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CopeNLU 20

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In most cases, the use of a relevant scale is a sufficient method of assessing the harmfulness of vibrations transmitted through the ground into buildings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In most cases, the use of a relevant scale is a sufficient method of assessing the harmfulness of vibrations transmitted through the ground into buildings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first scales were created to assess the effects of earthquakes -natural seismic activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first scales were created to assess the effects of earthquakes -natural seismic activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite delivering a series of works aimed at adjusting these scales in order to assess the impact of mining shocks, satisfactory results have not been achieved, due to significant differences in the characteristics of induced vibrations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite delivering a series of works aimed at adjusting these scales in order to assess the impact of mining shocks, satisfactory results have not been achieved, due to significant differences in the characteristics of induced vibrations [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Even greater differences exist in the case of vibrations induced during the works carried out with explosive materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even greater differences exist in the case of vibrations induced during the works carried out with explosive materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using explosive materials, for example, in the process of rock material exploitation, causes vibrations in the rock environment, vibrations with relatively high frequency and short duration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using explosive materials, for example, in the process of rock material exploitation, causes vibrations in the rock environment, vibrations with relatively high frequency and short duration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These two parameters, frequency and duration, associated with the vibration source, can be the basis for a clear division between the phenomena associated with earthquakes, mining shocks and vibrations resulting from the use of explosive materials in mines and engineering works.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These two parameters, frequency and duration, associated with the vibration source, can be the basis for a clear division between the phenomena associated with earthquakes, mining shocks and vibrations resulting from the use of explosive materials in mines and engineering works.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Talc (Mg 3 (SiO 4 ) 10 )(OH) 2 ) is a magnesium silicate hydrate made up of 31.7% MgO, 63.5% SiO 2 and 4.8% H 2 O.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Talc (Mg 3 (SiO 4 ) 10 )(OH) 2 ) is a magnesium silicate hydrate made up of 31.7% MgO, 63.5% SiO 2 and 4.8% H 2 O (Skinner et al., 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Skinner et al., 1997)" ] }, { "text": "It is a filler-type industrial mineral that is used in many products, including paint, paper, ceramics, plastic, roofing products, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, insecticide, explosives, soap, candles, textiles and cereal polishing (rice, corn and barley).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a filler-type industrial mineral that is used in many products, including paint, paper, ceramics, plastic, roofing products, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, insecticide, explosives, soap, candles, textiles and cereal polishing (rice, corn and barley).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For each application, the talc must have certain properties and characteristics in terms of size distribution, morphology, mineralogy, purity, and other factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For each application, the talc must have certain properties and characteristics in terms of size distribution, morphology, mineralogy, purity, and other factors (Roe, 1975; Pontes and Almeida, 2008; Pogrebenkove et al., 1997 and Nkoumbou et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roe, 1975; Pontes and Almeida, 2008; Pogrebenkove et al., 1997 and Nkoumbou et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Soapstone rock is often used as building stone and dimension stone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soapstone rock is often used as building stone and dimension stone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fig. 1 presents the main Brazilian deposits of talc, including soapstone, which occurs in the states of Minas Gerais (MG), Goiás (GO) and Bahia (BA).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fig. 1 presents the main Brazilian deposits of talc, including soapstone, which occurs in the states of Minas Gerais (MG), Goiás (GO) and Bahia (BA).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In general applications of dynamical system methods in given cosmological scenarios, one results to a multi-dimensional system that needs to be investigated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general applications of dynamical system methods in given cosmological scenarios, one results to a multi-dimensional system that needs to be investigated [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF103", "BIBREF104", "BIBREF105", "BIBREF106", "BIBREF107", "BIBREF108", "BIBREF109", "BIBREF110" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111]" ] }, { "text": "Analyzing multidimensional autonomous systems can be a complicated task, since they incorporate a large amount of information, with many solution branches and possible behaviours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analyzing multidimensional autonomous systems can be a complicated task, since they incorporate a large amount of information, with many solution branches and possible behaviours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, f (T ) cosmology is a very interesting exception, since in a flat FRW geometry its corresponding dynamical system (1.1) can be reduced to a one-dimensional (or first order) autonomous system, i.e having n = 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, f (T ) cosmology is a very interesting exception, since in a flat FRW geometry its corresponding dynamical system (1.1) can be reduced to a one-dimensional (or first order) autonomous system, i.e having n = 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason behind this crucial and very helpful property is the special feature of f (T ) gravity, namely that the torsion scalar in flat FRW geometry is just T = −6H 2 , i.e it can be used interchangeably with the Hubble function H (in turn this is a result from the most general feature of f (T ) gravity, namely that it has second-order field equations, in contrast with most models of modified gravity which include higher-order field equations).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason behind this crucial and very helpful property is the special feature of f (T ) gravity, namely that the torsion scalar in flat FRW geometry is just T = −6H 2 , i.e it can be used interchangeably with the Hubble function H (in turn this is a result from the most general feature of f (T ) gravity, namely that it has second-order field equations, in contrast with most models of modified gravity which include higher-order field equations).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, a general f (T ) cosmological scenario can be described by a one-dimensional autonomous system, where everything is expressed in terms of the Hubble function, and thus its possible behaviours can be extracted and investigated in huge detail.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, a general f (T ) cosmological scenario can be described by a one-dimensional autonomous system, where everything is expressed in terms of the Hubble function, and thus its possible behaviours can be extracted and investigated in huge detail.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Treatment-related decisions in octogenarians affected by NSCLC are challenging: the elderly could have reduced tolerance of treatments because of limited physiological reserve or multiple comorbid conditions, but they could also be under-treated based solely on biological age.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Treatment-related decisions in octogenarians affected by NSCLC are challenging: the elderly could have reduced tolerance of treatments because of limited physiological reserve or multiple comorbid conditions, but they could also be under-treated based solely on biological age [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Case-by-case clinical assessment in addition to tumor molecular analyses could lay the basis for tailored treatment choices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Case-by-case clinical assessment in addition to tumor molecular analyses could lay the basis for tailored treatment choices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, few data are available regarding the real-life management of octogenarian patients with NSCLC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, few data are available regarding the real-life management of octogenarian patients with NSCLC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Due to lack of resources and funding, even nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and local government agencies working in the pastoral areas rely on the historical knowledge and information gathered from regional surveys for planning and decision making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to lack of resources and funding, even nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and local government agencies working in the pastoral areas rely on the historical knowledge and information gathered from regional surveys for planning and decision making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These methods often result in a congregation of several communities toward more reliable and perennial sources of forage and water, leading to competition and conflicts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These methods often result in a congregation of several communities toward more reliable and perennial sources of forage and water, leading to competition and conflicts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these traditional methods of gathering information on the availability of resources are time-consuming and unreliable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these traditional methods of gathering information on the availability of resources are time-consuming and unreliable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the scouts are often at risk as they venture into highly volatile cross-border areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the scouts are often at risk as they venture into highly volatile cross-border areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, conflicts among pastoral communities have become more common across the border areas of Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, conflicts among pastoral communities have become more common across the border areas of Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia (Meier et al. 2007; Hagmann and Alemmaya 2008; Hundie 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Meier et al. 2007; Hagmann and Alemmaya 2008; Hundie 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Arid and semiarid regions cover nearly one third of the global land and are inhabited by around 400 million people.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Arid and semiarid regions cover nearly one third of the global land and are inhabited by around 400 million people.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These regions are typically dominated by rangelands characterized by limited rainfall and desiccating weather conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These regions are typically dominated by rangelands characterized by limited rainfall and desiccating weather conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Africa, rangelands occupy a substantial portion of the arid and semiarid land areas and support large human populations who are dependent on grazing livestock.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Africa, rangelands occupy a substantial portion of the arid and semiarid land areas and support large human populations who are dependent on grazing livestock.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Countries such as Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya have a considerable number of pastoralists.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Countries such as Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya have a considerable number of pastoralists.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, scarcity of water and forage combined with limited precipitation and high desiccating factors have exposed the pastoral communities to severe drought conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, scarcity of water and forage combined with limited precipitation and high desiccating factors have exposed the pastoral communities to severe drought conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In spite of the harsh conditions, pastoralists have always shown an ability to survive through a variety of adaptations such as rearing a wide variety of livestock, migrating to areas where water and forage are available and even switching to other forms of livelihood during extremely harsh conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In spite of the harsh conditions, pastoralists have always shown an ability to survive through a variety of adaptations such as rearing a wide variety of livestock, migrating to areas where water and forage are available and even switching to other forms of livelihood during extremely harsh conditions (Fratkin 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fratkin 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Pastoral communities mostly rely on traditional methods such as on historical memory, cloud behaviour at a given time of the year, and behaviour of plants and animals to develop coping strategies during crisis situations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pastoral communities mostly rely on traditional methods such as on historical memory, cloud behaviour at a given time of the year, and behaviour of plants and animals to develop coping strategies during crisis situations (Stuth et al. 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stuth et al. 2003)" ] }, { "text": "However, the frequency of floods and droughts in the region has greatly increased.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the frequency of floods and droughts in the region has greatly increased (Fratkin 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fratkin 2001)" ] }, { "text": "As a result, many of the traditional approaches have failed, so more reliable and scientifically proven strategies to cope with adverse weather conditions need to be established.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, many of the traditional approaches have failed, so more reliable and scientifically proven strategies to cope with adverse weather conditions need to be established.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Gaining access to forage and water is critical for pastoralists.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gaining access to forage and water is critical for pastoralists (Scoones and Graham 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Scoones and Graham 1994)" ] }, { "text": "One of the foremost strategies adopted by the pastoral communities to evade adverse conditions is migration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the foremost strategies adopted by the pastoral communities to evade adverse conditions is migration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of the time, pastoral communities migrate large distances (hundreds of kilometres) in search of forage and water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the time, pastoral communities migrate large distances (hundreds of kilometres) in search of forage and water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, lack of knowledge on where to find available forage and water is a major limiting factor for migration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, lack of knowledge on where to find available forage and water is a major limiting factor for migration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, pastoralists rely on traditional knowledge on resource availability or employ scouts to locate forage and water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, pastoralists rely on traditional knowledge on resource availability or employ scouts to locate forage and water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These scouts are specially trained people who venture out to new lands in search of resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These scouts are specially trained people who venture out to new lands in search of resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Although the mechanism of neuronal injury underlying HAND remains to be completely elucidated, HIV replication within the CNS is thought to drive an inflammatory process by inducing cytokine production that impairs neuronal functioning and eventually leads to neuronal cell death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the mechanism of neuronal injury underlying HAND remains to be completely elucidated, HIV replication within the CNS is thought to drive an inflammatory process by inducing cytokine production that impairs neuronal functioning and eventually leads to neuronal cell death [1, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Up to 10% of individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) experience ongoing HIV replication and its consequences in the CNS despite having undetectable HIV RNA in plasma, a phenomenon known as CNS escape.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Up to 10% of individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) experience ongoing HIV replication and its consequences in the CNS despite having undetectable HIV RNA in plasma, a phenomenon known as CNS escape [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "HIV may also establish a quiescent, nonreplicating infection within the CNS, possibly contributing to inflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and ultimately HAND.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "HIV may also establish a quiescent, nonreplicating infection within the CNS, possibly contributing to inflammation, neuronal dysfunction, and ultimately HAND [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Controlling HIV replication and viral load in the CNS and associated inflammatory processes could lead to improved neurocognitive outcomes and reduce the current prevalence of mild HAND.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Controlling HIV replication and viral load in the CNS and associated inflammatory processes could lead to improved neurocognitive outcomes and reduce the current prevalence of mild HAND.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Most approaches to software cost estimation have focused on Expert opinion and algorithmic models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most approaches to software cost estimation have focused on Expert opinion and algorithmic models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Expert opinion is widely used in industry and can be an effective estimation tool on its own or as an adjusting factor for algorithmic models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Expert opinion is widely used in industry and can be an effective estimation tool on its own or as an adjusting factor for algorithmic models [30] , [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ], [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]", "[16]" ] }, { "text": "However, the means of deriving an estimate are not explicit and are therefore difficult to repeat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the means of deriving an estimate are not explicit and are therefore difficult to repeat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Battery systems are a key component that strongly influences the driving performance and costeffectiveness of Electric vehicles (EVs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Battery systems are a key component that strongly influences the driving performance and costeffectiveness of Electric vehicles (EVs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The travel distance, acceleration performance and security requirement of EVs cannot be satisfied by the energy density and power density of the single-cell, so the cells need to be assembled into a small battery module according to certain forms, then a battery system can be composed of a number of battery modules in series or parallel connecting mode, which can satisfy the driving requirement of EVs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The travel distance, acceleration performance and security requirement of EVs cannot be satisfied by the energy density and power density of the single-cell, so the cells need to be assembled into a small battery module according to certain forms, then a battery system can be composed of a number of battery modules in series or parallel connecting mode, which can satisfy the driving requirement of EVs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "When the heating-rate exceeds dissipation-rate, the thermal runaway may occur with extreme phenomena such as battery leakage, smoking or gas venting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the heating-rate exceeds dissipation-rate, the thermal runaway may occur with extreme phenomena such as battery leakage, smoking or gas venting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With continuous market penetration of EVs in recent years, a spectrum of fatal fire accidents takes place around the world, which forms great challenges for system safety and durability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With continuous market penetration of EVs in recent years, a spectrum of fatal fire accidents takes place around the world, which forms great challenges for system safety and durability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, thermal runaway occurs when an exothermic reaction goes out of control, that is the reaction rate increases due to an increase in temperature causing a further increase in temperature and hence a further increase in the reaction rate, which possibly resulting in an explosion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, thermal runaway occurs when an exothermic reaction goes out of control, that is the reaction rate increases due to an increase in temperature causing a further increase in temperature and hence a further increase in the reaction rate, which possibly resulting in an explosion [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Battery degradation and failure are strongly account of the abnormality in cell temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Battery degradation and failure are strongly account of the abnormality in cell temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many electric vehicle applications employ thermal management strategies to keep the health state and extend the battery life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many electric vehicle applications employ thermal management strategies to keep the health state and extend the battery life [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Tautological and unsupported cyclic updates represent an important problem also for multidimensional dynamic logic programming (MDyLP) research).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tautological and unsupported cyclic updates represent an important problem also for multidimensional dynamic logic programming (MDyLP) research [2, 11, 12, 3] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 11, 12, 3]" ] }, { "text": "MDyLP contributed to logic-based knowledge representation research by focusing on dynamic aspects of knowledge; it can be considered as a formal model of NMKB with preferences (also along dimensions different from time).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MDyLP contributed to logic-based knowledge representation research by focusing on dynamic aspects of knowledge; it can be considered as a formal model of NMKB with preferences (also along dimensions different from time).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The role of both sources of nonmonotony, as mentioned above, is taken into account in MDyLP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of both sources of nonmonotony, as mentioned above, is taken into account in MDyLP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our data suggest a shift (at least in theory) to more aggressive use of iron supplementation in the management of anaemia in haemodialysis patients, as indicated by the increase at T2 in the proportion of physicians with a higher upper target for serum ferritin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data suggest a shift (at least in theory) to more aggressive use of iron supplementation in the management of anaemia in haemodialysis patients, as indicated by the increase at T2 in the proportion of physicians with a higher upper target for serum ferritin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is consistent with reports from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, in which increasing use of intravenous iron and a rise in serum ferritin levels have been recorded.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is consistent with reports from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, in which increasing use of intravenous iron and a rise in serum ferritin levels have been recorded [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "The increased use of iron to manage anaemia is likely to be reflective of more widespread use of bundling of care for haemodialysis patients, as well as a desire among physicians to limit the use of ESAs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increased use of iron to manage anaemia is likely to be reflective of more widespread use of bundling of care for haemodialysis patients, as well as a desire among physicians to limit the use of ESAs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aims to facilitate identifying brain pathologies, like T2-FLAIR white matter hyperintensities (WMH) that are commonly found in patients with dementia/Alzheimer's Disease (AD), stroke and multiple sclerosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aims to facilitate identifying brain pathologies, like T2-FLAIR white matter hyperintensities (WMH) that are commonly found in patients with dementia/Alzheimer's Disease (AD), stroke and multiple sclerosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is believed that WMH are associated with the progression of dementia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is believed that WMH are associated with the progression of dementia [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "However, detecting brain pathology automatically in MRI using computers is challenging as MRI appearance varies depending on studies, scanners and protocols.