Datasets:

copenlu

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citeworth

like 2

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Small-group activity is common in many aspects of daily life, including work, learning, and recreation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Small-group activity is common in many aspects of daily life, including work, learning, and recreation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Single display groupware (SDG) refers to a class of computing technology that supports work among small, co-present groups around one shared display.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Single display groupware (SDG) refers to a class of computing technology that supports work among small, co-present groups around one shared display [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "The display provides group members with a shared context and focus of attention, conversation, and activity, and is a common paradigm for supporting co-located cooperative work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The display provides group members with a shared context and focus of attention, conversation, and activity, and is a common paradigm for supporting co-located cooperative work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Asthma has dire consequences for children beyond their physical health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Asthma has dire consequences for children beyond their physical health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is responsible for the most school absences caused by a chronic condition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is responsible for the most school absences caused by a chronic condition [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "Some researchers have argued that this leads children to have an academic handicap.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some researchers have argued that this leads children to have an academic handicap [6, 22, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 22, 25]" ] }, { "text": "Beyond the psychosocial effects of having a chronically ill child, asthma has a negative economic toll on families.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Beyond the psychosocial effects of having a chronically ill child, asthma has a negative economic toll on families.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Up to 30% of parents report missing work because of their child's asthma.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Up to 30% of parents report missing work because of their child's asthma.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The standard Wang-Sheeley-Arge magnetic field is determined in two stages: the inner stage is a potential-field source-surface (PFSS) extrapolation to 2.5 R ⊙ from an observed boundary condition at 1 R ⊙.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard Wang-Sheeley-Arge magnetic field is determined in two stages: the inner stage is a potential-field source-surface (PFSS) extrapolation to 2.5 R ⊙ from an observed boundary condition at 1 R ⊙ (Schatten, Wilcox, and Ness, 1969; Altschuler and Newkirk, 1969) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schatten, Wilcox, and Ness, 1969; Altschuler and Newkirk, 1969)" ] }, { "text": "It assumes a purely radial magnetic field at 2.5 R ⊙ .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It assumes a purely radial magnetic field at 2.5 R ⊙ .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means that any change of polarity on the upper boundary (known at the source surface) will form a line of null points or \"null line\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that any change of polarity on the upper boundary (known at the source surface) will form a line of null points or \"null line\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This null line forms the base of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This null line forms the base of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second stage of the model continues the HCS out to 0.1 AU (21.5 R ⊙ ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second stage of the model continues the HCS out to 0.1 AU (21.5 R ⊙ ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To do this, a second potential field is generated between 2.5 R ⊙ and 21.5 R ⊙ , whose lower boundary condition is the absolute value of radial magnetic field (|B r |) on the source surface of the inner PFSS extrapolation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To do this, a second potential field is generated between 2.5 R ⊙ and 21.5 R ⊙ , whose lower boundary condition is the absolute value of radial magnetic field (|B r |) on the source surface of the inner PFSS extrapolation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A potential field is then extrapolated assuming that it decays to zero at infinity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A potential field is then extrapolated assuming that it decays to zero at infinity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once this field is generated, it is reversed where it connects to a patch of field that was negative in the inner part, thus creating infinitesimally thin current sheets between oppositely directed fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once this field is generated, it is reversed where it connects to a patch of field that was negative in the inner part, thus creating infinitesimally thin current sheets between oppositely directed fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is known as the Schatten current sheet model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is known as the Schatten current sheet model (Schatten, 1971) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schatten, 1971)" ] }, { "text": "It is implemented primarily to smooth out latitudinal gradients in |B|, producing a latitudinally uniform heliospheric magnetic field in closer accordance with Ulysses observations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is implemented primarily to smooth out latitudinal gradients in |B|, producing a latitudinally uniform heliospheric magnetic field in closer accordance with Ulysses observations (Smith et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smith et al., 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The rest of the paper is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rest of the paper is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The SARFIMA model is reviewed in Section 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The SARFIMA model is reviewed in Section 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 3, we derive the limiting spectral density function of an aggregate SARFIMA process, under the intermediate asymptotic framework.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 3, we derive the limiting spectral density function of an aggregate SARFIMA process, under the intermediate asymptotic framework.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spectral maximum likelihood estimation of the limiting aggregate SARFIMA model and its large-sample properties are discussed in Section 4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spectral maximum likelihood estimation of the limiting aggregate SARFIMA model and its large-sample properties are discussed in Section 4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We compare the empirical performance of the spectral maximum likelihood estimator of the limiting model with that of the SARFIMA model by Monte Carlo studies in Section 5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We compare the empirical performance of the spectral maximum likelihood estimator of the limiting model with that of the SARFIMA model by Monte Carlo studies in Section 5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simulation results suggest that fitting the limiting model to the aggregate data generally reduces the bias in some long-memory Seasonal long-memory time series 3 parameters than simply fitting a SARFIMA model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simulation results suggest that fitting the limiting model to the aggregate data generally reduces the bias in some long-memory Seasonal long-memory time series 3 parameters than simply fitting a SARFIMA model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We illustrate the use of the limiting aggregate SARFIMA model and its possible gains in long-term forecasts with a real application in Section 6.