Datasets:

copenlu

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citeworth

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[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Toxic liver injury can reproduce virtually any known pattern of injury, including necrosis, steatosis, fibrosis, cholestasis, and vascular injury.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Toxic liver injury can reproduce virtually any known pattern of injury, including necrosis, steatosis, fibrosis, cholestasis, and vascular injury [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Liver injury during cancer chemotherapy may not always reflect hepatotoxic anticancer drugs; the clinician must also consider reactions to antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics, or other medications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Liver injury during cancer chemotherapy may not always reflect hepatotoxic anticancer drugs; the clinician must also consider reactions to antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics, or other medications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Preexisting medical problems, tumor, immunosuppression, hepatitis viruses and other infections, and nutritional deficiencies or total parenteral nutrition all may affect a host's susceptibility to liver injury.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Preexisting medical problems, tumor, immunosuppression, hepatitis viruses and other infections, and nutritional deficiencies or total parenteral nutrition all may affect a host's susceptibility to liver injury.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Attributing liver injury to a toxic reaction is therefore difficult.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Attributing liver injury to a toxic reaction is therefore difficult [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A large number of enzymes used in industries for different applications have been reportedly produced in solid state fermentation (SSF) at large-scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A large number of enzymes used in industries for different applications have been reportedly produced in solid state fermentation (SSF) at large-scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These include alpha amylase, glucoamylase, pectinase, protease, lipase, phytase and other enzymes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These include alpha amylase, glucoamylase, pectinase, protease, lipase, phytase and other enzymes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many research studies have shown the enzymes production through SSF using different low-cost agro-industrial residues as the substrate, which is very attractive for bioprocessing, since it adds value by decreasing the cost of enzyme production, reducing the amount of solid waste and boosting the environmentally friendly management of agricultural and domestic wastes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many research studies have shown the enzymes production through SSF using different low-cost agro-industrial residues as the substrate, which is very attractive for bioprocessing, since it adds value by decreasing the cost of enzyme production, reducing the amount of solid waste and boosting the environmentally friendly management of agricultural and domestic wastes (Bansal, Tewari, Soni, & Soni, 2012; Delabona et al., 2013; Graminha et al., 2008; Hansen, Lübeck, Frisvada, Lübeck, & Andersen, 2015; Kaushik, Mishra, & Malik, 2014; Thomas, Larroche, & Pandey, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bansal, Tewari, Soni, & Soni, 2012; Delabona et al., 2013; Graminha et al., 2008; Hansen, Lübeck, Frisvada, Lübeck, & Andersen, 2015; Kaushik, Mishra, & Malik, 2014; Thomas, Larroche, & Pandey, 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "CCGbank, in addition to the basic atoms S, N , N P and P P , also differentiates both the S and N P atoms with features allowing more subtle distinctions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CCGbank, in addition to the basic atoms S, N , N P and P P , also differentiates both the S and N P atoms with features allowing more subtle distinctions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, declarative sentences are S[dcl], wh-questions are S[wq] and sentence fragments are S[f rg].", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, declarative sentences are S[dcl], wh-questions are S[wq] and sentence fragments are S[f rg] (Hockenmaier and Steedman, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hockenmaier and Steedman, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "These features allow finer control of the use of combinatory rules in the resulting grammars.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These features allow finer control of the use of combinatory rules in the resulting grammars.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this fine-grained control is exactly what the Petrov parser does automatically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this fine-grained control is exactly what the Petrov parser does automatically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we trained the Petrov parser twice, once on the original version of CCGbank (denoted \"Petrov\") and once on a version of CCGbank without these features (denoted \"Petrov no feats\").", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we trained the Petrov parser twice, once on the original version of CCGbank (denoted \"Petrov\") and once on a version of CCGbank without these features (denoted \"Petrov no feats\").", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, we will evaluate the parsers obtained after 0, 4, 5 and 6 training iterations (denoted I-0, I-4, I-5 and I-6).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, we will evaluate the parsers obtained after 0, 4, 5 and 6 training iterations (denoted I-0, I-4, I-5 and I-6).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When we evaluate on sets of sentences for which not all parsers return an analysis, we report the coverage (denoted \"Cover\").", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When we evaluate on sets of sentences for which not all parsers return an analysis, we report the coverage (denoted \"Cover\").", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The photon propagates with the velocity of light in free space because it has zero charge and zero mass.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The photon propagates with the velocity of light in free space because it has zero charge and zero mass [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "It is known that the photon has spin angular momentum and helicity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that the photon has spin angular momentum and helicity [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "The photon exhibits both wave like properties and particle like properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The photon exhibits both wave like properties and particle like properties [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "In the radio frequency domain the wave is normally a plane TEM (transverse electromagnetic) wave, described by Maxwell's equations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the radio frequency domain the wave is normally a plane TEM (transverse electromagnetic) wave, described by Maxwell's equations [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Light is described by its photon and its circular polarized TEM wave.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Light is described by its photon and its circular polarized TEM wave.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the relationship between photon and TEM wave is far from obvious.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the relationship between photon and TEM wave is far from obvious.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "State of the art physics offers little explanation to why the photon has zero charge and mass and why it has momentum, spin angular momentum and energy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "State of the art physics offers little explanation to why the photon has zero charge and mass and why it has momentum, spin angular momentum and energy [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "The conclusion is that state of the art physics is incapable of describing a theoretical model of the photon and its relation to the TEM wave.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The conclusion is that state of the art physics is incapable of describing a theoretical model of the photon and its relation to the TEM wave.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Accelerated electrons in e.g. a radio antenna can theoretically result in plane TEM waves according to Equations (1) and.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accelerated electrons in e.g. a radio antenna can theoretically result in plane TEM waves according to Equations (1) and (2) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(2)" ] }, { "text": "Hence, the state of the art model is theoretically correct.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the state of the art model is theoretically correct.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, energy in the electron's dipole is also superpositioned on existing plane TEM waves (gravity waves).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, energy in the electron's dipole is also superpositioned on existing plane TEM waves (gravity waves).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter transfer function is more efficient than the former and therefore the majority of or all energy will be transferred as superpositioned energy on gravity waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter transfer function is more efficient than the former and therefore the majority of or all energy will be transferred as superpositioned energy on gravity waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In developing countries, livestock depends on fibrous crop residues, these have low digestibility, low protein content, poor palatability and bulkiness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In developing countries, livestock depends on fibrous crop residues, these have low digestibility, low protein content, poor palatability and bulkiness (Zadrazil et al. 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF64" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zadrazil et al. 1995)" ] }, { "text": "To enhance animal's performance, the nutritional quality and palatability of fibrous crop residues have to be improved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To enhance animal's performance, the nutritional quality and palatability of fibrous crop residues have to be improved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be achieved by manipulating ruminal fermentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be achieved by manipulating ruminal fermentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For decades efforts have been put to produce ingredients for animal feedstuff from manure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For decades efforts have been put to produce ingredients for animal feedstuff from manure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of this review is to discuss the various stages of Nitrogen losses in ruminant production, manure management and the potential of using vermicomposting product (vermicast) as feed supplement, probiotic and mean of feed treatment to ruminants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this review is to discuss the various stages of Nitrogen losses in ruminant production, manure management and the potential of using vermicomposting product (vermicast) as feed supplement, probiotic and mean of feed treatment to ruminants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "There are many more 3d Ising observables to explore.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many more 3d Ising observables to explore.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the coefficient f ǫǫǫ should be computable, and it would be interesting to compare with the recent Monte Carlo prediction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the coefficient f ǫǫǫ should be computable, and it would be interesting to compare with the recent Monte Carlo prediction [72] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[72]" ] }, { "text": "It will also be important to consider larger systems of 3d Ising correlators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It will also be important to consider larger systems of 3d Ising correlators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "From the computing point of view, there are many opportunities for improvement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From the computing point of view, there are many opportunities for improvement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, it should be possible to parallelize SDPB up to hundreds of cores, which could lead to even more precise calculations, and (just as importantly) easier exploration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, it should be possible to parallelize SDPB up to hundreds of cores, which could lead to even more precise calculations, and (just as importantly) easier exploration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 3 : Comparison between the allowed region for the 3d Ising CFT using SDPB with Λ = 43 (blue) and Monte Carlo determinations of critical exponents (dashed rectangle).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 3 : Comparison between the allowed region for the 3d Ising CFT using SDPB with Λ = 43 (blue) and Monte Carlo determinations of critical exponents (dashed rectangle) [67] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF66" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[67]" ] }, { "text": "The size of the Monte Carlo rectangle is set by statistical and systematic errors associated with the simulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The size of the Monte Carlo rectangle is set by statistical and systematic errors associated with the simulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By contrast, the blue region is a rigorous bound with sharp edges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By contrast, the blue region is a rigorous bound with sharp edges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Confirmation of the Besa results could have a major effect on retinoid research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Confirmation of the Besa results could have a major effect on retinoid research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ability of AT to significantly or substantially reduce retinoid toxicity would allow higher, potentially more effective drug doses and so improve compliance within both short-and long-term therapeutic and chemopreventive retinoid trials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ability of AT to significantly or substantially reduce retinoid toxicity would allow higher, potentially more effective drug doses and so improve compliance within both short-and long-term therapeutic and chemopreventive retinoid trials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we conducted a phase I trial of 13cRA (100 mg/m 2 / day) plus AT (beginning at 800 IU/day, escalating monthly until 2,000 IU/day) to test the hypothesis that AT reduces 13cRA toxicity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we conducted a phase I trial of 13cRA (100 mg/m 2 / day) plus AT (beginning at 800 IU/day, escalating monthly until 2,000 IU/day) to test the hypothesis that AT reduces 13cRA toxicity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our choice of this high dose of 13cRA was based on its record of established chemopreventive activity in the head and neck and skin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our choice of this high dose of 13cRA was based on its record of established chemopreventive activity in the head and neck and skin [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "We also conducted pharmacokinetic studies to test the hypothesis that AT reduction of 13cRA toxicity does not involve lowering serum levels of 13cRA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also conducted pharmacokinetic studies to test the hypothesis that AT reduction of 13cRA toxicity does not involve lowering serum levels of 13cRA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the following we focus on behavioural properties which can be determined by a state space analysis, supplemented by numerical computations, if necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the following we focus on behavioural properties which can be determined by a state space analysis, supplemented by numerical computations, if necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All techniques addressing state space analyses face the famous problem of state space explosion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All techniques addressing state space analyses face the famous problem of state space explosion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact we know that the dependence of the size of the state space on the size of the Petri net cannot be bounded by a primitive recursive function.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact we know that the dependence of the size of the state space on the size of the Petri net cannot be bounded by a primitive recursive function [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "To give an idea what the state space problem means for the practical analysis of biochemical networks, Table 1 shows the increase of the state space caused by an increase of the initial number of tokens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To give an idea what the state space problem means for the practical analysis of biochemical networks, Table 1 shows the increase of the state space caused by an increase of the initial number of tokens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Lower crop productivity in the region is related to low population density, rainfall seasonality and low soil fertility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lower crop productivity in the region is related to low population density, rainfall seasonality and low soil fertility (Kok and Veldkamp 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kok and Veldkamp 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The Pacific watershed has more pronounced rain seasonality and has been more densely populated due to better agroecological conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Pacific watershed has more pronounced rain seasonality and has been more densely populated due to better agroecological conditions (Finegan and Bouroncle 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Finegan and Bouroncle 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The Central American Dry Corridor comprises the driest, most seasonal part of this area and runs from Guatemala to Costa Rica.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Central American Dry Corridor comprises the driest, most seasonal part of this area and runs from Guatemala to Costa Rica.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "National statistics show that subsistence crops, like maize and other basic grains, are located predominantly in areas with lower population density.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "National statistics show that subsistence crops, like maize and other basic grains, are located predominantly in areas with lower population density.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Agro-industrial crops like sugarcane predominate in areas with higher population density and in coastal areas, and coffee predominates on volcanic soils at intermediate altitudes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Agro-industrial crops like sugarcane predominate in areas with higher population density and in coastal areas, and coffee predominates on volcanic soils at intermediate altitudes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A full spectrum of adaptation levels, as defined by Rickards and Howden 2012, must be considered in these four countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A full spectrum of adaptation levels, as defined by Rickards and Howden 2012, must be considered in these four countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In pressure areas and hotspots (respectively: areas that are becoming more suitable for certain crops, and areas where expected suitability reduction for current crop combinations may mean that current crop combinations become economically unfeasible), proposed adaptation pathways might require major and purposeful responses to climate change impacts and other drivers at the farm and supra-farm level (transformational adaptation).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In pressure areas and hotspots (respectively: areas that are becoming more suitable for certain crops, and areas where expected suitability reduction for current crop combinations may mean that current crop combinations become economically unfeasible), proposed adaptation pathways might require major and purposeful responses to climate change impacts and other drivers at the farm and supra-farm level (transformational adaptation).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These adaptation strategies could include restoration of degraded lands, rearrangement of land uses across territories, livelihood diversification, and even migration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These adaptation strategies could include restoration of degraded lands, rearrangement of land uses across territories, livelihood diversification, and even migration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Where relatively low PI is expected -adaptation areas -changes in practices and technologies within current systems (incremental adaptation), that include adaptation strategies as changes of sowing dates or water harvest are recommended.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Where relatively low PI is expected -adaptation areas -changes in practices and technologies within current systems (incremental adaptation), that include adaptation strategies as changes of sowing dates or water harvest are recommended.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, relatively small changes within the current systems (that include adaptation strategies as changes to drought resistant crops) might suffice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, relatively small changes within the current systems (that include adaptation strategies as changes to drought resistant crops) might suffice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Current adaptive responses of small-and medium-scale agriculture in the region, like crop and income diversification, are well documented strategies of incremental and systems adaptation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Current adaptive responses of small-and medium-scale agriculture in the region, like crop and income diversification, are well documented strategies of incremental and systems adaptation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This responses relies on land availability, cultural and social capital, and access to information, credits and subsidies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This responses relies on land availability, cultural and social capital, and access to information, credits and subsidies (Magrin et al. 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Magrin et al. 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Our results will help guide priorities for international cooperation as well as local agendas for the development of adaptation strategies based on expected impacts and gradients of AC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results will help guide priorities for international cooperation as well as local agendas for the development of adaptation strategies based on expected impacts and gradients of AC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, where to focus on basic needs satisfaction to complement the development of adaptation strategies, or spatial prioritization for incremental or transformational adaptation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, where to focus on basic needs satisfaction to complement the development of adaptation strategies, or spatial prioritization for incremental or transformational adaptation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "However, the lessons of the archive are not clear-cut.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the lessons of the archive are not clear-cut.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The archive itself is 'not merely highly partial, fractured and fragmentary, but also a result of political processes, power imbalances and regimes of governance through which \"knowledge\" is selected, curated and ordered'(p. 7).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The archive itself is 'not merely highly partial, fractured and fragmentary, but also a result of political processes, power imbalances and regimes of governance through which \"knowledge\" is selected, curated and ordered' [89] (p. 7).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF88" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[89]" ] }, { "text": "An uncritical reading of its records conveys smooth administration, effective policy and the implementation of clear objectives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An uncritical reading of its records conveys smooth administration, effective policy and the implementation of clear objectives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A critical reading, privileging a wider range of perspectives, kicks over the traces to reveal contestation, moral ambiguity and the erasure of marginal voices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A critical reading, privileging a wider range of perspectives, kicks over the traces to reveal contestation, moral ambiguity and the erasure of marginal voices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In making such a reading, we have relied on our professional and research experience in more recent versions of the institutions we read about and have also engaged in dialogue as described by Section 3 above, for example when we used contemporary ethnographic research by Ericson to question and reinterpret archival sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In making such a reading, we have relied on our professional and research experience in more recent versions of the institutions we read about and have also engaged in dialogue as described by Section 3 above, for example when we used contemporary ethnographic research by Ericson to question and reinterpret archival sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We would not have been able to make the sense we have of these documents without this experience, or this dialogic method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We would not have been able to make the sense we have of these documents without this experience, or this dialogic method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Almost immediately, the necessity of the second postulate was questioned.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Almost immediately, the necessity of the second postulate was questioned (Ignatowski, 1910 (Ignatowski, , 1911 Frank and Rothe, 1911) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ignatowski, 1910 (Ignatowski, , 1911 Frank and Rothe, 1911)" ] }, { "text": "Recognized as fundamental and deep, the principle of relativity seemed appropriately general for such a fundamental theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recognized as fundamental and deep, the principle of relativity seemed appropriately general for such a fundamental theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Contrariwise, the second postulate struck many investigators as too particular and contingent to merit its elevated position.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Contrariwise, the second postulate struck many investigators as too particular and contingent to merit its elevated position (Weinstock, 1965; Mitvalsky, 1966; Lévy-Leblond, 1976; Srivastava, 1981; Schwartz, 1984; Sen, 1994; Pal, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Weinstock, 1965; Mitvalsky, 1966; Lévy-Leblond, 1976; Srivastava, 1981; Schwartz, 1984; Sen, 1994; Pal, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Passive millimeter-wave imaging (PMMW), as a hot research topic in recent years, is widely used in various fields.