Datasets:

copenlu

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citeworth

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[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Social media is web-based communication tools that made people interacting each other\"s for giving and consuming information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Social media is web-based communication tools that made people interacting each other\"s for giving and consuming information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this era, there was various social media development, from text-based post, image-based post or mixed content-based post.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this era, there was various social media development, from text-based post, image-based post or mixed content-based post.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The instance is twitter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The instance is twitter [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Twitter is one of social network that was first launched in July 2006 by Jack Dorsey and now days used by many people in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Twitter is one of social network that was first launched in July 2006 by Jack Dorsey and now days used by many people in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Twitter had the function as a social media micro-blogging type with sum of character in a tweet (name of post in twitter) is maximum 140 characters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Twitter had the function as a social media micro-blogging type with sum of character in a tweet (name of post in twitter) is maximum 140 characters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The other features of twitter is people can re-post the tweet (retweet), made the hash tag, like the others tweet and many more.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The other features of twitter is people can re-post the tweet (retweet), made the hash tag, like the others tweet and many more.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In other words, even by using a fine discretization for the object and the integral equations, the important part of the surface currents cannot be modelled accurately when the object is less visible and the scattered fields become low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, even by using a fine discretization for the object and the integral equations, the important part of the surface currents cannot be modelled accurately when the object is less visible and the scattered fields become low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a remedy, a stabilization method, which is based on extracting the nonradiating parts of the currents from the total currents, can be used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a remedy, a stabilization method, which is based on extracting the nonradiating parts of the currents from the total currents, can be used [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Recently, we showed that such a stabilization procedure can be applied to various formulations by splitting the currents into radiating and nonradiating parts, applying the integral operators on the nonradiating parts, rearranging the right-hand side (RHS) of the matrix equations, and solving only for the radiating currents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, we showed that such a stabilization procedure can be applied to various formulations by splitting the currents into radiating and nonradiating parts, applying the integral operators on the nonradiating parts, rearranging the right-hand side (RHS) of the matrix equations, and solving only for the radiating currents [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, this procedure, which we call operator-based stabilization (OBS), is successful only when the contrast of the object is not very low (usually larger than 0.01%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this procedure, which we call operator-based stabilization (OBS), is successful only when the contrast of the object is not very low (usually larger than 0.01%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the accuracy of the results can be sensitive to the accuracy of the discretization of the operators, which is undesirable especially when the matrix-vector multiplications are performed approximately by accelerated methods, such as the fast multipole method (FMM) and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the accuracy of the results can be sensitive to the accuracy of the discretization of the operators, which is undesirable especially when the matrix-vector multiplications are performed approximately by accelerated methods, such as the fast multipole method (FMM) and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Surface integral equations are commonly used to formulate scattering problems involving homogenous dielectric targets with arbitrary shapes and electrical properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Surface integral equations are commonly used to formulate scattering problems involving homogenous dielectric targets with arbitrary shapes and electrical properties [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Depending on the choices of the strategies for combining the boundary conditions, normalizing the fields, and choosing a testing scheme, there are many formulations that are free of the internal resonance problem and provide stable solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Depending on the choices of the strategies for combining the boundary conditions, normalizing the fields, and choosing a testing scheme, there are many formulations that are free of the internal resonance problem and provide stable solutions [6] - [7] , [9] - [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ], [ "BIBREF6" ], [ "BIBREF8" ], [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]", "[7]", "[9]", "[12]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, surface formulations fail to provide accurate results for the scattered fields (as opposed to volume formulations) when the contrast of the object is small, i.e., when the electromagnetic material properties of the target and the host medium are close to each other.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, surface formulations fail to provide accurate results for the scattered fields (as opposed to volume formulations) when the contrast of the object is small, i.e., when the electromagnetic material properties of the target and the host medium are close to each other [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "This inaccuracy is due to the large nonradiating components of the equivalent electric and magnetic currents, which dominate the radiating currents as the contrast decreases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This inaccuracy is due to the large nonradiating components of the equivalent electric and magnetic currents, which dominate the radiating currents as the contrast decreases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Precise segmentation has been one of the bottlenecks in solving occlusion problem in real time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Precise segmentation has been one of the bottlenecks in solving occlusion problem in real time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By using our method with an inaccurate, but lower-cost, foreground detector, it becomes possible to reduce contradictory occlusions in MR applications implemented in a hand-held device that does not have a high throughput.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using our method with an inaccurate, but lower-cost, foreground detector, it becomes possible to reduce contradictory occlusions in MR applications implemented in a hand-held device that does not have a high throughput.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the same reason, our method has the advantage in rendering a virtual object to a real scene where complex foreground objects (e.g., bushes or leaves of a tree) exist.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the same reason, our method has the advantage in rendering a virtual object to a real scene where complex foreground objects (e.g., bushes or leaves of a tree) exist.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It takes too much computational cost and is quite difficult to precisely segment such a complicated foreground region in real time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It takes too much computational cost and is quite difficult to precisely segment such a complicated foreground region in real time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, our blending method provides an alternative solution to handle such situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, our blending method provides an alternative solution to handle such situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, our algorithm can make a virtual object seen through a foreground region that is actually an opaque object.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, our algorithm can make a virtual object seen through a foreground region that is actually an opaque object.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, our blending method may be useful as a new X-ray visualization technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, our blending method may be useful as a new X-ray visualization technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "X-ray visualization methods are extensively studied to make virtual information seen through real foreground surfaces in AR or MR applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "X-ray visualization methods are extensively studied to make virtual information seen through real foreground surfaces in AR or MR applications [16, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 21]" ] }, { "text": "It should be noted, however, that our model of perceptual transparency gives no assurance to provide good results when a virtual object is completely occluded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be noted, however, that our model of perceptual transparency gives no assurance to provide good results when a virtual object is completely occluded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To handle such situations reliably, we have to make use of other depth cues related to perceptual transparency (e.g., blur, contrast), which is a subject of our future study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To handle such situations reliably, we have to make use of other depth cues related to perceptual transparency (e.g., blur, contrast), which is a subject of our future study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The following study limitations should be acknowledged.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The following study limitations should be acknowledged.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The isolated Langendorff-perfused heart may not completely reflect conditions in vivo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The isolated Langendorff-perfused heart may not completely reflect conditions in vivo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the ex vivo conditions of the present study were designed to exclude possible confounding systemic hemodynamic and humoral effects of sevoflurane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the ex vivo conditions of the present study were designed to exclude possible confounding systemic hemodynamic and humoral effects of sevoflurane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although we did not directly measure ROS during sevoflurane exposure, the dose (1 mM) of MPG used in the present study has been shown to abolish the infarct size-limiting effect of sevoflurane preconditioning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although we did not directly measure ROS during sevoflurane exposure, the dose (1 mM) of MPG used in the present study has been shown to abolish the infarct size-limiting effect of sevoflurane preconditioning [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "One issue worth exploring with NSPI is using a more complex but possibly more accurate transition model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One issue worth exploring with NSPI is using a more complex but possibly more accurate transition model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The experiments above use a linear transition model, but Gaussian processes, Dirichlet process mixture models, and others have been used effectively in prior work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experiments above use a linear transition model, but Gaussian processes, Dirichlet process mixture models, and others have been used effectively in prior work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible that NSPI may perform better with a more accurate transition models, especially in domains where next-state dynamics are highly nonlinear, such as robot navigation with obstacles, including the well-known so-called puddle world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible that NSPI may perform better with a more accurate transition models, especially in domains where next-state dynamics are highly nonlinear, such as robot navigation with obstacles, including the well-known so-called puddle world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another avenue for future work is to use methods other than LSPI after the transition model has been learned.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another avenue for future work is to use methods other than LSPI after the transition model has been learned.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the process suggested here for making the Q function depend on estimated next states could be combined with the fitted Q iteration algorithm, and related methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the process suggested here for making the Q function depend on estimated next states could be combined with the fitted Q iteration algorithm, and related methods [3, 2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Previous research suggests that obesity is a risk factor for chronic pain, mainly due to excessive weight placed on the joints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous research suggests that obesity is a risk factor for chronic pain, mainly due to excessive weight placed on the joints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One such study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and reports of significant knee, hip, and back pain in a large sample of older adults.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One such study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and reports of significant knee, hip, and back pain in a large sample of older adults.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They found that reported pain increased with higher BMIs for all types of pain measured.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They found that reported pain increased with higher BMIs for all types of pain measured [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, the pain-obesity relationship extends beyond the lower extremity joints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the pain-obesity relationship extends beyond the lower extremity joints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In another large-scale study using Southern Pain Prevalence Study data a linear relationship between higher weight and reported severe pain occurring at least monthly was found.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In another large-scale study using Southern Pain Prevalence Study data a linear relationship between higher weight and reported severe pain occurring at least monthly was found [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "While pain was more frequently reported in the lower limbs, moderate to severe pain was also more frequently reported in other parts of the body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While pain was more frequently reported in the lower limbs, moderate to severe pain was also more frequently reported in other parts of the body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They found that as BMI increased, there was a significant increase in the total number of locations of pain reported.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They found that as BMI increased, there was a significant increase in the total number of locations of pain reported.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These authors suggest a reciprocal relation between pain and obesity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These authors suggest a reciprocal relation between pain and obesity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We describe a new fiber-diffraction interferometer using a coherent fiber optic taper for stabilizing interference fringes in an uncontrolled environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We describe a new fiber-diffraction interferometer using a coherent fiber optic taper for stabilizing interference fringes in an uncontrolled environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Manufacturing technology of optical components such as lenses and mirrors has evolved from the traditional polishing process to the automated machining process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Manufacturing technology of optical components such as lenses and mirrors has evolved from the traditional polishing process to the automated machining process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diamond turning machine is now able to achieve sub-µm accuracy over a few hundreds of millimeters in diameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diamond turning machine is now able to achieve sub-µm accuracy over a few hundreds of millimeters in diameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And injection molding technology produces high quality optical components with unprecedented yield rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And injection molding technology produces high quality optical components with unprecedented yield rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Testing those optics depends on optical interferometers due to their fast 2 dimensional measurement and quality inspection at the operational wavelength of the test optics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Testing those optics depends on optical interferometers due to their fast 2 dimensional measurement and quality inspection at the operational wavelength of the test optics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But the interferometer is so vulnerable to the external vibration that isolating the test table from the machining bed is essential in most cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But the interferometer is so vulnerable to the external vibration that isolating the test table from the machining bed is essential in most cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This fact deters the interferometer system from being united with the machining center as a truly repeatable feedback sensor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This fact deters the interferometer system from being united with the machining center as a truly repeatable feedback sensor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nowadays, researches on vibration insensitive (anti-vibration) interferometers have been spurred to meet those industrial demands, including large scale optics used for ignition facility and telescope optics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, researches on vibration insensitive (anti-vibration) interferometers have been spurred to meet those industrial demands, including large scale optics used for ignition facility and telescope optics [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Several techniques are used for desensitizing the interferometer to the external vibration and can be categorized into 3 classes; common-path configuration, vibration feedback control, and spatial phase shifting for real time inspection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several techniques are used for desensitizing the interferometer to the external vibration and can be categorized into 3 classes; common-path configuration, vibration feedback control, and spatial phase shifting for real time inspection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Tree spacing is an important silvicultural tool that influences the sequence of future silvicultural treatments required and, ultimately the stand attributes at harvesting age.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tree spacing is an important silvicultural tool that influences the sequence of future silvicultural treatments required and, ultimately the stand attributes at harvesting age [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "At the stand level, numerous studies have already shown that stand volume increases with narrower plantation spacing, up to a certain level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the stand level, numerous studies have already shown that stand volume increases with narrower plantation spacing, up to a certain level [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Past this threshold, narrower plantation spacing can decrease individual volume growth and increase tree mortality through excessive intraspecific competition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Past this threshold, narrower plantation spacing can decrease individual volume growth and increase tree mortality through excessive intraspecific competition [3, [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Conversely, a wider plantation spacing will favor diameter growth and a higher survival rate, but will also increase stem taper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conversely, a wider plantation spacing will favor diameter growth and a higher survival rate, but will also increase stem taper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Higher stem taper values reduce the merchantable volume of the individual trees, for a given diameter at breast height.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Higher stem taper values reduce the merchantable volume of the individual trees, for a given diameter at breast height [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "One of the goals of this study was to provide additional psychometric data for the PSDQ for use specifically with parents of younger (preschool-age) children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the goals of this study was to provide additional psychometric data for the PSDQ for use specifically with parents of younger (preschool-age) children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although acceptable internal consistency reliabilities were observed, the alphas found here were slightly lower than those originally reported by the authors of the instrument, especially for the authoritarianism and permissiveness subscales.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although acceptable internal consistency reliabilities were observed, the alphas found here were slightly lower than those originally reported by the authors of the instrument, especially for the authoritarianism and permissiveness subscales (Robinson et al., 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Robinson et al., 1995)" ] }, { "text": "It is important to note in this connection, however, that it is unclear at present whether this slight reduction in internal consistency reliability shown here compared to previous reports is due to the younger age of the children or to the considerably smaller sample size utilized here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note in this connection, however, that it is unclear at present whether this slight reduction in internal consistency reliability shown here compared to previous reports is due to the younger age of the children or to the considerably smaller sample size utilized here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of perhaps greater note, however, was the finding that parents were unable to accurately report on their partners' selfreported authoritativeness, and that no association between maternal and paternal authoritative parenting was found, despite expectations and sizable correspondence across parents in the other two parenting dimensions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of perhaps greater note, however, was the finding that parents were unable to accurately report on their partners' selfreported authoritativeness, and that no association between maternal and paternal authoritative parenting was found, despite expectations and sizable correspondence across parents in the other two parenting dimensions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible that parents of preschoolers find it particularly hard to report on authoritative parenting both for themselves and for others due to the nature of the construct.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible that parents of preschoolers find it particularly hard to report on authoritative parenting both for themselves and for others due to the nature of the construct.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Permissiveness and authoritarianism represent more extreme positions on continua of parenting practices, and may thus be easier notions for parents to think about.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Permissiveness and authoritarianism represent more extreme positions on continua of parenting practices, and may thus be easier notions for parents to think about.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this finding were to be replicated in other work with larger sample sizes, it would suggest that further scale development work may need to be done on the authoritative scale of the PSDQ in order to assure its effective use with parents of preschool children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this finding were to be replicated in other work with larger sample sizes, it would suggest that further scale development work may need to be done on the authoritative scale of the PSDQ in order to assure its effective use with parents of preschool children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "From an energetic point of view, a higher CCD number accounts for an increased need for electrical power to operate air conditioning systems, inferring an increase in energy consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From an energetic point of view, a higher CCD number accounts for an increased need for electrical power to operate air conditioning systems, inferring an increase in energy consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This effect is highly pronounced in urban areas with generally elevated temperatures compared to the rural surrounding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This effect is highly pronounced in urban areas with generally elevated temperatures compared to the rural surrounding (Oke, 1982b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Oke, 1982b)" ] }, { "text": "Not only temperature but also precipitation events have to be taken into account when dealing with urban environments, especially for cities located nearby riverbeds, already endangered from flooding during heavy precipitation events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Not only temperature but also precipitation events have to be taken into account when dealing with urban environments, especially for cities located nearby riverbeds, already endangered from flooding during heavy precipitation events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Model results reveal a moderate increase in heavy precipitation events, with a higher tendency towards the North.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Model results reveal a moderate increase in heavy precipitation events, with a higher tendency towards the North.