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, detecting brain pathology automatically in MRI using computers is challenging as MRI appearance varies depending on studies, scanners and protocols.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Third, in the murine acute gouty arthritis model, qPCR-array and western blot analysis indicated that IL-1R8, Smad3 and SOCS3 were highly expressed, whereas NLRP3 was suppressed in the rhIL-37 intervention groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, in the murine acute gouty arthritis model, qPCR-array and western blot analysis indicated that IL-1R8, Smad3 and SOCS3 were highly expressed, whereas NLRP3 was suppressed in the rhIL-37 intervention groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings suggest that rhIL-37 can suppress MSU-induced inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 and enhancing expression of IL-1R8 and SOCS3 for antiinflammatory signal transduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings suggest that rhIL-37 can suppress MSU-induced inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 and enhancing expression of IL-1R8 and SOCS3 for antiinflammatory signal transduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar results were shown in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar results were shown in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "In that study, rhIL-37 markedly reduced NLRP3-dependent neutrophil recruitment and steadystate mRNA levels of IL-1β, and mitigated lung inflammation and damage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In that study, rhIL-37 markedly reduced NLRP3-dependent neutrophil recruitment and steadystate mRNA levels of IL-1β, and mitigated lung inflammation and damage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides NLRP3 inhibition, in our study rhIL-37 also enhanced expression of IL-1R8, Smad3 and SOCS3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides NLRP3 inhibition, in our study rhIL-37 also enhanced expression of IL-1R8, Smad3 and SOCS3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In section 2 we decompose the tensor product of a positive and a negative discrete series representation into a direct integral over the principal series representations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 2 we decompose the tensor product of a positive and a negative discrete series representation into a direct integral over the principal series representations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the decomposition discrete terms can occur, and the discrete terms are a finite number of discrete series representations or one complementary series representation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the decomposition discrete terms can occur, and the discrete terms are a finite number of discrete series representations or one complementary series representation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To find the decomposition, we consider the spectrum of the Casimir operator in the tensor product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To find the decomposition, we consider the spectrum of the Casimir operator in the tensor product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a consequence we find that the continuous dual Hahn polynomials have a natural interpretation as Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for su.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence we find that the continuous dual Hahn polynomials have a natural interpretation as Clebsch-Gordan coefficients for su (1, 1) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(1, 1)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In Western countries the bingo industry has transformed and expanded since the 1980s to attract a larger and more diverse player pool.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Western countries the bingo industry has transformed and expanded since the 1980s to attract a larger and more diverse player pool (Dixey, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dixey, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "Considerable efforts have been made to modernize the game, including the development of electronic bingo, the expansion of bingo contests and high-stakes cash prizes, the establishment of land-based bingo room networks, the development of hundreds of online bingo websites, the appearance of bingo games on television, and the creation of bingo clubs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considerable efforts have been made to modernize the game, including the development of electronic bingo, the expansion of bingo contests and high-stakes cash prizes, the establishment of land-based bingo room networks, the development of hundreds of online bingo websites, the appearance of bingo games on television, and the creation of bingo clubs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These marketing strategies have broadened the bingo clientele to now include a younger group of participants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These marketing strategies have broadened the bingo clientele to now include a younger group of participants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From 1982 to 1999, the percentage of United Kingdom (UK) bingo players under 35 years of age doubled from 18 to 36%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From 1982 to 1999, the percentage of United Kingdom (UK) bingo players under 35 years of age doubled from 18 to 36% (Dixey 1996; Lamacraft, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dixey 1996; Lamacraft, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Across Canada, between 8.6% and 19.8% of high school students reported trying bingo at least once in the previous year.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Across Canada, between 8.6% and 19.8% of high school students reported trying bingo at least once in the previous year (Phare, Lane, & Elliott-Erickson, 2007; Dubé, Tremblay, Traore, & Martin, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Phare, Lane, & Elliott-Erickson, 2007; Dubé, Tremblay, Traore, & Martin, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "This increase in the number of young bingo players warrants concern considering that adolescents and young adults are at increased risk for developing gambling and gamblingrelated problems compared to adults .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This increase in the number of young bingo players warrants concern considering that adolescents and young adults are at increased risk for developing gambling and gamblingrelated problems compared to adults .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the rapid expansion of the bingo industry underway, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the game to evaluate the potential risks posed to bingo players and the unique risk factors involved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the rapid expansion of the bingo industry underway, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the game to evaluate the potential risks posed to bingo players and the unique risk factors involved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Similarly, bingo play among young adults is not well understood by gambling researchers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, bingo play among young adults is not well understood by gambling researchers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The popularity of bingo among young adults may be linked to the modernization of the bingo industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The popularity of bingo among young adults may be linked to the modernization of the bingo industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These changes first came in the UK with the creation of a national game with larger prizes in the attempt of attracting a younger, more affluent clientele.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These changes first came in the UK with the creation of a national game with larger prizes in the attempt of attracting a younger, more affluent clientele (Dixey, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dixey, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "With its technological advancements, electronic bingo on the internet may have gained popularity among a younger group of gamblers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With its technological advancements, electronic bingo on the internet may have gained popularity among a younger group of gamblers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar to adolescents, young adults may have been introduced to bingo by family or friends and accompanied their parents to bingo as part of family activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar to adolescents, young adults may have been introduced to bingo by family or friends and accompanied their parents to bingo as part of family activities (Chapple & Nofziger, 2000; Dixey, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chapple & Nofziger, 2000; Dixey, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "In one study, a young adult bingo player was described as a young mother who was introduced to bingo by her mother-in law.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In one study, a young adult bingo player was described as a young mother who was introduced to bingo by her mother-in law (Chapple & Nofziger, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chapple & Nofziger, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "For this woman, bingo represented the opportunity to stop daily chores, leave the house, and socialize with other people.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this woman, bingo represented the opportunity to stop daily chores, leave the house, and socialize with other people.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Young adults who are regular bingo players may share with older bingo players the same difficulties and worries of life associated with household and personal responsibilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Young adults who are regular bingo players may share with older bingo players the same difficulties and worries of life associated with household and personal responsibilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The notion of bingo as a form of escape, particularly among young adults experiencing inordinately high amounts of stress, warrants more rigorous investigation by gambling researchers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The notion of bingo as a form of escape, particularly among young adults experiencing inordinately high amounts of stress, warrants more rigorous investigation by gambling researchers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Involvement in bingo may have a therapeutic value for individuals who are in need of meeting people or adding excitement to a lonely and boring day.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Involvement in bingo may have a therapeutic value for individuals who are in need of meeting people or adding excitement to a lonely and boring day.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, research has yet to show whether bingo can have a beneficial effect for regular bingo players and to what extent their participation impacts the lives of their relatives and friends.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, research has yet to show whether bingo can have a beneficial effect for regular bingo players and to what extent their participation impacts the lives of their relatives and friends.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interpersonal problems may arise if regular attendance at bingo keeps one away from family or loved ones and if household and work responsibilities are neglected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interpersonal problems may arise if regular attendance at bingo keeps one away from family or loved ones and if household and work responsibilities are neglected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A downward spiral can develop if individuals are using bingo as an escape to avoid responsibilities or to forget about personal problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A downward spiral can develop if individuals are using bingo as an escape to avoid responsibilities or to forget about personal problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Clearly, individuals who engage in gambling in order to escape personal problems are at a greater risk of developing a gambling problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly, individuals who engage in gambling in order to escape personal problems are at a greater risk of developing a gambling problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For low-income individuals, regular bingo participation may lead to even greater financial problems which may be particularly problematic for seniors who more often live on fixed incomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For low-income individuals, regular bingo participation may lead to even greater financial problems which may be particularly problematic for seniors who more often live on fixed incomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, bingo is a sedentary form of leisure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, bingo is a sedentary form of leisure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For individuals who regularly play bingo, especially seniors, this may lead to a more rapid physical decline, health issues, and a lower quality of life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For individuals who regularly play bingo, especially seniors, this may lead to a more rapid physical decline, health issues, and a lower quality of life (O'Brien Cousins & Witcher, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(O'Brien Cousins & Witcher, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Both the positive and negative effects of bingo participation on seniors and low-income individuals have yet to be studied extensively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the positive and negative effects of bingo participation on seniors and low-income individuals have yet to be studied extensively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "One of the important findings in our review is the relatively high rate of past-year participation in bingo among adolescents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the important findings in our review is the relatively high rate of past-year participation in bingo among adolescents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perhaps this finding is not too surprising given the public perception of bingo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps this finding is not too surprising given the public perception of bingo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to other gambling activities, bingo is generally viewed as a \"soft\" form of gambling as evidenced by its pervasiveness in schools, community centres, and churches as both a fun activity and fundraising venture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to other gambling activities, bingo is generally viewed as a \"soft\" form of gambling as evidenced by its pervasiveness in schools, community centres, and churches as both a fun activity and fundraising venture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These same organizations, meanwhile, tend to adopt harsher stances regarding other types of gambling such as VLTs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These same organizations, meanwhile, tend to adopt harsher stances regarding other types of gambling such as VLTs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because bingo is, by many, perceived as an innocuous form of gambling, adolescents are likely to have increased exposure to it and adopt a more accepting attitude toward bingo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because bingo is, by many, perceived as an innocuous form of gambling, adolescents are likely to have increased exposure to it and adopt a more accepting attitude toward bingo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such attitudes among adolescents are reinforced further by parents who play bingo regularly and approve of their children's participation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such attitudes among adolescents are reinforced further by parents who play bingo regularly and approve of their children's participation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Past research has shown that parents who give lottery tickets as gifts to their teenaged children may send them mixed messages about gambling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Past research has shown that parents who give lottery tickets as gifts to their teenaged children may send them mixed messages about gambling (Felsher, Derevensky, & Gupta, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Felsher, Derevensky, & Gupta, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "This may be the case to an even greater extent with bingo, which already constitutes a socially acceptable pastime with little perceived harm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be the case to an even greater extent with bingo, which already constitutes a socially acceptable pastime with little perceived harm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Clearly, future studies should be directed at understanding the gambling behaviour of adolescents as it relates to bingo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly, future studies should be directed at understanding the gambling behaviour of adolescents as it relates to bingo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, as for other forms of gambling, information about the risks associated with bingo play should be included in youth gambling prevention activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, as for other forms of gambling, information about the risks associated with bingo play should be included in youth gambling prevention activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "High residual inorganic N in plots amended with Gliricidia residues could mean Gliricidia leaves are high quality materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "High residual inorganic N in plots amended with Gliricidia residues could mean Gliricidia leaves are high quality materials (Mafongoya et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mafongoya et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "They are low in lignin and polyphenols and high in N and the N mineralization is very rapid compared to animal manures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They are low in lignin and polyphenols and high in N and the N mineralization is very rapid compared to animal manures (Mafongoya et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mafongoya et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Similar results were reported by Williumsen and Thorup-Kirstensen (2001 The high levels of NO 3 after onion and cabbage harvest could lead to NO 3 leaching during the rainy season which follows after vegetable harvest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar results were reported by Williumsen and Thorup-Kirstensen (2001 The high levels of NO 3 after onion and cabbage harvest could lead to NO 3 leaching during the rainy season which follows after vegetable harvest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This leaching could lead to soil acidification in surface soil.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This leaching could lead to soil acidification in surface soil (Bolan et al., 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bolan et al., 1991)" ] }, { "text": "The nitrate in the dambos could be a source of N in ground water and water pollution in the streams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nitrate in the dambos could be a source of N in ground water and water pollution in the streams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Plant material and isolation of total RNA Seeds of near-isogenic lines 11 (glanded seeds and plants with a recessive gland gene, derived from Zhongmiansuo 41) and 3 (glandless seeds and plants with a dominant gland gene, derived from Sea-island cotton Hai 1) from 10 generations of back-crossing obtained from the Cotton Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Anyang, China).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plant material and isolation of total RNA Seeds of near-isogenic lines 11 (glanded seeds and plants with a recessive gland gene, derived from Zhongmiansuo 41) and 3 (glandless seeds and plants with a dominant gland gene, derived from Sea-island cotton Hai 1) from 10 generations of back-crossing obtained from the Cotton Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Anyang, China).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Seeds were sterilized in a solution of 70% ethanol and 15% H2O2 then dipped in sterilized water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Seeds were sterilized in a solution of 70% ethanol and 15% H2O2 then dipped in sterilized water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sterilized seeds were allowed to germinate on plates containing sterilized filter paper and water (25 • C).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sterilized seeds were allowed to germinate on plates containing sterilized filter paper and water (25 • C).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "New pigment glands formed on radicle in the germinating seeds of line 11 around 50 h after the start of germination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "New pigment glands formed on radicle in the germinating seeds of line 11 around 50 h after the start of germination (Cai et al. 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cai et al. 2003)" ] }, { "text": "The germinating seeds of lines 3 and 11 were collected at the same age, around 45-50 h after the start of germination, just before initiation and during the formation of gland.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The germinating seeds of lines 3 and 11 were collected at the same age, around 45-50 h after the start of germination, just before initiation and during the formation of gland.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "RNA was extracted using a Plant RNA Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Watson Biotech, Shanghai, China).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RNA was extracted using a Plant RNA Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Watson Biotech, Shanghai, China).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The quantity of RNA was verified by an ultraviolet spectrometer and electrophoresis on a denaturing formaldehyde agarose gel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The quantity of RNA was verified by an ultraviolet spectrometer and electrophoresis on a denaturing formaldehyde agarose gel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For boundary layer control in magnetohydrodynamics similar arrangements of magnets were investigated with conformal mapping.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For boundary layer control in magnetohydrodynamics similar arrangements of magnets were investigated with conformal mapping [23, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 24]" ] }, { "text": "The 2D case of an azimuthally magnetized multi-pole drum for magnetic separators was treated in closed form.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The 2D case of an azimuthally magnetized multi-pole drum for magnetic separators was treated in closed form [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "Axial flux permanent-magnet generators and motors and magnetic torque transducers use similar configurations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Axial flux permanent-magnet generators and motors and magnetic torque transducers use similar configurations [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26] [27] [28]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed SA algorithm, two different power systems were tested consisting of three and six generating units.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed SA algorithm, two different power systems were tested consisting of three and six generating units [21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "Results of the proposed SA algorithm are compared with conventional quadratic programming (QP) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results of the proposed SA algorithm are compared with conventional quadratic programming (QP) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A reasonable B-loss coefficients matrix of power system network has been employed to calculate the transmission losses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A reasonable B-loss coefficients matrix of power system network has been employed to calculate the transmission losses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The software has been written in the MATLAB-7 language.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The software has been written in the MATLAB-7 language.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A closed incompressible surface F embedded in a 3-manifold M is called acylindrical if the manifold M F = M − intN (F ), obtained by cutting M along F contains no essential annuli (a properly embedded annulus in a 3-manifold is essential if it is incompressible and not boundary parallel).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A closed incompressible surface F embedded in a 3-manifold M is called acylindrical if the manifold M F = M − intN (F ), obtained by cutting M along F contains no essential annuli (a properly embedded annulus in a 3-manifold is essential if it is incompressible and not boundary parallel).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Acylindrical surfaces are interesting in connection with geometry, as every totally geodesic surface in a hyperbolic 3-manifold is acylindrical, and every acylindrical surface in a hyperbolic link complement is quasi-Fuchsian.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Acylindrical surfaces are interesting in connection with geometry, as every totally geodesic surface in a hyperbolic 3-manifold is acylindrical, and every acylindrical surface in a hyperbolic link complement is quasi-Fuchsian.