. Its Lille campus, located in the town of Marcq-en-Baroeul, has more than 1000 students including 120 boarders. The Paris school was ranked the best high school in France for the eighteenth consecutive year in 2019, while the Lille school came in third place nationwide for 2019. \nÉcole Jeannine Manuel's London school opened its doors in 2015 in the heart of Bloomsbury. It currently has 500 students from Nursery to Year 13. Like its French counterpart, the London school offers a bilingual curriculum and its students sit the French and International Baccalaureate exams.\nThe school has over 20,000 alumni.", "", "Jeannine Manuel joined the French Resistance and became a member of the Free French in London in 1940. She returned to France in August 1944. In 1954, Jeannine Manuel founded the Ecole Active Bilingue in a former townhouse on Avenue de La Bourdonnais in Paris. For Jeannine Manuel, the aim of education was to help shape \"whole\" people, by which she meant, \"individuals aware of their presence in this world, engaged in its history, and ready to play a part in world affairs\".", "The school opened its doors in September 1954 with 9 students enrolled, a number that grew to 100 by January 1955. The school continued growing at such a rate that, by 1960, there was a lack of available space to accommodate its growing student body.\n\nJeannine Manuel consequently created special bilingual classes for her secondary students and teachers at the Lycée de Sèvres in collaboration with her friend, Edmée Hatinguais, who was Inspector General, former head of the École Normale Supérieure de jeunes filles de Sèvres, and the first director of the International Center for Pedagogical Studies (Centre international d’études pédagogiques). The bilingual curriculum and pedagogical approach offered at the Lycée de Sèvres closely mirrored that developed by Jeannine Manuel.\nA few years later, Jeannine Manuel opened a new school near Parc Monceau with the help of a new investor. However, in 1979, a conflict between a need for return on investment and Jeannine Manuel's pedagogical principles led to an official split between the two schools. Jeannine Manuel consequently left the school on the Parisian right bank but kept the two small schools on Avenue de la Bourdonnais and Avenue de Suffren. Jeannine Manuel opened another school on 70 Rue du Théâtre in the 15th arrondissement of Paris\nIn 1999, at Jeannine Manuel's behest, her eldest son Bernard Manuel regrouped the recently opened school in Marcq-en-Baroeul (Lille) and the new Dupleix site in Paris into a single non-profit association together with the other pre-existing schools. Bernard Manuel remains president of the association.", "In 2004, one year after Jeannine Manuel's death, the Fondation Jeannine Manuel was established under the patronage of the Fondation de France. The Fondation's mission is to support École Jeannine Manuel and to encourage the development of other schools with a similar mission and pedagogical approach. They host a gala every year.", "In 2014, on the occasion of its sixtieth birthday, the school was officially renamed École Jeannine Manuel.", "In 2015, with the financial support of the Foundation and in honor of Jeannine Manuel's formative years in London, the school opened its first site in Bedford Square, London. The Russell Square premises for the Upper School opened in 2019.", "", "The school is a 1901 non-profit association and is under contract with the French state since 1959.\nBoth the Paris and Lille schools are official international sections. Students consequently have the opportunity of sitting the international (US) option of the French Baccalaureate (the OIB), a demanding bilingual and bicultural exam taken by only 1% of students sitting the Baccalaureate.\nIn 2010, Elisabeth Zéboulon, Director of École Jeannine Manuel, and Sean Lynch, Head of the American Section at the Lycée International of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, founded the Association of American International Sections (AAMIS) to help develop the OIB exam in schools. With Bernard Manuel as its president since 2012, AAMIS now includes more than 40 member high-schools that offer the OIB in Shanghai, San Francisco, Beirut, Johannesburg and other cities across the world.", "With regards to international accreditations, École Jeannine Manuel was one of the first associated UNESCO schools, and has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since 1980. The school is also accredited by the Council of International Schools (CIS) and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.", "IGCSE First Language English and English Literature in Year 11\nLanguage certifications: Spanish (DELE – Instituto Cervantes), German (Goethe Institut Zertifikat), Italian (PLIDA – Società Dante Alighieri) B1 level in Year 10 and B2 level in Year 12, Chinese (YCT3 in Year 8, HSK3 in Year 10, HSK4 in Year 13).\nNational Brevet Diploma with international option (DNBI) in Lille (US option) and in London (UK option)\nEntrance exams for UK and US universities\nFrench Baccalaureate with international option (OIB) – US section in France, UK section in London\nInternational Baccalaureate (IB)\nASSR 1 & 2\nHigh School Diploma.", "Since the creation of the Jeannine Manuel Foundation in 2004, the latter has enabled the school to raise 66% tax-free funds. Mediapart reported that the \"platinum tables\" –invitations to parties organised by the foundation– cost 3,400 euros after tax exemption, instead of 10,000 euros. Lucie Delaporte, journalist at Mediapart, criticized this tax exemption at the expense of the taxpayer: \"Is there really nothing more urgent than helping the schooling in the private sector of most privileged upper classes?\"\nThe salaries of contractual teachers are 15 times lower than those of some members of the management. Elisabeth Zéboulon, as head of the school and manager of the Remi company – a company that sells books to students and manages the school's extracurricular activities– has a monthly salary of 18,000 euros while contractual teachers earn the minimum wage. In addition, the president of the foundation, Bernard Manuel, benefited from the school's real estate acquisitions because, being the owner of the buildings through a Société Civile Immobilière, the rents are paid to himself.\nAccording to an investigation led by the Journal du Dimanche, from 2017 to 2018, three employees have been diagnosed with a burnout syndrome. Gabriel Perez, a member of the Parisian Union of Private Education (SPEP-CFDT), described a \"a system that controls its staff\". In 2018, the labour inspectorate, after being seized, opened an investigation and interviewed several employees, including Elisabeth Zéboulon.", "Many personalities from politics, business, fashion and the film industry have enrolled their children in this establishment.\nNicolas Sarkozy and Cécilia Attias have enrolled their son.\nJean-Luc Lagardère enrolled his son Arnaud Lagardère (born 18 March 1961).\nJane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg enrolled their daughter Charlotte Gainsbourg (born 21 July 1971) who enrolled with her partner Yvan Attal, their children.\nSophia Loren enrolled her sons.\nCarla Bruni and Raphaël Enthoven have enrolled their son.\nGaspard Ulliel - former student (born 25 November 1984).\nPrincely Family of Monaco including Charlotte Casiraghi (born 3 August 1986).\nSanto Domingo family including Tatiana Santo Domingo (born 24 November 1983).\nSchlumberger family.\nFrédéric Mitterrand has enrolled his children.\nAlain Delon and Rosalie van Breemen, have enrolled their daughter Anouchka Delon (born 25 November 1990).\nVictoria Abril has enrolled her children.\nAntony Blinken, United States Secretary of State.\nBouygues family.\nJean-François Copé (former student) enrolled his children.\nEstelle Lefébure and David Hallyday have enrolled their daughter.\nNatalia Vodianova has enrolled her children.", "\"Fils et filles de...: les dessous d'une génération VIP\". LExpress.fr (in French). 2015-09-11. Retrieved 2020-04-05.\n\"Et si l'avenir de nos enfants se jouait à l'école maternelle ?\". Madame Figaro. 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2020-04-05.\n\"Ecole active bilingue Jeannine Manuel (Paris) : classement 2019 et taux de réussite au bac\". L'Internaute. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\"Palmarès des lycées 2019\". L'Express. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\"Classement des lycées 2020 : le palmarès par établissement, ville et académie\". www.linternaute.com (Figaro Group) (in French). 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2020-04-05.\n\"Homepage\". Ecole Jeannine Manuel - London. Retrieved 2020-01-07.\n\"Construire la paix dans l'esprit des hommes et des femmes – La mission de l'UNESCO\". UNESCO. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\"A visit to École Jeannine Manuel, a new bilingual international school in Central London\". London's Top Schools. 2015-11-07. Retrieved 2020-01-06.\n\"Ecole Jeannine Manuel London Announces the Opening of Its Upper School\". School House Magazine. 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2020-01-06.\n\"About AAMIS\". AASMIS. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\"Ecole Jeannine Manuel\". International Baccalaureate. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\"High school diploma\". Ecole Jeannine Manuel. Retrieved 2019-12-13.\n\"Photo – Carla Bruni \"fière\" de son fils Aurélien, fraîchement diplômé - Gala\". Gala.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-04-29.\nDelaporte, Lucie. \"A l'EABJM, on cultive l'entre-soi d'une éducation pour les très riches\". Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-24.\n\"Pourquoi la révolte gronde à l'école des enfants de VIP\". lejdd.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-11-24.\nSagan, Zoé (2020-01-16). Kétamine: C13H16ClNO (in French). Au diable vauvert. ISBN 979-10-307-0320-7.\n\"Ces maternelles qui jouent aux prépas\". LExpress.fr (in French). 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2020-04-05.\nYearbook 1993 EABJM.\nYearbook 2000 EABJM.", "Official website" ]

[ "École Jeannine Manuel", "History", "Jeannine Manuel", "Expansion", "Creation of the Fondation Jeannine Manuel", "School renamed in honor of Jeannine Manuel", "École Jeannine Manuel opens its doors in London", "Administrative structure", "1901 association & American International section", "IB World School with CIS and NEASC accreditations", "Diplomas and exams", "Controversies", "Notable pupils and parents", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "", "The entrance to the new $884,100 extension", "" ]