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Passive millimeter-wave imaging (PMMW), as a hot research topic in recent years, is widely used in various fields [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Past researches of PMMW imaging are concentrated in relatively short imaging distances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Past researches of PMMW imaging are concentrated in relatively short imaging distances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In late 90s, the development of advanced large-scale instantaneous imaging technology led to the innovation of simulation techniques for PMMW imaging, which is of great value in studies of PMMW radiation from various targets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In late 90s, the development of advanced large-scale instantaneous imaging technology led to the innovation of simulation techniques for PMMW imaging, which is of great value in studies of PMMW radiation from various targets [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "It is known that PMMW imaging simulations are useful and helpful for applications such as recognizing the radiation characteristics of the target, explaining some of the radiation phenomena, finding specific radiation patterns and judging the measured results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that PMMW imaging simulations are useful and helpful for applications such as recognizing the radiation characteristics of the target, explaining some of the radiation phenomena, finding specific radiation patterns and judging the measured results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, for radiometer system designs, various factors such as working environment, operating frequency, antenna size, observing distance and image processing algorithms should be considered for an effective image simulation in different environmental conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, for radiometer system designs, various factors such as working environment, operating frequency, antenna size, observing distance and image processing algorithms should be considered for an effective image simulation in different environmental conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For convenient application and quick assessment, simulation of PMMW imaging based on radiation gauge data can serve as an efficient tool in system evaluation and a complement of filed measurement, to save resources such as time, money, manpower and materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For convenient application and quick assessment, simulation of PMMW imaging based on radiation gauge data can serve as an efficient tool in system evaluation and a complement of filed measurement, to save resources such as time, money, manpower and materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study utilizing the finite element methodbased VCCT to obtain cracking information in LiFePO 4 battery materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study utilizing the finite element methodbased VCCT to obtain cracking information in LiFePO 4 battery materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various lengths of interfacial cracks in orthotropic bi-materials are incorporated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various lengths of interfacial cracks in orthotropic bi-materials are incorporated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A method is established to calculate the amount of crack propagation for lithium-ion battery materials (Figure 3 and Figure 5b ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A method is established to calculate the amount of crack propagation for lithium-ion battery materials (Figure 3 and Figure 5b ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is observed that energy release rates, stress intensity factors, and crack propagation are all particle-and crack-size-dependent (Figures 4-5) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is observed that energy release rates, stress intensity factors, and crack propagation are all particle-and crack-size-dependent (Figures 4-5) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, one potential future consideration is to reduce the LiFePO 4 electrode particle size to allow initial flaws during material processing ( Figure 4 ) and to effectively decrease stress inside the particles (Figure 5a ) in addition to reducing the diffusion path for better battery performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, one potential future consideration is to reduce the LiFePO 4 electrode particle size to allow initial flaws during material processing ( Figure 4 ) and to effectively decrease stress inside the particles (Figure 5a ) in addition to reducing the diffusion path for better battery performance [42, 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42, 43]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The current study aims to identify an optimal combination of the particle-and crack-size of LiFePO 4 for better battery performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study aims to identify an optimal combination of the particle-and crack-size of LiFePO 4 for better battery performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because reducing the LiFePO 4 electrode particle size could effectively decrease stress inside the particles, in addition to reducing the diffusion path during electrochemical cycling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because reducing the LiFePO 4 electrode particle size could effectively decrease stress inside the particles, in addition to reducing the diffusion path during electrochemical cycling [42, 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42, 43]" ] }, { "text": "The current study is designed to provide insight into the sub-micro scale fracture mechanisms within the cathode material by accomplishing the following objectives to help aid in the understanding and development of a longer lasting and more powerful battery: (1) Perform a finite element simulation to evaluate fracture mechanisms inside a single LiFePO 4 particle due to the phase transformation; and (2) establish an energy-based approach to estimate the propensity of crack extension for lithium-ion battery materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study is designed to provide insight into the sub-micro scale fracture mechanisms within the cathode material by accomplishing the following objectives to help aid in the understanding and development of a longer lasting and more powerful battery: (1) Perform a finite element simulation to evaluate fracture mechanisms inside a single LiFePO 4 particle due to the phase transformation; and (2) establish an energy-based approach to estimate the propensity of crack extension for lithium-ion battery materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We achieve these objectives by utilizing the VCCT to study fracture mechanics in LiFePO 4 battery materials under mixed-mode loading.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We achieve these objectives by utilizing the VCCT to study fracture mechanics in LiFePO 4 battery materials under mixed-mode loading.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pre-existing cracks at the interface of orthotropic bimaterials are incorporated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pre-existing cracks at the interface of orthotropic bimaterials are incorporated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various particle and crack sizes are considered to illustrate the effects on the cracking information in LiFePO 4 due to phase transformation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various particle and crack sizes are considered to illustrate the effects on the cracking information in LiFePO 4 due to phase transformation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our aim is to present an approach towards improving battery structural design by providing a better understanding of the micromechanics, as well as a basis for future fatigue analyses, which may incorporate a variety of other battery chemistries and additional fatigue life parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our aim is to present an approach towards improving battery structural design by providing a better understanding of the micromechanics, as well as a basis for future fatigue analyses, which may incorporate a variety of other battery chemistries and additional fatigue life parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Concurrency information is useful for many program analyses and optimizations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Concurrency information is useful for many program analyses and optimizations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we focus on one in particular, static race detection, to evaluate our concurrency analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we focus on one in particular, static race detection, to evaluate our concurrency analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Results for how enforcement of a sequentially consistent memory model can benefit from the analysis are available in a companion report.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Results for how enforcement of a sequentially consistent memory model can benefit from the analysis are available in a companion report [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Natural plant fibres are credible monetarily and naturally helpful distinct options for the fortification by fibres in polymeric composites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural plant fibres are credible monetarily and naturally helpful distinct options for the fortification by fibres in polymeric composites [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Due to their low density, light weight, and economical material cost, cellulose fibre strengthened composites have an incredible potential for utilisation in designing applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to their low density, light weight, and economical material cost, cellulose fibre strengthened composites have an incredible potential for utilisation in designing applications [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "A developing ecological mindfulness around the world has raised interest in innovative work on ecologically friendly and manageable materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A developing ecological mindfulness around the world has raised interest in innovative work on ecologically friendly and manageable materials [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "Characteristic plant-based fibres are utilised as reinforcement for composite materials and provide different advantages contrasted with synthetic fibre.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Characteristic plant-based fibres are utilised as reinforcement for composite materials and provide different advantages contrasted with synthetic fibre.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Vital aspects of the behaviour of natural plant fibre reinforced polymeric composites are their reaction to an effective load and the limited ability of the composites to withstand it amid their serviceability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vital aspects of the behaviour of natural plant fibre reinforced polymeric composites are their reaction to an effective load and the limited ability of the composites to withstand it amid their serviceability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effect of knocks or crashes and falling weights can cause damage to the composite.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of knocks or crashes and falling weights can cause damage to the composite [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Significant findings have recommended that characteristic natural fibre composites are exceptionally responsive to impact loading.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant findings have recommended that characteristic natural fibre composites are exceptionally responsive to impact loading [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "Natural fibre composite has a low impact strength when contrasted with glass fibre strengthened thermoplastic and thermostat composites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural fibre composite has a low impact strength when contrasted with glass fibre strengthened thermoplastic and thermostat composites [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] }, { "text": "In the more extensive setting, evaluating the impact resistance of a composite material has been a challenge, since the breakage shows itself in various structures, for example, delamination at the interface, fibre breakage, matrix splitting and fibre pull-out.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the more extensive setting, evaluating the impact resistance of a composite material has been a challenge, since the breakage shows itself in various structures, for example, delamination at the interface, fibre breakage, matrix splitting and fibre pull-out [18] [19] [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20]" ] }, { "text": "Because of their involution, a considerable number of their attributes remain unexplained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of their involution, a considerable number of their attributes remain unexplained [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "There has been a lot of experimental and analytical research on lowvelocity impact testing of fibre reinforced composites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been a lot of experimental and analytical research on lowvelocity impact testing of fibre reinforced composites [17, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 22]" ] }, { "text": "The sensitivity of lowvelocity impact damage to glass fibre strengthened polymeric composite materials has been widely recorded.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sensitivity of lowvelocity impact damage to glass fibre strengthened polymeric composite materials has been widely recorded [19, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 23]" ] }, { "text": "There are numerous investigations of the conduct of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites under impact loading.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are numerous investigations of the conduct of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites under impact loading [24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is very little reported work on the impact response of natural fibre reinforced composites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is very little reported work on the impact response of natural fibre reinforced composites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper investigates the impact responses of Napier fibre reinforced polyester composites with various fibre volume fractions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper investigates the impact responses of Napier fibre reinforced polyester composites with various fibre volume fractions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this experiment, the drop weight impact test is utilised to determine the force-deformation and force-time behaviour for evaluating the impact performance in terms of assessing the effect of impact on the condition of the load-bearing capabilities, absorbed energy and failure mode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this experiment, the drop weight impact test is utilised to determine the force-deformation and force-time behaviour for evaluating the impact performance in terms of assessing the effect of impact on the condition of the load-bearing capabilities, absorbed energy and failure mode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The failure mechanisms of the fractured specimens were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The failure mechanisms of the fractured specimens were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "However, the storage has limitation which has made ECG data compression as an important issue of research in biomedical signal processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the storage has limitation which has made ECG data compression as an important issue of research in biomedical signal processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the transmission speed of real-time ECG signal is also enhanced and economical due to ECG signal compression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the transmission speed of real-time ECG signal is also enhanced and economical due to ECG signal compression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An ECG signal contains steep slopes QRS complexes and smoother P and T waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An ECG signal contains steep slopes QRS complexes and smoother P and T waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is recorded by applying electrodes to various locations on the body surface and connecting them to a recording apparatus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is recorded by applying electrodes to various locations on the body surface and connecting them to a recording apparatus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are certain amounts of sample points in ECG signal which are redundant and replaceable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are certain amounts of sample points in ECG signal which are redundant and replaceable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "ECG data compression is achieved by elimination of such redundant data sample points.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ECG data compression is achieved by elimination of such redundant data sample points.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the past few decades, many schemes for ECG signal compression have been proposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the past few decades, many schemes for ECG signal compression have been proposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of them are lossy compression techniques in which the reconstruction signal is not exact replica of the original input signal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of them are lossy compression techniques in which the reconstruction signal is not exact replica of the original input signal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, these techniques are classified two categories: direct techniques and general techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, these techniques are classified two categories: direct techniques and general techniques [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "An electrocardiogram (ECG) is the graphical representation of electrical impulses due to ionic activity in the cardiac muscles of human heart.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An electrocardiogram (ECG) is the graphical representation of electrical impulses due to ionic activity in the cardiac muscles of human heart.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is an important physiological signal which is exploited to diagnose heart diseases because every arrhythmia in ECG signals can be relevant to a heart disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is an important physiological signal which is exploited to diagnose heart diseases because every arrhythmia in ECG signals can be relevant to a heart disease [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "ECG signals are recorded from patients for both monitoring and diagnostic purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ECG signals are recorded from patients for both monitoring and diagnostic purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the storage of computerized is become necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the storage of computerized is become necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The two substances most commonly measured to assess kidney function are urea and creatinine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two substances most commonly measured to assess kidney function are urea and creatinine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Urea is a by-product of protein breakdown.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Urea is a by-product of protein breakdown.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is produced in the liver and secreted from the body in urine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is produced in the liver and secreted from the body in urine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increased levels of creatinine indicate decreased kidney function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increased levels of creatinine indicate decreased kidney function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both urea and creatinine values measured here were comparable to those values previously found.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both urea and creatinine values measured here were comparable to those values previously found [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Serum is the liquid portion of blood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Serum is the liquid portion of blood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is extracted from blood sample by spinning down or centrifuging the sample to separate cellular components and coagulation factors of blood from the liquid part.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is extracted from blood sample by spinning down or centrifuging the sample to separate cellular components and coagulation factors of blood from the liquid part.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Serum biochemis-try refers to the chemical analysis of blood serum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Serum biochemis-try refers to the chemical analysis of blood serum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis can include many different tests, each of which provides targeted information about one or more organs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis can include many different tests, each of which provides targeted information about one or more organs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Assessment of the test results may indicate which organ system is affected, and may provide valuable information about the nature and severity of the problem or disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Assessment of the test results may indicate which organ system is affected, and may provide valuable information about the nature and severity of the problem or disease [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Biochemical profile of serum is typically species-specific.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Biochemical profile of serum is typically species-specific [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, for example in foxes, the concentrations of serum biochemical indicators seem to be fairly similar to the reference values previously reported for the dog.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for example in foxes, the concentrations of serum biochemical indicators seem to be fairly similar to the reference values previously reported for the dog [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The purpose of the current study was to screen baseline serum biochemical profile for adult farm-raised blue foxes during pelting season.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The purpose of the current study was to screen baseline serum biochemical profile for adult farm-raised blue foxes during pelting season.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A selected group of tests for serum biochemistry applied for dog-like canids were employed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A selected group of tests for serum biochemistry applied for dog-like canids were employed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previously published haematological data in farmed blue foxes mainly includes small blood count.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previously published haematological data in farmed blue foxes mainly includes small blood count [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16]" ] }, { "text": "The second aim was to summarize the existing data for background screening of general health status.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second aim was to summarize the existing data for background screening of general health status.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "One aim of this paper is to prove a result of local nature when S is possibly singular, using the index defined by Suwa.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One aim of this paper is to prove a result of local nature when S is possibly singular, using the index defined by Suwa [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "We prove: Theorem 1.1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We prove: Theorem 1.1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Let M be a complex two dimensional manifold, F a holomorphic foliation on same open subset of M, S ⊂ M a possibly singular curve locally irreducible at a point p ∈ M, such that it is a separatrix for F at p.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let M be a complex two dimensional manifold, F a holomorphic foliation on same open subset of M, S ⊂ M a possibly singular curve locally irreducible at a point p ∈ M, such that it is a separatrix for F at p.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If Ind(F, S, p) ∈ Q + ∪ {0} then there exists (at least) another separatrix for F at p.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If Ind(F, S, p) ∈ Q + ∪ {0} then there exists (at least) another separatrix for F at p.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "With the emergence of energy depletion and environmental pollution as global issues in recent times, electric vehicles/hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs) that convert electric energy into motive power have attracted research attention as alternatives to existing internal-combustion-engine-based vehicles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the emergence of energy depletion and environmental pollution as global issues in recent times, electric vehicles/hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs) that convert electric energy into motive power have attracted research attention as alternatives to existing internal-combustion-engine-based vehicles [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, an in-wheel drive system-one of the electric drive systems-directly drives the wheels of a vehicle with the aid of a drive motor, which needs to be installed in the wheels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, an in-wheel drive system-one of the electric drive systems-directly drives the wheels of a vehicle with the aid of a drive motor, which needs to be installed in the wheels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because each wheel has an individual drive, the in-wheel drive system offers the benefits of maximizing the kinematic performance of a vehicle and increasing the flexibility of vehicle layout or design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because each wheel has an individual drive, the in-wheel drive system offers the benefits of maximizing the kinematic performance of a vehicle and increasing the flexibility of vehicle layout or design [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "However, the parts of this system need to be miniaturized given the limited space in a wheel, which itself is installed in a complex configuration along with a drive motor and various parts of systems such as a brake system, steering system, and suspension system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the parts of this system need to be miniaturized given the limited space in a wheel, which itself is installed in a complex configuration along with a drive motor and various parts of systems such as a brake system, steering system, and suspension system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To ensure high performance and durability of a motor, which is the most crucial part of the in-wheel drive system, miniaturization and uniform cooling are necessary.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To ensure high performance and durability of a motor, which is the most crucial part of the in-wheel drive system, miniaturization and uniform cooling are necessary [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The identification of the molecular determinants of invasion and metastasis will guide the development of new therapies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The identification of the molecular determinants of invasion and metastasis will guide the development of new therapies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two recent in vitro studies delineate the potential of SPARC as a suppressor of tumorigenic potential in human melanoma and breast cancer cells via the addition of either antisense RNA or the transfection of SPARC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two recent in vitro studies delineate the potential of SPARC as a suppressor of tumorigenic potential in human melanoma and breast cancer cells via the addition of either antisense RNA or the transfection of SPARC (Ledda et al, 1997; Dhanesuan et al, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ledda et al, 1997; Dhanesuan et al, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Finally, our study demonstrates that the further investigation of SPARC is warranted due to its status as a potential prognostic and therapeutic agent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, our study demonstrates that the further investigation of SPARC is warranted due to its status as a potential prognostic and therapeutic agent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Decreased RWC can potentially retard plant growth under salt stress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Decreased RWC can potentially retard plant growth under salt stress [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40]" ] }, { "text": "In the present study, the RWC declined for all the cultivars, but the decline was more pronounced in the susceptible plants (e.g., Zabad: <60%) ( Figure 5 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, the RWC declined for all the cultivars, but the decline was more pronounced in the susceptible plants (e.g., Zabad: <60%) ( Figure 5 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result indicates that RWC is a contributing factor in stress sensitivity for some of the sensitive cultivars.