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, if F is an acylindrical surface in a closed, irreducible and atoroidal 3-manifold M then M F admits a hyperbolic metric with totally geodesic boundary.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, if F is an acylindrical surface in a closed, irreducible and atoroidal 3-manifold M then M F admits a hyperbolic metric with totally geodesic boundary [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Hence became Cooley's famous quote: 'Each to each a looking-glass reflects the other that doth pass'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence became Cooley's famous quote: 'Each to each a looking-glass reflects the other that doth pass'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "He argued that a self-idea of this sort seems to have three principle elements: the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance; and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "He argued that a self-idea of this sort seems to have three principle elements: the imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgment of that appearance; and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The comparison with a looking glass hardly suggests the second element, the imagined judgment, which is quite essential.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The comparison with a looking glass hardly suggests the second element, the imagined judgment, which is quite essential.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cooley believed that, \"the thing that moves us to pride or shame is not the mere mechanical reflection of ourselves, but an imputed sentiment, the imagined effect of this reflection upon another's mind.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cooley believed that, \"the thing that moves us to pride or shame is not the mere mechanical reflection of ourselves, but an imputed sentiment, the imagined effect of this reflection upon another's mind.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is evident from the fact that the character and weight of that other, in whose mind we see ourselves, makes all the difference with our feeling\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is evident from the fact that the character and weight of that other, in whose mind we see ourselves, makes all the difference with our feeling\" [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Besides, Institutions in the Global Economy can genuinely respect values which are of three kinds based on a \"triangle of coherence\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, Institutions in the Global Economy can genuinely respect values which are of three kinds based on a \"triangle of coherence\" [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "On one side, it lies today within the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as in the second side within the United Nations -particularly the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) -providing a framework for global legitimacy through accountability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On one side, it lies today within the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as in the second side within the United Nations -particularly the Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) -providing a framework for global legitimacy through accountability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the third side, the expertise of member-driven international organizations and civil society depends on the incorporation of flexibilities in the rules, so as to preserve the expression of identity in a globalized world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the third side, the expertise of member-driven international organizations and civil society depends on the incorporation of flexibilities in the rules, so as to preserve the expression of identity in a globalized world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, in a warlike economic competition, differing visions contradicts, particularly on culture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, in a warlike economic competition, differing visions contradicts, particularly on culture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence a movie is an artistic creation in Europe, and then benefits from special treatment, while it is only a mere entertainment in the U.S. whatever his own artistic performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence a movie is an artistic creation in Europe, and then benefits from special treatment, while it is only a mere entertainment in the U.S. whatever his own artistic performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even within the fragmented Europe, interventionist policies based on the notion of \"cultural exception\" get opposed to the policy of the \"cultural specificity\" on the liberal Anglo-Saxon side.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even within the fragmented Europe, interventionist policies based on the notion of \"cultural exception\" get opposed to the policy of the \"cultural specificity\" on the liberal Anglo-Saxon side.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, in international law, films are traditionally seen as property, and the content of television programs is defined as a service.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, in international law, films are traditionally seen as property, and the content of television programs is defined as a service.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently cultural interventionist policies get opposed to Anglo-Saxon liberal position, causing failures in international negotiations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently cultural interventionist policies get opposed to Anglo-Saxon liberal position, causing failures in international negotiations [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The literature also indicates that the roots of reference group theory can be found in the field of social psychology, and that the concepts involved in this philosophical framework are from some perspectives simple, and from other viewpoints quite complex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The literature also indicates that the roots of reference group theory can be found in the field of social psychology, and that the concepts involved in this philosophical framework are from some perspectives simple, and from other viewpoints quite complex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, through the systematic use of reference group theory, information and predictions regarding the attitudes, behaviors, norms, and values of certain individuals and groups can be enhanced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, through the systematic use of reference group theory, information and predictions regarding the attitudes, behaviors, norms, and values of certain individuals and groups can be enhanced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The next section will discuss the theory further by examining the constructs of influence, power, and solidarity, and describing how they relate to concepts of reference group theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The next section will discuss the theory further by examining the constructs of influence, power, and solidarity, and describing how they relate to concepts of reference group theory [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In 1903, DuBois, in his famous The Souls of Black Folk, illustrated to some degree the concept of multiple reference group theories (a concept developed later in this paper).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In 1903, DuBois, in his famous The Souls of Black Folk, illustrated to some degree the concept of multiple reference group theories (a concept developed later in this paper).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It would appear that DuBois used Cooley's 'looking-glass self' theory as a parallel to describe his experience of the dual, and sometimes conflicting, consciousness of being both a person of color and an American.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would appear that DuBois used Cooley's 'looking-glass self' theory as a parallel to describe his experience of the dual, and sometimes conflicting, consciousness of being both a person of color and an American.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By offering insight into numerous aspects of black life he states, \"...it is a peculiar sensation, this double consciousness -this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others -of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By offering insight into numerous aspects of black life he states, \"...it is a peculiar sensation, this double consciousness -this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others -of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One ever feels two-ness -An American, a Negro: two souls, two thoughts, two un-reconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One ever feels two-ness -An American, a Negro: two souls, two thoughts, two un-reconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body\" [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "It is also evident from Fig. 5 that as return period increases the variability in the trends within each region also increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also evident from Fig. 5 that as return period increases the variability in the trends within each region also increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This increase is slightly greater in the Northeast but in general is consistent among the regions and analysis periods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This increase is slightly greater in the Northeast but in general is consistent among the regions and analysis periods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be attributed to the variability of the maximum-likelihood fit of the most-extreme values and in some cases the instabilities associated with the maximum-likelihood fit of the relatively short series.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be attributed to the variability of the maximum-likelihood fit of the most-extreme values and in some cases the instabilities associated with the maximum-likelihood fit of the relatively short series (Martins and Stedinger 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Martins and Stedinger 2000)" ] }, { "text": "It should be kept in mind, however, that this increased variance and the tendency for instabilities also affect the resampled slope distributions upon which the significance tests are based.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be kept in mind, however, that this increased variance and the tendency for instabilities also affect the resampled slope distributions upon which the significance tests are based.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "When looking at the sky for a few minutes, it is often possible to observe some streaks of light which are popularly known as \"shooting stars\" or \"falling stars\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When looking at the sky for a few minutes, it is often possible to observe some streaks of light which are popularly known as \"shooting stars\" or \"falling stars\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Contrary to what these names suggest, such streak of light is a meteor and not a star.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Contrary to what these names suggest, such streak of light is a meteor and not a star.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Occasionally, we can observe a meteor shower, which is a phenomenon where a greater number of meteors seem to originate from the same point in the sky at a specific period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Occasionally, we can observe a meteor shower, which is a phenomenon where a greater number of meteors seem to originate from the same point in the sky at a specific period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This point is known as radiant and is usually labeled according to the nearest bright star or constellation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This point is known as radiant and is usually labeled according to the nearest bright star or constellation [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Meteor showers attract people's attention mainly because of its periodicity and for being one of the few celestial events which can be seen with the naked eye, i.e., without the need of optical instruments such as binoculars, telescopes and spotting scopes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meteor showers attract people's attention mainly because of its periodicity and for being one of the few celestial events which can be seen with the naked eye, i.e., without the need of optical instruments such as binoculars, telescopes and spotting scopes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper proposes a mathematical model that allows a better understanding of how a sporadic meteor or a meteor shower may be seen by a single observer on Earth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper proposes a mathematical model that allows a better understanding of how a sporadic meteor or a meteor shower may be seen by a single observer on Earth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although this problem has a simple formulation, it refers to a three-dimensional scenario (i.e., the displacement of a meteor can occur in all directions in the sky), which might be difficult to be modeled.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although this problem has a simple formulation, it refers to a three-dimensional scenario (i.e., the displacement of a meteor can occur in all directions in the sky), which might be difficult to be modeled.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, this work aims to implement the proposed model in a free and open-source planetarium software called Stellarium to enable users to find and track radiants in a virtual three-dimensional sky.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, this work aims to implement the proposed model in a free and open-source planetarium software called Stellarium to enable users to find and track radiants in a virtual three-dimensional sky.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Wheel loaders are extremely versatile and often used as multipurpose machines at production sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Wheel loaders are extremely versatile and often used as multipurpose machines at production sites [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Applications for which wheel loaders are used everyday include the transportation of soil, ore, snow, wood-chips and construction material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Applications for which wheel loaders are used everyday include the transportation of soil, ore, snow, wood-chips and construction material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Wheel loaders have extensive use in the mining industry, where they are used to transport ore in both open-pit mines and underground mines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wheel loaders have extensive use in the mining industry, where they are used to transport ore in both open-pit mines and underground mines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In underground mines, special types of wheel loaders are used: LHD (Load-Haul-Dump) machines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In underground mines, special types of wheel loaders are used: LHD (Load-Haul-Dump) machines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fundamentally, LHD machines are the same as wheel loaders except that they are adapted for the low ceilings of underground mines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fundamentally, LHD machines are the same as wheel loaders except that they are adapted for the low ceilings of underground mines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Many researchers assert that there is a tradeoff between aligning the organization to exploit existing competences and exploring new ones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many researchers assert that there is a tradeoff between aligning the organization to exploit existing competences and exploring new ones [4] , [6] , [3] , [8] , [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ], [ "BIBREF5" ], [ "BIBREF2" ], [ "BIBREF7" ], [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]", "[6]", "[3]", "[8]", "[9]" ] }, { "text": "According to March \"both exploitation and exploration are essential for the organizations, but they compete for scarce resources\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to March \"both exploitation and exploration are essential for the organizations, but they compete for scarce resources\" [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "He also stated that organizations make explicit and implicit choices between exploitation and exploration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "He also stated that organizations make explicit and implicit choices between exploitation and exploration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Levinthal and March argue that an organization that engages solely in exploration never gains the returns of its knowledge whereas an organization engages solely in exploitation experiences obsolescence and both will suffer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Levinthal and March argue that an organization that engages solely in exploration never gains the returns of its knowledge whereas an organization engages solely in exploitation experiences obsolescence and both will suffer [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "They proposed that to ensure its current and future viability at the same time, an organization should engage in sufficient exploitation and exploration in a balanced manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They proposed that to ensure its current and future viability at the same time, an organization should engage in sufficient exploitation and exploration in a balanced manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, many scholars suggested that successful organizations must be ambidextrous -aligned and efficient in their today's business while also adaptive enough to changes in the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, many scholars suggested that successful organizations must be ambidextrous -aligned and efficient in their today's business while also adaptive enough to changes in the environment [10] , [11] , [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ], [ "BIBREF10" ], [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]", "[11]", "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The effective management of natural resources and agricultural production depends on solid, geographically explicit evidence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effective management of natural resources and agricultural production depends on solid, geographically explicit evidence [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In order to devise regional development plans and successful agricultural policies, it is important to understand which factors influence the complex agriculture system in a region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to devise regional development plans and successful agricultural policies, it is important to understand which factors influence the complex agriculture system in a region [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The effects of climate variability and natural resources management are the key determinants for production in many agricultural systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effects of climate variability and natural resources management are the key determinants for production in many agricultural systems [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Resources management, mainly land and water management, seem to be the most influential determinants in many countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Resources management, mainly land and water management, seem to be the most influential determinants in many countries [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "It is acknowledged that variation in climate and agricultural management practices influences crop yield.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is acknowledged that variation in climate and agricultural management practices influences crop yield [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is little systematic analysis on which factors determine regional agricultural production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is little systematic analysis on which factors determine regional agricultural production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, little is known about the spatially variable determinants of crop yield and production for rice in South Asia, including Bangladesh.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, little is known about the spatially variable determinants of crop yield and production for rice in South Asia, including Bangladesh.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The need to assess postural stability and balance arises in area of medicine such as vestibular problems, head injuries, risk to the elderly and many other areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The need to assess postural stability and balance arises in area of medicine such as vestibular problems, head injuries, risk to the elderly and many other areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This need has led to development of new instruments and new analysis techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This need has led to development of new instruments and new analysis techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Objective methods of diagnosis may be useful by identifying persons at risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Objective methods of diagnosis may be useful by identifying persons at risk [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In contrast to Canada, the United Kingdom and United States, but in common with New Zealand, Australian local government has a relatively narrow range of functions consisting mainly of 'services to property', such as local planning and development, waste collection and disposal, and the provision of local infrastructure, although over the past three decades the emphasis in service provision has shifted towards a more expansive 'services to people' orientation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to Canada, the United Kingdom and United States, but in common with New Zealand, Australian local government has a relatively narrow range of functions consisting mainly of 'services to property', such as local planning and development, waste collection and disposal, and the provision of local infrastructure, although over the past three decades the emphasis in service provision has shifted towards a more expansive 'services to people' orientation (Marshall, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Marshall, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Australian local government is funded through a combination of property taxes, fees and charges, intergovernmental grants and developer charges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Australian local government is funded through a combination of property taxes, fees and charges, intergovernmental grants and developer charges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NSW local government is comprised of 152 'general purpose councils', 12 'special purpose councils' and the NSW Aboriginal Land Council.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NSW local government is comprised of 152 'general purpose councils', 12 'special purpose councils' and the NSW Aboriginal Land Council.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In NSW the regulatory framework governing the activities and performance of local councils consists of the NSW Division of Local Government, the NSW Local Government Grants Commission and ancillary regulatory bodies, as well as a Local Government Act and supporting legislation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In NSW the regulatory framework governing the activities and performance of local councils consists of the NSW Division of Local Government, the NSW Local Government Grants Commission and ancillary regulatory bodies, as well as a Local Government Act and supporting legislation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NSW local government is a 'creature of statute' insofar as the NSW Government enjoys almost unlimited regulatory powers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NSW local government is a 'creature of statute' insofar as the NSW Government enjoys almost unlimited regulatory powers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Case 2 may be discarded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Case 2 may be discarded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the real interest is in case 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the real interest is in case 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This third case contains all smooth homogeneous plane waves that fail to be conformally flat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This third case contains all smooth homogeneous plane waves that fail to be conformally flat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the Weyl tensor does not vanish for such spacetimes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the Weyl tensor does not vanish for such spacetimes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, since they are homogeneous, the Weyl tensor cannot vanish even asymptotically, and these spacetimes cannot be conformally embedded into a compact region of a smooth manifold, 1 so the boundary of such spacetimes cannot even in principle be addressed by the conformal method of Penrose.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, since they are homogeneous, the Weyl tensor cannot vanish even asymptotically, and these spacetimes cannot be conformally embedded into a compact region of a smooth manifold, 1 so the boundary of such spacetimes cannot even in principle be addressed by the conformal method of Penrose [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Trust mechanism has been proven as a promising approach to identify inside packet drop attackers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Trust mechanism has been proven as a promising approach to identify inside packet drop attackers [3, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "In such approach, each node will monitor its neighbor's packet forwarding behavior and use this observation to measure the trustworthiness of its neighbors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such approach, each node will monitor its neighbor's packet forwarding behavior and use this observation to measure the trustworthiness of its neighbors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once a neighbor's trust value falls below a predetermined threshold, the monitoring node will consider this neighbor as an inside attacker and eliminate it from the routing table.