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[ "École L'Odyssée ([ekɔl lɔdiˈse], English: \"Odyssey School\") is a public francophone high school in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. It is part of the province's Francophone Sud School District, offering education to students from grade nine to twelve. The school opened on September 30, 2005 as part of a $24.2 million project, alongside the adjoining middle school, École Le Mascaret. École L'Odyssée was conceived as a way to alleviate the overcrowding problem at École Mathieu-Martin in nearby Dieppe, a problem the district has had in the past. The Odyssée-Mascaret project, as well as the future Carrefour de l'Acadie middle school, replaced the former École Beauséjour and École Vanier complexes. This move allowed the Moncton Hospital to expand, while the Vanier establishment made way for medical offices. On September 9, 2009, the school was given permission to begin an $884,000 expansion for its far side, allowing for a larger space to be reserved for its infirmary and orientation center.\nAs of September 2010, the school holds 767 students out of its capacity of 850, compared to 971 students at École Mathieu-Martin. It is the only French high school in Moncton.", "As Moncton's population grew over the years, overcrowding in high schools soon became a problem: in the 2004–05 school year, École Mathieu-Martin – the sole francophone high school in the area – had an enrolment of 1,609 students, well above the 2009–2010 enrolment of 1,025. When the city's growth rate climbed from 5% in the years 1991–96 to 6.5% in the years 2001–06, the problem became even more apparent. In fact, prior to construction, the idea of a second francophone complex had been in the minds of the New Brunswick Department of Education since as early as December 20, 2002. This idea was later confirmed in New Brunswick's record-breaking $809 million budget for the 2003–04 fiscal year, where $100,000 was allocated to \"develop the educational specifications\" of the complex. Originally, the project was code named \"Moncton School Complex\" (French: Complexe Scolaire de Moncton).\nOn January 12, 2004, the two schools were revealed to be attached side-to-side, occupying a combined area of 16,000 square meters (170,000 square feet) about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) from the nearby Université de Moncton. When commenting on the new facility, New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord said that \"[this] project offers numerous advantages, from several points of view\", and that \"it reflects [the government's] commitment to equipping New Brunswick with a high-calibre education system.\" The names for the two schools were picked from submissions sent by the education councils of District 01 and District 03 on March 14, 2005. Both schools were announced to be replacing École Beauséjour and École Vanier, two francophone middle schools, which made way for the expansion of the Moncton Hospital and for medical offices, respectively.\nA final $11.2 million was allocated on January 6, 2005, which was 23.3% of the $48 million Department of Education budget for that fiscal year. On July 15, 2005, the school was awarded a $60,000 federal fund for energy efficiency 39% below the national energy threshold; this would save the New Brunswick government $115,193 per year, or an eventual $2 million over 20 years. The province's educational minister, Madelaine Dubé, said: \"It is good to know that our schools can also contribute to protecting our environment.\" The school held its inauguration ceremony with Bernard Lord present on September 30, 2005, despite its delayed opening a few days after the beginning of the 2005–06 school year. Lord spoke of his government's intention to add schools to the growing number of Francophone institutions in New Brunswick, as well as advancing the state of the province's education. \"Today's inauguration represents an historic moment for Moncton's Francophone community,\" he said in his speech. \"Parents, students and teaching staff now have modern, state of the art facilities. I feel very proud about this project and I am delighted that it is now a reality.\" On September 9, 2009, a new, $884,100 permit was awarded to extend L'Odyssée's total area by 390 m² (4,200 sq ft) for the expansion of its new infirmary and orientation center.\nThe city went under scrutiny after the death on November 30 of Erica Frenette, a student at L'Odyssée, who was struck by a car after crossing an intersection near the school in poor weather conditions. Parents began petitions to install street lights near what they deemed to be a \"dangerous [street corner]\", and on May 4, the request was approved.", "", "The school's curriculum is based on a 30-credit system, requiring a student to receive all 17 mandatory credits and seven optional credits to graduate. Examples of notable courses are law, Esperanto, German, Auto mechanics, carpentry, entrepreneurship, world religions, cooperative education, and leadership. L'Odyssée also offers exclusive courses in work-life development and speaking Acadian.\nA partnership with the Université de Moncton and CCNB Dieppe allows students to take and be credited for select courses off-campus one period per semester at no cost during their senior year. Additionally, Cisco offers a course in server and information sustainment, and the school offers access to ten online courses, including astronomy and world geography. Sports programs are available and credited, including hockey and soccer.\nThere are two curricular programs, called \"Volets\", for students wishing to graduate with honours in science and engineering or art and social sciences. The main differences between the standard curriculum and the two \"Volet\" programs are the addition of mandatory courses in the domain of the chosen program, and the requirement to complete thirty hours of volunteer duty. A student must gain an average of 80% in the additional mandatory courses to graduate with honours.", "École L'Odyssée operates on a modified version of the controversial concept of block scheduling. Instead of the traditional seven- or eight-period school day, every day students attend four out of the five classes for that semester. The following semester, students attend their remaining five courses in the same fashion, totalling ten courses per year. School days are labelled 1 to 5, instead of Monday to Friday, with each \"day\" having a predetermined layout. This type of scheduling prevents courses being cancelled for holidays and school vacations, since in such a case, the schedule resumes with the days shifted forward by the length of the school break. For example, if Monday was designated as Day 1, and Tuesday was a holiday, Wednesday would be Day 2, and Thursday would be Day 3. This type of scheduling, however, does not cover unexpected school cancellations (for example, school closure due to poor weather), due to problems it would cause with the predetermined calendar.\nWednesdays, regardless of the \"day\", are cut by one hour throughout the district to compensate for Community of Practice (French: Communauté d'apprentissage professionnelles, or \"CAP\") meetings between teachers at the end of the day, to \"direct [the district's efforts] towards the educational success of students.\" Study hall (known as the \"PAAQ\" period, which stands for \"Preoccupation de l'Affectif et de l'Apprentissage de Qualité\") is reserved between the first and second period of the day, except for Wednesdays, where the period is removed to compensate for the CAP meetings.\nAnother difference between L'Odyssée and other schools is the amount of time allotted between classes. Instead of the usual five-minute intermission, students are given 14 minutes between every period – except for the intermission between the first period and PAAQ, and between lunch and the third period, where students are given five minutes. They receive 57 minutes for their lunch every day, except for Wednesdays, when they get a 55-minute lunch (both excluding the five-minute intermission).\nAlthough the schedule is identical throughout the school, students must fill in their courses – A through E – as defined by their schedule:", "Outside rankings for the school have been low compared to the district's average. In 2010, a report published by the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies put L'Odyssée at the bottom of the district's 22-school list overall (one school being unranked), based on data from 2005 to 2008.\nIn 2005, the province began including the school in their reports on student dropout rates. At the time, its rates were the highest in the province, with a total of six dropouts for every 100 students enrolled. In contrast, the district average was 0.9 dropouts per 100 enrolments, and the provincial average was 2.4 dropouts. The following year, the school's rate dropped to 5.4, remaining three percentage points above the provincial average. In 2007, it fell 2.2 points, down to 3.2 dropouts per 100 students, and finally settled at 2%, 0.2 percentage points below the provincial average of 2.2%.\nIn terms of academic performance, the province releases report cards based on yearly exams to track the progress toward a goal set for 2013. The exams are held for English classes in the tenth grade, for French classes in the eleventh grade, and for mathematics in the eleventh grade. The report card rates schools based on how many students pass each exam, instead of rating on the average mark on the exam. L'Odyssée, according to the report, is below both the district and the provincial success rate:", "L'Odyssée offers spots in nearly every NBIAA-organized sport. Players participating under the school's name are given the nickname \"Olympien\" (English: Olympian).", "The hockey teams, male and female, are required to practice every first period of the first semester in a credited course. Students participate in up to three tournaments before the provincials and over 30 games in total. The 2009–10 female team finished second in the provincial finals versus the Riverview Blackhawks.", "The school has four soccer teams: two juniors and two seniors. The male junior team placed first in the 2009 provincial championships.", "The track and field team at L'Odyssée has been the recipient of several provincial titles since 2006. Team members have included Geneviève Lalonde (7-time champion with six provincial records in the 800 m, 1,500 m, and 3,000 m from 2006 to 2009 and represented Canada at the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics), Jessica Chamberland (6-time champion with one provincial record in the shot put from 2006 to 2009), and Alexandre Coholan (2-time champion in the 100 m and 200 m, as well as a silver medal in the triple jump).\n  Asterisk (*) denotes NBIAA record holding score as of 2012.", "L'Odyssée is home to a cross-country team, a softball and baseball team, two Basketball teams, a golf team, a football team, a swimming team, three curling teams, a badminton team, and a rugby union team. In 2010, the school's wrestling team featured a provincial winner in the girls' 60 kg class. The senior female volleyball team took the silver medal in the 2010 provincial tournament.", "", "The Jazz and Harmony teams, led by instructor Martin McLaughlin (previously Charles Arsenau), act as a side project for the school's existing music course and has participated in every yearly Heritage Festival since 2005. The team won a competition in New York in 2009 and six Maestro awards, including the \"Outstanding Band Award\", and \"Best Solo\". The following year, the team placed second and garnered one Maestro award in Washington.", "L'Odyssée participated in the regional Improvisation competitions in the 2009–10 season. The team also participated in the \"Gougoune Dorée 2010\" competition, a provincial tournament, and took first place. Sebastien Richard earned the \"Most Starred Player\" award, while captain Julie Frigault won MVP.", "The school was among the first to participate in the debut of the provincial debate championship in Caraquet. The team of three received the gold prize on March 22, 2010 against École Mathieu-Martin in the finals.", "École Le Mascaret\nÉcole Mathieu-Martin\nFrancophone Sud School District\nList of schools in New Brunswick", "Although the volet \"Vie Saine et Active\" is on the list of programs, it was removed in early 2009 due to lack of participation.", "\"Official opening for Le Mascaret and L'Odyssée Schools in Moncton\", Communications New Brunswick, 30 September 2005, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Summary Statistics School Year 2010–2011\", New Brunswick Department of Education, March 2011, retrieved on 7 September 2011, p. 62.\nNew Brunswick Department of Education, p. 76.\nJardine, Aloma (15 April 2010), \"New schools to serve students in the north end\", Times and Transcript (Moncton), retrieved on 16 May 2010.\n\"Official opening of École Carrefour de l'Acadie\", Communications New Brunswick, 4 December 2006, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"École Beauséjour Monument Unveiled\", South-East Regional Health Authority, 6 October 2008, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Amiante à l'hôpital\" (in French), Radio-Canada, 17 November 2008, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\nL'Odyssée expansion news release, Communications New Brunswick, 9 September 2009, retrieved on 16 May 2010.\n\"Francophone school project awarded federal energy efficiency funding\", Communications New Brunswick, 15 July 2005, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\nL'Odyssée website index, École L'Odyssée, retrieved on 20 June 2010. (archive)\n\"New Brunswick Education Dropout Rates\", New Brunswick Department of Education, July 2006, retrieved on 19 June 2010, p. 16.\n\"Population Statistics for Moncton – 1996\", Statistics Canada, 14 May 1996, retrieved on 15 June 2010.\n\"Population Statistics for Moncton – 2006\", Statistics Canada, 16 May 2006, retrieved on 15 June 2010.\n\"Education minister unveils capital projects for 2003–2004\", Communications New Brunswick, 20 December 2002, retrieved on 15 June 2010.\n\"Record budget of $809 million for Department of Education\", Communications New Brunswick, 3 April 2003, retrieved on 15 June 2010.\n\"Presentation of model, artist's rendering of Moncton's new school complex\", Communications New Brunswick, 12 January 2004, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Names announced for new schools in Moncton and Edmundston\", Communications New Brunswick, 14 March 2005, retrieved on 15 June 2010.\n\"REVISED / Education capital budget continues to increase\", Communications New Brunswick, 6 January 2005, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Inauguration Ceremony at École L'Odyssée\" (in French), 13:32–13:38 minutes, Communications New Brunswick, 20 September 2005, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Erica Frenette Funeral Home\", Frenette Funeral Home, December 2009, retrieved on 16 June 2010. (archive)\n\"Father wants lighting at deadly crosswalk\", CBC New Brunswick (Moncton), 3 December 2009, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Parents petition for crosswalk where teen killed\", CBC New Brunswick (Moncton), 7 April 2010, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Moncton crossings gets safety lights\", CBC New Brunswick (Moncton), 4 May 2010, retrieved on 16 June 2010.\n\"Description du régime pédagogique et des cours offerts\" (in French), École L'Odyssée, 2009–10, retrieved on 16 May 2010. (archive)\n\"Objectifs des volets\" (in French), École L'Odyssée, 2008, retrieved on 19 June 2010. (archive)\n\"Formulaire de choix de cours\" , 88 Kb, (in French), École L'Odyssée, 2009, retrieved on 19 June 2010.\nAgenda – École L'Odyssée 2009–2010, p. 4.\nJ. Bennett, Karen (12 April 2000), \"Block Scheduling: With a Mathematics Perspective\", University of Illinois, retrieved on 17 June 2010.\nW. Laurence, William and D. McPherson, Danny (24 October 2008), \"A Comparative Study of Block Scheduling and Traditional Scheduling on Academic Achievement\", ABC-CLIO, 2000, retrieved on 17 June 2010.\n\"Rapport annuel 2008–2009\" (in French), District Scolaire 01, 2008, retrieved on 17 June 2010, p. 4.\n\"La Période PAAQ\" (in French), École L'Odyssée, retrieved on 17 June 2010. (archive)\n8th \"Annual Report Card on Atlantic Canadian High Schools\", Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, 2010, retrieved on 16 May 2010, pp. 6–7.\n\"New Brunswick Education Dropout Rates\", New Brunswick Department of Education, 30 April 2010, retrieved on 19 June 2010, p. 24.\n\"Le bulletin de l'école 2009–2010 – École L'Odyssée\" (in French), New Brunswick Department of Education, 2010, retrieved on 6 November 2010.\nBarrett, Kevin (1 April 2010), \"RNS short on players, long on desire, ability\" The Telegraph Journal (Dieppe), retrieved on 16 May 2010.\n\"2009 NBIAA Provincial Championships\", NBIAA-ASINB, 7 November 2009, retrieved on 13 June 2010. (archive)\n\"2010 NBIAA Provincial Championships\", NBIAA-ASINB, 5 June 2010, retrieved on 13 June 2010. (archive)\n\"2009 NBIAA Track & Field Champs\", Trackie.ca, 7 June 2009, retrieved on 13 June 2010. (archive)\n\"FHS captures 13th provincial track and field title\", The Daily Gleaner (Fredericton), 9 July 2009, retrieved on 16 May 2010.\n\"2008 NBIAA Provincial Championship\", Trackie.ca, 7 June 2008, retrieved on 13 June 2010. (archive)\n\"2006 New Brunswick High School Champs\", Trackie.ca, 3 June 2006, retrieved on 13 June 2010. (archive)\nL'Odyssée sports listing (in French), École L'Odyssée, retrieved on 16 May 2010. (archive)\n\"St. Stephen, Oromocto capture wrestling titles\", The Telegraph Journal (Saint John), 20 February 2010, retrieved on 16 May 2010.\n\"Monday sportsline\", The Daily Gleaner (Fredericton), 15 March 2010, retrieved on 16 May 2010.\nMousseau, Sylvie (30 April 2009), \"Les musiciens de l'Odyssée triomphent à Washington\" (in French), Acadie Nouvelle (Moncton), retrieved on 12 June 2010.\nLagacé, Sheila (29 April 2010), \"L'Harmonie de L'Odyssée est au Festival Heritage depuis hier\" (in French), Étoile – La République (Dieppe), retrieved on 12 June 2010.\nThériault, Christine (15 April 2010), \"Gougoune dorée 2010 remportée par L'Odyssée\" (in French), Étoile – La République (North-West, NB), retrieved on 16 May 2010.\n\"First provincial francophone high school debating tournament\", Communications New Brunswick, 22 March 2010, retrieved on 16 May 2010.", "Official website (in French)\nInfo from District 1 (in French)" ]