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other meteorological parameters like wind speed, humidity and shortwave radiation were also extracted from the reference and the future WRF RCM runs, but no significant tendency was found here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other meteorological parameters like wind speed, humidity and shortwave radiation were also extracted from the reference and the future WRF RCM runs, but no significant tendency was found here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The evolution of probability density functions for monthly mean temperatures reflects the tendency for a shift to higher temperatures in the future for every selected city, which again is an indicator for an intensification of extreme events like heat waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evolution of probability density functions for monthly mean temperatures reflects the tendency for a shift to higher temperatures in the future for every selected city, which again is an indicator for an intensification of extreme events like heat waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In average, the 95th percentile is projected to increase by 1.4°C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In average, the 95th percentile is projected to increase by 1.4°C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "This article presents experimental measurements of L6vy flights and superdiffusive transport in a two-dimensional flow in a rotating annulus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This article presents experimental measurements of L6vy flights and superdiffusive transport in a two-dimensional flow in a rotating annulus [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The flow consists of a chain of vortices sandwiched between jet regions ( Fig. 1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The flow consists of a chain of vortices sandwiched between jet regions ( Fig. 1 ) [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "Long-term tracking of large numbers of rive measurements of the variance of the displacement and the sticking and flight time probability distribution functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Long-term tracking of large numbers of rive measurements of the variance of the displacement and the sticking and flight time probability distribution functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies are made in four different flow regimes: time-independent, time-periodic, chaotic, and turbulent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies are made in four different flow regimes: time-independent, time-periodic, chaotic, and turbulent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We explore the dependence of the scaling of the variance and the flight and sticking statistics on the time dependence of the flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We explore the dependence of the scaling of the variance and the flight and sticking statistics on the time dependence of the flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The mixing of passive impurities in fluid flows depends critically on the structure and time dependence of the velocity field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mixing of passive impurities in fluid flows depends critically on the structure and time dependence of the velocity field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the absence of a flow, Brownian motion of individual tracer particles results in molecular diffusion, characterized by the variance of the displacement of a particle distribution or 2 which grows linearly with time: cr2(t)~ t ~, with 3\" = 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the absence of a flow, Brownian motion of individual tracer particles results in molecular diffusion, characterized by the variance of the displacement of a particle distribution or 2 which grows linearly with time: cr2(t)~ t ~, with 3\" = 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the fluid is Current address: Department of Physics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837; E-mail: tsolomon@ bucknell.edu : E-mail: [email protected] 3 E-mail: [email protected] moving, advection of tracer particles by the flow results in significant enhancements in the transport rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the fluid is Current address: Department of Physics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837; E-mail: tsolomon@ bucknell.edu : E-mail: [email protected] 3 E-mail: [email protected] moving, advection of tracer particles by the flow results in significant enhancements in the transport rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For many flows of interest, the variance of a distribution grows as a power law with time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For many flows of interest, the variance of a distribution grows as a power law with time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If Y= 1, the enhanced mixing is termed \"normal\" diffusion, while mixing with 3' ~ 1 is termed \"anomalous\" diffusion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If Y= 1, the enhanced mixing is termed \"normal\" diffusion, while mixing with 3' ~ 1 is termed \"anomalous\" diffusion [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Even though these supports demonstrate a broader pH and thermal stability profile compared to free enzyme, along with appreciable storage capability, their rates of decrease in activity with respect to pH and temperature are high.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though these supports demonstrate a broader pH and thermal stability profile compared to free enzyme, along with appreciable storage capability, their rates of decrease in activity with respect to pH and temperature are high.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of naturally occurring materials as immobilization supports is preferred to synthetic ones, which finally led us to use clays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of naturally occurring materials as immobilization supports is preferred to synthetic ones, which finally led us to use clays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The swelling phyllosilicate minerals, known as smectite clays, constitute a naturally occurring class of inorganic catalysts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The swelling phyllosilicate minerals, known as smectite clays, constitute a naturally occurring class of inorganic catalysts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These ubiquitous minerals are components of many soils and sediments and often are found as large mineralogically pure deposits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These ubiquitous minerals are components of many soils and sediments and often are found as large mineralogically pure deposits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to their small size and unusual intercalation properties, they afford an appreciable surface area for adsorption of organic and inorganic moieties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to their small size and unusual intercalation properties, they afford an appreciable surface area for adsorption of organic and inorganic moieties (Pinnavaia, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pinnavaia, 1983)" ] }, { "text": "Montmorillonite, a well-studied smectite clay, is a 2:1 dioctahedral clay and has been widely used as a catalyst as well as a support.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Montmorillonite, a well-studied smectite clay, is a 2:1 dioctahedral clay and has been widely used as a catalyst as well as a support.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The speciality of montmorillonite (smectites in general) is that the properties can be tailor made to suit the need by simple methods, such as acid activation, ion-exchange, pillaring and intercalation with organics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The speciality of montmorillonite (smectites in general) is that the properties can be tailor made to suit the need by simple methods, such as acid activation, ion-exchange, pillaring and intercalation with organics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Montmorillonite is acidic in nature; the acid sites can serve as centres of binding through the -NH 2 group of enzymes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Montmorillonite is acidic in nature; the acid sites can serve as centres of binding through the -NH 2 group of enzymes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, simple adsorption of enzymes onto clays is enough to hold them on the surface and permit heterogeneous catalysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, simple adsorption of enzymes onto clays is enough to hold them on the surface and permit heterogeneous catalysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, the clay can be suitably activated with amino silane and coupled with glutaraldehyde which can covalently bind the enzyme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, the clay can be suitably activated with amino silane and coupled with glutaraldehyde which can covalently bind the enzyme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Let B be an indefinite quaternion algebra over Q of reduced discriminant D. All maximal orders in B are conjugate; so let us fix one maximal order O ⊂ B. Let O + ⊂ O * be the group of elements of reduced norm 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let B be an indefinite quaternion algebra over Q of reduced discriminant D. All maximal orders in B are conjugate; so let us fix one maximal order O ⊂ B. Let O + ⊂ O * be the group of elements of reduced norm 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On identifying B ⊗R with M 2 (R) we can think of O + as an arithmetic subgroup of SL 2 (R).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On identifying B ⊗R with M 2 (R) we can think of O + as an arithmetic subgroup of SL 2 (R).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The compact Riemann surface O + \\H, where H is the upper-half plane, is the set of complex points of an algebraic curve X over Q, a Shimura curve.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The compact Riemann surface O + \\H, where H is the upper-half plane, is the set of complex points of an algebraic curve X over Q, a Shimura curve [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The curve X is the coarse moduli scheme over Q which classifies the isomorphism classes of pairs (A, i), where A is an abelian surface and i is an embedding of O into End(A).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The curve X is the coarse moduli scheme over Q which classifies the isomorphism classes of pairs (A, i), where A is an abelian surface and i is an embedding of O into End(A).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By an abuse of language such a pair is called an abelian surface with quaternionic multiplication, or a QM-abelian surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By an abuse of language such a pair is called an abelian surface with quaternionic multiplication, or a QM-abelian surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, Genetic algorithm (GA) is becoming popular to solve the optimization problems in different fields of application mainly because of their robustness in finding an optimal solution and ability to provide a near optimal solution close to a global minimum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, Genetic algorithm (GA) is becoming popular to solve the optimization problems in different fields of application mainly because of their robustness in finding an optimal solution and ability to provide a near optimal solution close to a global minimum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unlike strict mathematical methods, the GA does not require the condition that the variables in the optimization problem be continuous and different; it only requires that the problem to be solved can be computed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unlike strict mathematical methods, the GA does not require the condition that the variables in the optimization problem be continuous and different; it only requires that the problem to be solved can be computed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GA employs search procedures based on the mechanics of natural selection and survival of the fittest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "GA employs search procedures based on the mechanics of natural selection and survival of the fittest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The GAs, which use a multiple point instead of a single point search and work with the coded structure of variables instead of the actual variables, require only the objective function thereby making searching for a global optimum simpler.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The GAs, which use a multiple point instead of a single point search and work with the coded structure of variables instead of the actual variables, require only the objective function thereby making searching for a global optimum simpler [18] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19]" ] }, { "text": "The present attempt is towards evolving a new algorithm for order reduction of linear multivariable systems, which combines the advantages of the dominant pole retention method and the error minimization by GA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present attempt is towards evolving a new algorithm for order reduction of linear multivariable systems, which combines the advantages of the dominant pole retention method and the error minimization by GA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Basically; the method starts with fixation of the denominator of the LOS by dominant pole retention method followed by the determination of coefficients of the numerator polynomials of each element of the LOS transfer matrix by minimizing the ISE in between the transient responses of original and LOS using GA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Basically; the method starts with fixation of the denominator of the LOS by dominant pole retention method followed by the determination of coefficients of the numerator polynomials of each element of the LOS transfer matrix by minimizing the ISE in between the transient responses of original and LOS using GA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the following sections, the algorithm is described in detail and the same has been applied to a 10 th order two-input two-output linear time invariant model of a practical power system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the following sections, the algorithm is described in detail and the same has been applied to a 10 th order two-input two-output linear time invariant model of a practical power system [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "The performance of the algorithm is tested by comparing the relevant computer simulation results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The performance of the algorithm is tested by comparing the relevant computer simulation results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The general concept of increasing the stability of an organic molecule by incorporating it into a robust inorganic porous host has been applied to a variety of host-guest combinations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The general concept of increasing the stability of an organic molecule by incorporating it into a robust inorganic porous host has been applied to a variety of host-guest combinations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to obtain a host-guest material in the strict sense of the word, it is necessary to ensure that the guest species are exclusively present in the host and not on its external surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to obtain a host-guest material in the strict sense of the word, it is necessary to ensure that the guest species are exclusively present in the host and not on its external surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Materials fulfilling this requirement are expected to feature well-defined properties, as the guest species are only interacting with the host material, particularly in cases of strong spatial confinement, where even guest-guest interactions can be excluded.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Materials fulfilling this requirement are expected to feature well-defined properties, as the guest species are only interacting with the host material, particularly in cases of strong spatial confinement, where even guest-guest interactions can be excluded [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Removal of guest species from the external surface of the host -a step that is absent in the synthesis of Maya Blue -is therefore essential regarding the properties of a host-guest material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Removal of guest species from the external surface of the host -a step that is absent in the synthesis of Maya Blue -is therefore essential regarding the properties of a host-guest material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Pigments are defined as colorants that are insoluble in the application medium, implying that they retain a particulate (or crystal) structure throughout the coloration process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pigments are defined as colorants that are insoluble in the application medium, implying that they retain a particulate (or crystal) structure throughout the coloration process [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "According to this definition, indigo-ZL can be considered as a pigment, although its light absorption properties are comparable to dissolved indigo monomers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to this definition, indigo-ZL can be considered as a pigment, although its light absorption properties are comparable to dissolved indigo monomers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By preventing the formation of indigo aggregates, the absorption spectrum of indigo-ZL in a matrix or on a substrate is highly predictable, i.e., it will in any case resemble the indigo solution spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By preventing the formation of indigo aggregates, the absorption spectrum of indigo-ZL in a matrix or on a substrate is highly predictable, i.e., it will in any case resemble the indigo solution spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Traditionally, lignin has been considered the major recalcitrant factor in biomass utilization, particularly because it impedes the utilization of cell wall polysaccharides.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditionally, lignin has been considered the major recalcitrant factor in biomass utilization, particularly because it impedes the utilization of cell wall polysaccharides.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, metabolic engineering approaches to reduce lignin content and/or to alter lignin structures to mitigate such lignin recalcitrance in polysaccharide utilization have been extensively pursued.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, metabolic engineering approaches to reduce lignin content and/or to alter lignin structures to mitigate such lignin recalcitrance in polysaccharide utilization have been extensively pursued [3, 4, [10] [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4, [10] [11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "More recently, bioengineering approaches to manipulate lignin deposition and structures to enhance the recovery and conversion of lignins into useful aromatic chemicals are becoming an important research subject in the light of the biorefinery concept.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, bioengineering approaches to manipulate lignin deposition and structures to enhance the recovery and conversion of lignins into useful aromatic chemicals are becoming an important research subject in the light of the biorefinery concept [3, 14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, as lignin content positively affects the energetic yields of lignocellulose, the manipulation of lignin biosynthetic enzymes or transcriptional factors to enrich lignins against polysaccharides is a potent strategy to improve biomass heating values for better solid fuel applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, as lignin content positively affects the energetic yields of lignocellulose, the manipulation of lignin biosynthetic enzymes or transcriptional factors to enrich lignins against polysaccharides is a potent strategy to improve biomass heating values for better solid fuel applications [3, 16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 16, 17]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "While tree biomass is necessary for the production of wood materials and pulp and paper commodities, grasses are a prominent plant group that show great potential as biomass feedstocks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While tree biomass is necessary for the production of wood materials and pulp and paper commodities, grasses are a prominent plant group that show great potential as biomass feedstocks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Huge amounts of lignocellulose are produced annually as agricultural residues from grass grain crops, such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, Sorghum and millet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Huge amounts of lignocellulose are produced annually as agricultural residues from grass grain crops, such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, Sorghum and millet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, large-sized perennial grass species, such as Erianthus, Miscanthus, switchgrass and bamboo, have attracted considerable attention as potent biomass sources because of their higher lignocellulose productivity and better biomass processability than typical tree species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, large-sized perennial grass species, such as Erianthus, Miscanthus, switchgrass and bamboo, have attracted considerable attention as potent biomass sources because of their higher lignocellulose productivity and better biomass processability than typical tree species [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, grass biomass may provide more output than tree biomass.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, grass biomass may provide more output than tree biomass.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, major grass crops, such as sugarcane, maize and Sorghum, produce grains that can be used for food, cattle feed and/or fermentation feedstocks, while the residual straw, which is mainly composed of lignocellulose, can be utilized for combustion fuels, fiber materials and/or other various polysaccharide-and lignin-derived biofuels and biochemicals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, major grass crops, such as sugarcane, maize and Sorghum, produce grains that can be used for food, cattle feed and/or fermentation feedstocks, while the residual straw, which is mainly composed of lignocellulose, can be utilized for combustion fuels, fiber materials and/or other various polysaccharide-and lignin-derived biofuels and biochemicals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, sugarcane-based sugar factories use sugarcane bagasse residue as a combustion fuel that can easily cover all the energy demands within the factories.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, sugarcane-based sugar factories use sugarcane bagasse residue as a combustion fuel that can easily cover all the energy demands within the factories [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The production and utilization of sustainable resources and energy are becoming increasingly important to follow a sustainable development path by achieving socalled SDGs (sustainable development goals).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The production and utilization of sustainable resources and energy are becoming increasingly important to follow a sustainable development path by achieving socalled SDGs (sustainable development goals) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Biomass is a particularly important sustainable feedstock, because it can provide not only energy but also organic substances, including liquid fuels, that are not available from most other sustainable energy sources currently under consideration (e.g., solar, hydraulic and wind power).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Biomass is a particularly important sustainable feedstock, because it can provide not only energy but also organic substances, including liquid fuels, that are not available from most other sustainable energy sources currently under consideration (e.g., solar, hydraulic and wind power).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, lignocellulosic biomass, a plant-derived biocomposite composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins, accounts for the highest proportion of global terrestrial biomass; the estimated annual production of lignocellulosic biomass is approximately 5600 M tons, of which approximately 2000 M tons are derived from trees and the rest (approximately 3600 M tons) from non-tree species, mostly grasses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, lignocellulosic biomass, a plant-derived biocomposite composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins, accounts for the highest proportion of global terrestrial biomass; the estimated annual production of lignocellulosic biomass is approximately 5600 M tons, of which approximately 2000 M tons are derived from trees and the rest (approximately 3600 M tons) from non-tree species, mostly grasses [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, however, the relationships between lignin chemical structures and various lignocellulose utilization properties are not fully understood, mainly due to the intricate lignin structures that show great variability among different biomass sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, however, the relationships between lignin chemical structures and various lignocellulose utilization properties are not fully understood, mainly due to the intricate lignin structures that show great variability among different biomass sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this respect, transgenic plants containing engineered lignins represent a powerful model system to investigate the effects of altered lignin structures on various lignocellulose properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this respect, transgenic plants containing engineered lignins represent a powerful model system to investigate the effects of altered lignin structures on various lignocellulose properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, eudicot model plants, such as Arabidopsis, poplar and alfalfa, have been used to study these effects in eudicot biomass.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, eudicot model plants, such as Arabidopsis, poplar and alfalfa, have been used to study these effects in eudicot biomass [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]" ] }, { "text": "However, few efforts have been made to systematically investigate the effects of lignin structures on lignocellulose utilization properties in grasses despite their importance as biomass feedstocks, possibly due to the limited transgenic materials with altered lignin structures available in grasses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, few efforts have been made to systematically investigate the effects of lignin structures on lignocellulose utilization properties in grasses despite their importance as biomass feedstocks, possibly due to the limited transgenic materials with altered lignin structures available in grasses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, as aforementioned, the structural organization of lignins in grasses substantially differs from those in eudicots and gymnosperm species, and therefore studies using appropriate grass model plants, such as rice, maize and Brachypodium, are essential to characterize the unique biosynthesis, structures and properties of grass lignins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, as aforementioned, the structural organization of lignins in grasses substantially differs from those in eudicots and gymnosperm species, and therefore studies using appropriate grass model plants, such as rice, maize and Brachypodium, are essential to characterize the unique biosynthesis, structures and properties of grass lignins [3, 4, [24] [25] [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4, [24] [25] [26]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In this information society, students need to take responsibility for their own learning, and to be aware of how to do so.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this information society, students need to take responsibility for their own learning, and to be aware of how to do so.