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once a neighbor's trust value falls below a predetermined threshold, the monitoring node will consider this neighbor as an inside attacker and eliminate it from the routing table.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Soil compaction is a process where air in the pores of the soil is removed by mechanical means.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soil compaction is a process where air in the pores of the soil is removed by mechanical means.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mechanical way used to solidify the soil can be done in various ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanical way used to solidify the soil can be done in various ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In field, grinding is widely used, whereas in the laboratory hitting with proctor is more common.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In field, grinding is widely used, whereas in the laboratory hitting with proctor is more common.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are two methods for Compaction testing in the laboratory, known as: Standardized Testing Test (Standard Proctor Test) and Modified Proctor Test (Modified Proctor Test).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two methods for Compaction testing in the laboratory, known as: Standardized Testing Test (Standard Proctor Test) and Modified Proctor Test (Modified Proctor Test) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Seed is characterized by nearly 100 distinctive features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Seed is characterized by nearly 100 distinctive features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only 20 of them are significant for the market, while 10 to 15 of features are being tested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only 20 of them are significant for the market, while 10 to 15 of features are being tested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the tested seed features is 1000-seed weight.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the tested seed features is 1000-seed weight (Mirić et al. 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mirić et al. 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Along with the development of knowledge and technical precision sowing of most crop plants, weight of 1000 seeds is gaining importance as a factor in achieving precise planting, which later indirectly (through planting density) affects the yield per unit area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Along with the development of knowledge and technical precision sowing of most crop plants, weight of 1000 seeds is gaining importance as a factor in achieving precise planting, which later indirectly (through planting density) affects the yield per unit area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is believed that it is very important to sow hybrid seed with a high 1000-seed weight because such seed has more spare nutrients, more developed embryo, and plants that develop from it grow faster, which is often very important in adverse climatic and edaphic conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is believed that it is very important to sow hybrid seed with a high 1000-seed weight because such seed has more spare nutrients, more developed embryo, and plants that develop from it grow faster, which is often very important in adverse climatic and edaphic conditions (Hladni 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hladni 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Hereditary factors crucially influence this feature, although its size can be improved by adequate agricultural measures and seed processing by separation to fractions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hereditary factors crucially influence this feature, although its size can be improved by adequate agricultural measures and seed processing by separation to fractions (Mirić & Brkić 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mirić & Brkić 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To solve this limitation, the WS research community introduced semantics in WS descriptions, through the use of new semantic description languages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To solve this limitation, the WS research community introduced semantics in WS descriptions, through the use of new semantic description languages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different formats exist, among which we can distinguish purely semantic descriptions (OWL-S, a W3C recommendation), from annotated WSDL descriptions (WSDL-S and SAWSDL).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different formats exist, among which we can distinguish purely semantic descriptions (OWL-S, a W3C recommendation), from annotated WSDL descriptions (WSDL-S and SAWSDL).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although those languages allow to associate ontological concepts with various elements of the description, the research community has been focusing only on the concepts qualifying the operations inputs and outputs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although those languages allow to associate ontological concepts with various elements of the description, the research community has been focusing only on the concepts qualifying the operations inputs and outputs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Retrieving semantic information is far more costly than collecting syntactic descriptions, even when considering only parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Retrieving semantic information is far more costly than collecting syntactic descriptions, even when considering only parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter can be performed quickly and completely automatically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter can be performed quickly and completely automatically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The former is a long task, requiring human intervention to label each parameter with the proper concept.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The former is a long task, requiring human intervention to label each parameter with the proper concept.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Annotation tools exist to help, but they are clearly not mature yet, and often defined for specific collections or languages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Annotation tools exist to help, but they are clearly not mature yet, and often defined for specific collections or languages [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Maybe for these reasons, no semantic annotation language emerged as an industry standard.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Maybe for these reasons, no semantic annotation language emerged as an industry standard.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although they appeared more than five years ago, all production WS still rely on WSDL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although they appeared more than five years ago, all production WS still rely on WSDL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even at a research level, very few publicly available significant collections of semantically annotated WS exist, making it very difficult to test new algorithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even at a research level, very few publicly available significant collections of semantically annotated WS exist, making it very difficult to test new algorithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, the average temperature in Bangladesh ranges from 17°C to 20.6°C during the winter and from 26.9°C to 31.1°C during the summer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, the average temperature in Bangladesh ranges from 17°C to 20.6°C during the winter and from 26.9°C to 31.1°C during the summer (Shahid, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF53" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shahid, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The average annual temperature in Bangladesh is expected to increase by 0.6-1.4°C by 2050, and the average monthly temperatures may continue to rise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The average annual temperature in Bangladesh is expected to increase by 0.6-1.4°C by 2050, and the average monthly temperatures may continue to rise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An increase in the winter temperature may reduce the environmental suitability for wheat, potatoes and other temperate crops that are grown in the Rabi season (November-April).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An increase in the winter temperature may reduce the environmental suitability for wheat, potatoes and other temperate crops that are grown in the Rabi season (November-April).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Bangladesh, both surface water and groundwater are required to support irrigation during the dry months.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Bangladesh, both surface water and groundwater are required to support irrigation during the dry months.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increases in temperature may affect irrigation requirements for all growing seasons, including Rabi (November-April) and Kharif (May-October).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increases in temperature may affect irrigation requirements for all growing seasons, including Rabi (November-April) and Kharif (May-October).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increases in temperature will increase irrigation demands by 200 mm 3 in March alone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increases in temperature will increase irrigation demands by 200 mm 3 in March alone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The production of Boro rice in the Sylhet region is more than 5000 kg/ha, but this value is expected to drastically decrease upon maximum and minimum temperature increases of 2°C and 4°C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The production of Boro rice in the Sylhet region is more than 5000 kg/ha, but this value is expected to drastically decrease upon maximum and minimum temperature increases of 2°C and 4°C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a 2°C increase, the Boro rice yield will decrease by 3.2-18.7%, and for 4°C, the yield will decrease by approximately 5.33-36.0%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For a 2°C increase, the Boro rice yield will decrease by 3.2-18.7%, and for 4°C, the yield will decrease by approximately 5.33-36.0% (Basak, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Basak, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Outcomes synthesized from a limited number of short-term studies suggest organic conservation tillage systems create a soil environment with improved nutrient cycling capacity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Outcomes synthesized from a limited number of short-term studies suggest organic conservation tillage systems create a soil environment with improved nutrient cycling capacity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This conclusion is based on observations of greater SOC concentration, soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity, select plant nutrients, N mineralization potential, and earthworm abundance under organic production systems where a reduction in tillage was imposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This conclusion is based on observations of greater SOC concentration, soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity, select plant nutrients, N mineralization potential, and earthworm abundance under organic production systems where a reduction in tillage was imposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While these changes in soil attributes confer an improvement in soil quality compared to practices employing conventional tillage, much work remains to verify whether organic conservation tillage systems effectively address soil degradation concerns associated with organic farming.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While these changes in soil attributes confer an improvement in soil quality compared to practices employing conventional tillage, much work remains to verify whether organic conservation tillage systems effectively address soil degradation concerns associated with organic farming [114] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF116" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[114]" ] }, { "text": "Future clarification will require additional evaluations and a commitment to more rigorous assessments, including characterization of subsoil conditions and inclusion of soil bulk density measurements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future clarification will require additional evaluations and a commitment to more rigorous assessments, including characterization of subsoil conditions and inclusion of soil bulk density measurements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Special effort should be made to include organic ZT systems in this effort since impacts could be greatest when tillage is eliminated completely in organic cropping systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Special effort should be made to include organic ZT systems in this effort since impacts could be greatest when tillage is eliminated completely in organic cropping systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "True to its original purpose, the low voltage power line network within a typical in-building structure is optimized for the transmission of high voltages at low frequencies contrary to data transmission which necessitates the transmission of low voltage at high frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "True to its original purpose, the low voltage power line network within a typical in-building structure is optimized for the transmission of high voltages at low frequencies contrary to data transmission which necessitates the transmission of low voltage at high frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The communication signals therefore suffer some hostile channel parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The communication signals therefore suffer some hostile channel parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The three most important parameters are noise, impedance mismatch, and attenuation which are frequency, time and location variant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The three most important parameters are noise, impedance mismatch, and attenuation which are frequency, time and location variant [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between reduced sleep and obesity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between reduced sleep and obesity [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "One of them involves increased appetite resulting from alterations in leptin and/or ghrelin levels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of them involves increased appetite resulting from alterations in leptin and/or ghrelin levels [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] }, { "text": "Alternatively short sleep duration could lead to weight gain by increasing the time available to eat.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively short sleep duration could lead to weight gain by increasing the time available to eat [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "Finally, it has been hypothesized that weight gain may be related to decreased energy expenditure resulting from increased fatigue and altered thermoregulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, it has been hypothesized that weight gain may be related to decreased energy expenditure resulting from increased fatigue and altered thermoregulation [35, 37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35, 37]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "With respect to the CLOCK 3111T/C variant, C carriers displayed significantly higher ghrelin plasma values than noncarriers, and this situation was particularly evident in the older group ($38 ys).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With respect to the CLOCK 3111T/C variant, C carriers displayed significantly higher ghrelin plasma values than noncarriers, and this situation was particularly evident in the older group ($38 ys).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover among C carriers, ghrelin was significantly and inversely correlated with weight loss.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover among C carriers, ghrelin was significantly and inversely correlated with weight loss.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between short sleep duration and higher ghrelin values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between short sleep duration and higher ghrelin values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This mechanism activates neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP) and inhibits proopiomelanocortin (POMC)/cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons, resulting in a net positive feeding signal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This mechanism activates neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP) and inhibits proopiomelanocortin (POMC)/cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neurons, resulting in a net positive feeding signal [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "Further support for the regulation of ghrelin by circadian clocks derived from mice models showed that in the absence of circadian clocks, ghrelin is no longer rhythmically expressed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further support for the regulation of ghrelin by circadian clocks derived from mice models showed that in the absence of circadian clocks, ghrelin is no longer rhythmically expressed [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "It remains to be determined how gastric clock genes regulate ghrelin synthesis and secretion; moreover, ghrelin plays a role in the anticipation of eating, including timing of meals, further affecting long-term regulation of body weight.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It remains to be determined how gastric clock genes regulate ghrelin synthesis and secretion; moreover, ghrelin plays a role in the anticipation of eating, including timing of meals, further affecting long-term regulation of body weight [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "While it could be argued that public and private sectors require similar basic management functions, the different environment, context and constraints do affect the managerial role and the way they are performed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While it could be argued that public and private sectors require similar basic management functions, the different environment, context and constraints do affect the managerial role and the way they are performed (Mintzberg and Bourgault 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mintzberg and Bourgault 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The public sector management is more complex, addressing key issues of equity, transparency and probity, within a political context.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The public sector management is more complex, addressing key issues of equity, transparency and probity, within a political context (Wilson 1989; Osbourne and Gaebler 1993; Pollitt 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF63", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wilson 1989; Osbourne and Gaebler 1993; Pollitt 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Due to these differences, it can be argued that simply adopting private management practices and language (such are market and customer) into public management may not lead to expected significant improvements.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to these differences, it can be argued that simply adopting private management practices and language (such are market and customer) into public management may not lead to expected significant improvements (Radnor and Boaden, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Radnor and Boaden, 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Regarding the first question developed from the findings, why are these large public sector organisations not linking their internal operations to service delivery, the answer lies probably in the nature and structure of public services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding the first question developed from the findings, why are these large public sector organisations not linking their internal operations to service delivery, the answer lies probably in the nature and structure of public services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many papers explain the differences between the private and public sectors and private sector management and public management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many papers explain the differences between the private and public sectors and private sector management and public management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The core of this debate is that the differences are so great that business practices cannot, indeed should not, be transferred to the public sector.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The core of this debate is that the differences are so great that business practices cannot, indeed should not, be transferred to the public sector (Boyne 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boyne 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Booking methods based on linear programming were thoroughly investigated by Williamson.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Booking methods based on linear programming were thoroughly investigated by Williamson [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "The basic models take stochastic demand into account only through expected values, thus yielding a deterministic program that can be easily solved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic models take stochastic demand into account only through expected values, thus yielding a deterministic program that can be easily solved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the drawback of such approach is obvious, as it ignores any distributional information about the demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the drawback of such approach is obvious, as it ignores any distributional information about the demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A common way to attempt to overcome that problem is to re-solve the LP several times during the booking horizon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A common way to attempt to overcome that problem is to re-solve the LP several times during the booking horizon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The polymer made from cellulose acetate (CA) and polyacrylic acid (PA) can be used as support of the graphitic materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The polymer made from cellulose acetate (CA) and polyacrylic acid (PA) can be used as support of the graphitic materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cellulose acetate is one of the most commonly used materials for polymeric membrane fabrication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cellulose acetate is one of the most commonly used materials for polymeric membrane fabrication [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "It can produce membranes of adequate porosity and low binding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can produce membranes of adequate porosity and low binding [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "CA is a hydrophilic material with good resistance to soiling and moderate chlorine resistance; its price is low and it has good biocompatibility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CA is a hydrophilic material with good resistance to soiling and moderate chlorine resistance; its price is low and it has good biocompatibility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, some disadvantages of this material are poor mechanical strength, low thermal resistance, and low chemical resistance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some disadvantages of this material are poor mechanical strength, low thermal resistance, and low chemical resistance [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Some studies have shown that it is possible to control the porosity of a membrane obtained from cellulose acetate and polyacrylic acid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some studies have shown that it is possible to control the porosity of a membrane obtained from cellulose acetate and polyacrylic acid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The membranes made from the reaction of two organic polymers showed pore diameters that ranged between 3 and 100 microns just by varying the time of immersion in hot water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The membranes made from the reaction of two organic polymers showed pore diameters that ranged between 3 and 100 microns just by varying the time of immersion in hot water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pore size shows a nonlinear behavior as a function of the temperature of the immersion medium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The pore size shows a nonlinear behavior as a function of the temperature of the immersion medium [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "The possibility of controlling the pore through an external factor such as water temperature immersion introduces these membranes as attractive materials for adsorption processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The possibility of controlling the pore through an external factor such as water temperature immersion introduces these membranes as attractive materials for adsorption processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, it is important to stress that the performance of nanomaterial in the polymer matrix must be evaluated from the study of conditions such as load, degree of oxidation, polymer features, synthesis conditions, and carbon nanomaterial production and precursors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, it is important to stress that the performance of nanomaterial in the polymer matrix must be evaluated from the study of conditions such as load, degree of oxidation, polymer features, synthesis conditions, and carbon nanomaterial production and precursors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these features play an important role in the final properties of membranes for chromium removal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these features play an important role in the final properties of membranes for chromium removal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Previous studies have demonstrated the technical feasibility of using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the removal of divalent ions (Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Co 2+ ) from aqueous solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies have demonstrated the technical feasibility of using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the removal of divalent ions (Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Co 2+ ) from aqueous solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These studies were based mainly on chemical interactions that occur between ions and surface groups of the CNTs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These studies were based mainly on chemical interactions that occur between ions and surface groups of the CNTs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CNTs were regenerated and reused for several cycles of water treatment; this feature is ideal if you want to have low-cost processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CNTs were regenerated and reused for several cycles of water treatment; this feature is ideal if you want to have low-cost processes [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, CNTs have been used in studies of speciation for Cr(III), Cr(VI), and total Cr.