[ "École L'Odyssée", "History", "Academics", "Curriculum", "Schedule", "Rankings", "Athletics", "Hockey", "Soccer", "Track and field", "Other sports", "Activities", "Jazz / Harmony", "Improvisation", "Debate club", "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]

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[ "The école Massillon is a private educational establishment under contract with the state with 1380 students (in 2015). The establishment is under the control of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri. It is located in the hôtel Fieubet and the Gratry Building, in the 4th arrondissement of Paris.\nThe establishment bears the name of Jean-Baptiste Massillon (1663-1742), a celebrated orator who gave the funeral oration for Louis XIV. There is also a rue Massillon in the same arrondissement, located on the île de la Cité.", "The teaching covers classes from kindergarten to High School.\nThe establishment is twinned with the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) ; it is also a Cambridge exam centre.\nThe UAI code for the establishment is 0 752 920 S for the college.", "The school has a native German and a native English section. Non-native students can also follow advanced German and English language classes. The school also prepares students for language exams such as the Cambridge English Advanced (CAE) and the Deutsches Sprachdiplom 1 and 2 (DSD).", "The hôtel Fieubet was built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, between 1676 and 1681, for Gaspard Fieubet, Chancellor of Queen Marie-Thérèse, as part of the former Royal Hotel of Saint-Pol. The hotel was then frequented by Jean de La Fontaine and Madame de Sévigné. The hotel was decorated by Le Sueur and Vicotte.\nFrom 1814 to 1857, the hotel was a sugar refinery.\nIn 1857, Count Pierre de Lavalette bought the hotel and with architect Jules Gros transformed it into a Baroque Italo-Spanish pastiche, doubling the size of the right wing with sculpted decoration.\nAt the end of 1872, rue de Turenne, some priests from the Oratory began to educate youth. However, it was only from 10 October 1877 that the école Massillon began. On 3 April 1877, abbé Nouvelle bought the hôtel Fieubet. On 10 October of the same year, the building took its first 150 students.", "In 2021, the lycée was ranked 16th out of 112 at departmental level in terms of teaching quality, and 63rd at national level. The ranking is based on three criteria: the bac results, the proportion of students who obtain their baccalauréat after studying at the establishment for their last two years, and value added (calculated from social origin of the students, their age, and their diploma results).", "The école Massillon is rich in cultural and international diversity, and works with numerous associations, including many humanitarian organisations (A.C.K.S.P., Solar Burkina Project...), a student investment club, multilingual debating societies, and educational associations such as a theatre club run by Xavier Maly as well as a chess club which in 2011 won a student tournament.", "2021:\nPrimary school; 313 students.\nCollege; 592 students.\nLycée; 460 students.", "Michel Anthonioz (1947-2009)\nAlain de Greef\nAcademic writer Frédéric Vitoux (1944-)\nPierre Messmer\n[[Sara Forestier\nCécile de Ménibus\nCharles Consigny", "There is also another school named Massillon in Clermont-Ferrand, which also has classes from kindergarten to high school and also prepares for general baccalaureate.", "Other schools run by the Oratorians :\nCollège de Juilly (Juilly, Seine-et-Marne)\nCollège de Vendôme (Vendôme)\nÉcole Massillon (Paris)\nÉcole Saint-Érembert (Saint-Germain-en-Laye)\nÉcole Saint-Martin-de-France (Pontoise)\nÉcole Saint-François (Évreux)\nÉcole Saint-Philippe Neri (Juan-les-Pins)\nCollège des Oratoriens de Joyeuse (Ardèche).", "Hôtel Fieubet", "LARHRA : De l'hôtel de Fieubet à l'école Massillon\n\"École Massillon\".\nClassement national de l'Express 2016\nMéthodologie du classement national des lycées français", "Official site\nAlumni" ]

[ "École Massillon", "The school", "International dimension", "History", "Ranking of the lycée", "Associations", "Students", "Former students", "Disambiguation", "Annex", "See also", "Notes and references", "Alumni site" ]

[ 3063, 3064, 3065, 3066, 3067, 3068 ]

[ 14862, 14863, 14864, 14865, 14866, 14867, 14868, 14869 ]

[ "École Maurice-Lavallée" ]

[ 2 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/%C3%89cole_Maurice-Lavall%C3%A9e.jpg" ]