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our age, how individuals learn is more important than what they learn and students are expected to be able to learn to learn.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our age, how individuals learn is more important than what they learn and students are expected to be able to learn to learn (Ozden, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ozden, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "If students do so, they can plan, organize and evaluate the results of their learning, and perform better without someone' teaching them throughout their lives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If students do so, they can plan, organize and evaluate the results of their learning, and perform better without someone' teaching them throughout their lives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Individuals' learning to learn can determine their learning needs, objectives, learning methods, techniques and materials and evaluate their learning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Individuals' learning to learn can determine their learning needs, objectives, learning methods, techniques and materials and evaluate their learning (Savin-Baden & Major, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Savin-Baden & Major, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Learning to learn requires development of individuals' metacognition skills and using these skills effectively and efficiently.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Learning to learn requires development of individuals' metacognition skills and using these skills effectively and efficiently (Hoskins & Fredriksson, 2008; Taylor, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hoskins & Fredriksson, 2008; Taylor, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "In this context, learning to learn is related to metacognition and this process begins with the development of metacognition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, learning to learn is related to metacognition and this process begins with the development of metacognition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The presentation of this paper will be organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presentation of this paper will be organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 2 the dq0 domain model of two main components of a power system, synchronous machine and lumped coupled balanced three-phase element, will be presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 2 the dq0 domain model of two main components of a power system, synchronous machine and lumped coupled balanced three-phase element, will be presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Justification of the models, which is based on the Park's transformation theory, is well established.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Justification of the models, which is based on the Park's transformation theory, is well established [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "The lumped coupled three phase element may represent the components of the network in general.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lumped coupled three phase element may represent the components of the network in general.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, element of distributed parameter is not covered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, element of distributed parameter is not covered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 3 contains the description of the implementation of the new EMTP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 3 contains the description of the implementation of the new EMTP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The numerical simulation and discussions can be seen in Section 4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The numerical simulation and discussions can be seen in Section 4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The paper conclusion is found in Section 5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper conclusion is found in Section 5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The recognition of the described risks of the individual patient associated with complex drug therapies has led to the development of a conceptual framework for an advanced pharmacy practice philosophy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The recognition of the described risks of the individual patient associated with complex drug therapies has led to the development of a conceptual framework for an advanced pharmacy practice philosophy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The concept of pharmaceutical care was introduced as a further development of the pharmaceutical profession gaining acceptance in Europe and worldwide.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The concept of pharmaceutical care was introduced as a further development of the pharmaceutical profession gaining acceptance in Europe and worldwide [48, 49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49", "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48, 49]" ] }, { "text": "The American Society of Health System Pharmacists set up guidelines for standardised pharmaceutical care to ensure that pharmacists practicing pharmaceutical care work to the same standard.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The American Society of Health System Pharmacists set up guidelines for standardised pharmaceutical care to ensure that pharmacists practicing pharmaceutical care work to the same standard [50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "From the above, it can be seen that the research on the determination of mechanical models and parameters of grouting broken rock mass is still in the initial stage and it is difficult to determine the parameters quantitatively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From the above, it can be seen that the research on the determination of mechanical models and parameters of grouting broken rock mass is still in the initial stage and it is difficult to determine the parameters quantitatively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main obstacle lies in the heterogeneity of broken rock mass and the complexity of fracture structure (ISRM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main obstacle lies in the heterogeneity of broken rock mass and the complexity of fracture structure (ISRM [11] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "For the support design of underground engineering, slope engineering, and foundation pits in broken rock mass, the unpredictability of the mechanics parameters of the postgrouting broken rock mass makes the design and numerical analysis result in great errors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the support design of underground engineering, slope engineering, and foundation pits in broken rock mass, the unpredictability of the mechanics parameters of the postgrouting broken rock mass makes the design and numerical analysis result in great errors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Mindfulness training is often promoted as a well-being enhancing strategy, though a recent systematic review concluded that the strongest effects of school-based mindfulness programmes are on cognitive performance, with emotion and resilience improvements showing only moderate change overall.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mindfulness training is often promoted as a well-being enhancing strategy, though a recent systematic review concluded that the strongest effects of school-based mindfulness programmes are on cognitive performance, with emotion and resilience improvements showing only moderate change overall [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "This might result from the nature of introductory mindfulness programmes in schools, where the overt emphasis is on attention and awareness training through focussed meditation, and there is, understandably, less emotional and experiential group reflection (enquiry) than in adult courses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This might result from the nature of introductory mindfulness programmes in schools, where the overt emphasis is on attention and awareness training through focussed meditation, and there is, understandably, less emotional and experiential group reflection (enquiry) than in adult courses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, recent considerations surrounding the mechanisms of mindfulness-based changes suggest that improvements in emotion processing are the result of enhanced attention processing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, recent considerations surrounding the mechanisms of mindfulness-based changes suggest that improvements in emotion processing are the result of enhanced attention processing [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "This has also been demonstrated experimentally, where mindful attention moderated the relationship between depressive affect and negative cognitions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This has also been demonstrated experimentally, where mindful attention moderated the relationship between depressive affect and negative cognitions [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it seems important to investigate how mindfulness practice improves attention in young people, given that this mechanism might have primary (attention) and secondary (emotion processing) outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it seems important to investigate how mindfulness practice improves attention in young people, given that this mechanism might have primary (attention) and secondary (emotion processing) outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible that the changes in affective processing induced by school-based programmes only become evident after continued mindfulness practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible that the changes in affective processing induced by school-based programmes only become evident after continued mindfulness practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Finally, our results indicated that although attention task performance did not change between groups, a significant correlation was found in the training group between self-reported enjoyment of the programme and changes in target response accuracy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, our results indicated that although attention task performance did not change between groups, a significant correlation was found in the training group between self-reported enjoyment of the programme and changes in target response accuracy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "No such correlations were found with home practice or class attendance, which have previously been associated with benefits to student well-being.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "No such correlations were found with home practice or class attendance, which have previously been associated with benefits to student well-being [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "This new link suggests that it might not necessarily be the frequency of mindfulness practice that brings about attention change in adolescents, but the quality of the engagement with practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This new link suggests that it might not necessarily be the frequency of mindfulness practice that brings about attention change in adolescents, but the quality of the engagement with practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This finding could have strong implications for the design of developmentally adapted courses, highlighting the need to ensure that programme delivery is relevant and engaging for students, not merely longer or more frequently administered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding could have strong implications for the design of developmentally adapted courses, highlighting the need to ensure that programme delivery is relevant and engaging for students, not merely longer or more frequently administered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More qualitative research to investigate this would be insightful, to gain recommendations on how programme enjoyment can be maximised in schools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More qualitative research to investigate this would be insightful, to gain recommendations on how programme enjoyment can be maximised in schools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The reference solution used to evaluate the proposed method is based on the Honeywell HG1700 AG11 highend tactical-grade IMU.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reference solution used to evaluate the proposed method is based on the Honeywell HG1700 AG11 highend tactical-grade IMU.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This IMU was integrated with the NovAtel GPS receiver using an off-the-shelf assembly, the G2 Pro-Pack SPAN unit, also developed by NovAtel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This IMU was integrated with the NovAtel GPS receiver using an off-the-shelf assembly, the G2 Pro-Pack SPAN unit, also developed by NovAtel [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42]" ] }, { "text": "This integrated system provides a tightly coupled RISS/GPS navigation solution, which was used as the reference for comparisons of the proposed methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This integrated system provides a tightly coupled RISS/GPS navigation solution, which was used as the reference for comparisons of the proposed methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The forward speed (odometer data) was gathered from the vehicle's built in sensors and collected by the On-Board Diagnostics version II (OBD II) interface using a device called CarChip.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The forward speed (odometer data) was gathered from the vehicle's built in sensors and collected by the On-Board Diagnostics version II (OBD II) interface using a device called CarChip [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43]" ] }, { "text": "The setup inside the road test vehicle is shown in Figure 15 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The setup inside the road test vehicle is shown in Figure 15 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It may be noted that GPS used for the system is of higher quality; however, the focus of the paper was not to see the performance of the algorithm during inaccurate readings of GPS but the ability of the algorithm to bridge the complete GPS outages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It may be noted that GPS used for the system is of higher quality; however, the focus of the paper was not to see the performance of the algorithm during inaccurate readings of GPS but the ability of the algorithm to bridge the complete GPS outages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the outages were simulated, the quality of GPS is not a main factor to consider here, especially when the outages simulate total blockage of the GPS signals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the outages were simulated, the quality of GPS is not a main factor to consider here, especially when the outages simulate total blockage of the GPS signals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Integrating INS with GPS has several advantages because they possess complementary error characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Integrating INS with GPS has several advantages because they possess complementary error characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GPS bounds the INS drift in the long run whereas INS fills the GPS data gaps during GPS signal interruption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "GPS bounds the INS drift in the long run whereas INS fills the GPS data gaps during GPS signal interruption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The traditional method of INS/GPS integration is Kalman filtering (KF) which can be implemented in a loosely coupled or a tightly coupled manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The traditional method of INS/GPS integration is Kalman filtering (KF) which can be implemented in a loosely coupled or a tightly coupled manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The loosely coupled scheme of integration requires at least four satellites for GPS measurement update whereas tightly coupled integration can benefit from GPS even when only one satellite is available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The loosely coupled scheme of integration requires at least four satellites for GPS measurement update whereas tightly coupled integration can benefit from GPS even when only one satellite is available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, tightly coupled approach is much more complex to implement and hardly any superior when more than three satellites are visible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, tightly coupled approach is much more complex to implement and hardly any superior when more than three satellites are visible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the aforementioned approaches can be implemented in open-and closed-loop fashion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the aforementioned approaches can be implemented in open-and closed-loop fashion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Openloop filters do not use feedback; the input data does not use corrections whereas closed-loop filters use the previous corrections to minimize the approximation errors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Openloop filters do not use feedback; the input data does not use corrections whereas closed-loop filters use the previous corrections to minimize the approximation errors [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Map matching (MM) is the process of utilizing a digital road network map database to improve the predicted position errors during integration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Map matching (MM) is the process of utilizing a digital road network map database to improve the predicted position errors during integration [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25] [26] [27] [28] [29]" ] }, { "text": "Motivated by the simplicity and drawbacks of KF, this research will focus on reducing the KF integration errors by utilizing MM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Motivated by the simplicity and drawbacks of KF, this research will focus on reducing the KF integration errors by utilizing MM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The goal of MM is to match the estimated location with the road network map.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The goal of MM is to match the estimated location with the road network map [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 1 gives a good representation of the MM approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 gives a good representation of the MM approach [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "The left diagram displays the person's actual location on the actual streets whereas the right diagram displays the set of estimated arcs (digital road networks) with the estimated location and the MM location.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The left diagram displays the person's actual location on the actual streets whereas the right diagram displays the set of estimated arcs (digital road networks) with the estimated location and the MM location.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This example uses a piecewise linear solution to estimate the arcs in the roads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This example uses a piecewise linear solution to estimate the arcs in the roads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In the literature, relatively very few detailed study of detonation limits for hydrogen mixtures had been made.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the literature, relatively very few detailed study of detonation limits for hydrogen mixtures had been made.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, new experiments were performed to observe the detonation velocity deficit and limits for hydrogen mixtures in small tubes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, new experiments were performed to observe the detonation velocity deficit and limits for hydrogen mixtures in small tubes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three small diameter round tubes were used to ensure propagation of detonation wave over long distances ranging from 275 to 1667 tube diameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three small diameter round tubes were used to ensure propagation of detonation wave over long distances ranging from 275 to 1667 tube diameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Detonation velocities were measured by ionization probes located along the small tube.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Detonation velocities were measured by ionization probes located along the small tube.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two types of mixtures including the \"stable\" (2H2+O2+3Ar) and \"unstable\" (2H2+O2) mixtures were tested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two types of mixtures including the \"stable\" (2H2+O2+3Ar) and \"unstable\" (2H2+O2) mixtures were tested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a stable mixture highly diluted with argon, the detonation wave generally has a very regular cellular structure; whereas for unstable mixtures, the detonation front is characterized by an irregular cellular pattern.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For a stable mixture highly diluted with argon, the detonation wave generally has a very regular cellular structure; whereas for unstable mixtures, the detonation front is characterized by an irregular cellular pattern [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "The experimentally measured velocity deficit is also compared with the theoretical prediction using the Fay model, which is essentially based on the loss due to the flow divergence caused by the effect of negative displacement thickness of the wall boundary layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experimentally measured velocity deficit is also compared with the theoretical prediction using the Fay model, which is essentially based on the loss due to the flow divergence caused by the effect of negative displacement thickness of the wall boundary layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using the present results, this study further establishes the applicability of the onset of single-headed spin or the λ/3 rule as a criterion to be defined for detonation limits for hydrogen mixtures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Using the present results, this study further establishes the applicability of the onset of single-headed spin or the λ/3 rule as a criterion to be defined for detonation limits for hydrogen mixtures [18] [19] [20] [27] [28] [29] [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20] [27] [28] [29] [30]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Wine grapes are one of the most extensively cultivated crops in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wine grapes are one of the most extensively cultivated crops in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a high-value crop and any investments in crop management and harvest practices can lead to improvements in the quality of the end-product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a high-value crop and any investments in crop management and harvest practices can lead to improvements in the quality of the end-product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Growers strive to harvest batches of berries that have uniform characteristics of flavor and color because it is favorable for producing the best quality, and thus economically more valuable, wines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Growers strive to harvest batches of berries that have uniform characteristics of flavor and color because it is favorable for producing the best quality, and thus economically more valuable, wines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is well known that environmental differences within the vineyard influence the vine development that imparts within-field variations on grape characteristics and crop yields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is well known that environmental differences within the vineyard influence the vine development that imparts within-field variations on grape characteristics and crop yields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To obtain the desirable uniformity at harvest, the grower might define sub-units of the vineyard that correspond to areas of uniform characteristics of the berries and treat them as separate management units for cultivation and harvest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To obtain the desirable uniformity at harvest, the grower might define sub-units of the vineyard that correspond to areas of uniform characteristics of the berries and treat them as separate management units for cultivation and harvest (Proffit et al. 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Proffit et al. 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Everyday living, including reproduction, work and leisure, or liveability and livelihoods, is supported by an array of services provided by a complex local infrastructure nexus (Amin and Thrift, 2017: 9) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Everyday living, including reproduction, work and leisure, or liveability and livelihoods, is supported by an array of services provided by a complex local infrastructure nexus (Amin and Thrift, 2017: 9) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This includes the provision of water, power and waste services, parks and libraries and access to infrastructures enabling connectivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This includes the provision of water, power and waste services, parks and libraries and access to infrastructures enabling connectivity (Barratt and Whitelaw, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barratt and Whitelaw, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Infrastructure provides a service, for example warmth, but also a commodity, energy that may be provided by the public or private sectors and may be converted in to an investment asset.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Infrastructure provides a service, for example warmth, but also a commodity, energy that may be provided by the public or private sectors and may be converted in to an investment asset (Torrance, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Torrance, 2009)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Local infrastructure plays an important role in facilitating everyday living.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Local infrastructure plays an important role in facilitating everyday living.