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, CNTs have been used in studies of speciation for Cr(III), Cr(VI), and total Cr.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These methods were successfully applied, showing optimal conditions comparable to the procedures reported in the literature, such as quantitative recovery values, low detection limits, high selectivity, high capacity, and a larger range of pH values for speciation of chromium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These methods were successfully applied, showing optimal conditions comparable to the procedures reported in the literature, such as quantitative recovery values, low detection limits, high selectivity, high capacity, and a larger range of pH values for speciation of chromium [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, studies for the removal of Cr(VI) have been performed using oxidized CNTs as adsorbents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, studies for the removal of Cr(VI) have been performed using oxidized CNTs as adsorbents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These studies showed that the CNTs can efficiently remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions under a wide range of experimental conditions, without significant release of Cr(III).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These studies showed that the CNTs can efficiently remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions under a wide range of experimental conditions, without significant release of Cr(III).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chromium removal takes place primarily because of the functional groups located on the surface of the CNTs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chromium removal takes place primarily because of the functional groups located on the surface of the CNTs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These functional groups provide adsorption sites for Cr(VI).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These functional groups provide adsorption sites for Cr(VI) [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The addition of fillers in polymers is an attractive method in order to obtain materials with novel properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The addition of fillers in polymers is an attractive method in order to obtain materials with novel properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nowadays, carbon nanotubes are used as fillers to produce new materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, carbon nanotubes are used as fillers to produce new materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, when new applications for carbon nanotubes are proposed, these materials need to be supported on other materials to obtain attractive composite structures with a better performance than the performance shown by pure initial components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, when new applications for carbon nanotubes are proposed, these materials need to be supported on other materials to obtain attractive composite structures with a better performance than the performance shown by pure initial components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The physicochemical characteristics of the membranes obtained from the polymer mixture can be changed if the membrane is prepared using different mixing ratios of the polymers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The physicochemical characteristics of the membranes obtained from the polymer mixture can be changed if the membrane is prepared using different mixing ratios of the polymers [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Prior to the description of Geweke causality analysis, a brief note on the variable selection through factor analysis is in order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Prior to the description of Geweke causality analysis, a brief note on the variable selection through factor analysis is in order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Factor analysis consists of an \"array of structure-analyzing procedures used to identify the interrelationships among a large set of observed variables and then, through data reduction, to group a smaller set of these variables into dimensions or factors that have common characteristics\" (Pett, Lackey and Sullivan, 2003, p. 4).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Factor analysis consists of an \"array of structure-analyzing procedures used to identify the interrelationships among a large set of observed variables and then, through data reduction, to group a smaller set of these variables into dimensions or factors that have common characteristics\" (Pett, Lackey and Sullivan, 2003, [27] p. 4).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, we adopt a principle component analysis method for factor analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we adopt a principle component analysis method for factor analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) exhibit reversible hysteretic thermo-mechanical behavior very different from conventional elastic/plastic materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) exhibit reversible hysteretic thermo-mechanical behavior very different from conventional elastic/plastic materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unique properties of SMAs, such as the shape memory effect and superelasticity, derive from a martensitic transformation induced by stress and/or temperature changes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unique properties of SMAs, such as the shape memory effect and superelasticity, derive from a martensitic transformation induced by stress and/or temperature changes [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Since the martensitic transformation is a diffusionless transition, it can be extremely fast.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the martensitic transformation is a diffusionless transition, it can be extremely fast.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is dependent on temperature, stress and history, but not on time, if we disregard the rate dependency stemming from thermo-mechanical coupling due to latent heat exchange with the Comparison of the volume of analysis for an X-ray laboratory, neutron and synchrotron radiations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is dependent on temperature, stress and history, but not on time, if we disregard the rate dependency stemming from thermo-mechanical coupling due to latent heat exchange with the Comparison of the volume of analysis for an X-ray laboratory, neutron and synchrotron radiations [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Most of the known unitals can be embedded in a projective plane Π of order q 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the known unitals can be embedded in a projective plane Π of order q 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such cases, the embedded unital is a set U of q 3 + 1 points such that each line of Π intersects U in 1 or q + 1 points.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such cases, the embedded unital is a set U of q 3 + 1 points such that each line of Π intersects U in 1 or q + 1 points.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When Π is the desarguesian projective plane PG(2, q 2 ), the set of absolute points of a unitary polarity, or equivalently speaking, the rational points on a nondegenerate Hermitian curve form a classical unital.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When Π is the desarguesian projective plane PG(2, q 2 ), the set of absolute points of a unitary polarity, or equivalently speaking, the rational points on a nondegenerate Hermitian curve form a classical unital.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are also non-classical unitals in PG(2, q 2 ), for instance the Buekenhout-Metz unitals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are also non-classical unitals in PG(2, q 2 ), for instance the Buekenhout-Metz unitals [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "There also exist unitals which can not be embedded in a projective plane, such as the Ree unitals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There also exist unitals which can not be embedded in a projective plane, such as the Ree unitals [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The target population of the study was 159 managers of 101 trading and 58 manufacturing small scale enterprises operating within Kisii South District, are privately owned and registered by Suneka Town Council for the periods 2007 to 2010.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The target population of the study was 159 managers of 101 trading and 58 manufacturing small scale enterprises operating within Kisii South District, are privately owned and registered by Suneka Town Council for the periods 2007 to 2010.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Out of the 159 SSEs, 113 SSEs consisting of 72 trading and 41 manufacturing enterprises were selected using stratified random sampling technique to constitute the study sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Out of the 159 SSEs, 113 SSEs consisting of 72 trading and 41 manufacturing enterprises were selected using stratified random sampling technique to constitute the study sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stratification ensured that the sample accurately reflected the population on the basis of the criteria used for stratification whereas random sampling ensured that each member of the target population had an equal and independent chance of being selected.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Stratification ensured that the sample accurately reflected the population on the basis of the criteria used for stratification whereas random sampling ensured that each member of the target population had an equal and independent chance of being selected (Oso and Onen, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Oso and Onen, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The research design was preferred for the study since it provided a quick, efficient and accurate means of accessing information about the population and it is more appropriate where there is a lack of secondary data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The research design was preferred for the study since it provided a quick, efficient and accurate means of accessing information about the population and it is more appropriate where there is a lack of secondary data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, secondary data on working capital management practices of small scale enterprises in Kisii South District is not available thus conducting a survey to gain such information was necessary.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, secondary data on working capital management practices of small scale enterprises in Kisii South District is not available thus conducting a survey to gain such information was necessary (Oso and Onen, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Oso and Onen, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Maintaining optimal inventory levels reduces the cost of possible interruptions or of loss of business due to the scarcity of products, reduces supply costs and protects against price fluctuations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Maintaining optimal inventory levels reduces the cost of possible interruptions or of loss of business due to the scarcity of products, reduces supply costs and protects against price fluctuations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The inventory conversion period has a negative effect on a business's performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inventory conversion period has a negative effect on a business's performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, shortening the inventory conversion period could increase stock out costs of inventory which results in losing sales opportunities and leads to poor performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, shortening the inventory conversion period could increase stock out costs of inventory which results in losing sales opportunities and leads to poor performance (Deloof, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Deloof, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Managers of firms should therefore keep their inventory to an optimum level since mismanagement of inventory will lead to tying up excess capital at the expense of profitable operations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Managers of firms should therefore keep their inventory to an optimum level since mismanagement of inventory will lead to tying up excess capital at the expense of profitable operations (Lazaridis and Dimitrios, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lazaridis and Dimitrios, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Financing difficulty has always been the important problem baffling the development of SMEs for a long time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Financing difficulty has always been the important problem baffling the development of SMEs for a long time [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Though the government and financial institutions have made great efforts in improving financing services for SMEs, financial resources from formal financial system, for example, stock market, for SMEs are still much lower than economic contributions made by SMEs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Though the government and financial institutions have made great efforts in improving financing services for SMEs, financial resources from formal financial system, for example, stock market, for SMEs are still much lower than economic contributions made by SMEs [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "According to statistical data from National Development and Reform Commission, the number of SMEs registered with industrial and commercial department in China has exceeded 4.80 million, while total number of SMEs including individual businesses in China has surpassed 42 million, accounting for more than 99% of aggregate number of enterprises nationwide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to statistical data from National Development and Reform Commission, the number of SMEs registered with industrial and commercial department in China has exceeded 4.80 million, while total number of SMEs including individual businesses in China has surpassed 42 million, accounting for more than 99% of aggregate number of enterprises nationwide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Jobs provided by SMEs account for more than 75% of total jobs in cities and towns nationwide and GDP created by SMEs represents 59% of national GDP; commodities produced by these enterprises make up 60% of total social sales, while tax payment from them constitutes 51% of total national tax amount; these enterprises stand for half of national economy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Jobs provided by SMEs account for more than 75% of total jobs in cities and towns nationwide and GDP created by SMEs represents 59% of national GDP; commodities produced by these enterprises make up 60% of total social sales, while tax payment from them constitutes 51% of total national tax amount; these enterprises stand for half of national economy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, SMEs also play an important role in scientific and technical innovation activities and have 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society become the main body for technologies and innovations in China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, SMEs also play an important role in scientific and technical innovation activities and have 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society become the main body for technologies and innovations in China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, in China, 66% of patents are invented by SMEs, more than 75% of technical innovations are completed by SMEs, and new products researched and developed by these enterprises account for 82% of total ones in China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, in China, 66% of patents are invented by SMEs, more than 75% of technical innovations are completed by SMEs, and new products researched and developed by these enterprises account for 82% of total ones in China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, according to 2012 Blue Book of Chinese SMEs, estimation made by China Banking Regulatory Commission showed that bank credit covered 100% of large enterprises, 90% of medium-sized enterprises, and only 20% of small enterprises and almost no microenterprises.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, according to 2012 Blue Book of Chinese SMEs, estimation made by China Banking Regulatory Commission showed that bank credit covered 100% of large enterprises, 90% of medium-sized enterprises, and only 20% of small enterprises and almost no microenterprises.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given current economic downturn, commercial banks are more prudential in offering loans and 10%-15% of SMEs actually obtain loans.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given current economic downturn, commercial banks are more prudential in offering loans and 10%-15% of SMEs actually obtain loans.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, according to data from People's Bank of China, as of September, 2010, only 239,000 SMEs nationwide had acquired banks' intent for credit extension and bank credit covered less than 1% of SMEs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, according to data from People's Bank of China, as of September, 2010, only 239,000 SMEs nationwide had acquired banks' intent for credit extension and bank credit covered less than 1% of SMEs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Since the cohesive segment is taken to be a straight line, the normal vector n d;j is constant along the patch of elements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the cohesive segment is taken to be a straight line, the normal vector n d;j is constant along the patch of elements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The magnitude of the displacement jump of the segment is governed by a set of additional degrees of freedom, which are added to all four nodes of the central Fig. 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The magnitude of the displacement jump of the segment is governed by a set of additional degrees of freedom, which are added to all four nodes of the central Fig. 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A single cohesive segment in a quadrilateral mesh.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A single cohesive segment in a quadrilateral mesh.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The segment passes through an integration point () where the cohesive strength is attained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The segment passes through an integration point () where the cohesive strength is attained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dark nodes contain additional degrees of freedom b j that determine the magnitude of the displacement jump.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dark nodes contain additional degrees of freedom b j that determine the magnitude of the displacement jump.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The gray shade denotes the elements that belong to the patch that is influenced by the cohesive segment element of the patch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The gray shade denotes the elements that belong to the patch that is influenced by the cohesive segment element of the patch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the nodes at the edge of the patch do not contain additional degrees of freedom, the displacement jump at the edge vanishes, thus ensuring a zero opening at the tip of the cohesive segment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the nodes at the edge of the patch do not contain additional degrees of freedom, the displacement jump at the edge vanishes, thus ensuring a zero opening at the tip of the cohesive segment [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We developed a model to estimate the annual per capita and whole country GHG, blue water, and green water footprints for baseline consumption patterns and nine increasingly plant-forward diets specific to 140 countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We developed a model to estimate the annual per capita and whole country GHG, blue water, and green water footprints for baseline consumption patterns and nine increasingly plant-forward diets specific to 140 countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also estimate the per-serving, per-kilocalorie, pergram of protein, and per-kilogram edible weight footprints of common food groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also estimate the per-serving, per-kilocalorie, pergram of protein, and per-kilogram edible weight footprints of common food groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model was developed in Python version 3.6.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model was developed in Python version 3.6.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Model input and output are available in Mendeley Data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Model input and output are available in Mendeley Data (Kim et al., 2019) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kim et al., 2019)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "To help address these gaps, we modeled the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint and blue and green water footprint (WF) of baseline consumption patterns and nine increasingly plant-forward diets with varying levels of animal products for 140 individual countries and territories (henceforth: \"countries\").", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To help address these gaps, we modeled the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint and blue and green water footprint (WF) of baseline consumption patterns and nine increasingly plant-forward diets with varying levels of animal products for 140 individual countries and territories (henceforth: \"countries\").", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diets were modeled in accordance with health criteria, offering nutritionally-viable scenarios (to the extent possible without accounting for micronutrients) that adjust for over-and under-consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diets were modeled in accordance with health criteria, offering nutritionally-viable scenarios (to the extent possible without accounting for micronutrients) that adjust for over-and under-consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We account for blue water (surface and groundwater, e.g., for irrigation) and green water (soil moisture from precipitation); the latter is often excluded from similar studies on the rationale that it does not directly impact water scarcity (e.g., by depleting aquifers).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We account for blue water (surface and groundwater, e.g., for irrigation) and green water (soil moisture from precipitation); the latter is often excluded from similar studies on the rationale that it does not directly impact water scarcity (e.g., by depleting aquifers).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Green water accounting is important, however, because efficient use of green water in rainfed agriculture can lessen reliance on blue water elsewhere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Green water accounting is important, however, because efficient use of green water in rainfed agriculture can lessen reliance on blue water elsewhere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In an internationally-traded economy, one cannot be considered independently of the other, and both are part of an increasingly scarce global pool.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an internationally-traded economy, one cannot be considered independently of the other, and both are part of an increasingly scarce global pool (Hoekstra, 2016; Schyns et al., 2019) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hoekstra, 2016; Schyns et al., 2019)" ] }, { "text": "We also incorporate footprints of aquatic animals, nuts, and seeds-common protein alternatives to terrestrial animal products-which most prior studies excluded or only narrowly considered (Appendix A, Table A1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also incorporate footprints of aquatic animals, nuts, and seeds-common protein alternatives to terrestrial animal products-which most prior studies excluded or only narrowly considered (Appendix A, Table A1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The method for assessing the level of safety at work has been developed by Alexandru Darabont of the National Research Institute for Labour Protection, Bucharest, and was presented in the \"Guide for Assessing Safety at Work\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The method for assessing the level of safety at work has been developed by Alexandru Darabont of the National Research Institute for Labour Protection, Bucharest, and was presented in the \"Guide for Assessing Safety at Work\" [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It analytically assesses the level of safety at each workplace and throughout the company before accidents occur, including both a qualitative and quantitative approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It analytically assesses the level of safety at each workplace and throughout the company before accidents occur, including both a qualitative and quantitative approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The method covers all types of workplaces including fixed, evolutional, and mobile.