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This result indicates that RWC is a contributing factor in stress sensitivity for some of the sensitive cultivars.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "These results suggest that the cardiovascular system is loaded for a long period in the absence of meloxicam.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results suggest that the cardiovascular system is loaded for a long period in the absence of meloxicam.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hypertension is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disorders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hypertension is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disorders [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, meloxicam should be administered before surgery to prevent hypertension-related heart disease even in normotensive animals without heart disease because the age of dogs at tumor detection is advanced and valvular disorders frequently develop in elderly dogs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, meloxicam should be administered before surgery to prevent hypertension-related heart disease even in normotensive animals without heart disease because the age of dogs at tumor detection is advanced and valvular disorders frequently develop in elderly dogs [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, a single dose of meloxicam was administered before surgery, and its half-life was 24 hr.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, a single dose of meloxicam was administered before surgery, and its half-life was 24 hr [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "This may have been associated with the difference in the BP changes between the 2 groups 36 hr after surgery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may have been associated with the difference in the BP changes between the 2 groups 36 hr after surgery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thereafter, BP was high and stable for 4 days; therefore, repeated postoperative administration of meloxicam may decrease BP to within the physiological range in a shorter period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thereafter, BP was high and stable for 4 days; therefore, repeated postoperative administration of meloxicam may decrease BP to within the physiological range in a shorter period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Contact phenomenon is involved in many descriptions of engineering problems, taking aero-engine for example, including interference fit when assembled and blade-disc dovetail joint structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Contact phenomenon is involved in many descriptions of engineering problems, taking aero-engine for example, including interference fit when assembled and blade-disc dovetail joint structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interaction of contact objects in the contact interface is more complex, which is the main reason for occurrence of damage and destruction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interaction of contact objects in the contact interface is more complex, which is the main reason for occurrence of damage and destruction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Aero-engine blade-disc dovetail joints are typical contact structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aero-engine blade-disc dovetail joints are typical contact structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the edge of contact regions fretting can occur under thermo-mechanical loads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the edge of contact regions fretting can occur under thermo-mechanical loads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This fretting can lead to fatigue crack initiation and to ultimately failure of the dovetail joint structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This fretting can lead to fatigue crack initiation and to ultimately failure of the dovetail joint structure [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "With the growing structure life, contact fatigue and fretting fatigue are emphasized increasingly in engineering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the growing structure life, contact fatigue and fretting fatigue are emphasized increasingly in engineering [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The use of 10 channel beams (1.32 cm in radial mesh) provides a very detailed and accurate prediction of inmonolith gas temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of 10 channel beams (1.32 cm in radial mesh) provides a very detailed and accurate prediction of inmonolith gas temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It validates the wall temperature prediction, which in fact controls the regeneration rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It validates the wall temperature prediction, which in fact controls the regeneration rate [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 10 (b) shows that the wall temperature drop with respect to the monolith core reaches 50 K at the canistermonolith interface even with low inlet gas temperature (523 K) and increasing as the mass flow rate decreases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 10 (b) shows that the wall temperature drop with respect to the monolith core reaches 50 K at the canistermonolith interface even with low inlet gas temperature (523 K) and increasing as the mass flow rate decreases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 11 shows the wall temperature field at high pulsating mass flow (375 kg/h, amplitude 0.3 bar and frequency 66.6 Hz) and higher inlet gas temperature (T in = 643 K).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 11 shows the wall temperature field at high pulsating mass flow (375 kg/h, amplitude 0.3 bar and frequency 66.6 Hz) and higher inlet gas temperature (T in = 643 K).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As expected, the radial temperature drop is higher than in previous cases in Figure 10 (b) because of the greater gradient with respect to the environment temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As expected, the radial temperature drop is higher than in previous cases in Figure 10 (b) because of the greater gradient with respect to the environment temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The temperature drop in the axial direction is shown to be negligible with respect to the radial conduction effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The temperature drop in the axial direction is shown to be negligible with respect to the radial conduction effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sharp radial decrease rate points out its potential influence on conclusions about soot reactivity, regeneration ignition point, hot spots prediction, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sharp radial decrease rate points out its potential influence on conclusions about soot reactivity, regeneration ignition point, hot spots prediction, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The need of converging towards models able to take into account this effect being coupled at the same time with porous and channel scale solution has been addressed in works regarding regeneration modelling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The need of converging towards models able to take into account this effect being coupled at the same time with porous and channel scale solution has been addressed in works regarding regeneration modelling [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Additionally, high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop performance are expected characteristics for soot filtration systems closely related themselves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop performance are expected characteristics for soot filtration systems closely related themselves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They can come linked and often in conflict with regeneration and thermal response.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They can come linked and often in conflict with regeneration and thermal response.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence the importance of robust computational tools integrating specific submodels for every physicalchemical process taking place in the DPF.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence the importance of robust computational tools integrating specific submodels for every physicalchemical process taking place in the DPF [19, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 20]" ] }, { "text": "According to this objective, this work presents a heat transfer model for honeycomb wall-flow DPFs comprising gas to solid substrate and subsequent monolith to environment heat exchange.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to this objective, this work presents a heat transfer model for honeycomb wall-flow DPFs comprising gas to solid substrate and subsequent monolith to environment heat exchange.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The results show the high accuracy provided by the model in the prediction of the outlet gas temperature whatever the number of channel beams, although the error slightly increases as the mass flow rate decreases and the number of channel beams is reduced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results show the high accuracy provided by the model in the prediction of the outlet gas temperature whatever the number of channel beams, although the error slightly increases as the mass flow rate decreases and the number of channel beams is reduced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It confirms the suitability of the use of the model in comprehensive engine gas dynamic calculations with the solution of only one pair of inlet and outlet channels (1 channel beam).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It confirms the suitability of the use of the model in comprehensive engine gas dynamic calculations with the solution of only one pair of inlet and outlet channels (1 channel beam).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a very extended assumption to save computational effort.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a very extended assumption to save computational effort.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it also usually means not considering heat exchange with the ambient and hence overpredicting the outlet gas temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it also usually means not considering heat exchange with the ambient and hence overpredicting the outlet gas temperature [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "The proposed model overcomes this problem, which is critic when applied to the analysis of pre-turbo DPF configurations due to the fact that the DPF outlet temperature defines the available energy for the turbine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed model overcomes this problem, which is critic when applied to the analysis of pre-turbo DPF configurations due to the fact that the DPF outlet temperature defines the available energy for the turbine [12, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 16]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Nowadays a large number of Iranians use some sort of Latin-based transliteration instead of Persian writing system for sending SMS, email, and chatting on the Internet.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays a large number of Iranians use some sort of Latin-based transliteration instead of Persian writing system for sending SMS, email, and chatting on the Internet (Maleki, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Maleki, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the Latinized Persian subtitles were used as onscreen text of movie, which have never been applied in Iran.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the Latinized Persian subtitles were used as onscreen text of movie, which have never been applied in Iran.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Latinized Persian subtitles are the presentation of Persian language in Latin script.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Latinized Persian subtitles are the presentation of Persian language in Latin script.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the same level as the type of subtitles presented onscreen, studies must focus on the characteristics of the students as their monolingual and bilingual status in the context of Iran.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the same level as the type of subtitles presented onscreen, studies must focus on the characteristics of the students as their monolingual and bilingual status in the context of Iran.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To the best knowledge of the researcher, there are no studies that have been conducted to compare the Iranian Persian monolingual with Azeri-Persian bilingual learners of English in terms of their linguistic processing of English movie with Latinized Persian subtitles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best knowledge of the researcher, there are no studies that have been conducted to compare the Iranian Persian monolingual with Azeri-Persian bilingual learners of English in terms of their linguistic processing of English movie with Latinized Persian subtitles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So, this study aimed to compare the Iranian monolingual and bilingual students' listening comprehension in terms of watching English movie with Latinized Persian subtitles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So, this study aimed to compare the Iranian monolingual and bilingual students' listening comprehension in terms of watching English movie with Latinized Persian subtitles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "We have created internally consistent sets of gridded, monthly accumulated, dry and wet deposition of major ions to Europe covering the period 1900-2050.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have created internally consistent sets of gridded, monthly accumulated, dry and wet deposition of major ions to Europe covering the period 1900-2050.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data, intended as input to species, increased (or decreased) wet deposition automatically results in decreased (or increased) dry deposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data, intended as input to species, increased (or decreased) wet deposition automatically results in decreased (or increased) dry deposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our estimations of total deposition flux to EU28+ consequently featured similar values as in a recent multi-model study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our estimations of total deposition flux to EU28+ consequently featured similar values as in a recent multi-model study (Lamarque et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF57" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lamarque et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "The partitioning between dry and wet deposition will, however, influence the atmospheric life time of the respective species -which eventually determines where the pollutants are deposited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The partitioning between dry and wet deposition will, however, influence the atmospheric life time of the respective species -which eventually determines where the pollutants are deposited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In fact, in (1) we can restrict ourselves to take only l = 2; indeed, given ε > 0 we apply (1) to f 1 , f 2 and obtain f = f 12 , then we apply again (1) to f 12 and f 3 for some ε ′ sufficiently small and obtain f 123 and we conclude after l − 1 steps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, in (1) we can restrict ourselves to take only l = 2; indeed, given ε > 0 we apply (1) to f 1 , f 2 and obtain f = f 12 , then we apply again (1) to f 12 and f 3 for some ε ′ sufficiently small and obtain f 123 and we conclude after l − 1 steps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only few general facts about AT-systems in ergodic theory are known.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only few general facts about AT-systems in ergodic theory are known.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The AT property forces the system to be ergodic and to have zero entropy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The AT property forces the system to be ergodic and to have zero entropy [7] , [4] , [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ], [ "BIBREF3" ], [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]", "[4]", "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover funny rank 1 systems enjoy the AT property.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover funny rank 1 systems enjoy the AT property [4] , [34] , [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ], [ "BIBREF33" ], [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]", "[34]", "[35]" ] }, { "text": "Clearly, the class of AT-systems is closed under taking factors and inverse limits (and roots for Z-actions).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly, the class of AT-systems is closed under taking factors and inverse limits (and roots for Z-actions).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "While SNSs became more and more popular, educators and researchers have explored the possibility of the educational usage of SNSs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While SNSs became more and more popular, educators and researchers have explored the possibility of the educational usage of SNSs (Kabilan, Ahmad, & Abidin, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kabilan, Ahmad, & Abidin, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Based on a critical review on Facebook as a learning environment, almost all studies identified in the review (22 out of 23 articles) evaluated Facebook groups or Facebook pages on group discussion, project collaboration, and peer assessment in education, whereas only one study investigated the educational usage of Facebook applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on a critical review on Facebook as a learning environment, almost all studies identified in the review (22 out of 23 articles) evaluated Facebook groups or Facebook pages on group discussion, project collaboration, and peer assessment in education, whereas only one study investigated the educational usage of Facebook applications (Manca & Ranieri, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Manca & Ranieri, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Since a Facebook group can be set as private for privacy and security reasons, students can share learning resources within their study groups, and teachers can deliver course contents to students conveniently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since a Facebook group can be set as private for privacy and security reasons, students can share learning resources within their study groups, and teachers can deliver course contents to students conveniently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the findings for Facebook group or page as a possible and effective learning environment in the review were mixed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the findings for Facebook group or page as a possible and effective learning environment in the review were mixed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the educational usage of Facebook application remains unexplored in literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the educational usage of Facebook application remains unexplored in literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since developing educational Facebook applications involves programming such as using the Facebook application programming interface, using an alreadyavailable Facebook group is much more convenient and popular than programming a Facebook application for most educators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since developing educational Facebook applications involves programming such as using the Facebook application programming interface, using an alreadyavailable Facebook group is much more convenient and popular than programming a Facebook application for most educators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "However, Facebook applications nowadays, especially social games, emerge and attract a large amount of people to play every day.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Facebook applications nowadays, especially social games, emerge and attract a large amount of people to play every day.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, many adolescents spend much time growing crops in Happy Farm and feeding pets in Pet Society on Facebook.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, many adolescents spend much time growing crops in Happy Farm and feeding pets in Pet Society on Facebook.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, Facebook games may provide institutions a great opportunity to engage students for not merely entertainment but also educational purposes for the mass.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, Facebook games may provide institutions a great opportunity to engage students for not merely entertainment but also educational purposes for the mass (Yonker, Zan, Scirica, Jethwani, & Kinane, 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yonker, Zan, Scirica, Jethwani, & Kinane, 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Educators and researchers have been searching for effective ways to integrate games into education, in which formal classroom-based learning and assessments are often considered by students to be a boring activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Educators and researchers have been searching for effective ways to integrate games into education, in which formal classroom-based learning and assessments are often considered by students to be a boring activity (Kiili, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kiili, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Research has shown that digital game-based learning (DGBL) can facilitate teaching and motivate students in learning processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research has shown that digital game-based learning (DGBL) can facilitate teaching and motivate students in learning processes (Girard, Ecalle, & Magnan, 2012; Papastergiou, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Girard, Ecalle, & Magnan, 2012; Papastergiou, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "However, few studies have fully utilized the Internet to provide larger learning flexibility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, few studies have fully utilized the Internet to provide larger learning flexibility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The virulence of B. melitensis is associated with the smooth colony morphotype which contains the full Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The virulence of B. melitensis is associated with the smooth colony morphotype which contains the full Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "LPS is an immunogenic component which consists of expressed antigen on the surface of the Brucella.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "LPS is an immunogenic component which consists of expressed antigen on the surface of the Brucella (DeBagüés et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(DeBagüés et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "It is known as the main virulence factor of Brucella species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known as the main virulence factor of Brucella species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The virulence and intracellular survival potency depend mainly on the presence of the LPS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The virulence and intracellular survival potency depend mainly on the presence of the LPS (López-Urrutia et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(López-Urrutia et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "LPS also contains a potent immunomodulator/stimulator on its inner segment known as lipid A.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "LPS also contains a potent immunomodulator/stimulator on its inner segment known as lipid A (DeBagüés et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(DeBagüés et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Brucella LPS is less endotoxic than enteric Gram-negative bacteria due to the presence of the unique components namely, OPS and Lipid A.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Brucella LPS is less endotoxic than enteric Gram-negative bacteria due to the presence of the unique components namely, OPS and Lipid A (DeBagüés et al., 2005; Leornado et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(DeBagüés et al., 2005; Leornado et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "There is inadequate knowledge on host cell response towards LPS immunogen of B. melitensis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is inadequate knowledge on host cell response towards LPS immunogen of B. melitensis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, this study was designed to observed clinical responses and pathological changes in reproductive organs in female mice via intraperitoneal inoculation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this study was designed to observed clinical responses and pathological changes in reproductive organs in female mice via intraperitoneal inoculation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Reijers, Limam, and Aalst proposed a methodology for Product-Based Workflow Design (PBWD) that presented an analytical clean-sheet approach for process design specified by the bill-of-material for products that are affected by a process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reijers, Limam, and Aalst proposed a methodology for Product-Based Workflow Design (PBWD) that presented an analytical clean-sheet approach for process design specified by the bill-of-material for products that are affected by a process (Reijers, Limam, & Aalst, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Reijers, Limam, & Aalst, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "However, PBWD focuses on inferring the high-level structure of a business process, and not its detailed behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, PBWD focuses on inferring the high-level structure of a business process, and not its detailed behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the PBWD approach does not consider the issue of describing the behavior of product lifecycles in an executable manner (e.g., as state machines), and automatically generating business process models from such lifecycles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the PBWD approach does not consider the issue of describing the behavior of product lifecycles in an executable manner (e.g., as state machines), and automatically generating business process models from such lifecycles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Hypoallergenic infant food commonly contains peptides obtained from readily available natural proteins which are treated with proteolytic enzymes to achieve limited protein hydrolysis, thereby destroying the allergenic epitopes of natural proteins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hypoallergenic infant food commonly contains peptides obtained from readily available natural proteins which are treated with proteolytic enzymes to achieve limited protein hydrolysis, thereby destroying the allergenic epitopes of natural proteins [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Processes for manufacturing these peptides commonly use discontin-uously operated stirred tank reactors in the presence of soluble enzymes such as trypsin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Processes for manufacturing these peptides commonly use discontin-uously operated stirred tank reactors in the presence of soluble enzymes such as trypsin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Continuous reactor operation is of major interest because the product is in high demand and there is a need to manufacture a product of constant quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Continuous reactor operation is of major interest because the product is in high demand and there is a need to manufacture a product of constant quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both criteria favour continuously operated reactors over batch reaction systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both criteria favour continuously operated reactors over batch reaction systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the peculiarities of protein hydrolysis limit the choice of reactor design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the peculiarities of protein hydrolysis limit the choice of reactor design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, immobilization of enzymes on porous supports is inefficient due to the presence of macromolecular substrates which in addition, lead to support fouling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, immobilization of enzymes on porous supports is inefficient due to the presence of macromolecular substrates which in addition, lead to support fouling [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Ultrafiltration membrane reactors have been operated with limited success for the same reasons.