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Initially, such infrastructure was provided by local people to meet local needs, and subsequently was provided by the local state and more recently by the private sector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Initially, such infrastructure was provided by local people to meet local needs, and subsequently was provided by the local state and more recently by the private sector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These different modes of local infrastructure provision reflect time-and place-based conventions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These different modes of local infrastructure provision reflect time-and place-based conventions (Bryson et al., 2017a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bryson et al., 2017a)" ] }, { "text": "In the UK, most local infrastructure is provided by the public and private sectors, with some provision by the third sector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the UK, most local infrastructure is provided by the public and private sectors, with some provision by the third sector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In most localities, infrastructure exists that reflects previous modes of provision as well as combinations of provision by the public, third and private sectors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In most localities, infrastructure exists that reflects previous modes of provision as well as combinations of provision by the public, third and private sectors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Local infrastructure is not ubiquitous and there are gaps in provision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Local infrastructure is not ubiquitous and there are gaps in provision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These gaps reflect difficulties in extending the geographic reach of some infrastructure services resulting in placebased infrastructure exclusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These gaps reflect difficulties in extending the geographic reach of some infrastructure services resulting in placebased infrastructure exclusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These gaps provide opportunities for the development, by groups of local individuals, of ASBMs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These gaps provide opportunities for the development, by groups of local individuals, of ASBMs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is not a conventional paper about alterity or business models, but rather a paper that explores business models through the lens of alterity and the on-going debate on the financialization of infrastructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not a conventional paper about alterity or business models, but rather a paper that explores business models through the lens of alterity and the on-going debate on the financialization of infrastructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These are very different debates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These are very different debates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The financialization debate is about institutional investors and the creation of infrastructure assets focussing on national infrastructure and major capital works.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The financialization debate is about institutional investors and the creation of infrastructure assets focussing on national infrastructure and major capital works (O'Neill, 2018) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(O'Neill, 2018)" ] }, { "text": "This focus on funding and financing shifts the analysis away from the services that are provided by infrastructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This focus on funding and financing shifts the analysis away from the services that are provided by infrastructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Developing a dialogue between the debates on infrastructure, alterity and business models returns the focus of the debate to a discussion about service provision combined with the development and operation of conventional (financialized/public sector) and alternative modes of infrastructure provision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Developing a dialogue between the debates on infrastructure, alterity and business models returns the focus of the debate to a discussion about service provision combined with the development and operation of conventional (financialized/public sector) and alternative modes of infrastructure provision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, O'Neill's recent review of the debate on infrastructure capital projects notes that \"central to our understanding of the delivery of urban infrastructure is the role of the state in infrastructure commissioning, financing and operations\" (2018: 345).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, O'Neill's recent review of the debate on infrastructure capital projects notes that \"central to our understanding of the delivery of urban infrastructure is the role of the state in infrastructure commissioning, financing and operations\" (2018: 345).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We agree, but also disagree.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We agree, but also disagree.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difficulty is that the sole focus of this debate is on infrastructure that can be converted in to a financial asset, but this raises the question of private-and public-sector failure and the existence of gaps in infrastructure provision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difficulty is that the sole focus of this debate is on infrastructure that can be converted in to a financial asset, but this raises the question of private-and public-sector failure and the existence of gaps in infrastructure provision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Understanding the nature of these gaps and the development of ASBMs to ensure local access to infrastructure services is an important omission in the longstanding debate on the construction and financialization of infrastructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding the nature of these gaps and the development of ASBMs to ensure local access to infrastructure services is an important omission in the longstanding debate on the construction and financialization of infrastructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "This conclusion allows us to perform a parametric analysis on the average values of convective heat transfer coefficient, based on results of 3D CFD simulations characterized by an average wind direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This conclusion allows us to perform a parametric analysis on the average values of convective heat transfer coefficient, based on results of 3D CFD simulations characterized by an average wind direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering an ambient wind direction of +45°, several simulations have been performed on an isolated street canyon (H/W = 1) subject to different wind intensities and thermal fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering an ambient wind direction of +45°, several simulations have been performed on an isolated street canyon (H/W = 1) subject to different wind intensities and thermal fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have divided our canyon in three zones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have divided our canyon in three zones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The northern zone of the input air flow, a central zone and a south zone of the air flow exit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The northern zone of the input air flow, a central zone and a south zone of the air flow exit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We made three lines on the first node near the windward walls and leeward representative of these three areas and we found the average value of the CHTC in all these nodes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We made three lines on the first node near the windward walls and leeward representative of these three areas and we found the average value of the CHTC in all these nodes [2, 3, [31] [32] [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3, [31] [32] [33]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "This work is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This work is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 2 we provide a lightning review of the basic correspondence between on-shell functions and Grassmannian geometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 2 we provide a lightning review of the basic correspondence between on-shell functions and Grassmannian geometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We describe the map between on-shell diagrams and on-shell varieties and the basic operations from which each can be built.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We describe the map between on-shell diagrams and on-shell varieties and the basic operations from which each can be built.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There exist two known equivalence transformations among on-shell diagrams that leave their on-shell functions and the corresponding on-shell varieties unchanged; these are cluster mutations for the variety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There exist two known equivalence transformations among on-shell diagrams that leave their on-shell functions and the corresponding on-shell varieties unchanged; these are cluster mutations for the variety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All diagrams related to a planar (positroid) on-shell variety are related by these transformations alone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All diagrams related to a planar (positroid) on-shell variety are related by these transformations alone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Is this true for non-planar varieties?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Is this true for non-planar varieties?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We find that this continues to be true for at least G.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We find that this continues to be true for at least G (3, 6) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(3, 6)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Ring type patches of various shapes have been studied in various contexts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ring type patches of various shapes have been studied in various contexts [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "If higher order modes are excited, these provide better bandwidth and higher radiation resistance than similar sized regular patch antennas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If higher order modes are excited, these provide better bandwidth and higher radiation resistance than similar sized regular patch antennas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The size of the resonant ring is substantially smaller than that of the corresponding rectangular patch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The size of the resonant ring is substantially smaller than that of the corresponding rectangular patch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the primary mode, the mean circumference of the ring equals the guided wavelength of the microstrip line.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the primary mode, the mean circumference of the ring equals the guided wavelength of the microstrip line.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ring antennas are usually excited with a capacitive strip or a patch or ring in another layer in a stacked configuration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ring antennas are usually excited with a capacitive strip or a patch or ring in another layer in a stacked configuration [1, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 13]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "During the last decade wireless communication industries grew rapidly, influenced by improvements in RF circuit fabrications, large scale circuit integration and other miniaturization technologies, which made wireless devices inexpensive and more reliable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the last decade wireless communication industries grew rapidly, influenced by improvements in RF circuit fabrications, large scale circuit integration and other miniaturization technologies, which made wireless devices inexpensive and more reliable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Miniaturized microstrip antennas played an important role in improving the performance and reducing the overall size of wireless devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Miniaturized microstrip antennas played an important role in improving the performance and reducing the overall size of wireless devices [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In an effort towards multi-functional wireless terminals, several designs of microstrip dualband, multiband and wideband antennas with same and orthogonal polarizations have been reported recently.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In an effort towards multi-functional wireless terminals, several designs of microstrip dualband, multiband and wideband antennas with same and orthogonal polarizations have been reported recently [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "Multi-band antennas with a single radiator are desirable in most applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multi-band antennas with a single radiator are desirable in most applications [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The sequence number attack (such as grayhole attack or blackhole attack) is a type of DoS attack where the attacker's intention is to prohibit the benign node from receiving the data packets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sequence number attack (such as grayhole attack or blackhole attack) is a type of DoS attack where the attacker's intention is to prohibit the benign node from receiving the data packets [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The sequence number attacks cause packet forwarding misbehaviors during data transmission with the sole intention to degrade the network performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sequence number attacks cause packet forwarding misbehaviors during data transmission with the sole intention to degrade the network performance [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "In the initial phase, the adversary node first attempts to become the part of the route.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the initial phase, the adversary node first attempts to become the part of the route.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To accomplish this task, the adversary sends a fabricated route reply packet (RREP) claiming that it has fresher route towards the destination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To accomplish this task, the adversary sends a fabricated route reply packet (RREP) claiming that it has fresher route towards the destination [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "The adversary node does this by sending an RREP packet with a fabricated destination sequence number which indicates a high level of freshness of the route.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The adversary node does this by sending an RREP packet with a fabricated destination sequence number which indicates a high level of freshness of the route.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the source node gets the impression that the node sending RREP (the adversary node) has a fresher route towards the destination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the source node gets the impression that the node sending RREP (the adversary node) has a fresher route towards the destination [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the adversary node, after entering in the route between the source and the destination starts packet dropping behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the adversary node, after entering in the route between the source and the destination starts packet dropping behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The Global Innovation Index (GII) score for Iran was 28.41 in 2011 and has increased to 30.52 in 2016, while that for human capital and research for Iran was 32.2 in 2011 and has increased to 39.5 in 2016.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Global Innovation Index (GII) score for Iran was 28.41 in 2011 and has increased to 30.52 in 2016, while that for human capital and research for Iran was 32.2 in 2011 and has increased to 39.5 in 2016.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other countries of the MENA region such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates have recognized the main role of knowledge in economic growth and heavily invested in the four knowledgebased economy pillars.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other countries of the MENA region such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates have recognized the main role of knowledge in economic growth and heavily invested in the four knowledgebased economy pillars (WIPO 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF82" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(WIPO 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Future economic growth in the MENA countries, as in other regions such as OECD, will depend on knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future economic growth in the MENA countries, as in other regions such as OECD, will depend on knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region that includes countries with a common heritage, at various stages of economic development and with vastly different endowments of natural resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is an economically diverse region that includes countries with a common heritage, at various stages of economic development and with vastly different endowments of natural resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite undertaking economic reforms in many of countries in this region, the region's economic performance is below its full potential.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite undertaking economic reforms in many of countries in this region, the region's economic performance is below its full potential (Abed and Davoodi 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Abed and Davoodi 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Since World War II, economic growth in the MENA region has mainly been driven by the exploitation and exportation of natural resources, especially oil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since World War II, economic growth in the MENA region has mainly been driven by the exploitation and exportation of natural resources, especially oil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The boom in oil prices lead MENA countries to enjoy a high economic growth rate in the 1970s and 1980s, and the countries in this region invested heavily in ambitious development projects, education, ICT, and public health.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The boom in oil prices lead MENA countries to enjoy a high economic growth rate in the 1970s and 1980s, and the countries in this region invested heavily in ambitious development projects, education, ICT, and public health (World Bank 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF85" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(World Bank 2016)" ] }, { "text": "In recent years, MENA countries have heavily invested in the knowledge economy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, MENA countries have heavily invested in the knowledge economy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "When noise is added to the data, the MES is clearly unstable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When noise is added to the data, the MES is clearly unstable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several issues arise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several issues arise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Data with small noise may not satisfy the constraint qualification (4).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Data with small noise may not satisfy the constraint qualification (4)- (5) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(5)" ] }, { "text": "In these cases, only a limited number of the available data do satisfy the constraint qualification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these cases, only a limited number of the available data do satisfy the constraint qualification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We are then forced to modify the original noisy data if we want to apply the mehtod with all of the available data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We are then forced to modify the original noisy data if we want to apply the mehtod with all of the available data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We accomplish this by projecting the data onto the open polyhedral described by the constraint qualification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We accomplish this by projecting the data onto the open polyhedral described by the constraint qualification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As an interesting consequence, we observe that this projection may reduce the noise of the data, which suggests that this strategy may be used advantageously as a preliminary step at any application which extracts information from option prices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an interesting consequence, we observe that this projection may reduce the noise of the data, which suggests that this strategy may be used advantageously as a preliminary step at any application which extracts information from option prices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, even when using the projected noisy data and judiciously applying a stopping rule, the resulting probability distributions are far from the true distributions; see figures 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, even when using the projected noisy data and judiciously applying a stopping rule, the resulting probability distributions are far from the true distributions; see figures 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The treatment of tumours with chemotherapy leads to severe side effects due to the systemic distribution of the anti-cancer drug and the resulting damage to healthy tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The treatment of tumours with chemotherapy leads to severe side effects due to the systemic distribution of the anti-cancer drug and the resulting damage to healthy tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To deliver the therapeutic agent specifically to a desired area, so called drug delivery systems consisting of polymeric drug carriers are a promising approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To deliver the therapeutic agent specifically to a desired area, so called drug delivery systems consisting of polymeric drug carriers are a promising approach [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Often, microspheres (MS) in the size range from 1 to 5 µm are used as such carriers whereby natural polymers (e.g. proteins or polysaccharides) or synthetic ones (e.g. poly(ethylene glycol)) can be used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Often, microspheres (MS) in the size range from 1 to 5 µm are used as such carriers whereby natural polymers (e.g. proteins or polysaccharides) or synthetic ones (e.g. poly(ethylene glycol)) can be used [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "A very commonly used synthetic polymer is poly(lactide-co-glycolide) because of its biodegradability and FDA approval.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A very commonly used synthetic polymer is poly(lactide-co-glycolide) because of its biodegradability and FDA approval [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "To guide the drug carriers to their target area inside the human body, embedding magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) into the MS is an advantageous tool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To guide the drug carriers to their target area inside the human body, embedding magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) into the MS is an advantageous tool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By applying an external field, they can be moved inside the body while their current position can be determined by imaging via MPI or MRI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By applying an external field, they can be moved inside the body while their current position can be determined by imaging via MPI or MRI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, MNP can generate heat by magnetic hyperthermia when they are exposed to an alternating magnetic field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, MNP can generate heat by magnetic hyperthermia when they are exposed to an alternating magnetic field [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Since drugs are released out of the polymeric matrix by either degradation or diffusion, an increase in temperature can accelerate this process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since drugs are released out of the polymeric matrix by either degradation or diffusion, an increase in temperature can accelerate this process [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Those additional features can't be offered by other targeting strategies like antibody targeting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Those additional features can't be offered by other targeting strategies like antibody targeting [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "It is not clear why some findings were not apparent across all three programmes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not clear why some findings were not apparent across all three programmes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the association between knowing someone with cancer and reading the leaflet could have been hypothesised for the Breast Screening Programme.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the association between knowing someone with cancer and reading the leaflet could have been hypothesised for the Breast Screening Programme [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] }, { "text": "However, the criteria for eligibility of the three programmes meant that samples were highly dissimilar in terms of age and gender.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the criteria for eligibility of the three programmes meant that samples were highly dissimilar in terms of age and gender.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The three programmes also differ substantially in terms of e.g. how wellestablished they are and the nature of the target disease, with implications for prior knowledge and risk perceptions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The three programmes also differ substantially in terms of e.g. how wellestablished they are and the nature of the target disease, with implications for prior knowledge and risk perceptions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The extra flexibility enabled with intake and exhaust camphasers increases the overall system complexity by introducing more degrees of freedom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extra flexibility enabled with intake and exhaust camphasers increases the overall system complexity by introducing more degrees of freedom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For any arbitrary operating point, the set-points of intake and exhaust cam-phasers need to be defined during calibration development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For any arbitrary operating point, the set-points of intake and exhaust cam-phasers need to be defined during calibration development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This creates a challenge for the traditional calibration approach relying on experimentation in the dynamometer test-cell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This creates a challenge for the traditional calibration approach relying on experimentation in the dynamometer test-cell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increase in the number of independent variables leads to an exponential increase of the number of tests required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increase in the number of independent variables leads to an exponential increase of the number of tests required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This easily becomes unmanageable and prohibitive in terms of cost and development time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This easily becomes unmanageable and prohibitive in terms of cost and development time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Novel approaches are needed for addressing the problem of set-point calibration in high degree-offreedom (DOF) engines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Novel approaches are needed for addressing the problem of set-point calibration in high degree-offreedom (DOF) engines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, attempts have been made to reduce the effort and address cam-phasing optimization using computer simulations and design-of-experiments approaches.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, attempts have been made to reduce the effort and address cam-phasing optimization using computer simulations and design-of-experiments approaches [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "However, these approaches are suitable only for systems with a moderate increase of DOF.