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The method covers all types of workplaces including fixed, evolutional, and mobile [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Furthering our understanding of these three issues is crucial for: (1) the adequate development of new accounting standards and corporate governance regulations aimed at tackling opportunistic managerial behaviour in financially troubled firms; as well as (2) the improvement of bankruptcy prediction models, by explicitly taking into account managerial attempts to hide poor performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthering our understanding of these three issues is crucial for: (1) the adequate development of new accounting standards and corporate governance regulations aimed at tackling opportunistic managerial behaviour in financially troubled firms; as well as (2) the improvement of bankruptcy prediction models, by explicitly taking into account managerial attempts to hide poor performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is commonly accepted that investors can predict bankruptcy fairly accurately using prediction models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is commonly accepted that investors can predict bankruptcy fairly accurately using prediction models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these models are based to a great extent on accounting data that can be manipulated by management.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these models are based to a great extent on accounting data that can be manipulated by management (Ohlson, 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ohlson, 1980)" ] }, { "text": "We show that managers make both accounting and operating decisions that af fect the reliability of accounting numbers, and how these decisions accumulate and reverse in the year prior to bankruptcy .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that managers make both accounting and operating decisions that af fect the reliability of accounting numbers, and how these decisions accumulate and reverse in the year prior to bankruptcy .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This evidence is potentially important in designing bankruptcy prediction models that may be able to account for the observations reported in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This evidence is potentially important in designing bankruptcy prediction models that may be able to account for the observations reported in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we provide limited evidence (3) that managers manipulate real decisions to postpone bankruptcy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we provide limited evidence (3) that managers manipulate real decisions to postpone bankruptcy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This evidence raises awareness of sub-optimal decision making that may be particularly relevant for debt holders and claimants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This evidence raises awareness of sub-optimal decision making that may be particularly relevant for debt holders and claimants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Suboptimal operating, financing or investment decision-making may deplete the firm of some of its assets or, at the very least, reduce their liquidation value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Suboptimal operating, financing or investment decision-making may deplete the firm of some of its assets or, at the very least, reduce their liquidation value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The evidence on real actions is of interest to those directly involved in the liquidation process of the company, in terms of timing the decision on when to initiate a winding-up petition, or to best estimate the liquidation value of the firm prior to bankruptcy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evidence on real actions is of interest to those directly involved in the liquidation process of the company, in terms of timing the decision on when to initiate a winding-up petition, or to best estimate the liquidation value of the firm prior to bankruptcy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Under partial shading conditions, PV cells connected in series experience different irradiance levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under partial shading conditions, PV cells connected in series experience different irradiance levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting electrical characteristics deviate from their standard form, depending on the shading pattern and intensity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting electrical characteristics deviate from their standard form, depending on the shading pattern and intensity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Extensive research exists on the effects of partial shading on the operation of PV modules and systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Extensive research exists on the effects of partial shading on the operation of PV modules and systems [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "For PV modules with more than one bypass diode, the P-U characteristic curves turn into multipeak curves which impede maximum power point tracking operation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For PV modules with more than one bypass diode, the P-U characteristic curves turn into multipeak curves which impede maximum power point tracking operation [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Significant energy losses can take place, and the overall system performance reduces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant energy losses can take place, and the overall system performance reduces [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Accurate modeling of the electric behavior of PV modules and systems will be a key element in improving system operation and efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accurate modeling of the electric behavior of PV modules and systems will be a key element in improving system operation and efficiency [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "For instance, accurate modeling of the operation of PV generators under varying environmental conditions improves their performance control and assists the design of PV converters and their maximum power point tracking (MPPT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, accurate modeling of the operation of PV generators under varying environmental conditions improves their performance control and assists the design of PV converters and their maximum power point tracking (MPPT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PV power plants are composed of PV modules connected in series and parallel to reach adequate voltage and power levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PV power plants are composed of PV modules connected in series and parallel to reach adequate voltage and power levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, PV modules are composed of PV cells connected in series.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, PV modules are composed of PV cells connected in series.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been shown that environmental effects causing nonuniform operating conditions can lead to power losses of the order of 10% in typical PV power plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been shown that environmental effects causing nonuniform operating conditions can lead to power losses of the order of 10% in typical PV power plants [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "These nonuniform operating conditions can be due to various reasons, such as partial shading of the PV generator by built structures, and clouds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These nonuniform operating conditions can be due to various reasons, such as partial shading of the PV generator by built structures, and clouds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, climatic effects influence the electrical characteristics of PV cells directly via incident irradiance and indirectly via module temperature, which depends on ambient temperature, incident irradiance, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction, among others.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, climatic effects influence the electrical characteristics of PV cells directly via incident irradiance and indirectly via module temperature, which depends on ambient temperature, incident irradiance, relative humidity, and wind speed and direction, among others [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "These variables must be taken into account when modeling the dynamic operation of photovoltaic systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These variables must be taken into account when modeling the dynamic operation of photovoltaic systems [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak is an isolated, narrow peak in the two point matter correlation function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) peak is an isolated, narrow peak in the two point matter correlation function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the matter is nonrelativistic, the peak remains essentially stationary in comoving coordinates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As the matter is nonrelativistic, the peak remains essentially stationary in comoving coordinates [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "As a result, it provides a ruler, of fixed comoving length r d at all redshifts z, independent of any cosmological assumptions and of the history of the universe before z and essentially independent of even the gravitational theory, so long as both the matter in question and the light used to observe it are minimally coupled to the metric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, it provides a ruler, of fixed comoving length r d at all redshifts z, independent of any cosmological assumptions and of the history of the universe before z and essentially independent of even the gravitational theory, so long as both the matter in question and the light used to observe it are minimally coupled to the metric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Any appreciable systematic error in the use of this standard ruler must either come from its measurement, via for example gravitational lensing corrections which are known to be small, or from the data analysis, such as the reconstruction technique used to sharpen the peak.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Any appreciable systematic error in the use of this standard ruler must either come from its measurement, via for example gravitational lensing corrections which are known to be small, or from the data analysis, such as the reconstruction technique used to sharpen the peak [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A novel method has been developed to analytical determine the Kachanov-Rabotnov material constants from experimental data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A novel method has been developed to analytical determine the Kachanov-Rabotnov material constants from experimental data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous research has provided numerical optimized material constants for DS GTD-111.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous research has provided numerical optimized material constants for DS GTD-111 [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "A comparison between these constants and those developed by the new approach is provided.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A comparison between these constants and those developed by the new approach is provided.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference between the Figure 1 -Creep Deformation creep deformation, damage evolution, rupture time prediction, and critical damage prediction produced using the two methods is discussed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference between the Figure 1 -Creep Deformation creep deformation, damage evolution, rupture time prediction, and critical damage prediction produced using the two methods is discussed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Creep deformation is defined in three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary as depicted in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Creep deformation is defined in three distinct stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary as depicted in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Creep is sensitive to stress and temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Creep is sensitive to stress and temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diffusion flow, dislocation slip and climb, and grain boundary sliding are all basic mechanisms of creep.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diffusion flow, dislocation slip and climb, and grain boundary sliding are all basic mechanisms of creep.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diffusion flow occurs under low stress and high temperature where atomic diffusion and the applied load lead to elongated grains.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diffusion flow occurs under low stress and high temperature where atomic diffusion and the applied load lead to elongated grains.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dislocation slip and climb is the fundamental mechanism for primary and secondary creep stages where initially strain hardening occurs until a saturation of dislocation density together with high temperature provides a balancing recovery mechanic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dislocation slip and climb is the fundamental mechanism for primary and secondary creep stages where initially strain hardening occurs until a saturation of dislocation density together with high temperature provides a balancing recovery mechanic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Grain boundary sliding is the fundamental mechanism for tertiary creep where small cavities coalesce into large voids causing a non-linear reduction in creep strength ultimately leading to rupture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Grain boundary sliding is the fundamental mechanism for tertiary creep where small cavities coalesce into large voids causing a non-linear reduction in creep strength ultimately leading to rupture [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this study several work-hardening models were evaluated in order to determine their influence on the numerical prediction of the springback phenomenon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study several work-hardening models were evaluated in order to determine their influence on the numerical prediction of the springback phenomenon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Constitutive parameters identification was performed based on an appropriate set of experimental data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Constitutive parameters identification was performed based on an appropriate set of experimental data (Haddadi et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Haddadi et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "In general, the springback results show some sensitivity to the work-hardening modeling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the springback results show some sensitivity to the work-hardening modeling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, despite the high levels of equivalent plastic strain attained in the formed U-shape channel, this study shows that even in this case the differences in springback prediction are not significantly higher than those reported in previous studies, for which the equivalent plastic strain levels were clearly lower than in the present case.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, despite the high levels of equivalent plastic strain attained in the formed U-shape channel, this study shows that even in this case the differences in springback prediction are not significantly higher than those reported in previous studies, for which the equivalent plastic strain levels were clearly lower than in the present case (Chaparro et al., 2004; Bouvier et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chaparro et al., 2004; Bouvier et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the differences between the results obtained with the studied work-hardening models exist and they can, without any doubt, be associated with the predicted through-thickness stress gradients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the differences between the results obtained with the studied work-hardening models exist and they can, without any doubt, be associated with the predicted through-thickness stress gradients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "RSM is an effective mathematical and statistical method for investigating and optimizing products or complex processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RSM is an effective mathematical and statistical method for investigating and optimizing products or complex processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this method, quantitative data from an appropriate experimental design were used to determine and solve the multivariate equation simultaneously.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this method, quantitative data from an appropriate experimental design were used to determine and solve the multivariate equation simultaneously [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "RSM can also provide abundant information, and it is economical because only a small number of experiments are needed for monitoring the interaction of independent variables based on the response.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "RSM can also provide abundant information, and it is economical because only a small number of experiments are needed for monitoring the interaction of independent variables based on the response [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "It is well-known that lung cancers still remain one of the leading causes of cancer related death all over the world, especially in men aged more than 40 years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well-known that lung cancers still remain one of the leading causes of cancer related death all over the world, especially in men aged more than 40 years [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "There are two main types of lung cancers namely non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two main types of lung cancers namely non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NSCLC accounts for about 80 % of lung cancer patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "NSCLC accounts for about 80 % of lung cancer patients [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "NSCLC is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality, and the 5-year survival rate below 20 %.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "NSCLC is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality, and the 5-year survival rate below 20 % [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, although surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used for the treatment of lung cancer, the treatment outcomes are usually unsatisfactory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, although surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used for the treatment of lung cancer, the treatment outcomes are usually unsatisfactory [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is important to explore newer and more effective approaches for the treatment of this disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is important to explore newer and more effective approaches for the treatment of this disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In wireless sensor networks, each sensor node has only a limited amount of energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In wireless sensor networks, each sensor node has only a limited amount of energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When a node sends or receives messages, it consumes the corresponding amount of energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When a node sends or receives messages, it consumes the corresponding amount of energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the amount of traffic of a node influences how long the node can work, which in turn determines the lifetime of the network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the amount of traffic of a node influences how long the node can work, which in turn determines the lifetime of the network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To this end, finding a routing tree to get longer lifetime is a key issue, which is known to be NP-hard.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To this end, finding a routing tree to get longer lifetime is a key issue, which is known to be NP-hard [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Recall that algorithms that can guarantee finding the optimal routing tree are called exact algorithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recall that algorithms that can guarantee finding the optimal routing tree are called exact algorithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is clear that, unless P=NP, all exact algorithms for the lifetime maximization problem are not polynomial time algorithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is clear that, unless P=NP, all exact algorithms for the lifetime maximization problem are not polynomial time algorithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A major stumbling block for the application of fusion frame theory is that in practice, we generally do not get to construct the fusion frame, but instead it is thrust upon us by the application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A major stumbling block for the application of fusion frame theory is that in practice, we generally do not get to construct the fusion frame, but instead it is thrust upon us by the application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a majority of fusion frame applications, such as in sensor network data processing, each sensor spans a fixed subspace W i of H generated by the spatial reversal and the translates of the sensor's impulse response function.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a majority of fusion frame applications, such as in sensor network data processing, each sensor spans a fixed subspace W i of H generated by the spatial reversal and the translates of the sensor's impulse response function [16] , [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ], [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]", "[17]" ] }, { "text": "There is no opportunity then for subspace transformation, manipulation and/or selection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is no opportunity then for subspace transformation, manipulation and/or selection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the fusion frame operator S W is always non-sparse with an extremely high probability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the fusion frame operator S W is always non-sparse with an extremely high probability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lack of sparsity of S W is a significant hinderance in computing § W and its inverse, which is necessary to apply the theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lack of sparsity of S W is a significant hinderance in computing § W and its inverse, which is necessary to apply the theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So the central issue in the effective application of fusion frames is to have sparsity for the fusion frame operator -preferably for it to be a diagonal operator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So the central issue in the effective application of fusion frames is to have sparsity for the fusion frame operator -preferably for it to be a diagonal operator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "On this goal, the replacement of existing low efficiency heating systems by high efficiency district heating and cooling (DHC) facilities based on renewable sources is of the highest interest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On this goal, the replacement of existing low efficiency heating systems by high efficiency district heating and cooling (DHC) facilities based on renewable sources is of the highest interest [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Their implementation can generate significant fuel and cost savings, reducing significantly greenhouse gases emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Their implementation can generate significant fuel and cost savings, reducing significantly greenhouse gases emissions [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, despite their high interest, it is necessary the development of adequate regulatory and financial frameworks to support the large scale implementation of advanced district heating networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, despite their high interest, it is necessary the development of adequate regulatory and financial frameworks to support the large scale implementation of advanced district heating networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should also be noted that the development of new DH systems involves the displacement of existing heating technologies and it implies infrastructures development in public areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It should also be noted that the development of new DH systems involves the displacement of existing heating technologies and it implies infrastructures development in public areas [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, in most of the villages under analysis there is an increase of the profitability with both fuel sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, in most of the villages under analysis there is an increase of the profitability with both fuel sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If BioDH systems were implanted in them the combination of both biomass fuel sources would extend the availability of biomass resource of the municipalities for future scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If BioDH systems were implanted in them the combination of both biomass fuel sources would extend the availability of biomass resource of the municipalities for future scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides with an increase of profitability, small but positive, there are additional positive impacts in the local economy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides with an increase of profitability, small but positive, there are additional positive impacts in the local economy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "New economic activity and jobs can be created both in the agriculture and in the collection and exploitation of the biomass.