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We illustrate the use of the limiting aggregate SARFIMA model and its possible gains in long-term forecasts with a real application in Section 6.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We conclude in Section 7.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We conclude in Section 7.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All proofs are collected in the appendix of Chan and Tsai.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All proofs are collected in the appendix of Chan and Tsai [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "With the merits of WO 3 incorporation into TiO 2 (WO 3 -TiO 2 ) and 3D TiO 2 for photocatalytic activities, their combination is proposed to provide a synergistic effect for the treatment of environmental pollutants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the merits of WO 3 incorporation into TiO 2 (WO 3 -TiO 2 ) and 3D TiO 2 for photocatalytic activities, their combination is proposed to provide a synergistic effect for the treatment of environmental pollutants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, the applicability of 3D WO 3 -TiO 2 hybrids to gas-phase pollutant treatments is hardly reported in scientific literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, the applicability of 3D WO 3 -TiO 2 hybrids to gas-phase pollutant treatments is hardly reported in scientific literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, in this study, 3D WO 3 -TiO 2 nanoflowers (WTNF) were synthesized using a combined hydrothermal-ultrasonication-impregnation method to examine their applicability to the treatment of aromatic volatile compounds under visible light illumination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, in this study, 3D WO 3 -TiO 2 nanoflowers (WTNF) were synthesized using a combined hydrothermal-ultrasonication-impregnation method to examine their applicability to the treatment of aromatic volatile compounds under visible light illumination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The photocatalytic treatment tests were performed under different conditions by varying the amount of WO 3 content, the concentration of NaOH, and the light source.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The photocatalytic treatment tests were performed under different conditions by varying the amount of WO 3 content, the concentration of NaOH, and the light source.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The amount of semiconductors incorporated into TiO 2 is an important parameter for the photocatalytic activity of semiconductor-embedded TiO 2 hybrids.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of semiconductors incorporated into TiO 2 is an important parameter for the photocatalytic activity of semiconductor-embedded TiO 2 hybrids [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, the concentration of NaOH, which is used during the ultrasonication process, can also influence the formation of 3D architectures and thus their photocatalytic activities for the degradation of aromatic volatile compounds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the concentration of NaOH, which is used during the ultrasonication process, can also influence the formation of 3D architectures and thus their photocatalytic activities for the degradation of aromatic volatile compounds [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Light source type is another important parameter for the photocatalytic performance of many photocatalysts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Light source type is another important parameter for the photocatalytic performance of many photocatalysts [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "For comparison, a reference photocatalyst (3D TiO 2 nanoflower sample, TNF) was additionally prepared, and its characteristics and photocatalytic activity were investigated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For comparison, a reference photocatalyst (3D TiO 2 nanoflower sample, TNF) was additionally prepared, and its characteristics and photocatalytic activity were investigated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Exposure to aromatic volatile compounds indoors has become an important environmental issue because it is closely linked to the adverse health risk of building occupants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Exposure to aromatic volatile compounds indoors has become an important environmental issue because it is closely linked to the adverse health risk of building occupants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are a wide range of indoor sources of aromatic pollutants, such as building finishing materials, furniture, and household products, resulting in higher indoor pollution for these pollutants relative to outdoor concentrations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are a wide range of indoor sources of aromatic pollutants, such as building finishing materials, furniture, and household products, resulting in higher indoor pollution for these pollutants relative to outdoor concentrations [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Most aromatic volatile compounds display high carcinogenic chronic effects and non-carcinogenic chronic effects such as damage to liver, kidneys, the central nervous system, and the respiratory system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most aromatic volatile compounds display high carcinogenic chronic effects and non-carcinogenic chronic effects such as damage to liver, kidneys, the central nervous system, and the respiratory system [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, many people spend most of their personal time in indoor environments, thus justifying the application of mitigation strategies for indoor aromatic volatile compound concentrations to reduce the health risks of building occupants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, many people spend most of their personal time in indoor environments, thus justifying the application of mitigation strategies for indoor aromatic volatile compound concentrations to reduce the health risks of building occupants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "However, most studies on social activities and health have primarily focused on elderly participants who are cognitively intact or the studies have not considered the cognitive function in the study design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most studies on social activities and health have primarily focused on elderly participants who are cognitively intact or the studies have not considered the cognitive function in the study design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cognitive impairment refers to a declined state in cognitive domains such as memory, orientation, language, and executive function.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cognitive impairment refers to a declined state in cognitive domains such as memory, orientation, language, and executive function [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "According to a national survey on the prevalence of dementia in Korea, the number of older adults with dementia was about 540,000 (9.2%) in 2012, and is expected to be about 2,710,000 (15.1%) by 2050.