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultrafiltration membrane reactors have been operated with limited success for the same reasons [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "Another major characteristic of protein hydrolysis is that substrate conversion is sometimes accompanied by a drastic drop in pH, which may require pH-controlled reactors to be used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another major characteristic of protein hydrolysis is that substrate conversion is sometimes accompanied by a drastic drop in pH, which may require pH-controlled reactors to be used [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Drug shortages affect the health care system in the United States (U.S.) more than ever before.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Drug shortages affect the health care system in the United States (U.S.) more than ever before.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Numbers of reported shortages increased from 60 drug shortages in 2005 to more than 200 reported drug shortages in 2010.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numbers of reported shortages increased from 60 drug shortages in 2005 to more than 200 reported drug shortages in 2010 [3, 4, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Since 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has taken initiatives to prevent and mitigate the impact of drug shortages in the U.S. Although pharmaceutical manufacturers cannot be forced to produce (an additional amount of ) a particular drug, FDA aims to provide knowledge about drug shortages to health care providers in advance of the shortage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has taken initiatives to prevent and mitigate the impact of drug shortages in the U.S. Although pharmaceutical manufacturers cannot be forced to produce (an additional amount of ) a particular drug, FDA aims to provide knowledge about drug shortages to health care providers in advance of the shortage [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, manufacturers are mandated to notify the FDA about potential discontinuations in supply of drugs for serious or life-threatening conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, manufacturers are mandated to notify the FDA about potential discontinuations in supply of drugs for serious or life-threatening conditions [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "A more extensive database of U.S. drug shortages is maintained by the American Society of Health-system Pharmacists (ASHP).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A more extensive database of U.S. drug shortages is maintained by the American Society of Health-system Pharmacists (ASHP).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Monitoring of drug shortages does not only promote early anticipation of drug shortages by health care workers, it does also provide a source for extensive data analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Monitoring of drug shortages does not only promote early anticipation of drug shortages by health care workers, it does also provide a source for extensive data analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been reported that U.S. drug shortages are mostly affecting the generic injectable market with majority of drugs in shortage indicated for oncology indications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported that U.S. drug shortages are mostly affecting the generic injectable market with majority of drugs in shortage indicated for oncology indications [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Fermented foods contribute enormously to the human diet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fermented foods contribute enormously to the human diet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many African foods are fermented before consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many African foods are fermented before consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Nigeria, larger percentages of cereals grown yearly are subjected to the spontaneous and traditional fermentation process to produce beverages, dough and gruels, both at the household level and industrial set-up.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Nigeria, larger percentages of cereals grown yearly are subjected to the spontaneous and traditional fermentation process to produce beverages, dough and gruels, both at the household level and industrial set-up.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fermentation provides a simple and economical way to improve the nutritional value and sensory attributes of cereal grains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fermentation provides a simple and economical way to improve the nutritional value and sensory attributes of cereal grains (Ferri, Serrazanetti, Tassoni, Baldissarri, & Gianotti, 2016; Nout, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ferri, Serrazanetti, Tassoni, Baldissarri, & Gianotti, 2016; Nout, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "The fermenting microorganisms involved in many of these cereal-based fermented products are mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and few yeast species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fermenting microorganisms involved in many of these cereal-based fermented products are mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and few yeast species (Odunfa & Adeyele, 1985; Sanni & Adesulu, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37", "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Odunfa & Adeyele, 1985; Sanni & Adesulu, 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We choose a day time temperature of 35°C as a moderately-high temperature for tomato, as this has been shown to be detrimental to the growth and development of plants and to fruit set.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We choose a day time temperature of 35°C as a moderately-high temperature for tomato, as this has been shown to be detrimental to the growth and development of plants and to fruit set (Zhang et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zhang et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In the present study, tomato plants were exposed to a moderately-high temperature of 35°C for 8 h. The indexes of gas-change, carbohydrate contents and activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in tomato leaves were determined at various times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, tomato plants were exposed to a moderately-high temperature of 35°C for 8 h. The indexes of gas-change, carbohydrate contents and activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in tomato leaves were determined at various times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our objective was to study the effects of a short exposure to a moderately-high temperature on photosynthetic activity and carbohydrate metabolism in tomato leaves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our objective was to study the effects of a short exposure to a moderately-high temperature on photosynthetic activity and carbohydrate metabolism in tomato leaves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on this physiological comparison with control, the mechanism responsible in tomato leaves after a short period of heat stress was investigated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on this physiological comparison with control, the mechanism responsible in tomato leaves after a short period of heat stress was investigated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Despite these achievements, little is known about the relation between material changes occurring upon fs laser surface processing and those taking place upon subsurface processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite these achievements, little is known about the relation between material changes occurring upon fs laser surface processing and those taking place upon subsurface processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason is that, unlike subsurface (bulk) processing, surface processing is mostly performed at energies above the ablation threshold.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason is that, unlike subsurface (bulk) processing, surface processing is mostly performed at energies above the ablation threshold [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "An exception is found for fused silica, for which a relation could be established between laserinduced densification in the bulk and at the surface at energies below the ablation threshold, both triggered by transient freeelectron plasmas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An exception is found for fused silica, for which a relation could be established between laserinduced densification in the bulk and at the surface at energies below the ablation threshold, both triggered by transient freeelectron plasmas [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "However, such studies are missing for technologically more relevant materials for the fabrication of active photonic devices, such as phosphate glasses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, such studies are missing for technologically more relevant materials for the fabrication of active photonic devices, such as phosphate glasses [1, 3, 5, 10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3, 5, 10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Recent studies have contributed to unravel the structural mechanisms responsible for fs laser-induced refractive index changes upon subsurface processing in these glasses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent studies have contributed to unravel the structural mechanisms responsible for fs laser-induced refractive index changes upon subsurface processing in these glasses [12, 13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13, 14]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Major focus of earlier research on thinned arrays has been to consider the array as non-uniform/aperiodic and find antenna element positions/inter element spacings using various techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Major focus of earlier research on thinned arrays has been to consider the array as non-uniform/aperiodic and find antenna element positions/inter element spacings using various techniques [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Most of these methods used analytical techniques to design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of these methods used analytical techniques to design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But analytical design of thinned antenna arrays with thousands of radiating elements capable of scanning over large angular region is a difficult task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But analytical design of thinned antenna arrays with thousands of radiating elements capable of scanning over large angular region is a difficult task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It involves solving of complex, non-linear, and non-differentiable functions demanding efficient numerical techniques for their solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It involves solving of complex, non-linear, and non-differentiable functions demanding efficient numerical techniques for their solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some of the numerically intensive methods are based on perturbation technique, linear programming, dynamic programming and the MiniMax approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the numerically intensive methods are based on perturbation technique, linear programming, dynamic programming and the MiniMax approach [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The purpose of this study was to provide a developmental perspective on students' confidence in their self-regulatory strategies using data obtained from cohort groups of students ranging from age 9 to 17, to determine whether this confidence differs as a function of gender, and to discover whether these differences are a function of gender orientation beliefs rather than of gender.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The purpose of this study was to provide a developmental perspective on students' confidence in their self-regulatory strategies using data obtained from cohort groups of students ranging from age 9 to 17, to determine whether this confidence differs as a function of gender, and to discover whether these differences are a function of gender orientation beliefs rather than of gender.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As regards the developmental progression of students' self-efficacy beliefs, we found that students' confidence in their self-regulatory learning strategies decreased as students progressed from elementary school to high school.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As regards the developmental progression of students' self-efficacy beliefs, we found that students' confidence in their self-regulatory learning strategies decreased as students progressed from elementary school to high school.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even more troubling, this decrease was even steeper than a similar decrease in students' self-perceptions of their academic competence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even more troubling, this decrease was even steeper than a similar decrease in students' self-perceptions of their academic competence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students' self-efficacy beliefs strongly influence their academic motivation, the selfregulated learning strategies they use in school, and the academic success they ultimately attain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students' self-efficacy beliefs strongly influence their academic motivation, the selfregulated learning strategies they use in school, and the academic success they ultimately attain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The finding of diminishing confidence in the use of self-regulatory practices is troublesome because, when students lose confidence in their academic strategies and practices, they are less likely to employ them.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The finding of diminishing confidence in the use of self-regulatory practices is troublesome because, when students lose confidence in their academic strategies and practices, they are less likely to employ them (Bandura, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bandura, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "It seems clear that educational programs that seek to empower students must make students' beliefs about their self-regulatory practices a focus of professional practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It seems clear that educational programs that seek to empower students must make students' beliefs about their self-regulatory practices a focus of professional practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teachers face a dual responsibility in this regard.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Teachers face a dual responsibility in this regard.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They must help students develop sound self-regulatory practices while at the same time buttressing the confidence that students will require to employ those practices frequently and effectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They must help students develop sound self-regulatory practices while at the same time buttressing the confidence that students will require to employ those practices frequently and effectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Follicle-like positive secondary progressive multiple sclerosis cases have more extensive grey matter demyelination Whole coronal sections were analysed to determine the degree of forebrain white matter and grey matter demyelination in FÀ and F + SPMS (Fig. 3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Follicle-like positive secondary progressive multiple sclerosis cases have more extensive grey matter demyelination Whole coronal sections were analysed to determine the degree of forebrain white matter and grey matter demyelination in FÀ and F + SPMS (Fig. 3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Representative myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunostained coronal macrosections illustrate the degree and location of grey matter (red colour mask) and white matter (blue colour mask) demyelination in two F À SPMS (Fig. 3A and C) and two F + SPMS (Fig. 3B and D) cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Representative myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunostained coronal macrosections illustrate the degree and location of grey matter (red colour mask) and white matter (blue colour mask) demyelination in two F À SPMS (Fig. 3A and C) and two F + SPMS (Fig. 3B and D) cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cortical lesions, predominantly in the form of subpial grey matter demyelination, but also involving intracortical and leucocortical locations, were seen in the cingulate gyrus, superior and inferior frontal sulci, insula and in the temporal lobes, in agreement with the previous publications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cortical lesions, predominantly in the form of subpial grey matter demyelination, but also involving intracortical and leucocortical locations, were seen in the cingulate gyrus, superior and inferior frontal sulci, insula and in the temporal lobes, in agreement with the previous publications (Kutzelnigg et al., 2005; Vercellino et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF61" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kutzelnigg et al., 2005; Vercellino et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Periventricular white matter lesions were commonly noted at the angles of the lateral ventricles and in the centrum semiovale, which was often markedly reduced in volume, while the lateral ventricles were frequently enlarged ( Fig. 3B and D) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Periventricular white matter lesions were commonly noted at the angles of the lateral ventricles and in the centrum semiovale, which was often markedly reduced in volume, while the lateral ventricles were frequently enlarged ( Fig. 3B and D) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Quantitative assessment revealed that F + cases with SPMS had a 3-fold greater area of total demyelination (follicle-like positive SPMS = 18.3 AE 2.7%; follicle-like negative SPMS = 5.3 AE 1.4; P = 0.002) in sampled whole coronal sections (Fig. 3E) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quantitative assessment revealed that F + cases with SPMS had a 3-fold greater area of total demyelination (follicle-like positive SPMS = 18.3 AE 2.7%; follicle-like negative SPMS = 5.3 AE 1.4; P = 0.002) in sampled whole coronal sections (Fig. 3E) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was a 6-fold increase in total grey matter lesion area (follicle-like positive SPMS = 12.2 AE 2.3; follicle-like negative SPMS = 1.9 AE 0.7%; P = 0.003) in F + SPMS in comparison to FÀ cases (Fig. 3F) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was a 6-fold increase in total grey matter lesion area (follicle-like positive SPMS = 12.2 AE 2.3; follicle-like negative SPMS = 1.9 AE 0.7%; P = 0.003) in F + SPMS in comparison to FÀ cases (Fig. 3F) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The white matter lesion area was $2-fold greater in F + SPMS, but this was not statistically significant (F + SPMS = 6.0 AE 1.1%; FÀ SPMS = 3.3 AE 1.1%; P = 0.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The white matter lesion area was $2-fold greater in F + SPMS, but this was not statistically significant (F + SPMS = 6.0 AE 1.1%; FÀ SPMS = 3.3 AE 1.1%; P = 0.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Optical microscopy studies of the samples after annealing were performed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Optical microscopy studies of the samples after annealing were performed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The samples were first etched with nital (10%) and then with Klemm's I etchant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The samples were first etched with nital (10%) and then with Klemm's I etchant [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "For the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, the samples were etched with Villela etchant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, the samples were etched with Villela etchant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Following the intra-airway administration of hMSCs, an increase in M2 macrophages was observed in the injured lungs of mice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Following the intra-airway administration of hMSCs, an increase in M2 macrophages was observed in the injured lungs of mice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible that the reduction in lung injury in hMSC-treated mice was due to downregulation of proinflammatory factors and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory chemokines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible that the reduction in lung injury in hMSC-treated mice was due to downregulation of proinflammatory factors and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory chemokines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, the advantageous effects of hMSC treatment were displayed by reducing eosinophil infiltration in mouse models with allergic lung injury.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, the advantageous effects of hMSC treatment were displayed by reducing eosinophil infiltration in mouse models with allergic lung injury [45] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[45]" ] }, { "text": "These findings and other supporting studies suggested that hMSCs are able to alter the balance of macrophage phenotype and function that occur during injury to promote repair.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings and other supporting studies suggested that hMSCs are able to alter the balance of macrophage phenotype and function that occur during injury to promote repair [46] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46]" ] }, { "text": "We showed that the protective effect of hMSCs in hyperoxia-induced lung injury could alter macrophage phenotype.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We showed that the protective effect of hMSCs in hyperoxia-induced lung injury could alter macrophage phenotype.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent studies have shown the in vivo interaction between hMSCs and macrophages to promote M2 polarisation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent studies have shown the in vivo interaction between hMSCs and macrophages to promote M2 polarisation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The in vitro co-culture of hMSCs and macrophages resulted in an alternatively activated macrophage phenotype characterised as mannose receptor (MR) high, IL-10high, IL-6high, TNF-αlow and IL-12low which exhibits enhanced phagocytic activity, increased secretion of IL-10 and VEGF and decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The in vitro co-culture of hMSCs and macrophages resulted in an alternatively activated macrophage phenotype characterised as mannose receptor (MR) high, IL-10high, IL-6high, TNF-αlow and IL-12low which exhibits enhanced phagocytic activity, increased secretion of IL-10 and VEGF and decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44]" ] }, { "text": "Further investigation to identify the polarisation mechanism will be important for the understanding how hMSCs alter the host response following therapeutic delivery, in the context not only the inflammatory response to hyperoxia, but also lung disorders such as allergic asthma and COPD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further investigation to identify the polarisation mechanism will be important for the understanding how hMSCs alter the host response following therapeutic delivery, in the context not only the inflammatory response to hyperoxia, but also lung disorders such as allergic asthma and COPD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apart from the alteration of lung myeloid cells, lung fibrosis is the final common pathway of lung injury regardless of aetiology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Apart from the alteration of lung myeloid cells, lung fibrosis is the final common pathway of lung injury regardless of aetiology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In examining the effect of hMSCs therapy on lung injury induced by 90% O 2 , we chose an end-point of delivery of oxygen of four days as published data has shown that delivery of hMSCs may ameliorate established lung fibrosis after 14 days of hyperoxia-induced injury.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In examining the effect of hMSCs therapy on lung injury induced by 90% O 2 , we chose an end-point of delivery of oxygen of four days as published data has shown that delivery of hMSCs may ameliorate established lung fibrosis after 14 days of hyperoxia-induced injury [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[47]" ] }, { "text": "We found that the treatment with hMSCs induced decreased lung collagen accumulation following hyperoxia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found that the treatment with hMSCs induced decreased lung collagen accumulation following hyperoxia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We propose that hMSCs are able to create a more favourable environment, leading to less tissue damage and fibrosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We propose that hMSCs are able to create a more favourable environment, leading to less tissue damage and fibrosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this environment, hMSCs may possibly not only alter lung immune cells but may also have an increased capacity to facilitate their antifibrotic and reparative effects, resulting in a greater reduction in fibrosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this environment, hMSCs may possibly not only alter lung immune cells but may also have an increased capacity to facilitate their antifibrotic and reparative effects, resulting in a greater reduction in fibrosis [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] }, { "text": "The administration of hMSCs to the neonatal lung ameliorated the hyperoxia-induced structural injuries, including reducing collagen deposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The administration of hMSCs to the neonatal lung ameliorated the hyperoxia-induced structural injuries, including reducing collagen deposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, the intratracheal delivery of hMSC was found to effectively reduce the hyperoxia-induced infiltration of myeloid cells, including sub-populations of macrophages, into the damaged lung tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the intratracheal delivery of hMSC was found to effectively reduce the hyperoxia-induced infiltration of myeloid cells, including sub-populations of macrophages, into the damaged lung tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This indicates that hMSCs can modulate the inflammatory environment in the lung to reduce the development of fibrotic damage and structural injury.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This indicates that hMSCs can modulate the inflammatory environment in the lung to reduce the development of fibrotic damage and structural injury.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The practice of yeast-bacteria co-inoculation is often criticised because of the possible interference of bacteria in the course of AF and because of the risk of volatile acid production and an excessive increase in d-lactic acid production, causing a reduction in wine quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The practice of yeast-bacteria co-inoculation is often criticised because of the possible interference of bacteria in the course of AF and because of the risk of volatile acid production and an excessive increase in d-lactic acid production, causing a reduction in wine quality (Alexandre et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Alexandre et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The rapid proliferation of yeast cells in the must inoculated with bacteria indicated the absence of an inhibitory effect on yeasts by bacteria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rapid proliferation of yeast cells in the must inoculated with bacteria indicated the absence of an inhibitory effect on yeasts by bacteria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results confirm previous observations concerning interference in the fermentative activity of yeasts by bacteria when inoculated together in grape must.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results confirm previous observations concerning interference in the fermentative activity of yeasts by bacteria when inoculated together in grape must (Semon et al., 2001; Rosi et al., 2003; Sieczkowski, 2004; Jussier et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Semon et al., 2001; Rosi et al., 2003; Sieczkowski, 2004; Jussier et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Since d-lactic acid is a final product of sugar metabolism by heterolactic bacteria, the determination of this acid in wines produced by simultaneous AF/MLF proves that sugar catabolism by the inoculated bacteria was inhibited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since d-lactic acid is a final product of sugar metabolism by heterolactic bacteria, the determination of this acid in wines produced by simultaneous AF/MLF proves that sugar catabolism by the inoculated bacteria was inhibited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previously, it was shown by comparison between simultaneous and sequential AF/MLF that acetic acid did not increase or did not increase significantly in wines inoculated with bacteria before AF.