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "New economic activity and jobs can be created both in the agriculture and in the collection and exploitation of the biomass [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Of course crises are normal episodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of course crises are normal episodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Capitalism is a flexible self-regulated system made of prosperity and crisis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Capitalism is a flexible self-regulated system made of prosperity and crisis [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "If prosperity and bubbles create crises and depressions, crises and depressions always have given place to new prosperity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If prosperity and bubbles create crises and depressions, crises and depressions always have given place to new prosperity [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The end of capitalism prophecy based on Marxian views never materialized.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The end of capitalism prophecy based on Marxian views never materialized [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Capitalism resilience for survival results from business cycles that alternate prosperity and crisis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Capitalism resilience for survival results from business cycles that alternate prosperity and crisis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "At the same time, convergence is a well-studied issue, and deserves the humankind approval, for improving the lowest conditions of life on the face of the planet, contributing for global welfare and happiness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, convergence is a well-studied issue, and deserves the humankind approval, for improving the lowest conditions of life on the face of the planet, contributing for global welfare and happiness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In 1960 the economic historian Walter Rostow analyzed the available evidence on convergence, and considered the different moments when industrialization took off in the past, for the different 1960s industrialized countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 1960 the economic historian Walter Rostow analyzed the available evidence on convergence, and considered the different moments when industrialization took off in the past, for the different 1960s industrialized countries [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "According to him, a common path exists for each country after the industrialization take-off.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to him, a common path exists for each country after the industrialization take-off.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Investment and new technologies leads any industrialization process to maturation, and each one of these partners would get a steady-state phase of large and generalized mass consumption patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Investment and new technologies leads any industrialization process to maturation, and each one of these partners would get a steady-state phase of large and generalized mass consumption patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Seventy years were enough to close the distance from take-off to a steady state mass consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Seventy years were enough to close the distance from take-off to a steady state mass consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Different fish slaughter methods have been described.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different fish slaughter methods have been described.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Percussion stunning is considered as a method that does cause immediately loss of consciousness, and when it is applied correctly, it is one of the best methods in terms of fish stress and flesh quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Percussion stunning is considered as a method that does cause immediately loss of consciousness, and when it is applied correctly, it is one of the best methods in terms of fish stress and flesh quality [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, methods as AQUI-S TM , described as a method that does not cause immediately loss of consciousness, could be applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, methods as AQUI-S TM , described as a method that does not cause immediately loss of consciousness, could be applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "AQUI-S TM , a food-grade fish anaesthetic with iso-eugenol as the active ingredient, has been associated with reduced muscle activity prior to killing which in turn results in good flesh quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "AQUI-S TM , a food-grade fish anaesthetic with iso-eugenol as the active ingredient, has been associated with reduced muscle activity prior to killing which in turn results in good flesh quality [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "However, there are concerns that fish anaesthetised with AQUI-S TM could be tainted with a clove oil flavour.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are concerns that fish anaesthetised with AQUI-S TM could be tainted with a clove oil flavour [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "It is not clear whether AQUI-S TM have true anaesthetic properties and induces insensibility, or whether it is merely sedative in action, but fish sedated prior to slaughter appear to suffer far less distress than untreated fish.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not clear whether AQUI-S TM have true anaesthetic properties and induces insensibility, or whether it is merely sedative in action, but fish sedated prior to slaughter appear to suffer far less distress than untreated fish [3, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the anaesthetic seems to render Atlantic salmon in a state of unconsciousness since no fish exhibited VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex) after stunning or after 10 min of recovery in fresh seawater.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the anaesthetic seems to render Atlantic salmon in a state of unconsciousness since no fish exhibited VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex) after stunning or after 10 min of recovery in fresh seawater [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "If percussion stunning is applied correctly, it is identified as one of the best methods in terms of fish welfare, stress and flesh quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If percussion stunning is applied correctly, it is identified as one of the best methods in terms of fish welfare, stress and flesh quality [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Th e vegetation of Brazilian coastal restingas exhibit a wide variety of phytophysiognomies, from open fi elds closer to the sea to forest with canopies of up to 20 meters in height.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Th e vegetation of Brazilian coastal restingas exhibit a wide variety of phytophysiognomies, from open fi elds closer to the sea to forest with canopies of up to 20 meters in height.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these forested areas, organic matter tends to accumulate in the soil and light intensity is lower due to shading by the forest canopy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In these forested areas, organic matter tends to accumulate in the soil and light intensity is lower due to shading by the forest canopy (Scarano 2002; Sampaio et al. 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49", "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Scarano 2002; Sampaio et al. 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Th e woody fl ora is closely associated with the Atlantic Forest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Th e woody fl ora is closely associated with the Atlantic Forest (Pereira 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pereira 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Therefore, rewetting after a dry period brings an interesting aspect for understanding nutrient dynamics in a changing climate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, rewetting after a dry period brings an interesting aspect for understanding nutrient dynamics in a changing climate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also at high latitudes, where annual rainfall is predicted to increase, there may be heavy rainfall events which follow exceptionally dry seasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also at high latitudes, where annual rainfall is predicted to increase, there may be heavy rainfall events which follow exceptionally dry seasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even though lowering water table is likely to accelerate nitrogen cycling, it is, however, difficult to predict the change in concentration of certain nitrogen compounds since different processes of N cycle are functioning simultaneously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though lowering water table is likely to accelerate nitrogen cycling, it is, however, difficult to predict the change in concentration of certain nitrogen compounds since different processes of N cycle are functioning simultaneously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, changes in redox conditions complicate predictions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, changes in redox conditions complicate predictions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is not peculiar that results concerning effects of various environmental changes on N compounds in soil water in peatlands can be contradictory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is not peculiar that results concerning effects of various environmental changes on N compounds in soil water in peatlands can be contradictory [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10] [11] [12]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "For example, in Finland 29 percent of the land area is peatlands, and 53 percent of the Finnish peatlands is drained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in Finland 29 percent of the land area is peatlands, and 53 percent of the Finnish peatlands is drained [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is important to compare nutrient dynamics of boreal pristine and drained peatlands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is important to compare nutrient dynamics of boreal pristine and drained peatlands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We performed an artificial water table manipulation mesocosm study with peat profiles originating these peat types.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We performed an artificial water table manipulation mesocosm study with peat profiles originating these peat types.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We studied a release of different fractions of nitrogen, that is, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), and nitrite + nitrate-nitrogen (NO 2 − + NO 3 − -N), from pristine and drained peat profiles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We studied a release of different fractions of nitrogen, that is, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), and nitrite + nitrate-nitrogen (NO 2 − + NO 3 − -N), from pristine and drained peat profiles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We hypothesized that rewetting after a dry period releases nutrients into soil water and the response for fluctuating water table for nutrient release is stronger in pristine peat type, because the aerobic process rates are slower in premise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We hypothesized that rewetting after a dry period releases nutrients into soil water and the response for fluctuating water table for nutrient release is stronger in pristine peat type, because the aerobic process rates are slower in premise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, in pristine peat there is more organic nitrogen, which can be released as such or it can be mineralized and released into soil water as inorganic compounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, in pristine peat there is more organic nitrogen, which can be released as such or it can be mineralized and released into soil water as inorganic compounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Besides traveling to and from foraging grounds, pinnipeds may also enter the water adjacent to their colony for other purposes, including thermoregulation, play or competition for space within the colony.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides traveling to and from foraging grounds, pinnipeds may also enter the water adjacent to their colony for other purposes, including thermoregulation, play or competition for space within the colony (Rand, 1967) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rand, 1967)" ] }, { "text": "Frequently, seals entering water for this purpose form groups and are said to be 'rafting' (the act of several seals lying together at the surface with little or no directional movement).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Frequently, seals entering water for this purpose form groups and are said to be 'rafting' (the act of several seals lying together at the surface with little or no directional movement).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Little attention has been paid to: (a) the predation risk of pinnipeds involved in this activity; (b) the behaviour strategies adopted by pinnipeds to mitigate predation risk; or (c) the behavioural response of white sharks to the presence of such seal activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Little attention has been paid to: (a) the predation risk of pinnipeds involved in this activity; (b) the behaviour strategies adopted by pinnipeds to mitigate predation risk; or (c) the behavioural response of white sharks to the presence of such seal activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this communication we report on a series of observed behavioural interactions between white sharks and Cape fur seals adjacent to Geyser Rock, South Africa.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this communication we report on a series of observed behavioural interactions between white sharks and Cape fur seals adjacent to Geyser Rock, South Africa.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "As a complex and key link for the long jump technology, take-off is the turning point for athletes from horizontal motion to projectile motion and is an important factor determining the long jump performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a complex and key link for the long jump technology, take-off is the turning point for athletes from horizontal motion to projectile motion and is an important factor determining the long jump performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When taking off, the athletes should swing legs as fast as possible, shorten the take-off time, increase the vertical speed, improve the usable quantity of the run-up speed and choose the proper take-off angle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When taking off, the athletes should swing legs as fast as possible, shorten the take-off time, increase the vertical speed, improve the usable quantity of the run-up speed and choose the proper take-off angle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the researches into the take-off technique in kinematic aspect, most experts at home and abroad make the analysis from the aspects of angular velocity of body forward spin, trunk rotation, swing skill, step length, link and joint angle and velocity, etc..", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the researches into the take-off technique in kinematic aspect, most experts at home and abroad make the analysis from the aspects of angular velocity of body forward spin, trunk rotation, swing skill, step length, link and joint angle and velocity, etc., (Wang, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wang, 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We have described a general methodology for bias and median bias reduction of nonlinear estimators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have described a general methodology for bias and median bias reduction of nonlinear estimators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such estimators arise frequently in computer vision problems and reduction of the bias of the estimates is of importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such estimators arise frequently in computer vision problems and reduction of the bias of the estimates is of importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The method is not based on a priori (parametric) assumptions about the error distribution and its performance compares favorably with the case in which these distributions are available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method is not based on a priori (parametric) assumptions about the error distribution and its performance compares favorably with the case in which these distributions are available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Application of bootstrap to computer vision problems is not restricted to bias reduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Application of bootstrap to computer vision problems is not restricted to bias reduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sampling distribution of the output, derived from the available single input, can also be used to dene the condence in the obtained result.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sampling distribution of the output, derived from the available single input, can also be used to dene the condence in the obtained result [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Any resampling method is computer intensive but easily parallelizable, in which case a signicant performance improvement is obtained at the expense of relative small overhead.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Any resampling method is computer intensive but easily parallelizable, in which case a signicant performance improvement is obtained at the expense of relative small overhead.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Generally, biological systems respond to extrinsic or intrinsic factors in accordance to density dependent growth patterns, which are characterised by stimulation, saturation and inhibition phases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, biological systems respond to extrinsic or intrinsic factors in accordance to density dependent growth patterns, which are characterised by stimulation, saturation and inhibition phases (Salisbury and Ross, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Salisbury and Ross, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Conventional methods of determining density dependent growth patterns are tedious, with inconsistent results.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Conventional methods of determining density dependent growth patterns are tedious, with inconsistent results (Inderjit, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Inderjit, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The curve-fitting allelochemical response data (CARD) computer-based model was developed to quantify density dependent growth patterns in biological systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The curve-fitting allelochemical response data (CARD) computer-based model was developed to quantify density dependent growth patterns in biological systems (Liu et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liu et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "In the CARD models, density dependent growth patterns are characterised by seven biological indices, namely: (1) threshold stimulation (D m ) -the dosage at which the allelochemical begins to have a measurable stimulating effect on plant growth, (2) saturation point (R h ) -the dosage at which growth remains constant prior to decreasing, (3) 0% inhibition (D 0 ) -the end-point dosage of R h where the allelochemical has a zero effect on growth reduction, (4) 50% inhibition (D 50 ) -the dosage where the allelochemical inhibits growth by 50%, (5) 100% inhibition(D 100 ) -the dosage where the allelechemical inhibits growth by 100%, (6) k -the number of In(D + 1) transformations that serve as a biological indicator of the degree of sensitivity with relation to stimulation or inhibition to allelochemicals and (7) R 2 -the coefficient of determination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the CARD models, density dependent growth patterns are characterised by seven biological indices, namely: (1) threshold stimulation (D m ) -the dosage at which the allelochemical begins to have a measurable stimulating effect on plant growth, (2) saturation point (R h ) -the dosage at which growth remains constant prior to decreasing, (3) 0% inhibition (D 0 ) -the end-point dosage of R h where the allelochemical has a zero effect on growth reduction, (4) 50% inhibition (D 50 ) -the dosage where the allelochemical inhibits growth by 50%, (5) 100% inhibition(D 100 ) -the dosage where the allelechemical inhibits growth by 100%, (6) k -the number of In(D + 1) transformations that serve as a biological indicator of the degree of sensitivity with relation to stimulation or inhibition to allelochemicals and (7) R 2 -the coefficient of determination (Liu et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liu et al., 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper we present a UML formalization approach using Abstract State Machines (ASM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we present a UML formalization approach using Abstract State Machines (ASM) [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "We have chosen the formalism of ASMs for its expressing power coupled with a high level of abstraction, that applied nicely to a related formalization targeting the SDL semantics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have chosen the formalism of ASMs for its expressing power coupled with a high level of abstraction, that applied nicely to a related formalization targeting the SDL semantics [6, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 13]" ] }, { "text": "Our formalization approach can be regarded both in connection with the previous work, and as a stand-alone UML formalization approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our formalization approach can be regarded both in connection with the previous work, and as a stand-alone UML formalization approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use as starting point for our formalization the UML metamodel which we translate automatically in ASM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We use as starting point for our formalization the UML metamodel which we translate automatically in ASM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This allows us to consider all the concepts and relationships existing in the standard.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This allows us to consider all the concepts and relationships existing in the standard.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, as the language is continuously subject to (in general minor) changes, our semantics can easily adapt to new versions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, as the language is continuously subject to (in general minor) changes, our semantics can easily adapt to new versions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, at the moment we write this paper a major update of the language is planned.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, at the moment we write this paper a major update of the language is planned.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our approach will minimize the changes needed in the semantics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our approach will minimize the changes needed in the semantics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Some researchers stated that poor representational competence is a barrier to learning the STEM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some researchers stated that poor representational competence is a barrier to learning the STEM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology lessons are identified as the main disciplines of STEM showing the most successful students of those who have representational competence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology lessons are identified as the main disciplines of STEM showing the most successful students of those who have representational competence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Visuospatial representation competence is also important in studying biology, especially microscopic concepts such as bacteria, fungi, cells, tissues, organs, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Visuospatial representation competence is also important in studying biology, especially microscopic concepts such as bacteria, fungi, cells, tissues, organs, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The plant anatomy course learns about the structure and functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The plant anatomy course learns about the structure and functions (Beck, CB, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Beck, CB, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Microscopic observation can be used to build the cell, tissue and plant organ from 2D images into 3D designs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microscopic observation can be used to build the cell, tissue and plant organ from 2D images into 3D designs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to recognizing the 3D form, the learning could make students easily correlate the form and function of these cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to recognizing the 3D form, the learning could make students easily correlate the form and function of these cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process is referred to as mental processes, thought processes, imagination processes that can stimulate brain development to improve spatial ability or spatial intelligence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process is referred to as mental processes, thought processes, imagination processes that can stimulate brain development to improve spatial ability or spatial intelligence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "C18:1 (n-9) and C18:2 (n-6) are found in higher concentrations in grain-based than grass-based diets, whereas C18:3 (n-3) is higher in grass-based diets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "C18:1 (n-9) and C18:2 (n-6) are found in higher concentrations in grain-based than grass-based diets, whereas C18:3 (n-3) is higher in grass-based diets [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the biggest difference in the flavor of meat from grass-and grain-fed cattle is suggested to be due to fatty acid profiles in beef.