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these approaches are suitable only for systems with a moderate increase of DOF.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This work presents development of a comprehensive methodology utilizing advanced modeling techniques and an optimization framework to determine the best combination of actuator set-points for a given objective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This work presents development of a comprehensive methodology utilizing advanced modeling techniques and an optimization framework to determine the best combination of actuator set-points for a given objective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Relying on predictive models and multi-variable optimization makes the methodology generic, as it allows handling any number of independent variables within reasonable limits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Relying on predictive models and multi-variable optimization makes the methodology generic, as it allows handling any number of independent variables within reasonable limits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The methodology is demonstrated through a case study of an SI engine with two additional DOF enabled by dual-independent cam phasing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The methodology is demonstrated through a case study of an SI engine with two additional DOF enabled by dual-independent cam phasing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Cotton commonly known as \"white gold\" is an important cash crop for Pakistan and normally cultivated in agriculture plains of Punjab and Sindh.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cotton commonly known as \"white gold\" is an important cash crop for Pakistan and normally cultivated in agriculture plains of Punjab and Sindh.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It contributes 8.2 percent of the value-added share in national agricultural and about 3.2% to GDP; around two third of the country's export earnings come from the cotton made-up and textile which adds over $2.5 billion to the national economy; while hundreds of ginning factories and textile mills in the country heavily depends upon cotton.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It contributes 8.2 percent of the value-added share in national agricultural and about 3.2% to GDP; around two third of the country's export earnings come from the cotton made-up and textile which adds over $2.5 billion to the national economy; while hundreds of ginning factories and textile mills in the country heavily depends upon cotton (Ijaz, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ijaz, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Primarily millions of farmers are dependent on this crop, in addition to millions of people employed along the entire cotton value chain from weaving to textile and garment exports.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Primarily millions of farmers are dependent on this crop, in addition to millions of people employed along the entire cotton value chain from weaving to textile and garment exports.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The area under the cultivation of cotton crop has been increased significantly in the last 30 years -around 7.85 million acres in 2005-06 as compared to 7.2 million acre in 2002 -03 (GOP, 2008 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The area under the cultivation of cotton crop has been increased significantly in the last 30 years -around 7.85 million acres in 2005-06 as compared to 7.2 million acre in 2002 -03 (GOP, 2008 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides being the world's fourth-largest cotton producer and the third largest exporter of raw cotton and a leading exporter of yarn in the world our yield per acre ranks 13th in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides being the world's fourth-largest cotton producer and the third largest exporter of raw cotton and a leading exporter of yarn in the world our yield per acre ranks 13th in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the year, 2015 crop production in the country declined 33% with a decrease of 44% in the largest cotton producing province Punjab alone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the year, 2015 crop production in the country declined 33% with a decrease of 44% in the largest cotton producing province Punjab alone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason behind decline is climate change; including heavy rains, pest attacks and harsh weather across the cotton growing areas are to blame for the slump in production, due to which the crop in most areas of southern Punjab was badly damaged.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason behind decline is climate change; including heavy rains, pest attacks and harsh weather across the cotton growing areas are to blame for the slump in production, due to which the crop in most areas of southern Punjab was badly damaged (Muhammad, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Muhammad, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "As a result, Pakistan imports cotton to meet growing demand from local textile mills; therefore, it has become vital for Pakistan to increase its yield potential.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, Pakistan imports cotton to meet growing demand from local textile mills; therefore, it has become vital for Pakistan to increase its yield potential.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In general, the life of a ML is directly associated with its moisture from the outer soil, because it assumes that the moisture inside the ML should represent that found in the soil outside.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the life of a ML is directly associated with its moisture from the outer soil, because it assumes that the moisture inside the ML should represent that found in the soil outside (EVETT et al., 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(EVETT et al., 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the lifetime is mainly determined by the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil, by the depth of the ML and the behavior of the atmospheric demand.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the lifetime is mainly determined by the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil, by the depth of the ML and the behavior of the atmospheric demand (DAAMEN et al., 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(DAAMEN et al., 1993)" ] }, { "text": "First, the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil determine its ability to retain water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil determine its ability to retain water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This, when combined with depth of the used ML, is the available water capacity in the soil within the ML.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This, when combined with depth of the used ML, is the available water capacity in the soil within the ML.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The available water capacity is greater, the greater the capacity to retain water in the soil and the greater the depth of the ML.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The available water capacity is greater, the greater the capacity to retain water in the soil and the greater the depth of the ML.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this condition the lifetime of ML should be higher.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this condition the lifetime of ML should be higher.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another important factor is the initial moisture content at the time of installation of the ML.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another important factor is the initial moisture content at the time of installation of the ML.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is expected that the lifetime of a ML should be much lower, the lower the initial moisture content, because the amount of available water to be evaporated should be small.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is expected that the lifetime of a ML should be much lower, the lower the initial moisture content, because the amount of available water to be evaporated should be small.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, with respect to atmospheric demand in periods of cloudy weather, when the demand is lower, evaporation rates should be low and therefore the lifetime of a given ML will be higher, because the available water to be evaporated in ML is reduced gradually.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, with respect to atmospheric demand in periods of cloudy weather, when the demand is lower, evaporation rates should be low and therefore the lifetime of a given ML will be higher, because the available water to be evaporated in ML is reduced gradually.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, in a typical clear sky day, when demand tends to be higher, evaporation rates should be high, making the water available in the ML to be reduced sharply, which should reduce its useful life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, in a typical clear sky day, when demand tends to be higher, evaporation rates should be high, making the water available in the ML to be reduced sharply, which should reduce its useful life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Energy storage is a large and fast growing market with applications in electrical vehicles, homes, industrial and commercial buildings, as well as in electronic devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy storage is a large and fast growing market with applications in electrical vehicles, homes, industrial and commercial buildings, as well as in electronic devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the most pressing industrial tasks is the amendment of intermittent energy sources, such as solar cells and wind turbines, by effective storage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the most pressing industrial tasks is the amendment of intermittent energy sources, such as solar cells and wind turbines, by effective storage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To achieve such ambitious goal, a broad collaboration between various scientific communities is necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To achieve such ambitious goal, a broad collaboration between various scientific communities is necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only joint effort by the physicists underlying original principles of the operation, chemists developing advanced materials and structures, and electrical engineers constructing novel devices, would lead to ultimate success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only joint effort by the physicists underlying original principles of the operation, chemists developing advanced materials and structures, and electrical engineers constructing novel devices, would lead to ultimate success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a part of this process, Capacitor Sciences Inc. develops dielectric composite materials for storage cells based on capacitors, where the energy is stored electrostatically.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a part of this process, Capacitor Sciences Inc. develops dielectric composite materials for storage cells based on capacitors, where the energy is stored electrostatically [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Precise prediction of prognosis is important for patients as well as physicians to consider postoperative management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Precise prediction of prognosis is important for patients as well as physicians to consider postoperative management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the seventh American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) cancer staging manual, the staging system for ICC was separated from hepatocellular carcinoma.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the seventh American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) cancer staging manual, the staging system for ICC was separated from hepatocellular carcinoma [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In spite of the modification, the predictive accuracy of conventional AJCC staging system was found to be lower in Eastern population which was validated by Chinese nomogram (concordance index [C-index]: 0.65 vs. 0.74).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In spite of the modification, the predictive accuracy of conventional AJCC staging system was found to be lower in Eastern population which was validated by Chinese nomogram (concordance index [C-index]: 0.65 vs. 0.74) [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "However, the nomogram was established on the overall survival of patients, indicating that the nomogram could be influenced by a number of confounding factors rather than the recurrence of the tumor, rendering us to interpret that currently available nomograms are insufficient to accurately predict relapse of ICC after hepatic resection on the basis of the Eastern population.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the nomogram was established on the overall survival of patients, indicating that the nomogram could be influenced by a number of confounding factors rather than the recurrence of the tumor, rendering us to interpret that currently available nomograms are insufficient to accurately predict relapse of ICC after hepatic resection on the basis of the Eastern population.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we conducted our nomogram to speculate risk index to precisely predict the recurrence of ICC based on our single center experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we conducted our nomogram to speculate risk index to precisely predict the recurrence of ICC based on our single center experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Many fluxgate magnetometers have been previously used in space with sensitivities ranging from 10 −12 T / √ Hz to 10 −11 T / √ Hz.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many fluxgate magnetometers have been previously used in space with sensitivities ranging from 10 −12 T / √ Hz to 10 −11 T / √ Hz [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "They do not require any cryogenic environment, and fall into a medium range on the sensitivity scale compared to the SQUID-based magnetometers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They do not require any cryogenic environment, and fall into a medium range on the sensitivity scale compared to the SQUID-based magnetometers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past few years, fluxgate gradiometers have been proposed for space missions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past few years, fluxgate gradiometers have been proposed for space missions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The best performance reported to date is 9.3 × 10 −11 T/m in the band 0.01 Hz to 10 Hz.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The best performance reported to date is 9.3 × 10 −11 T/m in the band 0.01 Hz to 10 Hz [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The study of the quasi-normal modes has been a classical subject in black hole physics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of the quasi-normal modes has been a classical subject in black hole physics [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "They are called the \"sound\" of the black hole, characterizing the response of the black hole to various perturbations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are called the \"sound\" of the black hole, characterizing the response of the black hole to various perturbations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As usual, the perturbations of the black holes obey linearized equations of motion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As usual, the perturbations of the black holes obey linearized equations of motion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And the quasi-normal modes are defined as the perturbations subject to the physical boundary condition which states that near the horizon of the black hole the local solution is purely ingoing and at spatial infinity the solution is purely outgoing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And the quasi-normal modes are defined as the perturbations subject to the physical boundary condition which states that near the horizon of the black hole the local solution is purely ingoing and at spatial infinity the solution is purely outgoing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the frequencies of the perturbations are complex, indicating that the perturbations undergo damped oscillations, just as the ring of a bell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the frequencies of the perturbations are complex, indicating that the perturbations undergo damped oscillations, just as the ring of a bell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Besides, the present data provide evidence for a genetic similarity between the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean basin, thus supporting the occurrence of gene flow between the two areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, the present data provide evidence for a genetic similarity between the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean basin, thus supporting the occurrence of gene flow between the two areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With reference to the AMOVA, grouping the population according to their geographical location, 'Atlantic + Mediterranean' (table III) , and to the Structure results obtained from AFLP ( fig. 1 ) an absence of any genetic break between the Atlantic and Mediterranean is evident.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With reference to the AMOVA, grouping the population according to their geographical location, 'Atlantic + Mediterranean' (table III) , and to the Structure results obtained from AFLP ( fig. 1 ) an absence of any genetic break between the Atlantic and Mediterranean is evident.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the Bayesian analysis (table IV) and the Doh assignment test (table V) The area of transition from the eastern Atlantic to the western Mediterranean involves inflowing Atlantic water, which forms two almost permanent anticyclonic gyres from Almeria in Spain to Oran in Morocco (the Almeria-Oran Front, AOF).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the Bayesian analysis (table IV) and the Doh assignment test (table V) The area of transition from the eastern Atlantic to the western Mediterranean involves inflowing Atlantic water, which forms two almost permanent anticyclonic gyres from Almeria in Spain to Oran in Morocco (the Almeria-Oran Front, AOF).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This front has been considered a barrier to various species for displacements of larvae and adults.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This front has been considered a barrier to various species for displacements of larvae and adults (Patarnello et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Patarnello et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "However, the inflow of enriched superficial water and a down-welling process determine high levels of nutrients and concentrations of small organisms, which have made this area a favourable feeding and recruitment ground, and a larval retention area for some other species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the inflow of enriched superficial water and a down-welling process determine high levels of nutrients and concentrations of small organisms, which have made this area a favourable feeding and recruitment ground, and a larval retention area for some other species (Caddy, 1993; Sanchez-Vidal et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Caddy, 1993; Sanchez-Vidal et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "If the FORC technique is to become widely used, it is important for it to be thoroughly understood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the FORC technique is to become widely used, it is important for it to be thoroughly understood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper we use micromagnetic modeling for the ¢rst time to predict the theoretical FORC distributions of SD to small PSD grains, as well as arrays of SD particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we use micromagnetic modeling for the ¢rst time to predict the theoretical FORC distributions of SD to small PSD grains, as well as arrays of SD particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In sediments and igneous rocks, the magnetic properties are often controlled by magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) because of its frequent occurrence and because the magnetization of SD magnetite is stronger than that of other magnetic minerals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In sediments and igneous rocks, the magnetic properties are often controlled by magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) because of its frequent occurrence and because the magnetization of SD magnetite is stronger than that of other magnetic minerals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is why we model a magnetite-like mineral.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is why we model a magnetite-like mineral.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An independent study produced micromagnetic models of FORC diagrams, but for two-dimensional lattices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An independent study produced micromagnetic models of FORC diagrams, but for two-dimensional lattices [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "This is not relevant to rock magnetism but only to thin ¢lms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not relevant to rock magnetism but only to thin ¢lms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Magnetostatic interactions in SD assemblies strongly reduce the intensity of thermoremanent magnetization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Magnetostatic interactions in SD assemblies strongly reduce the intensity of thermoremanent magnetization [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Interaction among particles is another factor that leads to the failure of paleointensity experiments because the three Thellier laws of partial thermoremanent magnetization (reciprocity, independence and additivity) are violated in the presence of an interaction ¢eld.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interaction among particles is another factor that leads to the failure of paleointensity experiments because the three Thellier laws of partial thermoremanent magnetization (reciprocity, independence and additivity) are violated in the presence of an interaction ¢eld.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is important to be able to determine both the particle size and the magnetic interaction state in a natural assemblage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is important to be able to determine both the particle size and the magnetic interaction state in a natural assemblage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The particles we have modeled are stress-free and defect-free.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The particles we have modeled are stress-free and defect-free.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In real samples, the presence of defects is likely to cause stress ¢elds impeding rotation of SD moments, therefore increasing H c.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In real samples, the presence of defects is likely to cause stress ¢elds impeding rotation of SD moments, therefore increasing H c [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[41]" ] }, { "text": "The spacing limit between interacting and non-interacting systems may change as well, but the splitting of the peaks would still be observed for interacting arrays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The spacing limit between interacting and non-interacting systems may change as well, but the splitting of the peaks would still be observed for interacting arrays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "While external features of metacercarae can sometimes be observed through the cyst wall, as noted in Anolis sagrei (Fig. 3) , intermediate hosts often form a thick outer wall around the encysted parasite that masks external features.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While external features of metacercarae can sometimes be observed through the cyst wall, as noted in Anolis sagrei (Fig. 3) , intermediate hosts often form a thick outer wall around the encysted parasite that masks external features (Hunter and Hamilton, 1941) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hunter and Hamilton, 1941)" ] }, { "text": "Also, host-secreted walls can become melanized in both invertebrates and vertebrates, thus reducing further visibility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, host-secreted walls can become melanized in both invertebrates and vertebrates, thus reducing further visibility (Chapman and Hunter, 1954) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chapman and Hunter, 1954)" ] }, { "text": "However the CT scans of the fossil cysts show an inner curved structure (Fig. 2B, C) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However the CT scans of the fossil cysts show an inner curved structure (Fig. 2B, C) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on the position of some extant metacercariae, many of which are doubled over ventrally within their cysts, this curved structure is interpreted to be the bent body of the parasite.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the position of some extant metacercariae, many of which are doubled over ventrally within their cysts, this curved structure is interpreted to be the bent body of the parasite (Hunter and Hamilton, 1941; Hyman, 1951; Sohn et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hunter and Hamilton, 1941; Hyman, 1951; Sohn et al., 2015)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A vibration isolator is a device that is often inserted between a support base and equipment to reduce the vibration energy transmission from the support base so as to protect the equipment from undesired disturbances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A vibration isolator is a device that is often inserted between a support base and equipment to reduce the vibration energy transmission from the support base so as to protect the equipment from undesired disturbances [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "For a conventional passive vibration isolator design, there are two well-known trade-offs regarding the design of stiffness and damping.