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previously, it was shown by comparison between simultaneous and sequential AF/MLF that acetic acid did not increase or did not increase significantly in wines inoculated with bacteria before AF (Semon et al., 2001; Rosi et al., 2003; Jussier et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Semon et al., 2001; Rosi et al., 2003; Jussier et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "In the second microvinification experiment with Must 2, the acetic acid increase was probably caused mainly by yeast metabolism, as acetic the acid concentration was proportional to the ethanol content.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second microvinification experiment with Must 2, the acetic acid increase was probably caused mainly by yeast metabolism, as acetic the acid concentration was proportional to the ethanol content.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is well known that yeast under stress conditions produces acetic acid in quantities higher than under standard growth conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that yeast under stress conditions produces acetic acid in quantities higher than under standard growth conditions (Erasmus et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Erasmus et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "A different method, demonstrated in the Phased Array Mirror Extendible Large Aperture (PAMELA), sought to decentralize the global control strategy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A different method, demonstrated in the Phased Array Mirror Extendible Large Aperture (PAMELA), sought to decentralize the global control strategy (Rather et al. 1989; Ames et al. 1995; Rakoczy et al. 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF0", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rather et al. 1989; Ames et al. 1995; Rakoczy et al. 2000)" ] }, { "text": "In the PAMELA test bed (a 36 hexagonal segment, 0.5 m diameter primary mirror), a ShackHartmann wave-front sensor was employed to sense tip and tilt motions of each segment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the PAMELA test bed (a 36 hexagonal segment, 0.5 m diameter primary mirror), a ShackHartmann wave-front sensor was employed to sense tip and tilt motions of each segment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each subaperture of the ShackHartmann wave-front sensor mapped exclusively to an individual primary-mirror segment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each subaperture of the ShackHartmann wave-front sensor mapped exclusively to an individual primary-mirror segment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each segment had its own local processing electronics to convert tip-tilt errors to the three actuator commands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each segment had its own local processing electronics to convert tip-tilt errors to the three actuator commands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Piston control was achieved utilizing inductive edge sensors; three on each segment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Piston control was achieved utilizing inductive edge sensors; three on each segment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The local segment electronics only processed the sensors mounted on that particular segment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The local segment electronics only processed the sensors mounted on that particular segment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was dubbed a \"nearest neighbor\" approach to piston control, since the piston control command was based exclusively upon the motion of the segment relative to three of its adjacent neighbors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was dubbed a \"nearest neighbor\" approach to piston control, since the piston control command was based exclusively upon the motion of the segment relative to three of its adjacent neighbors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Processing at the segment level, rather than utilizing the global strategy, reduced the number of arithmetic operations and enabled high-bandwidth control of the primary mirror, an impracticality for the Keck telescopes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Processing at the segment level, rather than utilizing the global strategy, reduced the number of arithmetic operations and enabled high-bandwidth control of the primary mirror, an impracticality for the Keck telescopes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the PAMELA control system involves the complexity of having many electronic components, considerable board-level software development, and communication among several levels of electronics modules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the PAMELA control system involves the complexity of having many electronic components, considerable board-level software development, and communication among several levels of electronics modules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These more conventional approaches to segmented mirror control were reevaluated in the mid-1990s with the emergence of the Next Generation Space Telescope, now named the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These more conventional approaches to segmented mirror control were reevaluated in the mid-1990s with the emergence of the Next Generation Space Telescope, now named the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The JWST will be the first space telescope to exploit a segmented primary mirror.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The JWST will be the first space telescope to exploit a segmented primary mirror.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The design adopted by the JWST team sought to maximize the number of photons used for science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The design adopted by the JWST team sought to maximize the number of photons used for science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This meant minimizing the number of photons used by fiduciary instruments, such as Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This meant minimizing the number of photons used by fiduciary instruments, such as Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the JWST will be inaccessible for frequent calibration, maintenance, or repair, outfitting the mirrors with many edge sensors, cables, and electronics modules is not desirable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the JWST will be inaccessible for frequent calibration, maintenance, or repair, outfitting the mirrors with many edge sensors, cables, and electronics modules is not desirable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rather, the JWST will perform wave-front sensing at the image plane of the science camera.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rather, the JWST will perform wave-front sensing at the image plane of the science camera.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a system requires no dedicated wave-front sensors, with their accompanying weight, power consumption, photon consumption, complexity, and risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a system requires no dedicated wave-front sensors, with their accompanying weight, power consumption, photon consumption, complexity, and risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This new approach will exploit resources that are already there: the science camera and science image data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This new approach will exploit resources that are already there: the science camera and science image data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this design requires the maturation of a technique known as phase retrieval.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this design requires the maturation of a technique known as phase retrieval (Redding et al. 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Redding et al. 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Studies have reported sex-specific differences in the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of AF in the general population.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies have reported sex-specific differences in the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of AF in the general population [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to address these differences including the role of estrogen replacement therapy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to address these differences including the role of estrogen replacement therapy [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "While some suggested a lower risk of AF with hormone replacement therapy, others have refuted those findings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While some suggested a lower risk of AF with hormone replacement therapy, others have refuted those findings [40, 41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40, 41]" ] }, { "text": "Even though modest, in CKD population, we noted sex-specific differences in the associations between AF and mortality with a stronger association in women than in men.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though modest, in CKD population, we noted sex-specific differences in the associations between AF and mortality with a stronger association in women than in men.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additional studies addressing the mechanisms that could explain these differences and whether there exist any differential treatment responses in patients with CKD are needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional studies addressing the mechanisms that could explain these differences and whether there exist any differential treatment responses in patients with CKD are needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the general population, recent data suggest that African Americans with AF sustain higher rates of stroke, heart failure, and mortality than whites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the general population, recent data suggest that African Americans with AF sustain higher rates of stroke, heart failure, and mortality than whites [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42]" ] }, { "text": "However, we did not find racial differences (based on the test of interaction) on outcome among those with CKD and AF.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we did not find racial differences (based on the test of interaction) on outcome among those with CKD and AF.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "During the last two decades, there has been a search for lightweight materials that can replace the traditional aluminium alloys in aerospace structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the last two decades, there has been a search for lightweight materials that can replace the traditional aluminium alloys in aerospace structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A laminate of aluminium and fibre-reinforced prepreg is a possible alternative.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A laminate of aluminium and fibre-reinforced prepreg is a possible alternative.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An example is Glare, which is a combination of aluminium and glass fibre-reinforced prepreg (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An example is Glare, which is a combination of aluminium and glass fibre-reinforced prepreg (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Originally, this material was developed at Delft University of Technology in order to increase the fatigue performance of aircraft structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Originally, this material was developed at Delft University of Technology in order to increase the fatigue performance of aircraft structures [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, it also appeared to possess excellent impact and fire resistance properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it also appeared to possess excellent impact and fire resistance properties [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the material can be applied in the structure in the same way as traditional aluminium panels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the material can be applied in the structure in the same way as traditional aluminium panels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, since the prepreg layers are protected from the environment by the aluminium, durability of the material seems of less concern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, since the prepreg layers are protected from the environment by the aluminium, durability of the material seems of less concern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In 2013, the European Committee for Standardization and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) finalized a basic set of standards necessary for the implementation and deployment of cooperative ITS systems, as requested by the European Commission.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2013, the European Committee for Standardization and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) finalized a basic set of standards necessary for the implementation and deployment of cooperative ITS systems, as requested by the European Commission [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "This set of standards is mainly based on the IEEE Standards 802.11p access technology for ITS communications, which are defined as ITS G5 communications by the ETSI.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This set of standards is mainly based on the IEEE Standards 802.11p access technology for ITS communications, which are defined as ITS G5 communications by the ETSI [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "The system is well suited to active road safety use cases due to its very low delays and communication range of several hundred meters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The system is well suited to active road safety use cases due to its very low delays and communication range of several hundred meters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the channel congestion experienced in dense scenarios and its decentralized ad-hoc nature is motivating the research of other technologies, such as cellular networks, as alternatives for ITS communications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the channel congestion experienced in dense scenarios and its decentralized ad-hoc nature is motivating the research of other technologies, such as cellular networks, as alternatives for ITS communications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "An identical probability distribution of multipliers at different stages of the process would show that the multipliers at different stages are not correlated and the underlying process is statistically self-similar.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An identical probability distribution of multipliers at different stages of the process would show that the multipliers at different stages are not correlated and the underlying process is statistically self-similar (Mandelbrot 1989; Chabra & Sreenivasan 1992; Frederiksen, Dahm & Dowling 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mandelbrot 1989; Chabra & Sreenivasan 1992; Frederiksen, Dahm & Dowling 1997)" ] }, { "text": "The inset in figure 6 shows the probability distribution function of the multipliers, shown only at two box sizes for clarity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inset in figure 6 shows the probability distribution function of the multipliers, shown only at two box sizes for clarity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The distribution functions coincide at larger multiplier values for the whole multifractal range, but are different at low multiplier values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The distribution functions coincide at larger multiplier values for the whole multifractal range, but are different at low multiplier values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We expect this to be due to the correlated nature of the ends of the structure (low multipliers), which move towards the main plume lines due to entrainment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We expect this to be due to the correlated nature of the ends of the structure (low multipliers), which move towards the main plume lines due to entrainment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The fact that the fruit susceptibility depends on the hand position in the bunch shows the importance of standardising the sampling method when measuring the susceptibility of bananas to crown rot.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that the fruit susceptibility depends on the hand position in the bunch shows the importance of standardising the sampling method when measuring the susceptibility of bananas to crown rot.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hands collected for an experiment should be collected systematically from the same position on each bunch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hands collected for an experiment should be collected systematically from the same position on each bunch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the hands in the upper portion have more fruits and allow division into more four-fruit clusters, it has been recommended to use the third hand of the bunch, which is more stable from one bunch to another than the first two hands.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As the hands in the upper portion have more fruits and allow division into more four-fruit clusters, it has been recommended to use the third hand of the bunch, which is more stable from one bunch to another than the first two hands (Jannoyer, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jannoyer, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "If more than one hand per bunch is needed to carry out the experiment, it is essential to work with successive hands as demonstrated in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If more than one hand per bunch is needed to carry out the experiment, it is essential to work with successive hands as demonstrated in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Loss of volatile components at elevated temperatures and oxidation are two main factors for these changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Loss of volatile components at elevated temperatures and oxidation are two main factors for these changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In terms of mechanical properties, bitumen tends to become stiffer, more elastic and brittle over time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of mechanical properties, bitumen tends to become stiffer, more elastic and brittle over time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With regard to chemical composition, a shift within the SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltenes) fractions can be observed with an increasing amount of asphaltenes and decreasing amount of aromatics over time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With regard to chemical composition, a shift within the SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltenes) fractions can be observed with an increasing amount of asphaltenes and decreasing amount of aromatics over time (Hofko, Eberhardsteiner, Fussl, & Grothe, 2016) (Lu & Isacsson, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hofko, Eberhardsteiner, Fussl, & Grothe, 2016) (Lu & Isacsson, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "These changes are generally summarised under the term \"ageing\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These changes are generally summarised under the term \"ageing\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bitumen ageing can be split up into short-term and long-term ageing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bitumen ageing can be split up into short-term and long-term ageing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of hot mix asphalt, short-term ageing occurs during asphalt mix production, transport and compaction at the construction site, all of which happens within hours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of hot mix asphalt, short-term ageing occurs during asphalt mix production, transport and compaction at the construction site, all of which happens within hours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is characterised by relatively high temperatures (> 130°C) and thus, high oxidation rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is characterised by relatively high temperatures (> 130°C) and thus, high oxidation rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Long-term ageing occurs in asphalt pavements in the field as a result of exposure to traffic and climatic conditions during its service life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Long-term ageing occurs in asphalt pavements in the field as a result of exposure to traffic and climatic conditions during its service life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Genetic diversity assessment has potential uses in evolution, breeding and conservation of genetic resources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Genetic diversity assessment has potential uses in evolution, breeding and conservation of genetic resources (Wu et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wu et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The extent of diversity in the accessions is paramount for improvement and utilization of genetic resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extent of diversity in the accessions is paramount for improvement and utilization of genetic resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Genetic diversity is therefore the backbone of conservation of plant genetic resources for both present and future use.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Genetic diversity is therefore the backbone of conservation of plant genetic resources for both present and future use (Quedraogo, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Quedraogo, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Genetic diversity of species also helps formulate appropriate sampling strategies for both in situ and ex situ conservations, with the aim to protect the variability of taxa so as to preserve ecological processes, rate of establishment, survival and fecundity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Genetic diversity of species also helps formulate appropriate sampling strategies for both in situ and ex situ conservations, with the aim to protect the variability of taxa so as to preserve ecological processes, rate of establishment, survival and fecundity (Millar et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Millar et al., 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Information on the levels and distribution of genetic variation in the natural populations of mulberry is of great importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Information on the levels and distribution of genetic variation in the natural populations of mulberry is of great importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mulberry bears different sex types, is monoecious or dioecious, with sex expression varying among species and varieties due to their cross fertilization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mulberry bears different sex types, is monoecious or dioecious, with sex expression varying among species and varieties due to their cross fertilization (Das et al., 1994; Dandin, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Das et al., 1994; Dandin, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Such a high degree of cross species reproductive success is not encountered often in nature, thereby creating variation within and among mulberry populations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a high degree of cross species reproductive success is not encountered often in nature, thereby creating variation within and among mulberry populations (Awasthi et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Awasthi et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Interestingly, cases with SFTSV infection presented some special clinical features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, cases with SFTSV infection presented some special clinical features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, laboratory-confirmed cases developed more likely gastrointestinal symptoms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, laboratory-confirmed cases developed more likely gastrointestinal symptoms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the proportion of diarrhea among laboratory-confirmed cases was significantly higher than that of misdiagnosis cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the proportion of diarrhea among laboratory-confirmed cases was significantly higher than that of misdiagnosis cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But hemorrhagic tendency showed no difference between the two groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But hemorrhagic tendency showed no difference between the two groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, confirmed cases were more likely to present lymphadenopathy and leucopenia, which became major indexes of the SFTS etiologic diagnosis and retained in the Model 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, confirmed cases were more likely to present lymphadenopathy and leucopenia, which became major indexes of the SFTS etiologic diagnosis and retained in the Model 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reproduction of virus happened first in neighboring lymph nodes after invasion into the host, which might result in lymphadenopathy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reproduction of virus happened first in neighboring lymph nodes after invasion into the host, which might result in lymphadenopathy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The animal model demonstrated that SFTSV then went into the spleen and liver in which white blood cells were devoured by macrophages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The animal model demonstrated that SFTSV then went into the spleen and liver in which white blood cells were devoured by macrophages [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "But our study showed that the count of platelet had no significant difference between laboratory-confirmed and misdiagnosis cases although platelets were also devoured in the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But our study showed that the count of platelet had no significant difference between laboratory-confirmed and misdiagnosis cases although platelets were also devoured in the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "As many researchers are proposing multilevel approaches to clarify the contributions of environmental and psychobiological factors on asthma, this method, coupled with the small to modest effects found in the present study, lead to a larger question regarding what type of intervention would best mitigate or prevent such relationships from occurring.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As many researchers are proposing multilevel approaches to clarify the contributions of environmental and psychobiological factors on asthma, this method, coupled with the small to modest effects found in the present study, lead to a larger question regarding what type of intervention would best mitigate or prevent such relationships from occurring.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Others have proposed neighborhood-level interventions within low-income minority communities aimed at increasing asthma awareness and providing education regarding asthma management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Others have proposed neighborhood-level interventions within low-income minority communities aimed at increasing asthma awareness and providing education regarding asthma management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This work demonstrated decreases in acute care needs and improvement in asthma attitudes for youth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This work demonstrated decreases in acute care needs and improvement in asthma attitudes for youth (Fisher, Strunk, Sussman, Sykes, & Walker, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fisher, Strunk, Sussman, Sykes, & Walker, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "However, research is needed to determine whether these community-level interventions also improve psychological well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, research is needed to determine whether these community-level interventions also improve psychological well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given that recent research has highlighted the potential benefits of antidepressant treatment for both depressive and asthma symptoms in youth and adults with asthma, perhaps a multisystemic approachincluding psychotherapy and antidepressants with family and community-based factors-would best suit the physical health and well-being of youth with asthma .