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the biggest difference in the flavor of meat from grass-and grain-fed cattle is suggested to be due to fatty acid profiles in beef.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In cooked beef, compounds which are derived from C18:2 (n-6) (hexanal and 2, 4-decadienal) are usually found in higher concentrations in meat from grain-fed animals, whereas 2, 4-heptadienal (products of C18:3 (n-3)) is typically found in higher concentrations in meat from grass-fed animals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In cooked beef, compounds which are derived from C18:2 (n-6) (hexanal and 2, 4-decadienal) are usually found in higher concentrations in meat from grain-fed animals, whereas 2, 4-heptadienal (products of C18:3 (n-3)) is typically found in higher concentrations in meat from grass-fed animals [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Although C18:1 (n-9) is more stable than C18:2 (n-6) and C18:3 (n-3), oxidized compounds from C18:1 (n-9) may affect cooked beef odors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although C18:1 (n-9) is more stable than C18:2 (n-6) and C18:3 (n-3), oxidized compounds from C18:1 (n-9) may affect cooked beef odors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Volatiles from heated triolein dominate heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E)-2-decenal, and (E)-2-undecenal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Volatiles from heated triolein dominate heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E)-2-decenal, and (E)-2-undecenal [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A typical diesel exhaust gas fuel reforming produces a gas mixture that is mostly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical diesel exhaust gas fuel reforming produces a gas mixture that is mostly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the effect of providing syngas into a diesel engine has been investigated by many researchers [11e14], no papers were found dealing with the effect of syngas þ N 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the effect of providing syngas into a diesel engine has been investigated by many researchers [11e14], no papers were found dealing with the effect of syngas þ N 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In previous studies, the effect of enriching the intake air with separate and simultaneous hydrogen and nitrogen on the combustion and emissions of an HSDI diesel engine has been investigated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In previous studies, the effect of enriching the intake air with separate and simultaneous hydrogen and nitrogen on the combustion and emissions of an HSDI diesel engine has been investigated [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "The current experimental work aims to take this research effort further by introducing syngas and nitrogen (at varying concentrations) into the engine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current experimental work aims to take this research effort further by introducing syngas and nitrogen (at varying concentrations) into the engine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Syngas composition resembled that of typical diesel fuel reformation, while the introduction of nitrogen simulated the effect of oxygen concentration reduction in the inlet charge, that is, the increased N 2 to O 2 ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Syngas composition resembled that of typical diesel fuel reformation, while the introduction of nitrogen simulated the effect of oxygen concentration reduction in the inlet charge, that is, the increased N 2 to O 2 ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The production of hydrogen is classified into three categories: thermochemical, electrochemical and biological.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The production of hydrogen is classified into three categories: thermochemical, electrochemical and biological [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In the first category (most hydrogen is derived from this method), separation of hydrogen from a feedstock is achieved through endothermic chemical reactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first category (most hydrogen is derived from this method), separation of hydrogen from a feedstock is achieved through endothermic chemical reactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The electrochemical method involves water decomposition into H 2 and O 2 by passing an electric current through the water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electrochemical method involves water decomposition into H 2 and O 2 by passing an electric current through the water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Concerning the biological method, hydrogen can be produced from renewable sources by microorganisms using carbohydrate-rich and non-toxic raw materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Concerning the biological method, hydrogen can be produced from renewable sources by microorganisms using carbohydrate-rich and non-toxic raw materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Production of cement is one of the most energy intensive industrial processes, consuming up to 2 % of the worlds electricity due to several low efficiency processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Production of cement is one of the most energy intensive industrial processes, consuming up to 2 % of the worlds electricity due to several low efficiency processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The grinding of cement clinker from the kiln is the most inefficient process in the manufacturing, with an efficiency of 1 %.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The grinding of cement clinker from the kiln is the most inefficient process in the manufacturing, with an efficiency of 1 % (Benzer et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Benzer et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "This low efficiency makes optimization of cement clinker grinding circuits a task with large economical and environmental perspectives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This low efficiency makes optimization of cement clinker grinding circuits a task with large economical and environmental perspectives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Difficulties in modelling and controlling the milling operations arise because the grinding medium sizes are distributed over several orders of magnitude and consist of a mixture of cement clinker, gypsum and possibly a filler all with different breakage properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Difficulties in modelling and controlling the milling operations arise because the grinding medium sizes are distributed over several orders of magnitude and consist of a mixture of cement clinker, gypsum and possibly a filler all with different breakage properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is difficult, at best, to obtain reliable measurements of key variables such as the mill hold up and the particle size distributions in the system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is difficult, at best, to obtain reliable measurements of key variables such as the mill hold up and the particle size distributions in the system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The size distribution of the product can be measured continuously by laser diffraction but to reduce investments this measurement is frequently provided using sieving analysis at discrete time intervals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The size distribution of the product can be measured continuously by laser diffraction but to reduce investments this measurement is frequently provided using sieving analysis at discrete time intervals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hold up in the mill is important in order to run the operation at the optimum efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hold up in the mill is important in order to run the operation at the optimum efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the clinker to ball ratio is too small, energy is lost on too many ball to ball impacts, while too high a ratio cushions the impacts and risks choking the mill.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the clinker to ball ratio is too small, energy is lost on too many ball to ball impacts, while too high a ratio cushions the impacts and risks choking the mill (Austin et al., 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Austin et al., 1984)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The characteristics for the operation presented here imply that a MPC algorithm based on a model with good ability to describe the dynamic behavior of the grinding operation could be effective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The characteristics for the operation presented here imply that a MPC algorithm based on a model with good ability to describe the dynamic behavior of the grinding operation could be effective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The predictive nature of this controller can compensate for the lack of continuous measurements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The predictive nature of this controller can compensate for the lack of continuous measurements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of predictive control on cement grinding circuits based on statistical models obtained by process identification has proven more efficient as compared to the more conventional fuzzy control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of predictive control on cement grinding circuits based on statistical models obtained by process identification has proven more efficient as compared to the more conventional fuzzy control (Knudsen, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Knudsen, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "As a group of chemicals, organic acids are considered to be any organic carboxylic acid of the general structure R-COOH (including fatty acids and amino acids).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a group of chemicals, organic acids are considered to be any organic carboxylic acid of the general structure R-COOH (including fatty acids and amino acids).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Not all *Corresponding author.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Not all *Corresponding author.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "E-mail: [email protected]. of these acids have effects on gut microflora.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "E-mail: [email protected]. of these acids have effects on gut microflora.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Organic acids with specific antimicrobial activity are short-chain acids (C1-C7) and they are widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Organic acids with specific antimicrobial activity are short-chain acids (C1-C7) and they are widely distributed in nature as normal constituents of plants or animal tissues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are also formed through microbial fermentation of carbohydrates mainly in the large intestine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are also formed through microbial fermentation of carbohydrates mainly in the large intestine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are sometimes found as their sodium, potassium or calcium salts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are sometimes found as their sodium, potassium or calcium salts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most organic acids with antimicrobial activity have a pKa-(the pH at which the acid is half dissociated)-between 3 and 5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most organic acids with antimicrobial activity have a pKa-(the pH at which the acid is half dissociated)-between 3 and 5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 1 shows the common name, chemical name, formula and first pKa of organic acids that are commonly used as dietary acidifiers in monogastric animals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 1 shows the common name, chemical name, formula and first pKa of organic acids that are commonly used as dietary acidifiers in monogastric animals (Dibner and Buttin, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dibner and Buttin, 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Several factors such as age, LVH, and arterial stiffness have been reported to predict cardiovascular prognosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several factors such as age, LVH, and arterial stiffness have been reported to predict cardiovascular prognosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It seems controversial that AI constitutes a good predictor of cardiovascular complications in diabetes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It seems controversial that AI constitutes a good predictor of cardiovascular complications in diabetes [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Indeed, AI was selected as an important contributor to cardiovascular events for nondiabetic but not diabetic patients in the present study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, AI was selected as an important contributor to cardiovascular events for nondiabetic but not diabetic patients in the present study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present results support a recent investigation implicating that pulse pressure predicted cardiovascular survival in nondiabetic, but not diabetic hemodialysis patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The present results support a recent investigation implicating that pulse pressure predicted cardiovascular survival in nondiabetic, but not diabetic hemodialysis patients [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, however, LVH was selected as one of contributors to cardiovascular events in diabetes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, however, LVH was selected as one of contributors to cardiovascular events in diabetes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our previous data demonstrated that AI positively correlated to left ventricular mass Index in patients with nondiabetic CKD.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our previous data demonstrated that AI positively correlated to left ventricular mass Index in patients with nondiabetic CKD [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Our recent data demonstrated that patients with diabetic nephropathy manifested greater decreases in AI, brachial and central blood pressures when their postures alter from supine to sitting position than those with nondiabetic CKD.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our recent data demonstrated that patients with diabetic nephropathy manifested greater decreases in AI, brachial and central blood pressures when their postures alter from supine to sitting position than those with nondiabetic CKD [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The patient with diabetic nephropathy commonly suffers neuropathy as well.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The patient with diabetic nephropathy commonly suffers neuropathy as well [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "Diabetic neuropathy could fade appropriate vasoconstriction following to postural changes, resulting in a large decrease in reflection wave.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diabetic neuropathy could fade appropriate vasoconstriction following to postural changes, resulting in a large decrease in reflection wave.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively, sleep may markedly increase central blood pressure in diabetes with neuropathy and facilitate the development of LVH.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, sleep may markedly increase central blood pressure in diabetes with neuropathy and facilitate the development of LVH.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Collectively, blood pressure control at night in lying position would be important to prevent LVH, cardiovascular events, and death, especially in diabetes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Collectively, blood pressure control at night in lying position would be important to prevent LVH, cardiovascular events, and death, especially in diabetes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Depletion of fossil fuels, increasing industrial development and emerging environmental consciousness have all increased the demand for alternative energy resources in the 21st century.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Depletion of fossil fuels, increasing industrial development and emerging environmental consciousness have all increased the demand for alternative energy resources in the 21st century.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to Japan's devastating earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent nuclear plant disaster in March 2011, fears of possible radiation and casualties resulting from nuclear plant malfunction have increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to Japan's devastating earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent nuclear plant disaster in March 2011, fears of possible radiation and casualties resulting from nuclear plant malfunction have increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the protests of environmental groups, more and more countries are closing or planning to close their nuclear plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the protests of environmental groups, more and more countries are closing or planning to close their nuclear plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, a good alternative energy resource must not only be renewable with zero or little air pollutants and greenhouse gases, but it should also be safe for the World.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, a good alternative energy resource must not only be renewable with zero or little air pollutants and greenhouse gases, but it should also be safe for the World.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When comparing different types of renewable energy sources, various aspects, such as cost, greenhouse gas emissions, radiological and toxicological exposure, occupational health and safety, domestic energy security, employment, and social impacts, must all be considered.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When comparing different types of renewable energy sources, various aspects, such as cost, greenhouse gas emissions, radiological and toxicological exposure, occupational health and safety, domestic energy security, employment, and social impacts, must all be considered [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, the outputs of natural and renewable energy sources are strongly affected by geographical factors and weather conditions, which cause the fluctuations in power quantity, frequency and voltage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the outputs of natural and renewable energy sources are strongly affected by geographical factors and weather conditions, which cause the fluctuations in power quantity, frequency and voltage [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, different countries and places may be more suitable to develop different types of renewable energy sources than others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, different countries and places may be more suitable to develop different types of renewable energy sources than others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "It is difficult to understand the surgical anatomy of inguinal hernias, but once the surgical exploration is performed, surgical repair is simple.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is difficult to understand the surgical anatomy of inguinal hernias, but once the surgical exploration is performed, surgical repair is simple.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is controversial whether a contralateral orchidopexy is needed or not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is controversial whether a contralateral orchidopexy is needed or not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the incidence of testicular cancer does not decrease with fixed testes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the incidence of testicular cancer does not decrease with fixed testes [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "In our case, the contralateral orchidopexy was not performed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our case, the contralateral orchidopexy was not performed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In recent decades, consumption-based accounting (CBA) emerged as an alternative to the existing GHG inventory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent decades, consumption-based accounting (CBA) emerged as an alternative to the existing GHG inventory [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "CBA takes into account the emission of goods and services at the level of consumption, thus allocating the emissions to the final consumer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CBA takes into account the emission of goods and services at the level of consumption, thus allocating the emissions to the final consumer [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Some papers argue that replacing the traditional IPCC-based accounting with a consumption-based accounting would reveal a more complete picture of the effective emissions released from a country.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some papers argue that replacing the traditional IPCC-based accounting with a consumption-based accounting would reveal a more complete picture of the effective emissions released from a country [19, 23, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 23, 24]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, if a CBA was adopted, countries would have to reduce not only the emissions within their national boundaries but also the emissions imported from elsewhere in order to achieve their GHG targets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, if a CBA was adopted, countries would have to reduce not only the emissions within their national boundaries but also the emissions imported from elsewhere in order to achieve their GHG targets [25, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25, 26]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, a greater effort would be required in many countries, including the EU countries, which are mostly net importers of GHG emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a greater effort would be required in many countries, including the EU countries, which are mostly net importers of GHG emissions [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "To shed light on this aspect and get a deeper understanding on this issue, the present study has applied the NCI methodology to EU countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To shed light on this aspect and get a deeper understanding on this issue, the present study has applied the NCI methodology to EU countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our analysis enables to reveal when trade may be environmentally beneficial or not in terms of GHG emissions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our analysis enables to reveal when trade may be environmentally beneficial or not in terms of GHG emissions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, when trade flows from a country with a lower carbon intensity to a country with a higher carbon intensity, the balance in terms of GHG emissions is positive as the exported product is produced in a more efficient country; vice versa, the balance is negative.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, when trade flows from a country with a lower carbon intensity to a country with a higher carbon intensity, the balance in terms of GHG emissions is positive as the exported product is produced in a more efficient country; vice versa, the balance is negative [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "During product development, a product concept is selected early in the product design stage before detail design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During product development, a product concept is selected early in the product design stage before detail design [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "At the time of concept selection therefore, future customer demand uncertain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the time of concept selection therefore, future customer demand uncertain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Realizing the need to make rational concept selection decisions under uncertainty or incomplete information, the present paper addresses customer demand uncertainty modeling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Realizing the need to make rational concept selection decisions under uncertainty or incomplete information, the present paper addresses customer demand uncertainty modeling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This research constructs demand distributions by applying bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulation (MC) to demand data obtained from choice-based conjoint analysis (CBC) and also discusses the reliability and accuracy of these methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This research constructs demand distributions by applying bootstrap and Monte Carlo simulation (MC) to demand data obtained from choice-based conjoint analysis (CBC) and also discusses the reliability and accuracy of these methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]