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For a conventional passive vibration isolator design, there are two well-known trade-offs regarding the design of stiffness and damping [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In order to obtain a low transmissibility over a wide frequency range, the elastic stiffness of the isolator should be as small as possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to obtain a low transmissibility over a wide frequency range, the elastic stiffness of the isolator should be as small as possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, if the elastic stiffness is too small, this will lead to large static and quasi-static displacements which are likely to be detrimental to the supported equipment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, if the elastic stiffness is too small, this will lead to large static and quasi-static displacements which are likely to be detrimental to the supported equipment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, to reduce transmissibility at the resonance, it is better to introduce a higher damping in the isolator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, to reduce transmissibility at the resonance, it is better to introduce a higher damping in the isolator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "These results are consistent with experimental cell culture and animal-based models showing higher resistance of pigmented melanoma cells to ionizing radiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results are consistent with experimental cell culture and animal-based models showing higher resistance of pigmented melanoma cells to ionizing radiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Already more than 50 years ago it was found that sensitivity of pigmented and amelanotic melanomas to ionizing and ultraviolet radiation differs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Already more than 50 years ago it was found that sensitivity of pigmented and amelanotic melanomas to ionizing and ultraviolet radiation differs [27, [41] [42] [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, [41] [42] [43]" ] }, { "text": "The significance of radioprotective features of melanin presence was further demonstrated in some hamster melanoma cell lines and hamster melanomas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The significance of radioprotective features of melanin presence was further demonstrated in some hamster melanoma cell lines and hamster melanomas [36, [44] [45] [46] [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF43", "BIBREF44", "BIBREF45", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36, [44] [45] [46] [47]" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, human pigmented melanoma cells exhibited higher resistance to ionizing radiation compared to non-pigmented lines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, human pigmented melanoma cells exhibited higher resistance to ionizing radiation compared to non-pigmented lines [32, 48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31", "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32, 48]" ] }, { "text": "Our previous research also showed, that inhibition of melanogenesis sensitized melanoma cells to ionizing radiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our previous research also showed, that inhibition of melanogenesis sensitized melanoma cells to ionizing radiation [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "This results are also substantiated by studies on choroid melanomas showing that administration of melanogenesis inhibitor resulted in significant melanoma size reduction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This results are also substantiated by studies on choroid melanomas showing that administration of melanogenesis inhibitor resulted in significant melanoma size reduction [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] }, { "text": "The lower susceptibility of pigmented cells to ionizing radiation than non-pigmented can result from higher oxygen consumption and/or scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by this radiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The lower susceptibility of pigmented cells to ionizing radiation than non-pigmented can result from higher oxygen consumption and/or scavenging of reactive oxygen species induced by this radiation [27, 45, 46] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF44", "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, 45, 46]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The aforementioned points imply the difficulties in meeting consistent cause and effect as well as in selecting common targets and outcomes in multi-use MPAs based on environmental, economic, and social dimensions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aforementioned points imply the difficulties in meeting consistent cause and effect as well as in selecting common targets and outcomes in multi-use MPAs based on environmental, economic, and social dimensions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Marine ecosystems and social systems are complex and diverse that change dynamically, with a variety of their functions affected by time, space, and relationships from both internal and external factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Marine ecosystems and social systems are complex and diverse that change dynamically, with a variety of their functions affected by time, space, and relationships from both internal and external factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, identification of adequate indicators for establishing fine monitoring system is extremely difficult.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, identification of adequate indicators for establishing fine monitoring system is extremely difficult [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "For the environmental outcomes, although the ecological functions provided by the eelgrass such as habitat, spawning grounds, and nursery grounds generally increase as the perennial eelgrass stock density gets higher, it decreases when the stock density becomes too high.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the environmental outcomes, although the ecological functions provided by the eelgrass such as habitat, spawning grounds, and nursery grounds generally increase as the perennial eelgrass stock density gets higher, it decreases when the stock density becomes too high.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Having several small patches of eelgrass bed could therefore be more beneficial for some fish species than a single dense and extensive eelgrass bed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Having several small patches of eelgrass bed could therefore be more beneficial for some fish species than a single dense and extensive eelgrass bed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, it is not only necessary to increase the cover of the eelgrass, but a mix of eelgrass in various kinds of transition stages and density is perceived to be important.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, it is not only necessary to increase the cover of the eelgrass, but a mix of eelgrass in various kinds of transition stages and density is perceived to be important [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] }, { "text": "This information needs to be discussed and measured by the HFCA and stakeholders in the days to come.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This information needs to be discussed and measured by the HFCA and stakeholders in the days to come.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Previous studies of diatom aggregates mixed with minerals, e.g., clays and carbonate, have demonstrated that, on average, these aggregates are smaller than those formed in pure diatom cultures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies of diatom aggregates mixed with minerals, e.g., clays and carbonate, have demonstrated that, on average, these aggregates are smaller than those formed in pure diatom cultures (Hamm, 2002; Passow and De La Rocha, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hamm, 2002; Passow and De La Rocha, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "In those studies, however, sinking velocity was not directly measured, but applying Stoke's law it was argued that the smaller size of mixed aggregates may lead to lower sinking velocities despite their higher content of ballasting minerals as compared to those composed of diatoms, only.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In those studies, however, sinking velocity was not directly measured, but applying Stoke's law it was argued that the smaller size of mixed aggregates may lead to lower sinking velocities despite their higher content of ballasting minerals as compared to those composed of diatoms, only.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our study, the average size of aggregates formed by mix-inc was also on average smaller than that of aggregates formed by the pure diatom culture but with higher size-specific sinking velocities and excess densities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, the average size of aggregates formed by mix-inc was also on average smaller than that of aggregates formed by the pure diatom culture but with higher size-specific sinking velocities and excess densities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, our results confirm, that sinking velocities of aggregates depend on aggregate composition and density rather than on size only, as also previously found.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, our results confirm, that sinking velocities of aggregates depend on aggregate composition and density rather than on size only, as also previously found (Ploug et al., 2008a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ploug et al., 2008a)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Given the development of image acquiring techniques, we can obtain several different source types of images from a specific target.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the development of image acquiring techniques, we can obtain several different source types of images from a specific target.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Image fusion is an image processing method that can synthesize a new image from several images that are derived from different sensors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Image fusion is an image processing method that can synthesize a new image from several images that are derived from different sensors [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It takes advantage of information and features that are possessed by each image, so the fused image contains more accurate descriptions of the scene than any of the individual source images.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It takes advantage of information and features that are possessed by each image, so the fused image contains more accurate descriptions of the scene than any of the individual source images [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "After image fusion, the image quality can be improved, and it is fit for visual perception or subsequent computer processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After image fusion, the image quality can be improved, and it is fit for visual perception or subsequent computer processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Section 2 contains preliminary definitions and facts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 2 contains preliminary definitions and facts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our main result, Theorem 3.1, is stated and proved in Section 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our main result, Theorem 3.1, is stated and proved in Section 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for (X, F Λ ) to be a semimartingale, together with an essentially unique explicit decomposition of X into infinitely divisible components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for (X, F Λ ) to be a semimartingale, together with an essentially unique explicit decomposition of X into infinitely divisible components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It completely answers the above question Q1 and gives a framework how to approach question Q2 in concrete situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It completely answers the above question Q1 and gives a framework how to approach question Q2 in concrete situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 4 we obtain explicit necessary and sufficient conditions for a large class of stationary increment infinitely divisible processes to be semimartingales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 4 we obtain explicit necessary and sufficient conditions for a large class of stationary increment infinitely divisible processes to be semimartingales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These conditions generalize, in a natural way, findings in Basse and Pedersen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These conditions generalize, in a natural way, findings in Basse and Pedersen [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "We conclude this paper with examples showing how these conditions can be verified for several processes of interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We conclude this paper with examples showing how these conditions can be verified for several processes of interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The high performance of the grid connected inverters has a critical effect on renewable energy system, which determines the operation efficiency and quantity of the whole system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high performance of the grid connected inverters has a critical effect on renewable energy system, which determines the operation efficiency and quantity of the whole system [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "In reality, the grid connected system usually will operate interfacing the distorted grid voltage with low order harmonics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In reality, the grid connected system usually will operate interfacing the distorted grid voltage with low order harmonics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The multilevel converters which could offer a small voltage steps and high resolution output voltage waveforms, and employing a current control strategy with a high tracking performance could be a good solution for polluted grid environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The multilevel converters which could offer a small voltage steps and high resolution output voltage waveforms, and employing a current control strategy with a high tracking performance could be a good solution for polluted grid environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It was observed that magnetite transformed to maghemite at lower temperature in comparison to hematite because both magnetite and maghemite have CCP anion arrangement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was observed that magnetite transformed to maghemite at lower temperature in comparison to hematite because both magnetite and maghemite have CCP anion arrangement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hematite conversion involves a change from a CCP anion arrangement to HCP, and since substantial rearrangement of the ions is needed, a higher temperature is required for the transformation of magnetite to hematite.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hematite conversion involves a change from a CCP anion arrangement to HCP, and since substantial rearrangement of the ions is needed, a higher temperature is required for the transformation of magnetite to hematite.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was also observed that the morphology of the precursor (magnetite) was preserved throughout the transformation to maghemite and hematite, which is shown in Fig. 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was also observed that the morphology of the precursor (magnetite) was preserved throughout the transformation to maghemite and hematite, which is shown in Fig. 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This type of transformation involves internal atomic rearrangement within a single crystal of an initial phase, which being transformed into a single crystal of another phase, undergoes so called topotactic process, which occurs within the solid phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This type of transformation involves internal atomic rearrangement within a single crystal of an initial phase, which being transformed into a single crystal of another phase, undergoes so called topotactic process, which occurs within the solid phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solid state transformation in dry state needs certain atomic movements; it usually occurs only at the higher temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Solid state transformation in dry state needs certain atomic movements; it usually occurs only at the higher temperature [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Lacking natural resources, Taiwan relies on imported energies for almost all of its needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lacking natural resources, Taiwan relies on imported energies for almost all of its needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, Taiwan is known for excellent technology R&D and manufacturing capabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Taiwan is known for excellent technology R&D and manufacturing capabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If Taiwan can leverage its window of opportunity when global technologies and industries reshuffle, it will be possible for Taiwan to become a leader in the energy industry during the next decade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If Taiwan can leverage its window of opportunity when global technologies and industries reshuffle, it will be possible for Taiwan to become a leader in the energy industry during the next decade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Taiwan has to repeat its success by transforming itself from an OEM manufacturing hub to ODM, and become an innovative centre of production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Taiwan has to repeat its success by transforming itself from an OEM manufacturing hub to ODM, and become an innovative centre of production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can bring Taiwanese society into an era of low carbon and high value added products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can bring Taiwanese society into an era of low carbon and high value added products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dr. Hsin-sen Chu, Executive Vice President of the Industrial Technology Research Institute, suggested that the production value of the green energy industry in Taiwan would exceed NT$350 billion in 2008, with the total number of employees surpassing 18,000.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dr. Hsin-sen Chu, Executive Vice President of the Industrial Technology Research Institute, suggested that the production value of the green energy industry in Taiwan would exceed NT$350 billion in 2008, with the total number of employees surpassing 18,000.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Employees play a pivotal role in the competitive environment of the green energy industry, because they have to confront various challenges and establish loyal customer relationships.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Employees play a pivotal role in the competitive environment of the green energy industry, because they have to confront various challenges and establish loyal customer relationships (Karatepe and Sokmen, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Karatepe and Sokmen, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "They also have to provide high quality services and improve organizational performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They also have to provide high quality services and improve organizational performance (Tsai, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tsai, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Only with the dedication of its employees can a company survive and thrive.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Only with the dedication of its employees can a company survive and thrive (Dai et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dai et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, employees are the most important assets of the green energy industry .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, employees are the most important assets of the green energy industry .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The author of this research hoped its findings could prompt management teams in the green energy industry to pay more attention to human resource management, as this will benefit the development of the industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The author of this research hoped its findings could prompt management teams in the green energy industry to pay more attention to human resource management, as this will benefit the development of the industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was the first research motivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was the first research motivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "For P e = 800, the dynamical complexity of the flow increases further.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For P e = 800, the dynamical complexity of the flow increases further.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The concentration contours at times 0.175 and 0.267 (figure 5a) demonstrate the emergence of approximately sixteen fingers due to the viscous fingering instability of the nearly radial source flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The concentration contours at times 0.175 and 0.267 (figure 5a) demonstrate the emergence of approximately sixteen fingers due to the viscous fingering instability of the nearly radial source flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These fingers evolve solely from the perturbation provided by the small deviation of the quarter five-spot flow from the radial source flow, without any explicit triggering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These fingers evolve solely from the perturbation provided by the small deviation of the quarter five-spot flow from the radial source flow, without any explicit triggering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The number of fingers amplified by the flow reflects the optimally growing wavenumber of the radial flow, thereby confirming the ability of the present simulations to duplicate the physical wavenumber selection mechanism known from linear stability theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The number of fingers amplified by the flow reflects the optimally growing wavenumber of the radial flow, thereby confirming the ability of the present simulations to duplicate the physical wavenumber selection mechanism known from linear stability theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the present large P e, the instability grows sufficiently fast to dominate the flow before the front reaches the centre of the domain and loses its near axisymmetry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the present large P e, the instability grows sufficiently fast to dominate the flow before the front reaches the centre of the domain and loses its near axisymmetry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The many localized dipoles in the vorticity field, depicted in figure 5(b) for the same times as the concentration field, reflect the emergence of multiple fingers as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The many localized dipoles in the vorticity field, depicted in figure 5(b) for the same times as the concentration field, reflect the emergence of multiple fingers as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the unstable front reaches the central domain, the fingers undergo a nonlinear selection process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the unstable front reaches the central domain, the fingers undergo a nonlinear selection process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those near the diagonal continue to exhibit vigorous growth, fuelled by the strong normal flow velocities in this region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Those near the diagonal continue to exhibit vigorous growth, fuelled by the strong normal flow velocities in this region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those fingers closer to the edges, on the other hand, reach a maximum amplitude, upon which they decay diffusively due to the decrease in the local normal velocity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Those fingers closer to the edges, on the other hand, reach a maximum amplitude, upon which they decay diffusively due to the decrease in the local normal velocity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, some of the fingers undergo a merging event, similar to those observed in rectilinear displacements.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, some of the fingers undergo a merging event, similar to those observed in rectilinear displacements (Tan & Homsy 1988; Zimmerman & Homsy 1992; Rogerson & Meiburg 1993b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF53", "BIBREF69", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tan & Homsy 1988; Zimmerman & Homsy 1992; Rogerson & Meiburg 1993b)" ] }, { "text": "Both the perturbation streamfunction (shown in figure 5c for t = 0.15 and 0.267) and the overall streamfunction (depicted in figure 5d for the identical times) demonstrate the generation of smaller scales and more complex overall flow patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the perturbation streamfunction (shown in figure 5c for t = 0.15 and 0.267) and the overall streamfunction (depicted in figure 5d for the identical times) demonstrate the generation of smaller scales and more complex overall flow patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The breakthrough time t b now is approximately 0.267, which is more than 10% lower than the values observed for lower P e. This reflects the strong influence of P e on the dynamics of the flow, and on the overall recovery rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The breakthrough time t b now is approximately 0.267, which is more than 10% lower than the values observed for lower P e. This reflects the strong influence of P e on the dynamics of the flow, and on the overall recovery rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Soil charcoal is partially combusted organic material from biomass that is incorporated into the O horizon or mineral soil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soil charcoal is partially combusted organic material from biomass that is incorporated into the O horizon or mineral soil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Charcoal is a constituent of the black carbon continuum, which attempts to explain the range of variability in C of partially combusted vegetative material or fossil fuels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Charcoal is a constituent of the black carbon continuum, which attempts to explain the range of variability in C of partially combusted vegetative material or fossil fuels [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "It is enriched in C, depleted in nitrogen (N), and highly aromatic in structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is enriched in C, depleted in nitrogen (N), and highly aromatic in structure [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "This recalcitrant structure makes charcoal highly resistant to physical and biological degradation while the porous, non-polar qualities affect soil physical and chemical properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This recalcitrant structure makes charcoal highly resistant to physical and biological degradation while the porous, non-polar qualities affect soil physical and chemical properties [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "Previous publications demonstrate increased soil water holding capacity, increased cation exchange capacity, increased pH, and reduced bulk density as a result of charcoal additions into forest mineral soils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous publications demonstrate increased soil water holding capacity, increased cation exchange capacity, increased pH, and reduced bulk density as a result of charcoal additions into forest mineral soils [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Comparing pre and post-wildfire soil and fuel characteristics is rare because of the unpredictable nature of wildfires.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comparing pre and post-wildfire soil and fuel characteristics is rare because of the unpredictable nature of wildfires.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 2002 Biscuit Wildfire burned a portion of the Siskiyou Long-Term Ecosystem Productivity (LTEP) experiment in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, OR.