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given that recent research has highlighted the potential benefits of antidepressant treatment for both depressive and asthma symptoms in youth and adults with asthma, perhaps a multisystemic approachincluding psychotherapy and antidepressants with family and community-based factors-would best suit the physical health and well-being of youth with asthma .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perhaps strategies like behavioral activation combined with family and community aspects would provide the needed boosts in engagement and motivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps strategies like behavioral activation combined with family and community aspects would provide the needed boosts in engagement and motivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additional evidence for this hypothesis comes from a randomized control trial pointing to a combination treatment with psychotherapy and antidepressants as superior to either treatment alone in treating youth depressive symptoms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional evidence for this hypothesis comes from a randomized control trial pointing to a combination treatment with psychotherapy and antidepressants as superior to either treatment alone in treating youth depressive symptoms (March et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(March et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Over the last decade, a significant body of work has been devoted to the response of soils, and especially of the vast stock of organic matter they contain, to changing climatic boundary conditions or to different agricultural practices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the last decade, a significant body of work has been devoted to the response of soils, and especially of the vast stock of organic matter they contain, to changing climatic boundary conditions or to different agricultural practices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In that context, it has become increasingly clear that detailed knowledge is required of the different physical, (bio)chemical, and biological parameters that determine the activity of microorganisms at the microscopic scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In that context, it has become increasingly clear that detailed knowledge is required of the different physical, (bio)chemical, and biological parameters that determine the activity of microorganisms at the microscopic scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The demand for this information is not new.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The demand for this information is not new.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several soil microbiologists have pointed it out already for more than half a century.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several soil microbiologists have pointed it out already for more than half a century [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, not much could be done by way of a response until roughly 15 years ago, when significant technological breakthroughs allowed the geometry of the pore space in soils to be visualized, and the spatial heterogeneity of a number of chemical and mineralogical constituents of soils to be quantified at micrometric scales commensurate with fungal hyphae and even the most minute of bacteria or archaea.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, not much could be done by way of a response until roughly 15 years ago, when significant technological breakthroughs allowed the geometry of the pore space in soils to be visualized, and the spatial heterogeneity of a number of chemical and mineralogical constituents of soils to be quantified at micrometric scales commensurate with fungal hyphae and even the most minute of bacteria or archaea [48, 40, 9, 6, 7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48, 40, 9, 6, 7, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Port and maritime constructions are infrastructures of high economic and social value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Port and maritime constructions are infrastructures of high economic and social value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason tools for calculating their service life are of especial interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason tools for calculating their service life are of especial interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of reinforced concrete structures exposed to the marine environment a prime cause of distress is steel corrosion due to chloride ingress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of reinforced concrete structures exposed to the marine environment a prime cause of distress is steel corrosion due to chloride ingress [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The damage of the structure due to corrosion is produced after the depassivation of steel, which is produced when a high-enough chloride content is reached in the concrete around the steel rebar.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The damage of the structure due to corrosion is produced after the depassivation of steel, which is produced when a high-enough chloride content is reached in the concrete around the steel rebar [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We have used a rate-equation model (described in detail in the supplementary data) of the spin pumping experiment to analyze our experimental results; it shows that our data is consistent with optical spin pumping causing spin qubit initialization with a fidelity of 99% in less than 10 ns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have used a rate-equation model (described in detail in the supplementary data) of the spin pumping experiment to analyze our experimental results; it shows that our data is consistent with optical spin pumping causing spin qubit initialization with a fidelity of 99% in less than 10 ns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is similar to the reported performance of spin pumping in self-assembled InAs QDs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is similar to the reported performance of spin pumping in self-assembled InAs QDs [13, 16, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 16, 18]" ] }, { "text": "We used our model to infer a lower bound on the spin lifetime of T 1 >3 μs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We used our model to infer a lower bound on the spin lifetime of T 1 >3 μs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These values suggest promise for the use of charges in nanowire QDs as spin qubits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These values suggest promise for the use of charges in nanowire QDs as spin qubits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this article we present results from a typical quantum-dot-nanowire device in our sample; the QD exhibited emission under CW above-band (780 nm) excitation that was both bright and spectrally narrow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this article we present results from a typical quantum-dot-nanowire device in our sample; the QD exhibited emission under CW above-band (780 nm) excitation that was both bright and spectrally narrow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1(a) shows the polarization-resolved spectra from the QD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1(a) shows the polarization-resolved spectra from the QD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At saturation the QD exhibited a linewidth of ∼60 μeV full-width-at-half-maximum, and an energy difference of δE=1.6 μeV between the two orthogonal linear polarization components (measured between the fitted peak centers; see figure 1(a).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At saturation the QD exhibited a linewidth of ∼60 μeV full-width-at-half-maximum, and an energy difference of δE=1.6 μeV between the two orthogonal linear polarization components (measured between the fitted peak centers; see figure 1(a).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The emission intensity of both H-and V-polarized lines have a linear dependence on the above-band laser power, until saturation is reached at approximately 550 nW ( figure 1(b) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The emission intensity of both H-and V-polarized lines have a linear dependence on the above-band laser power, until saturation is reached at approximately 550 nW ( figure 1(b) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The linear power dependence is consistent with these lines corresponding to single exciton emission, as opposed to biexciton emission (which would exhibit a quadratic power dependence).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The linear power dependence is consistent with these lines corresponding to single exciton emission, as opposed to biexciton emission (which would exhibit a quadratic power dependence).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To determine that the QD was charged, we used magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy in the Voigt configuration (magnetic field perpendicular to the nanowire growth direction): figure 1(c) shows the photoluminescence signal from the QD as a function of its emission energy and polarization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To determine that the QD was charged, we used magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy in the Voigt configuration (magnetic field perpendicular to the nanowire growth direction): figure 1(c) shows the photoluminescence signal from the QD as a function of its emission energy and polarization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The photoluminescence spectra clearly show a four-fold splitting, which is consistent with emission from a charged dot.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The photoluminescence spectra clearly show a four-fold splitting, which is consistent with emission from a charged dot [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "We note that in this figure and the remainder of the paper, we define H as the linear polarization that is θ=50°relative to the magnetic field and V as the linear polarization that is at θ=140°relative to the magnetic field, as shown in the illustration in figure 1(d) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We note that in this figure and the remainder of the paper, we define H as the linear polarization that is θ=50°relative to the magnetic field and V as the linear polarization that is at θ=140°relative to the magnetic field, as shown in the illustration in figure 1(d) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "This retrospective cohort study demonstrates that the transition from premenopause to postmenopause is associated with an increase in total cholesterol and LDL cho- lesterol levels and no change in HDL cholesterol levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This retrospective cohort study demonstrates that the transition from premenopause to postmenopause is associated with an increase in total cholesterol and LDL cho- lesterol levels and no change in HDL cholesterol levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This elevation in atherogenic lipids was greater than those reported in previous follow-up studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This elevation in atherogenic lipids was greater than those reported in previous follow-up studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol are related not to changes in body weight or fasting blood sugar, but mainly to changes in female sex hormones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol are related not to changes in body weight or fasting blood sugar, but mainly to changes in female sex hormones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the present study, changes in lipid levels were calculated using linear regression methods to minimize the influence of biological and analytical variations in lipid levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, changes in lipid levels were calculated using linear regression methods to minimize the influence of biological and analytical variations in lipid levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, changes in lipid levels calculated using this method were similar to those obtained via direct extraction of the first measurements from the last ones with a difference of < 3% (p > 0.05, data not shown).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, changes in lipid levels calculated using this method were similar to those obtained via direct extraction of the first measurements from the last ones with a difference of < 3% (p > 0.05, data not shown).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many studies have shown that total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increase after menopause.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies have shown that total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increase after menopause.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In cross-sectional studies, total cholesterol was elevated by 9-19% and LDL cholesterol by 10-24%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In cross-sectional studies, total cholesterol was elevated by 9-19% and LDL cholesterol by 10-24% [2] [3] [4] 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] 14]" ] }, { "text": "However, in longitudinal follow-up studies, total cholesterol was elevated by 5-14.2% and LDL cholesterol by 3.5-16% over the course of 2-6 years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in longitudinal follow-up studies, total cholesterol was elevated by 5-14.2% and LDL cholesterol by 3.5-16% over the course of 2-6 years [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "When changes in the control group, usually premenopausal women, were considered (2.6-9.6% for total cholesterol and 6.3-6.4% for LDL cholesterol), increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were only 2.4-7.2% and -2.9-9.7% respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When changes in the control group, usually premenopausal women, were considered (2.6-9.6% for total cholesterol and 6.3-6.4% for LDL cholesterol), increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were only 2.4-7.2% and -2.9-9.7% respectively [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "In the present study, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were elevated by 10.9% and 18.6%, respectively and changes in premenopausal women were negligible during the 2.8 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were elevated by 10.9% and 18.6%, respectively and changes in premenopausal women were negligible during the 2.8 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, increases in atherogenic lipids observed in the present study were greater than those of previous studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, increases in atherogenic lipids observed in the present study were greater than those of previous studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In one study that did not have a control group, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increased by 14% and 19%, respectively, from 4 years before to 1 year after menopause.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In one study that did not have a control group, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increased by 14% and 19%, respectively, from 4 years before to 1 year after menopause [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Among the cereal flours, only wheat flour has the ability to form a viscoelastic dough that is able to retain gas, which is crucial for the production of light, leavened products.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the cereal flours, only wheat flour has the ability to form a viscoelastic dough that is able to retain gas, which is crucial for the production of light, leavened products (Goesaert et al. 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Goesaert et al. 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Wheat flour dough is a composite material, consisting of a continuous protein phase, in which starch granules, lipids and gas cells are dispersed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Wheat flour dough is a composite material, consisting of a continuous protein phase, in which starch granules, lipids and gas cells are dispersed (Bloksma 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bloksma 1990)" ] }, { "text": "About 85 wt% of the proteins contained in wheat are gluten proteins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "About 85 wt% of the proteins contained in wheat are gluten proteins (Jekle and Becker 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jekle and Becker 2015)" ] }, { "text": "When mixed with water, these gluten proteins will swell and interact with each other, leading to the formation of a gluten network that gives wheat flour dough its distinct viscoelastic nature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When mixed with water, these gluten proteins will swell and interact with each other, leading to the formation of a gluten network that gives wheat flour dough its distinct viscoelastic nature (Goesaert et al. 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Goesaert et al. 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Based on their extractability in aqueous alcohols, the gluten proteins can be subdivided into two categories, gliadins and glutenins, which occur in roughly equal amounts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on their extractability in aqueous alcohols, the gluten proteins can be subdivided into two categories, gliadins and glutenins, which occur in roughly equal amounts (Veraverbeke and Delcour 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Veraverbeke and Delcour 2002)" ] }, { "text": "The gliadins are single-chained proteins with a molar mass between 30,000 and 75,000 g/mol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The gliadins are single-chained proteins with a molar mass between 30,000 and 75,000 g/mol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The molar mass of the glutenin fraction ranges from about 50,000 g/mol upwards.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The molar mass of the glutenin fraction ranges from about 50,000 g/mol upwards.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast to the gliadins, glutenins are multi-chain structures: a glutenin molecule can be regarded as an assembly of several polypeptide chains, held together by interchain disulfide (SS) bonds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to the gliadins, glutenins are multi-chain structures: a glutenin molecule can be regarded as an assembly of several polypeptide chains, held together by interchain disulfide (SS) bonds (Jekle and Becker 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jekle and Becker 2015)" ] }, { "text": "The starch granules come in two types and sizes: the lenticular starch granules have a longest dimension of approximately 25 to 40 μm, whereas the spherical granules have a diameter of 5-10 μm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The starch granules come in two types and sizes: the lenticular starch granules have a longest dimension of approximately 25 to 40 μm, whereas the spherical granules have a diameter of 5-10 μm (Delcour and Hoseney 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Delcour and Hoseney 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Anabolic supplementation is broadly recognized to increase muscle mass in both elderly and young individuals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Anabolic supplementation is broadly recognized to increase muscle mass in both elderly and young individuals [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Testosterone displays a dose dependent effect on gains of lean muscle mass and cross-sectional fiber area in both older and younger men.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Testosterone displays a dose dependent effect on gains of lean muscle mass and cross-sectional fiber area in both older and younger men [6, 9, [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 9, [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "However, because in some populations testosterone administration poses undesirable side effects, there is a motivation for identifying alternative, broadly effective anabolic therapeutics, such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that improve muscle mass and physical function.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because in some populations testosterone administration poses undesirable side effects, there is a motivation for identifying alternative, broadly effective anabolic therapeutics, such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) that improve muscle mass and physical function [16] [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16] [17] [18]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the utility of serum biomarkers would help to gauge pro-anabolic activity of SARMs and therefore be of substantial value in clinical research to ameliorate declines in muscle mass and function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the utility of serum biomarkers would help to gauge pro-anabolic activity of SARMs and therefore be of substantial value in clinical research to ameliorate declines in muscle mass and function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Gallium nitride (GaN) is a wide bandgap (3.4 eV) semiconducting material with a high breakdown voltage and, as such, is ideal for high frequency, high power and high temperature applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gallium nitride (GaN) is a wide bandgap (3.4 eV) semiconducting material with a high breakdown voltage and, as such, is ideal for high frequency, high power and high temperature applications [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The use of GaN in commercial electronic devices outside the LED market has until recently been OPEN ACCESS somewhat limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of GaN in commercial electronic devices outside the LED market has until recently been OPEN ACCESS somewhat limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been commercially available since 2006 and have been used in various wireless applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have been commercially available since 2006 and have been used in various wireless applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The requirement, until relatively recently, that GaN epitaxial layers be grown on a sapphire or SiC substrate has been an economic barrier to more widespread adoption of GaN in many technological applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The requirement, until relatively recently, that GaN epitaxial layers be grown on a sapphire or SiC substrate has been an economic barrier to more widespread adoption of GaN in many technological applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Power transistors are used as a switching element in power supply circuits, for example, in inverters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Power transistors are used as a switching element in power supply circuits, for example, in inverters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inverters are able to control electric motors by converting the frequency of the AC power supply and are thus widely used for energy-efficient motor control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inverters are able to control electric motors by converting the frequency of the AC power supply and are thus widely used for energy-efficient motor control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, great commercial potential motivates research and development that would enhance the performance of power transistors for higher energy efficiency systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, great commercial potential motivates research and development that would enhance the performance of power transistors for higher energy efficiency systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, Si-based insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are used as power transistors; unfortunately, their performance deteriorates significantly at high temperatures with a reduced operation current above 200 °C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, Si-based insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are used as power transistors; unfortunately, their performance deteriorates significantly at high temperatures with a reduced operation current above 200 °C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is largely attributable to the modest bandgap of Si (1.12 eV) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is largely attributable to the modest bandgap of Si (1.12 eV) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This provides the motivation to develop power transistors using a new semiconductor (e.g. GaN with a bandgap of 3.4 eV), in order to realize a large output power and small on-resistance at high operating temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This provides the motivation to develop power transistors using a new semiconductor (e.g. GaN with a bandgap of 3.4 eV), in order to realize a large output power and small on-resistance at high operating temperature [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a priority for many developed and developing countries throughout the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a priority for many developed and developing countries throughout the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Effective planning of MSW is critical for supporting sustainable socioeconomic development in urban communities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Effective planning of MSW is critical for supporting sustainable socioeconomic development in urban communities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, extensive uncertainties may exist in many system components and impact factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, extensive uncertainties may exist in many system components and impact factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, waste generation rate within a city is related to many socioeconomic and environmental factors and exhibits various uncertain features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, waste generation rate within a city is related to many socioeconomic and environmental factors and exhibits various uncertain features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such uncertainties and their interactions can lead to increased complexities in the related planning efforts and will affect consequent decision processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such uncertainties and their interactions can lead to increased complexities in the related planning efforts and will affect consequent decision processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, these uncertainties may be further multiplied because many system components are of multiperiod, multilayer, and multiobjective features Li and Huang.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, these uncertainties may be further multiplied because many system components are of multiperiod, multilayer, and multiobjective features Li and Huang [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, waste-disposal facilities in a MSW management system usually have overall cumulative or daily operating-capacity limits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, waste-disposal facilities in a MSW management system usually have overall cumulative or daily operating-capacity limits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increasing waste generation rates, as a result of population explosion and economic development, lead to intensified conflicts with decreasing waste-treatment/disposal capacities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increasing waste generation rates, as a result of population explosion and economic development, lead to intensified conflicts with decreasing waste-treatment/disposal capacities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is desired that the above uncertain and dynamic complexities be reflected in efforts for identifying effective environmental management alternatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is desired that the above uncertain and dynamic complexities be reflected in efforts for identifying effective environmental management alternatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "When examining individual countries, the publications are principally in the mother language of that country, i.e., English for the USA (98%), Spanish for Spain (74.6%) and Portuguese for Brazil (54%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When examining individual countries, the publications are principally in the mother language of that country, i.e., English for the USA (98%), Spanish for Spain (74.6%) and Portuguese for Brazil (54%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This trend can put Brazilian scientific production at a disadvantage by reducing its impact in the international community, as Portuguese corresponded to only 1.3% of the total publications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This trend can put Brazilian scientific production at a disadvantage by reducing its impact in the international community, as Portuguese corresponded to only 1.3% of the total publications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the frequency of English in the Brazilian production was relatively high (49%), which may reflect the tendency of the Brazilian researchers to use English to improve the visibility of their publications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the frequency of English in the Brazilian production was relatively high (49%), which may reflect the tendency of the Brazilian researchers to use English to improve the visibility of their publications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This trend can be clearly observed due to the fact that many of the journals indexed in the SciELO database (Latin America) are either completely in English or are in English and another language, with the intention of increasing the visibility of these publications in the international community.