[ "École Maurice-Lavallée is a high school in the Bonnie Doon neighbourhood of south-central Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It provides Catholic francophone education to Grade 10-12 students.", "École Maurice-Lavallée is the first publicly funded francophone school in Edmonton. Its official inauguration occurred on November 27, 1984. During its 12 years prior, École Maurice-Lavallée was operated by Edmonton Catholic Schools and was then called École J. H. Picard School. In 1994, the school became one of five schools to come under the authority of the Conseil scolaire Centre-Nord (Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2). Since its inception, the school has seen many changes in its grade configuration. As of September 2009, École Maurice-Lavallée is a francophone senior high school (grades 10-12) the first of this type in Western Canada.", "According to Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, parents whose first language is French have a constitutional right to have their child educated in French where there are enough students to warrant it. They also have the right to govern such schools. There are four francophone school authorities operating 34 schools in Alberta.\nThe educational needs of francophone students, of their families and their communities, the expected outcomes for francophone education and the conditions that must be met to ensure these outcomes are achieved, are found in the Alberta Education's document Affirming Francophone Education (link in External links section).", "Alberta Education develops the Program of Studies (link in External links section) in French for Kindergarten to Grade 12 students in francophone programs. All courses, except for English language arts beginning in grade 3, are offered entirely in French.\nStudents who satisfy the requirements of the Alberta High School Diploma, study in French, and take Français 30-1 or Français 30-2 are awarded an Alberta High School Diploma (French First Language – Francophone).\nStudents who are enrolled in Knowledge and Employability courses who satisfy the requirements are awarded a Certificate of High School Achievement (French First Language – Francophone).\nThe school also has a Distributed Learning Centre with computers providing access to online courses as well as access to accredited teachers for support.", "Robotics, Construction, Welding, Instrumental Music, Physical Education, Drama, Culinary Arts, Visual Arts, Law, Information technology, Multimedia, Fashion, Hairdressing and Spanish.", "Volleyball, Soccer, Golf, Track and Field, Cross country running, Skiing, Swimming, Badminton, Basketball, Hiking, Camping, Intramural sports and Football (with Austin O'Brien High School).", "International excursions, International missionary trips, Student council, Jazz band, School choir, Drama club, participation in provincial rallies, drama and music festivals, provincial francophone parliamentary debate, provincial francophone youth games, spiritual retreats, social justice projects, Forum for Young Canadians, Shad Valley, etc.", "Conseil scolaire Centre-Nord", "\"Rapport sur les résultats annuels en éducation 2010-2011, p. 14\" (PDF). Conseil scolaire Centre-Nord. Retrieved 2012-08-14.\n\"Historique\". École Maurice-Lavallée. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"CONSTITUTION ACT, 1982, Minority Language Educational Rights (Section 23)\". Department of Justice Canada. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"Alberta's Francophone Regional Authorities and Schools\" (PDF). Alberta Education. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"Programmes d'études obligatoires\". Alberta Education. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"Guide to Education: ECS to Grade 12, September 2012, p. 87\" (PDF). Alberta Education. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"Knowledge and Employability Courses\". Alberta Education. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"Rattrapage par l'entremise d'une autorité scolaire\". Alberta Education. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"Cours complémentaires\". École Maurice-Lavallée. Retrieved 2012-10-30.\n\"Parascolaire\". École Maurice-Lavallée. Retrieved 2012-10-30.", "École Maurice-Lavallée’s official website\nFrancophone regional authorities \nKnowledge and Employability Courses \nAffirming Francophone Education\nProgram of Studies (in French)" ]

[ "École Maurice-Lavallée", "School history", "Francophone schools", "Academic program", "Optional courses", "Sports", "Extracurricular activities", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3069 ]

[ 14870, 14871, 14872, 14873, 14874, 14875, 14876, 14877, 14878 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/MSS%2C_Front_Entrance%2C_Mar_2018.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Bc-educ.png" ]

[ "École Mission Secondary School is a high school located in Mission, British Columbia, Canada. It was established in 1952, and is the longest serving secondary school in the District of Mission. During 2014 the local school district decided that Mission Secondary would be the one and only high school in Mission starting during the 2015–2016 school year with Jim Pearce (from Heritage Park Secondary School) as the new principal.", "École Mission Secondary School - Home" ]

[ "École Mission Senior Secondary School", "References" ]

[ 3070 ]

[ 14879 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ensa%E2%80%93pb_LOGO.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/ENSAPB_cour_Burnouf.JPG" ]

[ "The École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris-Belleville is a French grande école and school of architecture. It is currently ranked as the best architecture school in France. The school is recognized for its focus on sustainability, and its students have received awards for adaptable designs encouraging new attitudes towards waste. The school has partnerships with 66 international universities, including La Sapienza in Rome and the University of Hong Kong.", "The École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris-Belleville was founded by a dissident group of students from the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, l'atelier collégial 1, led by Bernard Huet, in 1965. In 1969 it was officially recognized under the name UP8 (unité pédagogique d'architecture n°8, architectural teaching unit no. 8), and it has since occupied various re-purposed quarters, including Les Halles until their demolition, as well as a former Meccano factory in the Belleville section of Paris. In 2009 it moved into a purposely designed space, a conversion and partial rebuilding of the former site of the Lycée technique Diderot, also in Belleville. In 1986 it was renamed the École d'architecture de Paris-Belleville and UP7 and UP5 were merged into it. It took its current name in 2005.", "The research arm of the school is the Institut Parisien de Recherche: Architecture, Urbanistique, Société (IPRAUS), which emphasises interdisciplinary approaches.", "\"Les 10 écoles en architecture les mieux classées\". Cap Canal. 8 February 2019.\nrédaction, La. \"Classement des écoles d'architecture : quelle est la meilleure ?\". diplomeo.com.\n\"Competition-winning Bamboo Stadium is a sustainable solution to Lagos' former landfill\". Retrieved 16 May 2019.\n\"The winning WASTE Multi-Purpose Stadium competition ideas\". Archinect. Retrieved 16 May 2019.\n\"ENSAPB (Paris)\", Urban Knowledge Network Asia, retrieved 12 September 2016.\n\"L'École: Histoire de Paris-Belleville: Les lieux\", École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris-Belleville, archived at the Wayback Machine, 1 May 2011 (in French).", "Official website" ]

[ "École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Paris-Belleville", "History", "Research", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3071 ]

[ 14880, 14881, 14882, 14883 ]

[ "Main Entrance 2012" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/INP-ENSIACET_A7_2012.jpg" ]

[ "The École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques, or INP-ENSIACET (or A7), is a selective grande école, located in Toulouse, France. It is considered one of the largest engineering schools in the fields of matter transformation, energy and related services in Europe.", "", "(in French)Un nouveau campus pour l'école d'ingénieurs Ensiacet de Toulouse\n(in French)Laurent PRAT\nMEMBERS\n(in French)Labège. ENSIACET : la chimie logée dans un hôtel cinq étoiles", "Official website" ]

[ "École Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques", "Departments", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3072 ]

[ 14884 ]

[ "", "" ]

[ 0, 13 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Mines_Rabat.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Diploma_icon.png" ]

[ "The École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat (abbreviated as ENSMR), and called also Mines Rabat in French or Rabat School of Mines in English is a Grande école that is considered to be one of the most prestigious engineering schools in Morocco (consistently ranks in the top 3 engineering schools in Morocco).\nThe previous school name was École Nationale de l'Industrie Minérale (abbreviated as ENIM) or National School of the Mineral Industry in English.\nBased in Rabat, Mines Rabat is one of the oldest engineering schools in Morocco. Mines Rabat is a member of the Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE). The course for the engineering program lasts three years and the admission is done mainly by the common national competition (CNC) after making two or three years in preparatory classes.\nDespite its small size (around 300 students are accepted each year, after a very selective exam), it is a crucial part of the infrastructure of the Moroccan industry.\nRabat School of Mines (Mines Rabat) is often compared to Mines ParisTech, Mines Saint-Étienne, and Mines Nancy schools in France, and to Colorado School of Mines in the USA.", "The admission to Mines Rabat in the normal cycle is made through a very selective entrance examination, and requires at least two years of preparation after high school in preparatory classes. Admission includes a week of written examinations during the spring followed sometimes by oral examinations over the summer.", "Mines Rabat is ranked among the top 3 Moroccan Grandes Ecoles, though it doesn't appear in international rankings due to its very limited number of students (300 students admitted for the class of 2021).", "The school was established in 1972 and now about 300 Moroccan students are admitted each year. Foreign students, having followed a class préparatoire curriculum (generally, African students) can also enter through the same competitive exam. Finally, some foreign students come for a single year from other top institutions in Africa.", "To enter the Diplôme d'Ingénieur curriculum of Grandes Écoles, students traditionally have to complete the first two years of their curriculum in the very intensive preparatory classes, most often in an institution outside the Grande École.\nUniversity students pursuing an Associate of Science can take the university admission path examination: Admitted students admitted with associates from universities need to pursue a 3 years cycle of engineering at the school to get the \"Diplôme d'Ingénieur\"\nUniversity graduates with one of the following degrees can also apply to get admitted to the engineering cycle of the school.\n Bachelor of Science: Admitted graduates admitted with a bachelor's from universities need to pursue a 3 years cycle of engineering at the school to get the \"Diplôme d'Ingénieur\"\n Master of Science/Master of Technology: Admitted graduates admitted with a master's from universities need to pursue a 2 years cycle of engineering at the school to get the \"Diplôme d'Ingénieur\"", "Grandes Écoles of Engineering usually offers several master's degree programs, the most important of which is the Diplôme d'Ingénieur (Engineer's Degree equivalent to a combined BS/MS in Engineering).\nBecause of the strong selection of the students and of the very high quality of the curriculum, the Diplôme d'Ingénieur (combined BS/MS degree in Engineering)) gives the right to bear the title of an Ingénieur, is one of the most prestigious degrees in Morocco. The degree is protected by law and submitted to strict government supervision. It is more valued by companies than a university degree in terms of career opportunities and wages.\nAt the end of these preparatory classes, the students take nationwide, extremely selective competitive exams for entrance into Grandes Écoles, where they complete their curriculum for three years.\n1st year at Mines Rabat - equivalent to - senior year of BSc.\n2nd year at Mines Rabat - equivalent to - 1st year of MSc.\n3rd (final) year at Mines Rabat - equivalent to - 2nd year of MSc.", "The school also has a doctoral program open to students with a master's degree or equivalent. Doctoral students generally work in the laboratories of the school; they may also work in external institutes or establishments. The Doctor of Engineering (DEng) program takes three to five years to complete.", "The Mines Rabat has multiple programs for the combined BS/MS in Engineering and the DEng:\nCivil Engineering\nEnvironmental Engineering\nMining Engineering\nProcess Engineering\nEnergy Engineering\nMechanical Engineering\nComputer Science\nProduction Systems Engineering\nIndustrial Engineering", "School of Industrial Management (EMINES)", "École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi Carmaux (Mines Albi-Carmaux)\nÉcole nationale supérieure des Mines d'Alès (Mines Alès)\nÉcole nationale supérieure des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai)\nÉcole nationale supérieure des Mines de Nancy\nÉcole nationale supérieure des Mines de Nantes (Mines Nantes)\nÉcole nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris (Mines ParisTech)\nÉcole nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne)", "Colorado School of Mines", "Agreements signed with:\nFrance:\nCentral Group of Schools (École Centrale Paris, École Centrale de Lyon, École Centrale de Marseille, École Centrale de Nantes ... )\nGroupe des écoles des mines (GEM) (Mines ParisTech, Mines Saint-Étienne (ENSM SE), Mines Nancy, École des mines d'Alès, École des mines de Nantes, ... )\nNational Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine (INPL)\nÉcole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)\nAix Marseille University\nUniversity of Technology of Compiègne (UTC)\nINSA Lyon\nBelgium:\nFaculté polytechnique de Mons\nLouvain School of Engineering, University of Louvain (UCLouvain)\nSwitzerland:\nÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)\nCanada:\nEcole Polytechnique de Montreal\nLaval University\nUnited States:\nGeorgia Institute of Technology\nVirginia Tech\nColorado School of Mines\nUniversity of Utah\nSouth Dakota School of Mines and Technology\nFlorida Polytechnic University\nIllinois Institute of Technology\nNew Jersey Institute of Technology\nWorcester Polytechnic Institute", "\"IMT - The number-one group of engineering...\" Institut Mines-Télécom. Retrieved 31 January 2022.", "Official website\nMines Rabat on fr.wikipedia.org\nCGE\nInstitut Mines-Télécom\n\"Grandes Ecoles\" organization scheme vs. the classic university scheme\nHigher Education in France and the United States\nRanking Web of Universities\nFrench-English translation for resume\nK12 Academics\nDEng vs. PhD - Doctor of Engineering" ]