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The 2002 Biscuit Wildfire burned a portion of the Siskiyou Long-Term Ecosystem Productivity (LTEP) experiment in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, OR, [21, 22, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 22, 27]" ] }, { "text": "Pre and post-wildfire soil and fuel sampling at the Siskiyou LTEP site directly quantified how fire-induced losses of soil C and N are related to woody fuels, thinning, fire type, and fire severity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pre and post-wildfire soil and fuel sampling at the Siskiyou LTEP site directly quantified how fire-induced losses of soil C and N are related to woody fuels, thinning, fire type, and fire severity [21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "Pre and post-wildfire soil sampling of the 2002 Gondola Fire on Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA quantified wildfire-induced changes in soil C and nutrients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pre and post-wildfire soil sampling of the 2002 Gondola Fire on Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA quantified wildfire-induced changes in soil C and nutrients [21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "However, changes in charcoal C have not been reported for these sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, changes in charcoal C have not been reported for these sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Community-acquired pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the leading cause of infectious death in the United States.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Community-acquired pneumonia is the seventh leading cause of death and the leading cause of infectious death in the United States [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Although mortality due to community-acquired pneumonia decreased significantly with the introduction of antibiotics in the 1950s, since that time mortality has been stable or increasing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although mortality due to community-acquired pneumonia decreased significantly with the introduction of antibiotics in the 1950s, since that time mortality has been stable or increasing [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Despite this, only a few new classes of antibiotics have been added to the armamentarium for treating community-acquired pneumonia in the last 20 years and no new classes of medications beyond antibiotics have been added since the 1950s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite this, only a few new classes of antibiotics have been added to the armamentarium for treating community-acquired pneumonia in the last 20 years and no new classes of medications beyond antibiotics have been added since the 1950s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Vegetarian diet had been shown in studies to have beneficial effects on CVD prevention by improving metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk such as blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and vascular dilatory function.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Vegetarian diet had been shown in studies to have beneficial effects on CVD prevention by improving metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk such as blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and vascular dilatory function [3, 12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, the vegetarians had thinner IMT compared to the omnivores.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, the vegetarians had thinner IMT compared to the omnivores.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results demonstrated that the reduction of IMT is dependent on duration of vegetarian diet; however, the effects on reduction of IMT are not significant in those whose duration is beyond 11 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results demonstrated that the reduction of IMT is dependent on duration of vegetarian diet; however, the effects on reduction of IMT are not significant in those whose duration is beyond 11 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Further evidence of this limited 360-degree video exploration is emerging from industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further evidence of this limited 360-degree video exploration is emerging from industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "YouTube collects details on the viewing habits of users watching 360-degree media.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "YouTube collects details on the viewing habits of users watching 360-degree media.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This data allowed YouTube to conclude that \"people spent 75% of their time within the front 90 degrees of a video\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This data allowed YouTube to conclude that \"people spent 75% of their time within the front 90 degrees of a video\" [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "It is statistics such as this that have led YouTube to develop VR180, a format for immersive video in which a horizontal eld-of-view of only 180 degrees is available.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is statistics such as this that have led YouTube to develop VR180, a format for immersive video in which a horizontal eld-of-view of only 180 degrees is available [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, the inuential 360-degree media production company Jaunt suggest that \"it's best to keep the action within 150-degrees\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the inuential 360-degree media production company Jaunt suggest that \"it's best to keep the action within 150-degrees\" [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "At the same time, addition of clay nanoparticles increases the density of the charge carriers in the system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, addition of clay nanoparticles increases the density of the charge carriers in the system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We note that the cation exchange capacity, a measure of the charge density that accounts for the electric conductivity of Lucentite clays, has been estimated to be close to 0.65 mequiv/g.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We note that the cation exchange capacity, a measure of the charge density that accounts for the electric conductivity of Lucentite clays, has been estimated to be close to 0.65 mequiv/g [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Higher charge density in the surface of the solution jet results in stronger electrostatic repulsions that essentially reduce the surface tension forces and facilitate the formation of defectfree fibers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Higher charge density in the surface of the solution jet results in stronger electrostatic repulsions that essentially reduce the surface tension forces and facilitate the formation of defectfree fibers [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The XRD pattern of the neat PVDF fibers (Figure 1(a) ) suggests that the polymer chains predominantly crystallize in the nonpolar -phase as evident by the peaks (100), (020), (110), (021) at 2 = 18 ∘ , 18.6 ∘ , 20.3 ∘ , and 26.9 ∘ , respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The XRD pattern of the neat PVDF fibers (Figure 1(a) ) suggests that the polymer chains predominantly crystallize in the nonpolar -phase as evident by the peaks (100), (020), (110), (021) at 2 = 18 ∘ , 18.6 ∘ , 20.3 ∘ , and 26.9 ∘ , respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, the XRD pattern of the hybrid electrospun fibers (containing 1 wt% of Lucentite organoclay) (Figure 1(b) ) is dominated by the reflection peak (200)/ (110) at 2 = 20.7 ∘ of the orthorhombic unit cell of the -phase.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, the XRD pattern of the hybrid electrospun fibers (containing 1 wt% of Lucentite organoclay) (Figure 1(b) ) is dominated by the reflection peak (200)/ (110) at 2 = 20.7 ∘ of the orthorhombic unit cell of the -phase [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "The stabilization/evolution of the -phase of PVDF in the clay hybrids is also supported by the FTIR spectra shown in Figure 2 ; while only the -phase peaks centered at 763 and 796 cm −1 are present for the neat polymer fibers, the -phase peak centered at 840 cm −1 can be clearly detected for the hybrid fibers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The stabilization/evolution of the -phase of PVDF in the clay hybrids is also supported by the FTIR spectra shown in Figure 2 ; while only the -phase peaks centered at 763 and 796 cm −1 are present for the neat polymer fibers, the -phase peak centered at 840 cm −1 can be clearly detected for the hybrid fibers [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The representative TEM images of the hybrid fiber ( Figure 5 ) reveal the presence of well dispersed clay platelets that are oriented parallel to the axis of the fiber.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The representative TEM images of the hybrid fiber ( Figure 5 ) reveal the presence of well dispersed clay platelets that are oriented parallel to the axis of the fiber.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The distribution of the clay platelets is uniform within the matrix with no signs of aggregation or agglomeration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The distribution of the clay platelets is uniform within the matrix with no signs of aggregation or agglomeration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The featureless low angle XRD pattern ( Figure 6 ) collected for the nanocomposite fibers provides further evidence for the high level of intercalation/exfoliation of the clay layers (for Journal of Nanomaterials comparison the XRD pattern of the dry clay is also included in Figure 6 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The featureless low angle XRD pattern ( Figure 6 ) collected for the nanocomposite fibers provides further evidence for the high level of intercalation/exfoliation of the clay layers (for Journal of Nanomaterials comparison the XRD pattern of the dry clay is also included in Figure 6 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The directional alignment can be assigned to the strong elongation forces exerted by both the polymer crystals and the nanoadditives during electrospinning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The directional alignment can be assigned to the strong elongation forces exerted by both the polymer crystals and the nanoadditives during electrospinning [31, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31, 32]" ] }, { "text": "The subsequent fast solvent evaporation and crystallization suppress any relaxation effects, so that both chains and particles retain largely their aligned conformations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The subsequent fast solvent evaporation and crystallization suppress any relaxation effects, so that both chains and particles retain largely their aligned conformations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been pointed out that in certain instances the embedded nanoparticles maintain a higher degree of orientation compared to the polymer matrix, as a direct consequence of their slower relaxation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been pointed out that in certain instances the embedded nanoparticles maintain a higher degree of orientation compared to the polymer matrix, as a direct consequence of their slower relaxation [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "The nanocomposite fibers exhibit simultaneous enhancements in both mechanical strength and toughness (defined by the area under the stress-strain curves) as shown in Figure 7 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nanocomposite fibers exhibit simultaneous enhancements in both mechanical strength and toughness (defined by the area under the stress-strain curves) as shown in Figure 7 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the Young's modulus is 14 MPa for the neat polymeric membranes and 21 MPa for the hybrids, while the ultimate tensile strength is 2.3 MPa for the neat PVDF membranes compared to 5.1 and 6.7 MPa for the hybrids containing 1 wt% and 10 wt% Lucentite, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the Young's modulus is 14 MPa for the neat polymeric membranes and 21 MPa for the hybrids, while the ultimate tensile strength is 2.3 MPa for the neat PVDF membranes compared to 5.1 and 6.7 MPa for the hybrids containing 1 wt% and 10 wt% Lucentite, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, the elongation at break increases from 87% for the neat polymer to approximately 108% and 145% for the hybrids containing 1 wt% and 10 wt% Lucentite, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, the elongation at break increases from 87% for the neat polymer to approximately 108% and 145% for the hybrids containing 1 wt% and 10 wt% Lucentite, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The superior morphological characteristics of the PVDF/Lucentite electrospun fiber can be attributed to the higher viscosity and conductivity values of the polymer/clay dispersions in DMF compared to the binary polymer/DMF solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The superior morphological characteristics of the PVDF/Lucentite electrospun fiber can be attributed to the higher viscosity and conductivity values of the polymer/clay dispersions in DMF compared to the binary polymer/DMF solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Figure 4 , it can be seen that the introduction of clay nanoparticles to the PVDF suspension enhances the shear viscosity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Figure 4 , it can be seen that the introduction of clay nanoparticles to the PVDF suspension enhances the shear viscosity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been supported that enhanced viscosity of the jet solution entails the presence of stronger resistance to shape deformation, facilitating the formation of uniform and smooth surfaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been supported that enhanced viscosity of the jet solution entails the presence of stronger resistance to shape deformation, facilitating the formation of uniform and smooth surfaces [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Supersymmetric large N c gauge theory seems to afford a window on quantum gravity, through the AdS/CFT correspondence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Supersymmetric large N c gauge theory seems to afford a window on quantum gravity, through the AdS/CFT correspondence [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Recent formulations of lattice supersymmetry give some hope that we may be able to study these ideas on the lattice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent formulations of lattice supersymmetry give some hope that we may be able to study these ideas on the lattice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, to what extent does the correspondence hold at intermediate N c , at finite temperature, and for non-BPS quantities?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, to what extent does the correspondence hold at intermediate N c , at finite temperature, and for non-BPS quantities?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this section the performance of the method proposed in Section 3 is experimentally evaluated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this section the performance of the method proposed in Section 3 is experimentally evaluated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the experimental results two datasets were used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the experimental results two datasets were used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First the proposed technique is applied on the X-band data from the Coherent Change Detection Challenge dataset acquired by the AFRL.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First the proposed technique is applied on the X-band data from the Coherent Change Detection Challenge dataset acquired by the AFRL [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The data are in the form of focused complex images with range and cross-range resolution of 0.3 m and with the original size of the image being 4501 × 4501 pixels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data are in the form of focused complex images with range and cross-range resolution of 0.3 m and with the original size of the image being 4501 × 4501 pixels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proposed method was also applied in C-band data from the Vancouver, BC dataset included in RADARSAT-2 sample dataset.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed method was also applied in C-band data from the Vancouver, BC dataset included in RADARSAT-2 sample dataset [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "In this case the original size of the image is 5954 × 7930 pixels and has a cross-range resolution of 3 m. In this work only one acquisition from each dataset is utilised using the intensity of the SAR image to form a gray-scale image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case the original size of the image is 5954 × 7930 pixels and has a cross-range resolution of 3 m. In this work only one acquisition from each dataset is utilised using the intensity of the SAR image to form a gray-scale image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally due to the large size of the original images, smaller samples are used for edge detection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally due to the large size of the original images, smaller samples are used for edge detection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The performance of the proposed method in the CCDC data set is illustrated in Fig. 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The performance of the proposed method in the CCDC data set is illustrated in Fig. 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As it can be seen in Fig. 5a the original image does not suffer from high level of white noise and therefore a large value of Δf = 1.8 is used for small smoothing in the image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As it can be seen in Fig. 5a the original image does not suffer from high level of white noise and therefore a large value of Δf = 1.8 is used for small smoothing in the image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover a median filter of N = 12 is applied to reduce the high speckle noise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover a median filter of N = 12 is applied to reduce the high speckle noise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The values of strength and wrap are tuned at S = 5 and W = 14 to provide good resolution along with edge noise reduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The values of strength and wrap are tuned at S = 5 and W = 14 to provide good resolution along with edge noise reduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dark threshold is set at T d = 3.3% of the maximum intensity while the artifact threshold is T a = 16 implying that only \"dark\" pixels with all their neighbours being \"dark\" will be masked for artifact removal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dark threshold is set at T d = 3.3% of the maximum intensity while the artifact threshold is T a = 16 implying that only \"dark\" pixels with all their neighbours being \"dark\" will be masked for artifact removal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally the edge threshold is set at T e = 0.2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally the edge threshold is set at T e = 0.2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting edge image is illustrated at Fig. 5b .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting edge image is illustrated at Fig. 5b .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Other reports in this section were from Oceania (2/8), East Asia (2/8) and North America 1/8)-sourced from Australia, China, South Korea and US.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other reports in this section were from Oceania (2/8), East Asia (2/8) and North America 1/8)-sourced from Australia, China, South Korea and US [13, 14, 16, 17, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14, 16, 17, 20]" ] }, { "text": "A geographic variation of 42% was reported in the odds of being diagnosed with DM among adults in Sydney, Australia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A geographic variation of 42% was reported in the odds of being diagnosed with DM among adults in Sydney, Australia [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "In another Australian metropolitan based cohort, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was reported to have geographic variation among matched cohorts in Australia and France.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In another Australian metropolitan based cohort, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was reported to have geographic variation among matched cohorts in Australia and France [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "In China, significant variation in the regional prevalence of diabetes was reported after adjusting for age, sex and urban/rural socioeconomic circumstances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In China, significant variation in the regional prevalence of diabetes was reported after adjusting for age, sex and urban/rural socioeconomic circumstances [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Geographic clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors were reported at administrative district level in South Korea.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Geographic clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors were reported at administrative district level in South Korea [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The presence of a 'diabetic belt' with higher prevalence of diagnosed diabetes (> 11.0%) was reported in the United States, consisting of 644 counties in its 15 mostly southern states.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of a 'diabetic belt' with higher prevalence of diagnosed diabetes (> 11.0%) was reported in the United States, consisting of 644 counties in its 15 mostly southern states [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Though the risk profiles and parameters varied, all these studies consistently reported geographic variation in its CMRFs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though the risk profiles and parameters varied, all these studies consistently reported geographic variation in its CMRFs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Thus, Mandelblit believes that when the SL and TL share similar mapping conditions the translation of the SL metaphor will be simply done by choosing an equivalent TL metaphor or (in the worst conditions) a TL simile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, Mandelblit believes that when the SL and TL share similar mapping conditions the translation of the SL metaphor will be simply done by choosing an equivalent TL metaphor or (in the worst conditions) a TL simile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, if the SL follows different mapping conditions compared to that of the TL, the translation of metaphor will be more problematic and consequently time-consuming.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, if the SL follows different mapping conditions compared to that of the TL, the translation of metaphor will be more problematic and consequently time-consuming.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the translator should render the SL metaphor through choosing a TL simile, or by a paraphrase, a footnote, an explanation or omission.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the translator should render the SL metaphor through choosing a TL simile, or by a paraphrase, a footnote, an explanation or omission (Mandelblit, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mandelblit, 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Schäffner pointed out the difficulty of verifying whether differences in ST and TT metaphors are the result of conscious and strategic decisions or simply \"ignorance\" on the part of the translator.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Schäffner pointed out the difficulty of verifying whether differences in ST and TT metaphors are the result of conscious and strategic decisions or simply \"ignorance\" on the part of the translator (Schäffner, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schäffner, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The results of this study confirm that in general translators tend to copy the original.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this study confirm that in general translators tend to copy the original.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We singled out that translation of metaphors used in Shukshin's stories are based on switching the source domain, saving the key formula NATURE IS MAN, with more specified source domain and saving an anthropocentric perspective and the source domain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We singled out that translation of metaphors used in Shukshin's stories are based on switching the source domain, saving the key formula NATURE IS MAN, with more specified source domain and saving an anthropocentric perspective and the source domain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NATURE IS MAN mapping is manifested in a frequent distribution of metaphors translated into English.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NATURE IS MAN mapping is manifested in a frequent distribution of metaphors translated into English.