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This trend can be clearly observed due to the fact that many of the journals indexed in the SciELO database (Latin America) are either completely in English or are in English and another language, with the intention of increasing the visibility of these publications in the international community (Silva, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Silva, 2009)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In the field of scientific research, the scientific production is of substantial importance as it is an essential source of public knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the field of scientific research, the scientific production is of substantial importance as it is an essential source of public knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, research can be viewed as only existing when published or when it is presented to the scientific community.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, research can be viewed as only existing when published or when it is presented to the scientific community.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, scientific journals play a key role in spreading the knowledge gained through scientific research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, scientific journals play a key role in spreading the knowledge gained through scientific research (Curty, Boccato, 2005; Araújo, Ueta, Freitas, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Curty, Boccato, 2005; Araújo, Ueta, Freitas, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is the most abundant intracellular protein that is essential to maintain proper folding and maturation of proteins in mammalian cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is the most abundant intracellular protein that is essential to maintain proper folding and maturation of proteins in mammalian cells [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Many client proteins of HSP90 are involved in cell cycle progression and cell survival.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many client proteins of HSP90 are involved in cell cycle progression and cell survival.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inhibition of HSP90 results in the degradation of client proteins and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Inhibition of HSP90 results in the degradation of client proteins and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Although ubiquitous in expression, HSP90 in tumor cells has an approximately 100-fold increased sensitivity to HSP90 inhibitors as compared with normal cells, demonstrating that HSP90 is a reasonable therapeutic target of cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although ubiquitous in expression, HSP90 in tumor cells has an approximately 100-fold increased sensitivity to HSP90 inhibitors as compared with normal cells, demonstrating that HSP90 is a reasonable therapeutic target of cancer [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Obtaining a high-quality, diagnostic specimen is the foundation of performing This is predominantly an issue in the duodenum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Obtaining a high-quality, diagnostic specimen is the foundation of performing This is predominantly an issue in the duodenum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main challenges are passing the needle assemblage through the scope to attach to the working channel, and smoothly advancing the needle into the targeted lesion, while maintaining scope position and needle control and maneuverability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main challenges are passing the needle assemblage through the scope to attach to the working channel, and smoothly advancing the needle into the targeted lesion, while maintaining scope position and needle control and maneuverability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Releasing the up-down control to straighten the tip of the scope, with or without withdrawing the scope into a neutral position enables the needle to be passed and attached to the working channel, and the scope is then repositioned for the FNA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Releasing the up-down control to straighten the tip of the scope, with or without withdrawing the scope into a neutral position enables the needle to be passed and attached to the working channel, and the scope is then repositioned for the FNA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the needle doesn't advance into the lesion, straightening the scope from a long to a short position often reduces the scope tip angulation and the resistance to passage of the needle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the needle doesn't advance into the lesion, straightening the scope from a long to a short position often reduces the scope tip angulation and the resistance to passage of the needle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A 25G needle is suitable for sampling the majority of lesions accessed from the second part of the duodenum, and a flexible 19G needle may be beneficial if histology is required.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A 25G needle is suitable for sampling the majority of lesions accessed from the second part of the duodenum, and a flexible 19G needle may be beneficial if histology is required [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is the presence of thrombosis in the dural vein, which occurs when a blood clot forms in the brain's venous sinus that prevents blood from draining out of the brain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is the presence of thrombosis in the dural vein, which occurs when a blood clot forms in the brain's venous sinus that prevents blood from draining out of the brain [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Patients with venous sinus thrombosis have a variety of symptoms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Patients with venous sinus thrombosis have a variety of symptoms [1, 2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 2]" ] }, { "text": "Venous hemorrhagic infarction (VHI) is presented as a severe form of clinical symptom and a poor prognostic factor of CVST.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Venous hemorrhagic infarction (VHI) is presented as a severe form of clinical symptom and a poor prognostic factor of CVST [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "CVST is a rare cause of cerebral infarction compared to arterial diseases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CVST is a rare cause of cerebral infarction compared to arterial diseases [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "CVST can be caused by a variety of congenital or acquired diseases, such as dehydration, infection, or hematologic disorder.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CVST can be caused by a variety of congenital or acquired diseases, such as dehydration, infection, or hematologic disorder [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of common causes of pediatric CVST but not of adult CVST.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of common causes of pediatric CVST but not of adult CVST.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, IDA has been described as a very rare cause of adult CVST.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, IDA has been described as a very rare cause of adult CVST [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "We hereby report a very rare case of adult CVST and VHI with IDA, with review of the related literatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We hereby report a very rare case of adult CVST and VHI with IDA, with review of the related literatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The concept of damage in the proposed method serves merely as a mechanism to penalize local constraint violation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The concept of damage in the proposed method serves merely as a mechanism to penalize local constraint violation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We do not focus at accurately model a physical damage process since we aim for an optimized design without damage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We do not focus at accurately model a physical damage process since we aim for an optimized design without damage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the proposed method is closer related to stress-based topology optimization methods, which aim at preventing yield failure than recent contributions in topology optimization considering nonlinear continuum damage mechanics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the proposed method is closer related to stress-based topology optimization methods, which aim at preventing yield failure than recent contributions in topology optimization considering nonlinear continuum damage mechanics (Amir and Sigmund 2013; James and Waisman 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Amir and Sigmund 2013; James and Waisman 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 2 describes the proposed damage approach conceptually.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 2 describes the proposed damage approach conceptually.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 3 discusses numerical implementation aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 3 discusses numerical implementation aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 4 we validate the method on a threebar truss optimization problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 4 we validate the method on a threebar truss optimization problem (Kirsch 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kirsch 1990)" ] }, { "text": "In Section 5 we discuss its implementation in density-based topology optimization, which includes the sensitivity analysis and the associated computational costs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 5 we discuss its implementation in density-based topology optimization, which includes the sensitivity analysis and the associated computational costs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 6 the damage approach is applied on different numerical examples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 6 the damage approach is applied on different numerical examples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 7.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 7.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Our results indicate potential synchrony between the two organisms based on their predictable early spring development, so long as overwintered adults emerge from postdiapause and start reproducing simultaneously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results indicate potential synchrony between the two organisms based on their predictable early spring development, so long as overwintered adults emerge from postdiapause and start reproducing simultaneously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The low threshold estimate of T. mcdanieli eggs is 11.35ЊC (Figs. 2 and 4) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The low threshold estimate of T. mcdanieli eggs is 11.35ЊC (Figs. 2 and 4) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At a daily average of 12ЊC, the Þrst eggs laid would hatch in 25 d (Table 2 ), but unless average temperature increases by a few degrees, the spider mite would not develop further.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At a daily average of 12ЊC, the Þrst eggs laid would hatch in 25 d (Table 2 ), but unless average temperature increases by a few degrees, the spider mite would not develop further.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At 14ЊC, T. mcdanieli eggs would hatch in 17 d, and the larvae would then become protonymphs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At 14ЊC, T. mcdanieli eggs would hatch in 17 d, and the larvae would then become protonymphs (Crooker 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Crooker 1985)" ] }, { "text": "The low threshold estimate of S. punctillum is 12.0ЊC (Figs. 3 and 5 ) and the Þrst eggs could reach the Þrst instar in 22 d at 14ЊC if prey are available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The low threshold estimate of S. punctillum is 12.0ЊC (Figs. 3 and 5 ) and the Þrst eggs could reach the Þrst instar in 22 d at 14ЊC if prey are available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, at 14ЊC, by the time T. mcdanieli would reach the protonymph stage, the Þrst instar of S. punctillum would have developed and be able to feed on mite eggs and protonymphs, the preferred prey stages of the closely related S. punctum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, at 14ЊC, by the time T. mcdanieli would reach the protonymph stage, the Þrst instar of S. punctillum would have developed and be able to feed on mite eggs and protonymphs, the preferred prey stages of the closely related S. punctum (Houck 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Houck 1980)" ] }, { "text": "Our data suggest that these relationships would hold at higher average temperatures as well (Tables 2 and 3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data suggest that these relationships would hold at higher average temperatures as well (Tables 2 and 3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, a raspberry system with S. punctillum should be less exposed to unrepressed early feeding by spider mite protonymphs and deutonymphs, as predatory stages of the coccinellid should be active simultaneously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, a raspberry system with S. punctillum should be less exposed to unrepressed early feeding by spider mite protonymphs and deutonymphs, as predatory stages of the coccinellid should be active simultaneously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Sexism: Differences as a function of gender, age, and educational level Acceptance of gender refers to the series of practices, beliefs, representations, and social prescriptions that emerge among the members of a human group as a function of the group's interpretation and appraisal of the anatomical differences between men and women.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sexism: Differences as a function of gender, age, and educational level Acceptance of gender refers to the series of practices, beliefs, representations, and social prescriptions that emerge among the members of a human group as a function of the group's interpretation and appraisal of the anatomical differences between men and women.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This differentiation is expressed not only in the division of activities carried out by each sex, but even in the identities and interactions of men and women.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This differentiation is expressed not only in the division of activities carried out by each sex, but even in the identities and interactions of men and women.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, the research conducted on the consideration of this differential perception has clarified that, beyond a biological essence, sex membership is a process of social construction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the research conducted on the consideration of this differential perception has clarified that, beyond a biological essence, sex membership is a process of social construction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, each culture develops a set of normative guidelines and meanings that delimit the actions of men and women.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, each culture develops a set of normative guidelines and meanings that delimit the actions of men and women (Rocha-Sánchez & Díaz-Loving, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF73" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rocha-Sánchez & Díaz-Loving, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Plants are constantly live under uncertainty environment with the mercy of wind, rain, UV radiation, herbivores and pathogens attack.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plants are constantly live under uncertainty environment with the mercy of wind, rain, UV radiation, herbivores and pathogens attack.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To impede to this different uncertainties they need special defence mechanisms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To impede to this different uncertainties they need special defence mechanisms [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Some plants may produce some antimicrobial compounds after pathogen attack such as secondary metabolites being known as phytoalexins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some plants may produce some antimicrobial compounds after pathogen attack such as secondary metabolites being known as phytoalexins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These compounds have demonstrated a striking activity in vitro against potential pathogens.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These compounds have demonstrated a striking activity in vitro against potential pathogens [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "HLL's accuracy even at low sketch sizes also recommends it as a tool for search and indexing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "HLL's accuracy even at low sketch sizes also recommends it as a tool for search and indexing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be seen as performing a similar function as the Sequence Bloom Tree.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be seen as performing a similar function as the Sequence Bloom Tree [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, because any items which can be hashed can be inserted in a HyperLogLog, dashing could be generalized or extended to other applications, such as comparing text documents by their n-grams, or images by extracted features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, because any items which can be hashed can be inserted in a HyperLogLog, dashing could be generalized or extended to other applications, such as comparing text documents by their n-grams, or images by extracted features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Hemodynamic changes due to severe hypertension and renal insufficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of PRES associated with HSP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hemodynamic changes due to severe hypertension and renal insufficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of PRES associated with HSP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The vertebrobasilar and posterior cerebral arteries have a tender sympathetic innervation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The vertebrobasilar and posterior cerebral arteries have a tender sympathetic innervation [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In HUS, platelet-fibrin thrombus by occluding predominantly renal but rarely brain vessels subsequently may induce endothelial cell damages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In HUS, platelet-fibrin thrombus by occluding predominantly renal but rarely brain vessels subsequently may induce endothelial cell damages [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Stimulated endothelial cells can produce cytokines and chemokines, i.e., interleukin-1, 6, 8, TNF-alpha, and von-Willebrand factor in situ.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Stimulated endothelial cells can produce cytokines and chemokines, i.e., interleukin-1, 6, 8, TNF-alpha, and von-Willebrand factor in situ [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "These substrates can induce vasospasms in cerebral vessels, which may lead to additional microemboli and breakdown of bloodbrain barrier, which resemble to the underlying pathogenesis of PRES.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These substrates can induce vasospasms in cerebral vessels, which may lead to additional microemboli and breakdown of bloodbrain barrier, which resemble to the underlying pathogenesis of PRES [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Although PRES was initially supposed to be a reversible and treatable disease, unusual PRES cases associated with irreversible brain lesions have been accumulated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although PRES was initially supposed to be a reversible and treatable disease, unusual PRES cases associated with irreversible brain lesions have been accumulated [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "However, that was not the case in our patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, that was not the case in our patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the non-astigmaticcontrol subjects higher contrasts were required to detect the oblique (45 and 135 deg) than to detect horizontal or vertical gratings (see Fig. 7 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the non-astigmaticcontrol subjects higher contrasts were required to detect the oblique (45 and 135 deg) than to detect horizontal or vertical gratings (see Fig. 7 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results for the orientation discriminations exhibit the normal \"M-shaped\" oblique effect pattern typical for gratings of 10.0 cycles per degree.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results for the orientation discriminations exhibit the normal \"M-shaped\" oblique effect pattern typical for gratings of 10.0 cycles per degree (Campbell et al., 1966) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Campbell et al., 1966)" ] }, { "text": "There is an overall trend in the results for the astigmatic subjects to have higher thresholds than those seen for the normal control subjects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is an overall trend in the results for the astigmatic subjects to have higher thresholds than those seen for the normal control subjects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests the possibleexistenceof an orientation-independenteffect of meridional amblyopia producing a general loss in contrast sensitivity and orientation discrimination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests the possibleexistenceof an orientation-independenteffect of meridional amblyopia producing a general loss in contrast sensitivity and orientation discrimination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although contrast detection thresholds are greatly distorted by the amblyopia, further testing of contrast thresholds and orientation discriminationsin meridional amblyopes may confirm these orientation-independent effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although contrast detection thresholds are greatly distorted by the amblyopia, further testing of contrast thresholds and orientation discriminationsin meridional amblyopes may confirm these orientation-independent effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Over the past decades a number of approximate methods for finding travelling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equations have been proposed or developed and furthermore modified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past decades a number of approximate methods for finding travelling wave solutions to nonlinear evolution equations have been proposed or developed and furthermore modified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The solutions to various evolution equations have been found by one or other of these methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The solutions to various evolution equations have been found by one or other of these methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "References and references within cite some of this accomplishment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "References and references within cite some of this accomplishment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among these methods, one of the current methods is so called auxiliary equation method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these methods, one of the current methods is so called auxiliary equation method [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20] [21] [22] [23] [24]" ] }, { "text": "The technique of this method consist of the solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations such that the target solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations can be expressed as a polynomial in a linearly independent elementary function which satisfies a particular ordinary differential equation which is named as auxiliary equation in general.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The technique of this method consist of the solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations such that the target solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations can be expressed as a polynomial in a linearly independent elementary function which satisfies a particular ordinary differential equation which is named as auxiliary equation in general.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, to determine the solutions of nonlinear evolution equations, many exact solutions of various auxiliary equations have been utilized.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, to determine the solutions of nonlinear evolution equations, many exact solutions of various auxiliary equations have been utilized [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Electrically conductive polymers have garnered the attention of researchers in recent decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electrically conductive polymers have garnered the attention of researchers in recent decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One reason for the growing interest is the piezoresistivity of conductive polymers which make them a good candidate for deformation/strain sensors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One reason for the growing interest is the piezoresistivity of conductive polymers which make them a good candidate for deformation/strain sensors [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "By increasing the amount of conductive particles dispersed within a nonconductive polymer, a critical volume fraction of particles is reached at which the polymer exhibits a transition from a nonconductive to a conductive phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By increasing the amount of conductive particles dispersed within a nonconductive polymer, a critical volume fraction of particles is reached at which the polymer exhibits a transition from a nonconductive to a conductive phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This critical volume fraction is called the percolation threshold.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This critical volume fraction is called the percolation threshold [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "For volume fractions higher than the percolation threshold, the conductivity of the polymer was found to obey a powerlaw conductivity behaviour, i.e.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For volume fractions higher than the percolation threshold, the conductivity of the polymer was found to obey a powerlaw conductivity behaviour, i.e.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The concept-oriented approach relates also to so called context-oriented methods which are aimed at bringing context dependence into programming.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The concept-oriented approach relates also to so called context-oriented methods which are aimed at bringing context dependence into programming [3, 6, 11, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 6, 11, 22]" ] }, { "text": "These methods introduce languages constructs and mechanisms which allow the programmer to put objects in a context changing their behaviour at run-time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These methods introduce languages constructs and mechanisms which allow the programmer to put objects in a context changing their behaviour at run-time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in the ContextL programming language it is done by means of the keyword \"in-layer\" while in COP we use \"in\" which generalizes inheritance and \"super\" to access the context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in the ContextL programming language it is done by means of the keyword \"in-layer\" while in COP we use \"in\" which generalizes inheritance and \"super\" to access the context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "RT planning for esophageal cancer differs depending on the location of target.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RT planning for esophageal cancer differs depending on the location of target.