[ "École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat", "Admissions", "Rankings", "History", "Preparatory classes: The classic admission path into Grandes Écoles", "The Diplôme d'Ingénieur (Combined Bachelor's/Master's degree in Engineering)", "Doctoral program (DEng)", "Programs", "Other schools of Mines in Morocco", "Other schools of Mines in France", "Other schools of Mines in the USA", "International", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3073, 3074 ]

[ 14885, 14886, 14887, 14888, 14889, 14890, 14891, 14892, 14893 ]

[ "", "Enssib building, 2007" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Logoenssib2019.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/ENSSIB_4.JPG" ]

[ "The École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques (ENSSIB; French for National Superior School of Information Science and Libraries) is a French grande école based in Villeurbanne, near Lyon. It is administered by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. \nEnssib's predecessor, the École nationale supérieure de bibliothécaires, was established by decree in 1963 as an Établissement public à caractère administratif. The contemporary Enssib was formed by later decree in 1992, with elevated status as a grand établissement.\nIt provides education and training for library curators and librarians in the French civil service after a competitive examination. The school is also a member of the University of Lyon and grants a variety of master's degrees, open to those not in the civil service.\n\nSince 2009, the school publishes the Bulletin des bibliothèques de France (ISSN 1292-8399), a journal established in 1956 by the merging of the Bulletin de documentation bibliographique and Bulletin d’information de la Direction des Bibliothèques de France. The school belongs to the Couperin consortium.", "Libraries in France\nDominique Varry", "\"Décret no 92-25 du 9 janvier 1992\". Legifrance. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-30.\n\"Décret n°63-712 du 12 juillet 1963\". Legifrance. Retrieved 2021-05-30.\n\"L'Enssib aujourd'hui | Enssib\". www.enssib.fr. Retrieved 2021-05-30.\n\"Histoire du BBF\". BBF (in French). Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences de l'information et des Bibliotheques. Retrieved 14 August 2017.\n\"Les membres de Couperin\", Couperin.org (in French), retrieved 12 July 2018", "Official Enssib site (in French)" ]

[ "École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de l'Information et des Bibliothèques", "See also", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3075 ]

[ 14894, 14895 ]

[ "", "The Hôtel de Clisson and entrance to the École des Chartes from 1846 to 1866", "The new building of the École, located 65, rue de Richelieu", "The students of 1857", "Students of the École des Chartes on a study trip to Saint-Leu d'Esserent (1903).", "The director's office", "The \"Horseshoe Room\" on the first floor of the library", "The \"Great Room\" (a classroom) with a mural depicting the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés", "Bust of Jules Quicherat by Jean Petit", "A scanner in the library, available for students' use" ]

[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13 ]