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main translation models for the anthropomorphous metaphor translators follow are metaphors of similar mapping conditions; metaphors having similar mapping conditions but lexically realized differently; metaphors with different mapping conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main translation models for the anthropomorphous metaphor translators follow are metaphors of similar mapping conditions; metaphors having similar mapping conditions but lexically realized differently; metaphors with different mapping conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A conceptual metaphor is identical in ST and TT at the macro-level without each individual manifestation having been accounted for at the micro-level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A conceptual metaphor is identical in ST and TT at the macro-level without each individual manifestation having been accounted for at the micro-level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Structural components of the base conceptual schema in the ST are replaced in the TT by expressions that make entailments explicit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Structural components of the base conceptual schema in the ST are replaced in the TT by expressions that make entailments explicit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A metaphor is more elaborate in the TT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A metaphor is more elaborate in the TT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "ST and TT employ different metaphorical expressions which can be combined under a more abstract conceptual metaphor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ST and TT employ different metaphorical expressions which can be combined under a more abstract conceptual metaphor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The expression in the TT reflects a different aspect of the conceptual metaphor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The expression in the TT reflects a different aspect of the conceptual metaphor (Schäffner, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schäffner, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Arguably, the success of TV regularization relies on a good balance between the ability to describe piecewise smooth images and the complexity of the resulting algorithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Arguably, the success of TV regularization relies on a good balance between the ability to describe piecewise smooth images and the complexity of the resulting algorithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, the TV regularizer favors images of bounded variation, without penalizing possible discontinuities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, the TV regularizer favors images of bounded variation, without penalizing possible discontinuities [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, the TV regularizer is convex, thus opening the door to the research of efficient algorithms for computing optimal or nearly optimal solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the TV regularizer is convex, thus opening the door to the research of efficient algorithms for computing optimal or nearly optimal solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The requirements of the traditional, so-called ACID, transaction model include full isolation and atomicity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The requirements of the traditional, so-called ACID, transaction model include full isolation and atomicity [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "On the one hand, these translate into atomic commitment and global serializability, which can be too strong for multisystem applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, these translate into atomic commitment and global serializability, which can be too strong for multisystem applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because they require the component systems to expose their internal states and wait for each other to progress far enough until all components can commit or abort in agreement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because they require the component systems to expose their internal states and wait for each other to progress far enough until all components can commit or abort in agreement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is infeasible to modify existing legacy code (which is often undocumented) to provide synchronization and access to internal state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is infeasible to modify existing legacy code (which is often undocumented) to provide synchronization and access to internal state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such modification would also violate autonomy requirements of existing systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such modification would also violate autonomy requirements of existing systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, it is crucial to have some support for complex applications, so we cannot do away with all database primitives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, it is crucial to have some support for complex applications, so we cannot do away with all database primitives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, an application may need to ensure that two tasks commit only in a certain temporal order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, an application may need to ensure that two tasks commit only in a certain temporal order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An example is a banking application in which deposits made into an account over a certain period may have to be processed before debits are made from the account over the same period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An example is a banking application in which deposits made into an account over a certain period may have to be processed before debits are made from the account over the same period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Micromechanical analysis of fine particulate systems, especially stress measurements in particulates, is performed by theoretical and computational studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Micromechanical analysis of fine particulate systems, especially stress measurements in particulates, is performed by theoretical and computational studies [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "The micromechanical behaviours of granular materials have been studied using discrete element method (DEM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The micromechanical behaviours of granular materials have been studied using discrete element method (DEM) [5, 17, [21] [22] [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 17, [21] [22] [23]" ] }, { "text": "However, DEM does not account for the stress transmission within the individual grains at a single particle scale.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, DEM does not account for the stress transmission within the individual grains at a single particle scale [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Two types of particulate systems are considered in this study ( Figure 1a shows an X-ray micro-tomography image of the central cross section of a granule produced by the above method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two types of particulate systems are considered in this study ( Figure 1a shows an X-ray micro-tomography image of the central cross section of a granule produced by the above method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1c shows the internal structure of about 100 granules probed using SEM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1c shows the internal structure of about 100 granules probed using SEM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The SEM image shows the seeded granules embedded in a resin on a plane and cut and polished to show their internal structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The SEM image shows the seeded granules embedded in a resin on a plane and cut and polished to show their internal structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Every granule has consistently a seed, which is a large particle from the top end of the size distribution of the feed powder.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Every granule has consistently a seed, which is a large particle from the top end of the size distribution of the feed powder [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A judge in Brazil (V. Feu Rosa Pedro) has initiated a programme for the resolution of traffic accident disputes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A judge in Brazil (V. Feu Rosa Pedro) has initiated a programme for the resolution of traffic accident disputes (FeuRosa, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(FeuRosa, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "His 'Judges on Wheels' programme involves the transportation of a judge, police officer, insurance assessor, mechanical and support staff to the scene of minor motor vehicle accidents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "His 'Judges on Wheels' programme involves the transportation of a judge, police officer, insurance assessor, mechanical and support staff to the scene of minor motor vehicle accidents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The team collects evidence, the mechanics assess the damage, and the judge makes a decision and drafts a judgement with the help of a program called the Electronic Judge before leaving the scene of the accident.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The team collects evidence, the mechanics assess the damage, and the judge makes a decision and drafts a judgement with the help of a program called the Electronic Judge before leaving the scene of the accident.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The standard particle swarm optimization is one of algorithms based on swarm intelligence, introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard particle swarm optimization is one of algorithms based on swarm intelligence, introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995 [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "This algorithm inspired by the collective behaviour of animals in nature such as flocking behaviour of birds and schooling behaviour in fish.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This algorithm inspired by the collective behaviour of animals in nature such as flocking behaviour of birds and schooling behaviour in fish.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The original PSO algorithms and a large number of variants and various hybrid algorithms based PSO have been applied successfully to solve many real-world problems addressing non-linear and non-continuous constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The original PSO algorithms and a large number of variants and various hybrid algorithms based PSO have been applied successfully to solve many real-world problems addressing non-linear and non-continuous constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This algorithm, gives good solutions in a short time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This algorithm, gives good solutions in a short time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The synthetic strategy is shown in Scheme-1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The synthetic strategy is shown in Scheme-1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The R-epichlorohydrin (2) reacted with 3-fluoro-4-marpholinyl aniline (1) in methanol at 60-65 o C and the crude adduct was allowed to react with carbonyl diimidazole in dichloromethane at ambient temperature to furnish the compound (4) which upon condensation with potassium phthalimide in dimethylformamide at reflux temperature afforded oxazolidinone phthalimide.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The R-epichlorohydrin (2) reacted with 3-fluoro-4-marpholinyl aniline (1) in methanol at 60-65 o C and the crude adduct was allowed to react with carbonyl diimidazole in dichloromethane at ambient temperature to furnish the compound (4) which upon condensation with potassium phthalimide in dimethylformamide at reflux temperature afforded oxazolidinone phthalimide (5) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(5)" ] }, { "text": "By the treament of (5) with hydrazinehydrate and the corresponding anhydrides and acid chlorides produced Linezolid derivatives 7(a-e).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By the treament of (5) with hydrazinehydrate and the corresponding anhydrides and acid chlorides produced Linezolid derivatives 7(a-e).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Many have speculated on why replication is rare.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many have speculated on why replication is rare.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among the reasons cited are the lack of information in published reports, even where materials are available, and that reproducing an experiment requires tacit knowledge that would never be captured in published reports.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the reasons cited are the lack of information in published reports, even where materials are available, and that reproducing an experiment requires tacit knowledge that would never be captured in published reports [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Also, replications are seen as less interesting than novel research, and there is a perception in the research community that replications are hard to publish.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, replications are seen as less interesting than novel research, and there is a perception in the research community that replications are hard to publish [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "A primary goal in dairy cattle breeding is to improve the profitability of milk production; hence, a sound dairy breeding objective should include all traits that are economically relevant in dairy production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A primary goal in dairy cattle breeding is to improve the profitability of milk production; hence, a sound dairy breeding objective should include all traits that are economically relevant in dairy production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past, breeding objectives for dairy cattle in most countries were focused solely on production traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past, breeding objectives for dairy cattle in most countries were focused solely on production traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Significant changes, however, have taken place in recent years, gradually leading to more balanced breeding objectives comprising a wider range of economically important traits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant changes, however, have taken place in recent years, gradually leading to more balanced breeding objectives comprising a wider range of economically important traits (Leitch, 1994; Philipsson et al., 1994; VanRaden, 2002; Wesseldijk, 2004; Miglior et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF49", "BIBREF66", "BIBREF73", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Leitch, 1994; Philipsson et al., 1994; VanRaden, 2002; Wesseldijk, 2004; Miglior et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Recently, there has been a pressing need to apply these advances in knowledge to developing more comprehensive dairy cattle breeding objectives in South Africa.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, there has been a pressing need to apply these advances in knowledge to developing more comprehensive dairy cattle breeding objectives in South Africa (Banga, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Banga, 2009)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "High rates of cost-effective genetic improvement in commercial livestock enterprises rely on welldesigned and implemented breeding programmes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High rates of cost-effective genetic improvement in commercial livestock enterprises rely on welldesigned and implemented breeding programmes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sound breeding objectives form a vital component of such programmes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sound breeding objectives form a vital component of such programmes (Lopez-Villalobos & Garrick, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lopez-Villalobos & Garrick, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Essentially, the breeding objective is defined by a list of traits that is desirable to improve and their relative importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Essentially, the breeding objective is defined by a list of traits that is desirable to improve and their relative importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Selection to improve the objective is based on a single value or index, a linear combination of the objective traits, each trait weighted by its relative importance or economic value.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Selection to improve the objective is based on a single value or index, a linear combination of the objective traits, each trait weighted by its relative importance or economic value (Hazel, 1943) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hazel, 1943)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Wastewaters contain particles with a wide variety of shapes, sizes, densities, etc, which influence their behavior in water and, therefore, their capacity to be removed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wastewaters contain particles with a wide variety of shapes, sizes, densities, etc, which influence their behavior in water and, therefore, their capacity to be removed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In industrial wastewater, the advanced treatment of color removal such as chemical coagulation may be used as pretreatment in order to enhance the biodegradability of wastewater during the biological treatments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In industrial wastewater, the advanced treatment of color removal such as chemical coagulation may be used as pretreatment in order to enhance the biodegradability of wastewater during the biological treatments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A concentrated sludge may contain 10 5 mg/ L (10%) or more suspended solids; an untreated wastewater 100-1000 mg/L (0.01-0.1%); a treated wastewater 3-30 mg/L (0.0003-0.003%); a potable water less than 0.1 mg/L (0.00001%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A concentrated sludge may contain 10 5 mg/ L (10%) or more suspended solids; an untreated wastewater 100-1000 mg/L (0.01-0.1%); a treated wastewater 3-30 mg/L (0.0003-0.003%); a potable water less than 0.1 mg/L (0.00001%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These suspended particles are ordinarily polydisperse (range of different sizes), are nonspherical (fibers, irregular grains, amorphous shapes), and have variable densities (greater or less than that of water).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These suspended particles are ordinarily polydisperse (range of different sizes), are nonspherical (fibers, irregular grains, amorphous shapes), and have variable densities (greater or less than that of water).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The four class designations and the applicable size ranges of suspended particles listed in Table 1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The four class designations and the applicable size ranges of suspended particles listed in Table 1 (McKetta, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McKetta, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The removal of particles and organic matter from wastewater is often achieved by coagulation, usually performed with iron or aluminum salts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The removal of particles and organic matter from wastewater is often achieved by coagulation, usually performed with iron or aluminum salts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Coagulation can be interpreted as the conversion of colloidal and dispersal particles into small visible floc upon addition of a simple electrolyte.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Coagulation can be interpreted as the conversion of colloidal and dispersal particles into small visible floc upon addition of a simple electrolyte.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increasing the concentration of the electrolyte results in a compression of the electrical double layer surrounding each suspended particle, a decrease in the magnitude of the repulsive interactions between particles and destabilization of the particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increasing the concentration of the electrolyte results in a compression of the electrical double layer surrounding each suspended particle, a decrease in the magnitude of the repulsive interactions between particles and destabilization of the particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most common coagulant used in wastewater treatment is alum Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . 4 H 2 O and PAC (polyaluminum chloride), due to its effectiveness in treating a wide range of wastewater type and relatively low cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most common coagulant used in wastewater treatment is alum Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . 4 H 2 O and PAC (polyaluminum chloride), due to its effectiveness in treating a wide range of wastewater type and relatively low cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inorganic coagulants are simple electrolytes which are water-soluble, low-molecular weight acids, bases, or salts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inorganic coagulants are simple electrolytes which are water-soluble, low-molecular weight acids, bases, or salts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various inorganic coagulants are listed in Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various inorganic coagulants are listed in Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The presence of organic matter generally increases the required coagulant dosage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of organic matter generally increases the required coagulant dosage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been suggested that Al hydrolysis products from insoluble aluminumhumates or -fulvates with humic substances, producing a colloidal sol that settles very slowly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been suggested that Al hydrolysis products from insoluble aluminumhumates or -fulvates with humic substances, producing a colloidal sol that settles very slowly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At higher coagulant doses, the aluminum-organic complexes may be removed by incorporation into Al(OH) 3 flocs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At higher coagulant doses, the aluminum-organic complexes may be removed by incorporation into Al(OH) 3 flocs (Aguilar et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aguilar et al., 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Larsson, Walldal and Wall investigated the flocculation of large cationic polymers and nanosized particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Larsson, Walldal and Wall investigated the flocculation of large cationic polymers and nanosized particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They found that the molecular architecture of the polymer (linear or branched) is essential for the flocculation behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They found that the molecular architecture of the polymer (linear or branched) is essential for the flocculation behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only in the case of the linear polymer, the degree of aggregation of the particle is important.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Only in the case of the linear polymer, the degree of aggregation of the particle is important (Larsson et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Larsson et al., 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The use of performed polymerized forms of Al has become more common as alternative coagulants, such as polyaluminum chloride and polyaluminum sulphate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of performed polymerized forms of Al has become more common as alternative coagulants, such as polyaluminum chloride and polyaluminum sulphate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These coagulants have the advantage of being more effective at lower temperatures and a boarder pH range than alum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These coagulants have the advantage of being more effective at lower temperatures and a boarder pH range than alum (Exall and Vanloon, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Exall and Vanloon, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, the higher charge density of polyaluminum chloride species often results in a decrease in the coagulant dose and the associated solids production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the higher charge density of polyaluminum chloride species often results in a decrease in the coagulant dose and the associated solids production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alum, PAC and sodium aluminate function as a coagulant by initially forming positively charged Al species that adsorb to negatively charged natural particles resulting in charge neutralization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alum, PAC and sodium aluminate function as a coagulant by initially forming positively charged Al species that adsorb to negatively charged natural particles resulting in charge neutralization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These species are thought to be primarily In most cases, the aluminum hydroxide sols are formed so rapidly (1-2 sec).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These species are thought to be primarily In most cases, the aluminum hydroxide sols are formed so rapidly (1-2 sec).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These amorphous solid species are responsible for the charge neutralization of natural particles also contribute to the formation of larger floc.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These amorphous solid species are responsible for the charge neutralization of natural particles also contribute to the formation of larger floc (Delgado, et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Delgado, et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Aggregates formed predominantly by bridging of particles with a coagulant or polymer partially recover after shearing to a steady state floc size, whereas when charge neutralization is the dominant aggregation mechanism, there is a higher degree of recovery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aggregates formed predominantly by bridging of particles with a coagulant or polymer partially recover after shearing to a steady state floc size, whereas when charge neutralization is the dominant aggregation mechanism, there is a higher degree of recovery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally as aggregate size increases in natural water using Al based coagulants, fractal dimension decreases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally as aggregate size increases in natural water using Al based coagulants, fractal dimension decreases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under typical wastewater treatment conditions particles are unable to penetrate the interior of aggregates and tend to attach on the exterior, which forms a more open, less dense structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under typical wastewater treatment conditions particles are unable to penetrate the interior of aggregates and tend to attach on the exterior, which forms a more open, less dense structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it has also been proposed that increasing aggregate size may correspond to increasing fractal dimensions as a result of break up and reaggregation of larger aggregates into denser, more compact structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it has also been proposed that increasing aggregate size may correspond to increasing fractal dimensions as a result of break up and reaggregation of larger aggregates into denser, more compact structure (McCurdy et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McCurdy et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Furthermore, TiO 2 nanomaterials have shown shape-dependent photocatalytic performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, TiO 2 nanomaterials have shown shape-dependent photocatalytic performance [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "For thin films, various TiO 2 one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures involving self-organized nanotubes, highly-ordered nanorod arrays, and nanowires, have attracted much attention due to the combination of highly functional features and controllable nanoscale geometry with the possibility of adjusting length, diameter, and spacing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For thin films, various TiO 2 one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures involving self-organized nanotubes, highly-ordered nanorod arrays, and nanowires, have attracted much attention due to the combination of highly functional features and controllable nanoscale geometry with the possibility of adjusting length, diameter, and spacing [13, [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, [15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, 1D TiO 2 nanotubes (TNT) show better PEC performance than thin compact layers due to higher surface area, favorable charge transfer along the nanotube y-axis perpendicular to charge collecting bottom layer, and enhanced light harvesting efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, 1D TiO 2 nanotubes (TNT) show better PEC performance than thin compact layers due to higher surface area, favorable charge transfer along the nanotube y-axis perpendicular to charge collecting bottom layer, and enhanced light harvesting efficiency [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The photocatalytic performance of TiO 2 is strongly affected by its morphology and structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The photocatalytic performance of TiO 2 is strongly affected by its morphology and structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the decrease of the material's dimensions to nanoscale, surface-to-volume ratio and specific surface area increase as well as electronic properties that may also deviate from ideal behavior.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the decrease of the material's dimensions to nanoscale, surface-to-volume ratio and specific surface area increase as well as electronic properties that may also deviate from ideal behavior [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Crystal phase and orientation in nanocrystals and thin films have shown a dramatic role in enhancing charge separation, band gap, and surface catalytic properties of TiO 2 nanomaterials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Crystal phase and orientation in nanocrystals and thin films have shown a dramatic role in enhancing charge separation, band gap, and surface catalytic properties of TiO 2 nanomaterials [6, [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, [11] [12] [13]" ] } ]