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The esophagus is divided into the cervical esophagus with relatively low lung volume, the thoracic esophagus with a lot of lung volume, and the lower esophagus with the liver, stomach, and bowel below the diaphragm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The esophagus is divided into the cervical esophagus with relatively low lung volume, the thoracic esophagus with a lot of lung volume, and the lower esophagus with the liver, stomach, and bowel below the diaphragm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several previous studies have compared VMAT and IMRT, in cervical esophageal cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several previous studies have compared VMAT and IMRT, in cervical esophageal cancer [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "There are papers related to the use of these techniques for thoracic esophageal cancer treatment, but no significant result has been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are papers related to the use of these techniques for thoracic esophageal cancer treatment, but no significant result has been reported [4, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 10]" ] }, { "text": "And mARC, which is technically different from VMAT, has not been thoroughly evaluated so far.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And mARC, which is technically different from VMAT, has not been thoroughly evaluated so far.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, we performed dosimetric comparison of 3D-CRT, s-IMRT, and mARC therapy for thoracic esophageal cancer with a radical aim.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we performed dosimetric comparison of 3D-CRT, s-IMRT, and mARC therapy for thoracic esophageal cancer with a radical aim.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We aimed to analyze whether IMRT could reduce OAR dose through optimal selection of treatment modality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We aimed to analyze whether IMRT could reduce OAR dose through optimal selection of treatment modality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Tantalum oxynitride (TaON) is one promising material as a photoanode for solar water splitting but works under external applied bias.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tantalum oxynitride (TaON) is one promising material as a photoanode for solar water splitting but works under external applied bias.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, it has been reported that suitable energy of valence and conduction band edges of TaON make it an electrode material for both water oxidation and reduction, and a narrow band gap of ∼2.4 eV allows absorption of visible light.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, it has been reported that suitable energy of valence and conduction band edges of TaON make it an electrode material for both water oxidation and reduction, and a narrow band gap of ∼2.4 eV allows absorption of visible light [16, 27, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 27, 28]" ] }, { "text": "However, the photocatalytic activity of TaON is still limited, due to self-deactivation upon irradiation, conversion of TaON to Ta 2 O 5 , high exciton binding energy, and ultra-fast electron-hole recombination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the photocatalytic activity of TaON is still limited, due to self-deactivation upon irradiation, conversion of TaON to Ta 2 O 5 , high exciton binding energy, and ultra-fast electron-hole recombination [27, 29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, 29]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Heavy (charm and bottom) quarks are excellent probes for the properties of the hot QCD plasma generated in heavy ion collision experiments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Heavy (charm and bottom) quarks are excellent probes for the properties of the hot QCD plasma generated in heavy ion collision experiments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the theoretical side, the existence of a mass scale M ≫ πT ≫ 200 MeV renders the heavy quarks relatively tractable, permitting for an interpolation between the simple static dynamics of the infinite mass limit and the high mobility case manifested by lighter quarks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the theoretical side, the existence of a mass scale M ≫ πT ≫ 200 MeV renders the heavy quarks relatively tractable, permitting for an interpolation between the simple static dynamics of the infinite mass limit and the high mobility case manifested by lighter quarks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is particularly fortunate that two heavy flavours are available, offering for a handle on the functional dependence on M/πT .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is particularly fortunate that two heavy flavours are available, offering for a handle on the functional dependence on M/πT .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the experimental side, heavy quarks and quarkonia are readily tagged because of their distinctive leptonic decays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the experimental side, heavy quarks and quarkonia are readily tagged because of their distinctive leptonic decays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed thermal modifications of the bottomonia spectra were among the first spectacular results produced by the LHC heavy ion program.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed thermal modifications of the bottomonia spectra were among the first spectacular results produced by the LHC heavy ion program [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The main alternative to MCMC is variational Bayes inference.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main alternative to MCMC is variational Bayes inference (Jordan et al., 1999; Wainwright and Jordan, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jordan et al., 1999; Wainwright and Jordan, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "As a deterministic approach, VB transforms Bayesian inference into an optimization problem where a parametrized distribution is introduced to fit the target posterior distribution by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence with respect to the variational parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a deterministic approach, VB transforms Bayesian inference into an optimization problem where a parametrized distribution is introduced to fit the target posterior distribution by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence with respect to the variational parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to MCMC methods, VB introduces bias but is usually faster.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to MCMC methods, VB introduces bias but is usually faster.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A major bottleneck of HMC, however, is the computation of the gradient of the potential energy function in order to simulate the Hamiltonian flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A major bottleneck of HMC, however, is the computation of the gradient of the potential energy function in order to simulate the Hamiltonian flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the datasets involved in many practical tasks, such as \"big data\" problems, usually have millions to billions of observations, such gradient computations are infeasible since they need full scans of the entire dataset.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the datasets involved in many practical tasks, such as \"big data\" problems, usually have millions to billions of observations, such gradient computations are infeasible since they need full scans of the entire dataset.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, many attempts have been made to develop scalable MCMC algorithms that can cope with very large data sets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, many attempts have been made to develop scalable MCMC algorithms that can cope with very large data sets (Welling and Teh, 2011; Ahn et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF0", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Welling and Teh, 2011; Ahn et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "The key idea of these methods stems from stochastic optimization where noisy estimates of the gradient based on small subsets of the data are utilized to scale up the algorithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The key idea of these methods stems from stochastic optimization where noisy estimates of the gradient based on small subsets of the data are utilized to scale up the algorithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The noise introduced by subsampling, however, could lead to non-ignorable loss of accuracy, which in turn hinders the exploration efficiency of standard MCMC approaches.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The noise introduced by subsampling, however, could lead to non-ignorable loss of accuracy, which in turn hinders the exploration efficiency of standard MCMC approaches (Betancourt, 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Betancourt, 2015)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "This paper considers the dynamic pricing problems of experience goods in a duopoly market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper considers the dynamic pricing problems of experience goods in a duopoly market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First of all, we presented the self-adaptive learning model based on EWA model and applied the model to deal with dynamic pricing problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First of all, we presented the self-adaptive learning model based on EWA model and applied the model to deal with dynamic pricing problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the concept of open-loop equilibrium, we gained groups of steady-state solutions when using nonlinear dynamic programming.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the concept of open-loop equilibrium, we gained groups of steady-state solutions when using nonlinear dynamic programming.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the analysis of steady-state solutions, we get that there will be a dominant company in the symmetrical steady-state solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the analysis of steady-state solutions, we get that there will be a dominant company in the symmetrical steady-state solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, we put forward a sophisticated learning model on the basis of previous studies and applied it to dynamic pricing as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, we put forward a sophisticated learning model on the basis of previous studies and applied it to dynamic pricing as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dynamic pricing model of sophisticated learning also has multiple steady-state solutions, and there must be one firm dominating when a symmetric steady-state solution exists, which is similar to the self-adaptive learning dynamic pricing model based on EWA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dynamic pricing model of sophisticated learning also has multiple steady-state solutions, and there must be one firm dominating when a symmetric steady-state solution exists, which is similar to the self-adaptive learning dynamic pricing model based on EWA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But in the dynamic pricing model based on sophisticated learning, differences of market share between the two firms decrease when the steadystate solution is symmetric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But in the dynamic pricing model based on sophisticated learning, differences of market share between the two firms decrease when the steadystate solution is symmetric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This shows that, compared with the adaptive consumers, sophisticated consumers less easily become locked into the habit of purchasing inferior goods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This shows that, compared with the adaptive consumers, sophisticated consumers less easily become locked into the habit of purchasing inferior goods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, with the market existing sophisticated consumers, firms should not only improve consumers' initial evaluation but also devote themselves to improving the quality of products, so as to occupy the dominate status in the market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, with the market existing sophisticated consumers, firms should not only improve consumers' initial evaluation but also devote themselves to improving the quality of products, so as to occupy the dominate status in the market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While there are most adaptive consumers in the market, firms can successfully make parts of naive consumers obsessed only by increasing consumers' initial evaluation on their products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While there are most adaptive consumers in the market, firms can successfully make parts of naive consumers obsessed only by increasing consumers' initial evaluation on their products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper studies dynamic pricing problems of experience goods in a duopoly market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper studies dynamic pricing problems of experience goods in a duopoly market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there are lots of firms producing experience goods in the market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are lots of firms producing experience goods in the market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, future research can consider the case of many firms in the market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, future research can consider the case of many firms in the market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meanwhile, we assume that consumers are homogeneous and do not consider heterogeneous consumers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, we assume that consumers are homogeneous and do not consider heterogeneous consumers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, in reality, decision makers are always in front of imprecise and vague operational conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, in reality, decision makers are always in front of imprecise and vague operational conditions [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "Uncertainties have been tackled in a lot of ways and fuzzy set theory has a long history for handling imprecise values.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Uncertainties have been tackled in a lot of ways and fuzzy set theory has a long history for handling imprecise values [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For experience goods, consumers are only able to learn about their own preferences for a certain product after experiencing it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For experience goods, consumers are only able to learn about their own preferences for a certain product after experiencing it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies have shown that indeed, there exists a learning process when consumers buy experience goods and they tend to be bounded rational for goods bought repeatedly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies have shown that indeed, there exists a learning process when consumers buy experience goods and they tend to be bounded rational for goods bought repeatedly [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Learning model describes consumers' behavior by assuming that consumers are capable of using some simple learning rules when they make repeated decisions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Learning model describes consumers' behavior by assuming that consumers are capable of using some simple learning rules when they make repeated decisions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most previous research on dynamic pricing of experience goods describes consumers' learning process with the adaptive learning model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most previous research on dynamic pricing of experience goods describes consumers' learning process with the adaptive learning model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, consumers' purchase decisions are mainly based on their previous purchase behavior and usage experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, consumers' purchase decisions are mainly based on their previous purchase behavior and usage experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a large stream of empirical evidence indicates that in the market, there still exist sophisticated consumers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a large stream of empirical evidence indicates that in the market, there still exist sophisticated consumers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different from adaptive ones, sophisticated consumers can use other consumers' purchase information to maximize their own utility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different from adaptive ones, sophisticated consumers can use other consumers' purchase information to maximize their own utility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, their learning process is different with that of adaptive consumers, and the way they purchase repeatedly can affect their purchase behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, their learning process is different with that of adaptive consumers, and the way they purchase repeatedly can affect their purchase behavior [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "With the development of information technology and e-commerce, information is easy to get and shared worldwide, which increases the number of sophisticated consumers in the market, and it is more realistic to consider consumers' sophisticated behavior when studying dynamic pricing problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the development of information technology and e-commerce, information is easy to get and shared worldwide, which increases the number of sophisticated consumers in the market, and it is more realistic to consider consumers' sophisticated behavior when studying dynamic pricing problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we develop a sophisticated learning model based on adaptive learning and apply it to dynamic pricing problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we develop a sophisticated learning model based on adaptive learning and apply it to dynamic pricing problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "There is enormous interest in the research of highly efficient and low-cost antibacterial surface treatments to avoid the breeding and spreading of the harmful microorganisms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is enormous interest in the research of highly efficient and low-cost antibacterial surface treatments to avoid the breeding and spreading of the harmful microorganisms [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Most of the approaches for achieving antibacterial surfaces are based on silver particles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the approaches for achieving antibacterial surfaces are based on silver particles [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "The silver particles provide ions which are highly toxic to bacteria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The silver particles provide ions which are highly toxic to bacteria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The advantage of silver as antibacterial agent is the selective toxicity to a wide range of microorganism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The advantage of silver as antibacterial agent is the selective toxicity to a wide range of microorganism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Over the years, studies have shown that the miniaturization of silver particles has significantly improved the performance as antibacterial agent.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the years, studies have shown that the miniaturization of silver particles has significantly improved the performance as antibacterial agent [2, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Nanoparticles with higher specific area are more efficient in releasing silver ions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nanoparticles with higher specific area are more efficient in releasing silver ions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sol gel is one of the methods used to incorporate silver nanoparticles in the coating.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sol gel is one of the methods used to incorporate silver nanoparticles in the coating.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has several advantages such as high purity, homogeneity, and low processing temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has several advantages such as high purity, homogeneity, and low processing temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since sol is usually applied to the surface by dip coating or spin coating, this limits the application of the coatings to only small size materials or substrates as dip or spin coater is unable to accommodate bigger material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since sol is usually applied to the surface by dip coating or spin coating, this limits the application of the coatings to only small size materials or substrates as dip or spin coater is unable to accommodate bigger material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus the coater itself becomes a limiting factor in the antibacterial applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus the coater itself becomes a limiting factor in the antibacterial applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In Figure 3 the dynamic light scattering (DLS) histogram of multimodal size distribution and zeta sizer corresponding to the AuNPs in Green, Zimbro tea and Green coconut water solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Figure 3 the dynamic light scattering (DLS) histogram of multimodal size distribution and zeta sizer corresponding to the AuNPs in Green, Zimbro tea and Green coconut water solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The DLS method was employed to determine the size of AuNPs coated with all phytochemicals present on tea.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The DLS method was employed to determine the size of AuNPs coated with all phytochemicals present on tea.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different particle size distribution curves were observed using three different green stabilizers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different particle size distribution curves were observed using three different green stabilizers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Size distribution and zeta sizer are shown in the Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Size distribution and zeta sizer are shown in the Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Difference in size of AuNPs suggesting that AuNPs are coated with phytochemicals with low and high molecular weight.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Difference in size of AuNPs suggesting that AuNPs are coated with phytochemicals with low and high molecular weight [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Particle size and size distribution are the most important characteristics of nanoparticle systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Particle size and size distribution are the most important characteristics of nanoparticle systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They determine the in vivo distribution, biological fate, toxicity and the targeting ability of nanoparticle systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They determine the in vivo distribution, biological fate, toxicity and the targeting ability of nanoparticle systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, they can also influence the drug loading, drug release and stability of nanoparticles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, they can also influence the drug loading, drug release and stability of nanoparticles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles of sub-micron size have a number of advantages over microparticles as a drug delivery system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles of sub-micron size have a number of advantages over microparticles as a drug delivery system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, nanoparticles have relatively higher intracellular uptake compared to microparticles and available to a wider range of biological targets due to their small size and relative mobility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, nanoparticles have relatively higher intracellular uptake compared to microparticles and available to a wider range of biological targets due to their small size and relative mobility [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The paper is organized in the following way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper is organized in the following way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We first recall in section 2 some wellknown results on equations (7) and.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We first recall in section 2 some wellknown results on equations (7) and (8) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(8)" ] }, { "text": "Then we establish in section 3 the rigidity property of equation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Then we establish in section 3 the rigidity property of equation (11) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(11)" ] }, { "text": "The proof of ergodicity is given in section 4, while section 5 is devoted to resonnant case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proof of ergodicity is given in section 4, while section 5 is devoted to resonnant case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We complete the paper by a discussion on some open problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We complete the paper by a discussion on some open problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "For materials with low SFE, the plastic deformation mode may change from dislocation slip to deformation twinning, which is important for material strengthening.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For materials with low SFE, the plastic deformation mode may change from dislocation slip to deformation twinning, which is important for material strengthening.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is reported that ASS commonly exhibits ductile failure controlled by dislocation flow or their mutual interactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is reported that ASS commonly exhibits ductile failure controlled by dislocation flow or their mutual interactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meanwhile, the mechanism of ductile failure is well developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, the mechanism of ductile failure is well developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three parts of the mechanism are void nucleation, growth, and coalescence to form a crack, ending with fracture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Three parts of the mechanism are void nucleation, growth, and coalescence to form a crack, ending with fracture [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "The ductile fracture of material consists of void nucleation and growth, which are governed by the motion of dislocations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ductile fracture of material consists of void nucleation and growth, which are governed by the motion of dislocations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was realized that further information on the behavior of dislocations in the material might be obtained from a study of their motion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was realized that further information on the behavior of dislocations in the material might be obtained from a study of their motion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been possible to study the motion of dislocations in 304 ASS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been possible to study the motion of dislocations in 304 ASS [14, 17, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 17, 18]" ] }, { "text": "In the present investigation, a careful analysis of UFG of the fracture feature morphologies and the relation to the mechanical properties has been made in the ASS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present investigation, a careful analysis of UFG of the fracture feature morphologies and the relation to the mechanical properties has been made in the ASS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TEM micro deformation tensile test of ASS with UFG structure deformation experiments were conducted to discuss the state of deformation mechanisms and fracture mechanisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "TEM micro deformation tensile test of ASS with UFG structure deformation experiments were conducted to discuss the state of deformation mechanisms and fracture mechanisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]