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[ "The École nationale des chartes (French: École nationale des chartes, literally National School of Charters) is a French grande école and a constituent college of Université PSL, specialising in the historical sciences. It was founded in 1821, and was located initially at the National Archives, and later at the Palais de la Sorbonne (5th arrondissement). In October 2014, it moved to 65 rue de Richelieu, opposite the Richelieu-Louvois site of the National Library of France. The school is administered by the Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research. It holds the status of a grand établissement. Its students, who are recruited by competitive examination and hold the status of trainee civil servant, receive the qualification of archivist-paleographer after completing a thesis. They generally go on to pursue careers as heritage curators in the archive and visual fields, as library curators or as lecturers and researchers in the human and social sciences. In 2005, the school also introduced master's degrees, for which students were recruited based on an application file, and, in 2011, doctorates.", "The École des Chartes was created by order of Louis XVIII on 22 February 1821, although its roots are in the Revolution and the Napoleonic period. The Revolution, during which property was confiscated, congregations were suppressed and competencies were transferred from the Church to the State, produced radical cultural changes. In 1793 the feudist Antoine Maugard approached the public instruction committee of the Convention with a proposal for a project of historical and diplomatic education. The project was never carried out, and Maugard was largely forgotten. The institution was eventually created by the philologist and anthropologist Joseph Marie de Gérando, baron of the Empire and general secretary to Champagny, the Minister of the Interior. In 1807 he submitted a proposal to Napoleon for the creation of a school to train young scholars of history. Napoleon examined the proposal and declared that he wished to develop a much larger specialist history school. However, Gérando was posted to Italy on an administrative mission, and the project was interrupted. At the end of 1820, Gérando convinced Count Siméon, a philosopher and professor of law who had been state councilor under the Empire and who was at that time Minister of the Interior, of the usefulness of an institution modeled on the grandes écoles, dedicated to the study of \"a branch of French literature\", the charters. The 1820s were a favorable period for the creation of the École des Chartes. This was firstly because the atmosphere of nostalgia for the Middle Ages created a desire to train specialists who would, by carrying out a direct study of archives and manuscripts confiscated during the Revolution, be able to renew French historiography. Secondly, the need was also felt to maintain this branch of study, which stemmed from Maurist tradition, since the field was endangered by a lack of knowledgeable collaborators in the \"science of charters and manuscripts\". And thirdly, during the reign of Louis XVIII, a period which saw the return of the Ultras and during which the constitutional monarchy was called into question, the political context influenced the creation of an institution whose name inevitably made explicit reference to the defense of the Charter.\nUnder the order of 1821, twelve students were nominated by the Minister of the Interior, based on propositions by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and they were paid during the two years of their studies. They principally studied paleography and philology, with a purely practical aim: to be able to read and understand the documents that they would be responsible for curating. The professors and students of the school were placed under the authority of the curator of medieval manuscripts of the Royal Library, rue de Richelieu, and of the general guard of the Archives of the Kingdom.\nThis first experience was not very successful, mainly because no job openings were reserved for the students. The first course was implemented in two stages by the ministerial decree of 11 May (for the Royal Library course) and by the decree of 21 December 1821 (for the Archives of the Kingdom course), and was the only one run. The Académie did put forward a new list of candidates, and the course length was set at two years by the Order of 16 July 1823, but lessons had to be suspended on 19 December 1823 due to a lack of students. However, following a long period of inactivity, the Ministry of the Interior decided to re-open the school. Rives, the director of staff of the ministry, together with Dacier, drew up a report on the reorganization of the School and a draft order, proposed to Charles X by La Bourdonnaye, which resulted in the order of 11 November 1829. The school was now open to anyone who had acquired the Baccalaureate, but six to eight students were selected by competitive examination at the end of the first year. They received a salary and followed two further years of training. On completion of their studies, they received the qualification of archivist-paleographer and were reserved half of the available jobs in libraries and archives. The first valedictorian was Alexandre Teulet.\nThe \"Guizot period\" benefited the École des Chartes, which soon became an important institution in the field of historical – particularly medieval – studies. On 24 March 1839 the Société de l’École des Chartes was founded by Louis Douët d'Arcq, among others, and it published the Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, one of the oldest French scientific reviews, to disseminate the work carried out in the school. The Order of 31 December 1846 implemented a fundamental reorganization of the school and its study program, which then remained unchanged for more than a century. The students, who were holders of the Baccalaureate, were recruited by examination (which shortly afterwards became a competitive examination), and followed a three-year course of studies. Interdisciplinarity, an essential characteristic of the school, was then written into the reform, which required students to study six subjects, some of which were not taught anywhere else. The second innovation, a thesis, was introduced, with the first public defense being held in 1849. A surveillance council was set up, consisting of the guard of the Archives, the director of the Royal Library, the director of the School and five members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. The school was finally provided with a new statute. It moved to the Kingdom Archives in the hôtel de Soubise, in the oval hall and adjacent rooms of the hôtel de Clisson.\nBy now, the École des Chartes had become a point of reference in Europe. Its historical research methodology had been greatly modernized, as had its teaching methods, thanks to the copies of ancient documents to which it had access. The students were taught paleography, sigillography, numismatics, philology, filing for archives and libraries, historical geography, currencies, systems of weights and measures, the history of political institutions in France, archeology, civil law, canonic law and feudal law. The teaching had both a scientific and a professional aim.\nThus, by gradually being integrated into the network of royal then national and departmental archive services, the graduates of the school contributed to the strengthening of the network and to the improvement of archival principles. A pathway for the graduates was thus established in the archives, first implemented by the Order of 31 December 1846, then reinforced by a legislative framework providing them with a means to enforce this law. The decree of 4 February 1850 reserved the posts of departmental archivist to those holding the qualification of archivist-paleographer, while all the positions at the National Archives (except that of senior civil servant) were reserved for them by the decree of 14 May 1887. The same could not be said of libraries. The order of 1839 was never applied, and although the order of 1839 reserved places at the Royal Library for École des Chartes graduates, fewer than 7% of them worked in a library in 1867. It was not until the end of the Second Empire, partly thanks to the work of Léopold Delisle, the general administrator of the national library, that the qualifications of the school's graduates were recognized by libraries. Little by little, decrees and orders facilitated their access to jobs in libraries.\nThe school moved in 1866 into more suitable premises in the hôtel de Breteuil, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, without this move having much effect on the teaching. Seven professorships were instituted by the decree of 30 January 1869: paleography; Latin languages; bibliography; filing for libraries and archives; diplomacy; political, administrative and judiciary institutions in France; civil and canonic law of the Middle Ages and archeology of the Middle Ages. Apart from minor modifications, these remained unchanged until 1955. The school moved once again in 1897, to 19 rue de la Sorbonne, into the premises originally intended for the Paris Faculté de théologie catholique. This move brought the school geographically closer to the other research and teaching institutions based at the Sorbonne, such as the Faculté de lettres and the École pratique des hautes études. The school had a classroom, with windows along both sides and special deep desks for paleography practice, as well as a library, in which books were available for immediate access. Although the premises have been refurbished, the school is still located here today. During the 1920s, a number of moves to other premises were proposed, with suggestions including the hôtel de Rohan in 1924, the garden of the Institution for Deaf-Mutes (suggested by Michel Roux-Spitz), a plot on rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, a house on rue de Vaugirard, the former Polytechnic School, and the refectory of the Bernardins. The school will move in 2015 to the Richelieu area, into new premises at 65 rue de Richelieu and 12 rue des Petits-Champs. The school was also a founding member of the Campus Condorcet, and for this reason, some of its research activities were conducted at the Aubervilliers campus.\nThe image of the École des Chartes, in political and social terms, was firmly anchored, even though it has sometimes been classified as a right-wing institution. The image of the \"right-wing chartiste\" originated in the figure of the \"amateur\", the son of a well-off family, passing through the school to kill time elegantly, or to \"wait\", in the words of Robert Martin du Gard, who graduated from the school in 1905. In fact, throughout the 19th century there was a discontinuity between the high-prestige training offered by the École des Chartes and the lower-prestige, modestly remunerated jobs open to graduates. However, this reputation was at least partly unfounded, as demonstrated by several cases. At the time of the Dreyfus Affair, for example, the milieu of the École des Chartes mirrored the divisions in French society: \"Nowhere were civic quarrels more completely invested in the job of historian.\" The few chartistes who were called upon as experts during the Zola trial – Arthur Giry, Auguste Molinier, Paul Meyer, Paul Viollet and Gaston Paris – and who were involved in the founding of the League of Human Rights were attacked by other archivist-paleographers, including Robert de Lasteyrie, Gabriel Hanotaux and Émile Couard, as well as by their students at the École des Chartes. The variety of engagements at the time of the Dreyfus Affair did not necessarily reflect the political sensitivities of those involved, and their motives were political as well as professional, jeopardizing the very training and methods of the school. Although it was conservative to some extent, the school admitted a female student, Geneviève Acloque, in 1906, long before the other grandes écoles had started admitting women. The École des Chartes may have been perceived as a bastion of the French Action during the interwar period, although several relatively prominent alumni, such as Georges Bataille or Roger Martin du Gard, seem to have been more left-leaning. During the Second World War, there were therefore more École des Chartes students and teachers on the side of the Resistance than on the side of Vichy. Bertrand Joly concludes that the school was largely neutral, in that each \"wing\" seems to have been equally represented, a neutrality that was also justified by the fact that the school was not big enough for its members to have a significant effect on national politics.\nThe entrance examination and internal examinations of the École des Chartes were reformed at the beginning of the 1930s. At this time, the school began offering the qualification of diplôme technique de bibliothécaire (DTB) 34, which was required to obtain a job as a librarian in first-category municipal libraries or university libraries. The school opened its classes on the history of books and bibliography to external students preparing for the qualification. This practice continued until 1950, when the diplôme supérieur de bibliothécaire (DSB) replaced the DTB as the qualification for librarians.\nThe mid-20th century was a difficult period for the school as it struggled to modernize. Its student numbers dropped sharply (there were only 11 archivist-paleographers in the class of 1959). Its training was considered to be outdated and lacking in the latest approaches to history, notably the historiographic revival of the Annales School. It was not until the 1990s, when the entrance examination and teaching were reformed and a new policy was introduced, that the school really saw a revival. It entered a period of development under the direction of Yves-Marie Bercé (1992–2001) and Anita Guerreau-Jalabert (2001–2006). The current development of the school is based on solid training in new technologies and their application to the conservation of cultural heritage, and closer, more structured links with French universities and similar institutions in other European countries. The teaching has also been restructured to be better suited to the current demands of scientific research and evolution in conservation jobs. This approach will be introduced gradually as of the academic year 2014–15.\nSince the current director, Jean-Michel Leniaud, took up his post in 2011, the school has once more reformed its entrance examination to focus student recruitment on the specifics of the training, while also expanding the training to a broader field of human and social sciences, adapting it to the European context and recruitment conditions within conservation organizations. The range of subjects taught, which was expanded in the 1990s to include history of art, now also includes archeology, history of contemporary law, and history of property law. The course has been extended from three years to three years and nine months, aligning training in fundamental scientific techniques with empowerment in conservation jobs. In no other social and human sciences institution is the study of history, philology and law integrated to this extent into the conservation of archives, books monuments and works of art, be they inventories, historic monuments or museums.\nAs well as improving the recruitment process and upgrading the training of future archivist-paleographers, the school has introduced specialized Master's programs focusing on digital technologies adapted to the humanities. It has recently introduced a continuing training service that takes into account the validation des acquis de l'expérience (VAE) (a certification accrediting work experience). The school's collaboration with the Établissement Public de Coopération Scientific (Campus Condorcet Paris-Aubervilliers), the ComUE heSam University and the Sorbonne Universities demonstrates the new directions that it has taken in recent years. To this end, it has modernized its administration, implemented ambitious communications programs and established a new campus opposite the National Library on rue de Richelieu. It is thus preparing to fulfill as effectively as possible the public service role assigned to it by the government.", "The École nationale des Chartes is regulated by the statute of 27 January 1984, modified by statute no. 2013-660 of 22 July 2013 which relates to higher education and research. Article 3 of decree no. 87-832 of 8 October 1897 modified by decree no. 2005-1751 of 30 December 2005 defines the missions of the school as follows:\nThe mission of the École nationale des Chartes is to provide training for the scientific staff of archives and libraries. It trains those who contribute to scientific knowledge and the protection of national heritage. It engages in the training and research of students in the human and social sciences, particularly in disciplines relating to critical study, exploitation, conservation and communication of historic sources.", "The governing bodies are composed of the director of the School, the administrative council and the scientific council. \nThe director is selected from among the directors of studies of the École pratique des hautes études, the École nationale des Chartes and the École française d'Extrême-Orient, or from among professors of the universities and members of affiliated institutions. The director is appointed by decree of the President of the Republic for a term of five years, renewable once under the conditions of article.\nThe director is assisted by a director of studies and a general director of services. \nThe administrative council, consisting of 21 members, includes four unelected members, ten members appointed by the minister responsible for higher education, two of whom are members of the Institute, and seven elected members, three of whom are teachers, two of whom are IATOS (non-teaching staff) and two of whom are students. \nThe scientific council37, headed by the director of the School, includes all the teachers who are directors of studies, as well as other unelected members. It also includes fifteen appointed members, five of whom are members of the Institute, as well as an elected teacher and a student representative. \nThe Paris URFIST (an inter-academic research and training body) and the Committee of Historical and Scientific Work are affiliated with the l'École des Chartes.", "", "", "French students are recruited by competitive examination prepared in literary-oriented classes préparatoires in and outside Paris. Since 1991, it has been divided into two sections:\nSection A, \"Classics\". This includes, among other subjects, medieval history, modern history and Latin. Studies at the School require fluency in Latin.\nSection B, \"Modern\". This is part of the École normale supérieure's banque d'epreuves littéraires (BEL), a set of entrance examinations valid for several schools, and includes modern history, contemporary history and modern languages among its subjects.\nStudents prepare for the entrance examination in dedicated classes préparatoires, the first year of which is known as \"hypoChartes\" and the second year \"Chartes\". Depending on the school, students preparing for examination A and those preparing for examination B may be grouped into a single cohort with different options, or they may be divided into two different cohorts. Those preparing for Section B can be grouped into khâgnes with additional options. \nCandidates who can provide proof of at least a bachelor's degree in theory may take an examination to be allowed to proceed directly into the second year. This examination is aimed at candidates who are already conducting research at an advanced level. \nThere is now a limit on the number of candidates taking the entrance examination. It was reduced from 30 to 20 in three years, which was lower than the number of jobs available to graduates of the school ( in archives, libraries, museums, etc.).", "Students recruited by competitive examination can assume the status of trainee civil servants, being paid (currently approximately €1250/month net) in exchange for committing to a ten-year engagement. Those who pass the examination may choose whether or not to accept this status. Foreign students who are recruited by examination or on the basis of qualifications (according to the international selection procedure) are not remunerated while they follow the course, although they can apply for a scholarship.\nThe course duration is three years and nine months. At the end of their studies, the students submit a thesis, which qualifies them as archivist-paleographers.\nThose who have fulfilled their third-year obligations can apply for two écoles d'application: the École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques (Enssib, reserved competitive examination) and the Institut national du patrimoine (INP). Following their studies in these schools, they may join the professions of either curators of libraries or curators of heritage. Each year, a number of students sit the INP's examination in the visual branches (Museums, Historic Monuments and Inventories) or the agrégation examination (History, Classic or Modern Letters and Grammar), thus following either a research-oriented or a teaching-oriented career path.", "The course takes place over eight semesters, of which six are dedicated to teaching. As well as a common core of subjects, students choose options according to their scientific and professional objectives. These options can be taken externally through a university. Internships play an important role, with a five-month compulsory internship in an institution in the field of conservation (e.g. archives, libraries, museums, or heritage or archeological services) in France, and three months in a similar institution abroad. \nThe principal subjects studied are:\nLatin and French paleography (plus other languages in seminars)\narchiving, diplomacy and history of the institutions that have produced these archives (medieval, modern and contemporary)\nhistory of civil and canon law\nhistory of contemporary law\nRoman philology\nmedieval Latin\nhistory of art (medieval, modern and contemporary)\narcheology\nediting of texts\nbibliography\nhistory of books\nmanuscripts and medieval literary texts\nstatistics and cartography for the study of history\nmodern languages and IT\nECTS credits are allocated to the subjects, making it possible for students from universities or other grandes écoles to follow some of them and for the subjects to be included in the external students' Master's qualifications. This is made possible by the new LMD reform, which harmonizes French academic qualifications with other European ones. Classes are also open to independent auditors.", "In 2006 the École des Chartes introduced a Master's program in Digital Technologies Applied to History, and has since then trained approximately 20 students per year. In the first year, all students take the same basic modules plus three options (archiving, history of books and media, and history of art). The first year of the Master's is a continuance of the École des Chartes undergraduate training. In the second year, students follow more specialized training in the field of IT applied to webcasting. There are two possible paths, one more research-oriented and the other, which is more vocational, oriented towards the dissemination of knowledge in a heritage service.\nIn 2011, the École des Chartes introduced a further two Master's courses. The first, in Medieval Studies, is offered in partnership with the École normale supérieure, the University of Paris III and the University of Paris IV. Its aim is to \"provide training in literary research for medieval texts, with an interdisciplinary approach in the context of specialization in the Middle Ages\". The second, run in partnership with the École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay and the Institut national de l'audiovisuel, is in Audiovisual Design: Plurimedial Representations of History, Society and Science. It aims to \"train designers and makers of audiovisual documentaries (for cinema, television, radio and internet) as well as creators and heads of multimedia sites operating in the written press and publishing\".", "The École nationale des Chartes awards doctorates in the subjects that it teaches. Any student holding a master's degree, whether or not it was awarded by the École des Chartes, can apply to enroll in a doctoral program at the school. The doctorate is prepared through two collaborating doctoral schools: the École pratique des hautes études (for doctorates in medieval history, history of art, archeology, Roman philology and Latin) and the Paris Sorbonne University (for doctorates in modern and contemporary history).", "Detailed article: Institut national du patrimoine (France).\nThe École des Chartes provides part of the preparation for the competitive examination for heritage curators (archive specialization) for students of the INP's classe préparatoire intégrée. These students are selected on the basis of social and academic criteria.", "Most of the professors at the École nationale des Chartes are affiliated to the Centre Jean-Mabillon, the École's research unit, whose director is currently Olivier Poncet.\nThe aim of the centre's research program to cover all the processes that explain and publicize the written production from the Middle Ages to the present, through various stages: \nthe conditions of production (axis 1: the cultures of writing from the Middle Ages to the 21st century)\nthe mechanisms of heritage transmission (axis 2: genesis and tradition of written heritage: author, institutions, laws, study, etc.)\nthe conditions of returning of this historic documentation to the scientific community (axis 3: epistemology and the norms of editing texts and images in the digital age)\nA significant part of the school's research activity is the theses of the students, whose fields of studies have diversified over the years and now relate to all periods of history, notably contemporary.", "Partnerships with other institutions form one of the central policies of the current administration, which collaborates closely with the École pratique des hautes études, the Institut de recherche et d'histoire des textes and the Centre d'études superieures de civilisation médiévale of the University of Poitiers to create the École d'Érudition en réseau. The École des Chartes is also part of the Institut d'histoire du livre together with the City of Lyon (its municipal library and Museum of printing works), the École normale supérieure of Lyon and the Enssib.\nThe École des Chartes also collaborates with other higher education establishments in Paris to form the ComUE heSam University, the ComUE Sorbonne Universities and the Campus Condorcet Paris-Aubervilliers.\nThe school also has partnerships with institutions outside France, such as the Russian State Archives, a number of Moscow libraries, the University of Alicante, and Italian research centers 45. The school takes in a number of foreign students, who are often Swiss, Belgian or from francophone African countries, and is currently seeking to attract new students for shorter stays, through partnerships with universities. The school's students are also regularly invited to do internships in archives or libraries in other countries.", "The library was created by the order of 31 December 1846. At the time it occupied one of the two rooms reserved for the school in the hôtel de Soubise. The library moved with the school in 1897, and since then has occupied the second floor (reading room and history room), third floor (Horseshoe Room) and fourth floor (offices and store rooms in the attic).\nIn 1920, the management of the library was taken over by the secretary of the school, who at the time was René Poupardin. Today it is managed by a library curator.\nIt was designed as a research library. Its collections are particularly well supplied in the subjects taught at the school: medieval history, philology, history of books, bibliography, etc. The collections (around 150,000 volumes) are all available for immediate access. The catalogue is available online. Many electronic resources are also available.\nDue to lack of space at the Sorbonne, the library will move in 2016 to 12 rue des Petits-Champs, into much larger premises.", "The École nationale des Chartes disseminates scientific works in its fields of specialization, in printed and electronic format. \nIt has published four collections of works in printed format :\nMémoires et Documents, a collection dating from 1896, consisting of monographs, most notably the theses of École des Chartes alumni\nÉtudes et Rencontres, a collection begun in 1998, principally consisting of the minutes of scientific meetings\nMatériaux pour l'Histoire, a collection inaugurated in 1996, consisting of richly illustrated quarto volumes\nÉtudes et documents for a Gallia Pontificia, a collection jointly edited by the École nationale des Chartes and the German Historical Institute of Paris since 2009 with the aim of presenting the work carried out as part of the Gallia Pontificia, a scientific enterprise that aims to identify, publish and study the papal acts concerning France dating from before 1198\nThe École des Chartes also publishes two periodic publications relating to the training it offers :\nAbstracts of theses submitted by students to obtain their qualification of archivist-paleographer, published annually by the École des Chartes since 1849. Since 2000, they have also been available online\nHypotheses. Works of the University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne doctoral school of history and the École nationale des Chartes, co-edited by the École nationale des Chartes and Sorbonne publications since 2010\nThese works are disseminated by CID-FMSH, through the Comptoir des presses de l'université.\nSince 2002, the École des Chartes has also published scientific works in electronic format in its online collection of publications, the Éditions en ligne de l'École des Chartes (ELEC). This gives scientific works digital functions and brings together repertoires and databases as well as texts, in a format that is more suited than printed versions to detailed examination.\nThis collection is completed by :\ncorpora of text made available online for research purposes, unedited by the École des charts\nteaching materials, available on the THELEME website\na space for presentation of the IT tools and methods developed by the École des Chartes\nThese materials are under open license.\nThe school develops its scientific and teaching work through several initiatives, including the Thélème website 48, which offers materials supporting the subjects taught at the school, such as educational packs, advice, lessons, and interactive facsimiles.", "The École des Chartes also publishes numerous works, in both paper and electronic format. The Mémoires et documents de l'École des Chartes are monographs, many of them drawn from École des Chartes theses or doctoral research. The first of these was published in 1896 and they are distributed by Honoré Champion and Droz. Two more collections, the Études et rencontres (minutes of conventions and brief monographs) and Matériaux pour l'histoire (illustrated large-format albums), have been created more recently. ELEC is also responsible for the school's online publications, which include databases, editions of texts, minutes of symposia, bibliographies, and studies.", "The Société de l'École des Chartes is a registered as a public-interest association which students and alumni can join. Its current president is Marie-Françoise Limon-Bonnet, who was elected in 2018. Twice a year, the Société publishes the Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes with the support of the École. This scientific review, founded in 1839, is one of the oldest in France.", "Detailed articles: List of alumni by year and Alphabetical list of alumni", "Pierre Aubry (1874–1910), musicologist\nJean-François Bergier (1931–2009), modernist\nLéopold Victor Delisle (1826–1910), librarian\nJean Favier (1932–2014), medievalist and archivist\nArthur Giry (1848–99), professor at the École des Chartes\nLouis Halphen (1880–1950), medievalist\nAntoine Le Roux de Lincy (1806-1869), medievalist\nCharles-Victor Langlois (1863–1929), medievalist and archivist\nHenri-Jean Martin (1924–2007), historian of books\nÉmile Maupas (1842–1916), librarian and zoologist\nAuguste Molinier (1851–1904), professor at the École des Chartes\nMichel Pastoureau (born 1947), medievalist\nRégine Pernoud (1909–98), medievalist\nMarcel Poëte (1866–1950), librarian, historian and urban planner\nJean Richard (born 1921), medievalist\nPaul Viollet (1840–1914), professor at the École des Chartes\nDominique de Courcelles (1953-), historian of ideas\nSuzanne Dobelmann (1905-1993), librarian and curator", "Jules Doinel\nGeorge Bernard Flahiff\nMaurice de Germiny\nHenri Brincard", "Charles Beauquier\nCamille Pelletan\nGabriel Hanotaux\nLouis Germain-Martin\nFrançois de Clermont-Tonnerre\nFélix Grat\nLucien Romier\nNgô Đình Nhu", "Roger Martin du Gard\nValérie Mangin\nAndré Chamson\nGeorges Bataille\nRené Girard\nÉdith Thomas\nSome biographers, perhaps overgeneralizing, also use the term chartiste to refer to certain French historians, such as La Villemarqué, Achille Jubinal, Pierre Lalo and Louis Madelin, or foreign historians, such as Alfred Métraux, K. J. Conant or Aleksander Gieysztor, who audited some of the lessons at the École des Chartes, or to Auguste Poulet-Malassis, José-Maria de Heredia and François Mauriac, who were registered as students but who never completed their studies.", "", "Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques", "The theses submitted at the École des Chartes since 1849 are kept at the National Archives on shelf no. ABXXVIII.\nThe papers of the Société de l'École des Chartes are also kept at the National Archives on shelf no. 11AS.", "International Handbook of Universities, 1993, p. 1279.\nRoyal Decree of 22 February 1821 establishing a School of Charters, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, pp. 26–27\nProject revived in 1891 by Gustave Servois, general guard of the National Archives: \"Projet d'un enseignement historique et diplomatique à la Bibliothèque nationale sous la Convention\", Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1891, vol. 52, pp. 353–55.\nLetter from the Baron of Gérando to Mr. Marial Delpit, 6 April 1839, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839-1840, vol. 1, pp. 24–25.\nAuguste Vallet de Viriville, \"Notes et documents pouvant servir à l'histoire de l'école royale des Chartes. Recherches sur le projet présenté à l'Empereur en 1807, par le baron de Gérando\", in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1848, vol. 9, pp. 153–76.\n\"Rapport adressé au roi Louis XVIII le 22 February 1821 par M. le comte Siméon, ministre de l'Intérieur\", in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, p. 25.\nMoore, Lara Jennifer (2008). Restoring order: the École des Chartes and the organization of archives and libraries in France, 1820–1870. Duluth (Minn.): Litwin Books. ISBN 9780977861798.\nRoyal decree of 22 February 1821, article 2, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, op. cit.\nRoyal decree of 22 February 1821, article 1, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, op. cit\nRoyal decree of 22 February 1821, article 3, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, op. cit.\nRoyal decree of 22 February 1821, article 5, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, op. cit.\nL'École, son histoire, son œuvre. Livre du centenaire, Paris, Auguste Picard, 1921, p. 10.\nRoyal decree of 16 July 1823, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, pp. 27–28.\nMartial Delpit, Notice historique sur l'École royale des Chartes, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 1839–1840, vol. 1, p. 6.\nRoyal decree of 11 November 1829 containing the reorganization of the École des Chartes, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, pp. 32–33.\n\"Chronique et Mélanges\", in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 1889, vol. 50, pp. 278–89.\nRoyal decree of 31 December 1846, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1847, vol. 8, pp. 170–73.\nPaul Frédéricq, L'enseignement supérieur de l'histoire à Paris, notes et impressions de voyage in Revue internationale de l'enseignement, 2e semestre 1883, pp. 746–52 [archive]: \"The École des Chartes to me appeared to be an institution without equal. Together with the École pratique des hautes Études, it offers the most solid, most complete, most truly scientific historical education in Paris. Other countries envy France its already venerable École des Chartes. Germany, so well equipped with history and auxiliary science universities, as yet has no counterpart to my knowledge.\nSee Vincent Mollet, \"La conquête des archives départementales\", in École nationale des Chartes. Histoire de l'École depuis 1821, Yves-Marie Bercé, Olivier Guyotjeannin, Marc Smith (eds), Thionville, Gérard Klopp, 1997, pp. 253–62.\nOrder of 29 February 1939, articles 15 et 26 relating to the École des Chartes, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1839–1840, vol. 1, p. 42.\nHenri-Jean Martin, \"Les chartistes et les bibliothèques\", Bulletin des bibliothèques de France, 1972, no 12, pp. 529–37 [archive]: In 1867, of 222 alumni of the École des Chartes, only 15 found employment as librarians, 13 of them in Paris and two elsewhere in France.\nSee Louis Desgraves, \"Quelques éminents bibliothécaires: galerie\", in École nationale des Chartes. Histoire de l'École depuis 1821, op. cit., pp. 263–67.\nChristian Hottin, \"Le 19, rue de la Sorbonne, l'École ses bâtiments, sa décoration\", in L'École nationale des Chartes. Histoire de l'École depuis 1821, op. cit., pp. 142–48. Text available on HAL-SHS (notice halshs-00087473 [archive])\nChristian Hottin, L'École des Chartes: institutionnalité et architecture. Text available on HAL-SHS (notice halshs-00089095 [archive])\nDecree no. 2012-286 of 28 February 2012 establishing Campus Condorcet, a public institution of scientific cooperation [archive].\nOlivier Dumoulin, \"Histoire et historiens de droite\", in Jean-François Sirinelli (ed.), Histoire des droites en France, vol. 2, Cultures, Éditions Gallimard, 2006, pp. 361–62\nBertrand Joly, \"Les chartistes et la politique\", in L'École nationale des Chartes. Histoire de l'École depuis 1821, op. cit., p. 169–78\nBertrand Joly, 'L'École des Chartes et l'Affaire Dreyfus', in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 1989, vol. 147, pp. 611–71 [archive].\nMadeleine Rebérioux, \"Histoire, historiens et dreyfusisme\", in Revue historique, vol. 255, 1976, pp. 407–32, at p. 425. Cited by Bertrand Joly, \"L'École des Chartes et l'Affaire Dreyfus\", op. cit.\nSee Laurent Ferri, \"Émile Zola et 'ces messieurs de l'École des Chartes'\" in the Dreyfus Affair: unpublished, in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. 2006, vol. 164, pt 2. pp. 595–603 [archive].\nDecrees of 19 June 1931, 16 March 1931 and 5 October 1932\nDecree of 22 February 1932 ; decrees of 29 April 1933 and 29 November 1933\n\"Chroniques\", in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 1959, vol. 117, p. 386 [archive].\nDaniel Renoult, 'Les formations à la recherche de leurs réformes', in Histoire des bibliothèques françaises, 2nd ed., vol. 4, pp. 847–58, esp. p. 848.\nThe councils of the École des Chartes [archive]\nThe Master's course on the website of the École [archive]\nA number of positions as State Curators are reserved for Chartists, but no positions as territorial curators are reserved.\nComplete list of modules by semester on the website of the École [archive]\nThe Master's course on the website of the École [archive]\nSee the thesis abstracts [archive] of recent years, demonstrating the diversity of the research carried out\nCatalog of the library of the school\nDecree of 10 August 2011\n\"Online catalogue\".\nnationales", "(in French) Site of the École des Chartes" ]

[ "École Nationale des Chartes", "History", "Missions", "Organization", "Training", "Archivist-paleographers", "Entrance examinations", "Status of the students", "Training and teaching", "Master's", "Doctorate", "The Institut national du patrimoine's classe préparatoire intégrée", "Research", "Partnerships", "The library", "Dissemination of knowledge", "École des Chartes publications", "The Société de l'École des Chartes", "Some famous École des Chartes alumni", "Archives, libraries, research", "Clergy", "Politics", "Literature", "List of directors of the École des Chartes", "See also", "Sources", "References", "External links" ]

[ 3076, 3077, 3078, 3079, 3080, 3081, 3082, 3083, 3084, 3085 ]

[ 14896, 14897, 14898, 14899, 14900, 14901, 14902, 14903, 14904, 14905, 14906, 14907, 14908, 14909, 14910, 14911, 14912, 14913, 14914, 14915, 14916, 14917, 14918, 14919, 14920, 14921, 14922, 14923, 14924, 14925, 14926, 14927, 14928, 14929, 14930, 14931, 14932, 14933, 14934, 14935, 14936, 14937, 14938, 14939, 14940, 14941, 14942, 14943, 14944, 14945, 14946, 14947, 14948, 14949, 14950, 14951, 14952, 14953, 14954, 14955, 14956, 14957, 14958, 14959, 14960, 14961, 14962, 14963, 14964, 14965, 14966, 14967, 14968, 14969, 14970, 14971, 14972, 14973, 14974, 14975, 14976, 14977, 14978, 14979 ]

[ "Group of teachers and students of École Niedermeyer, including Gabriel Fauré, Gustave Lefèvre, Eugène Gigout, André Messager, ca. 1871." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Enseignants_et_%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves_de_l%27Ecole_Niedermeyer.jpg" ]

[ "The École Niedermeyer (English: Niedermeyer School) is a Paris school for church music. It was founded in 1853 by Louis Niedermeyer as successor to the Institution royale de musique classique et religieuse, which had been established and run by Alexandre-Étienne Choron between 1817 and 1834. Several eminent French musicians studied at the school, including Gabriel Fauré, André Messager and Henri Büsser.", "Galerne, Maurice (1928). L'Ecole Niedermeyer. Sa création, son but, son développement (in French). Éditions Margueritat.\nLAVIGNAC, Albert. ENCYCLOPEDIE DE LA MUSIQUE ET DICTIONNAIRE DU CONSERVATOIRE : technique, esthetique, ... pedagogie (in French). FORGOTTEN Books. ISBN 1-334-62835-1. OCLC 982413005.\n\"Louis Niedermeyer\". www.musimem.com. Retrieved 2020-07-27.\nBüsser, Henri. \"L'Ecole Niedermeyer\" (PDF). Revue des deux Mondes: 5–6." ]

[ "École Niedermeyer de Paris", "References" ]

[ 3086 ]

[ 14980, 14981 ]