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to a national survey on the prevalence of dementia in Korea, the number of older adults with dementia was about 540,000 (9.2%) in 2012, and is expected to be about 2,710,000 (15.1%) by 2050 [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, 27.8% of older adults are reported to have mild cognitive impairment, which may increase the risk of later progression to dementia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, 27.8% of older adults are reported to have mild cognitive impairment, which may increase the risk of later progression to dementia [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Older adults with cognitive impairment are physically and socially vulnerable and have been marginalized due to age and cognitive impairment; however, few studies have examined the meaning of daily and social activities in their lives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Older adults with cognitive impairment are physically and socially vulnerable and have been marginalized due to age and cognitive impairment; however, few studies have examined the meaning of daily and social activities in their lives [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Regarding the mechanisms underlying the association between social activities and health, social activities are known to play a role in protecting individuals from psycho-social stress or buffering the effects of stress on the human body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding the mechanisms underlying the association between social activities and health, social activities are known to play a role in protecting individuals from psycho-social stress or buffering the effects of stress on the human body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cobb reported that supportive social relationships allow individuals to perceive that they are cared for, respected, and members of an entity of mutual obligations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cobb reported that supportive social relationships allow individuals to perceive that they are cared for, respected, and members of an entity of mutual obligations [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Positive perception and experiences from their social relationships serve as a moderator of life stress, and ultimately protect individuals from stress-related negative health outcomes such as alcoholism, depression, and death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Positive perception and experiences from their social relationships serve as a moderator of life stress, and ultimately protect individuals from stress-related negative health outcomes such as alcoholism, depression, and death [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "An integrative review shows that supportive social relationships interact with individuals' health behaviors and mental health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An integrative review shows that supportive social relationships interact with individuals' health behaviors and mental health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These behavioral and mental changes are linked to cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and immune systems, which, in turn, contribute to decreasing morbidity and mortality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These behavioral and mental changes are linked to cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and immune systems, which, in turn, contribute to decreasing morbidity and mortality [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "To create a dementia-friendly environment, the level of awareness of dementia in the community is the most important factor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To create a dementia-friendly environment, the level of awareness of dementia in the community is the most important factor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the Ministry of Health and Welfare reported that the level of dementia awareness was 64.7 out of 100, on average, nationwide, and 88.2% of the subjects did not have any education about dementia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the Ministry of Health and Welfare reported that the level of dementia awareness was 64.7 out of 100, on average, nationwide, and 88.2% of the subjects did not have any education about dementia [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, given that the general population has a negative social perception of cognitive impairment and dementia and there is a stigma of the disease compared to other diseases, it is necessary to systematically educate the public and raise fair awareness of dementia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, given that the general population has a negative social perception of cognitive impairment and dementia and there is a stigma of the disease compared to other diseases, it is necessary to systematically educate the public and raise fair awareness of dementia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This awareness could be important to create a supportive environment where older adults with cognitive impairment can be socially respected and treated like other person.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This awareness could be important to create a supportive environment where older adults with cognitive impairment can be socially respected and treated like other person.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Conversely, there is a stream of research claiming that better health status influences older adults' levels of participation in activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conversely, there is a stream of research claiming that better health status influences older adults' levels of participation in activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A cross-sectional study found that limited locomotor activities and chronic diseases (e.g., arthritis, cardiovascular diseases) are associated with lower levels of social participation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A cross-sectional study found that limited locomotor activities and chronic diseases (e.g., arthritis, cardiovascular diseases) are associated with lower levels of social participation [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "A longitudinal study also demonstrated that the level of mobility-related functional ability at 75 years old was significantly related to the level of participation in social activities after five years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A longitudinal study also demonstrated that the level of mobility-related functional ability at 75 years old was significantly related to the level of participation in social activities after five years [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the better the subjective health status of the elderly, the higher the level of participation in social activities; and the greater the depressive symptoms, the lower the level of participation in social activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the better the subjective health status of the elderly, the higher the level of participation in social activities; and the greater the depressive symptoms, the lower the level of participation in social activities [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "In summary, previous literature has shown that there is a significant relationship between social activity participation and health among older adults.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In summary, previous literature has shown that there is a significant relationship between social activity participation and health among older adults.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, two groups of studies exist in terms of the relationship directions of two variables, 1) increased social activities influence positive health outcomes; and 2) better health status influences the level of activity participation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, two groups of studies exist in terms of the relationship directions of two variables, 1) increased social activities influence positive health outcomes; and 2) better health status influences the level of activity participation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Research on the relationship between cognitive decline and participation in social activities has only recently been conducted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Research on the relationship between cognitive decline and participation in social activities has only recently been conducted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a US national study, social activities decreased by 8% among the elderly with mild cognitive impairment, and by 19% in the elderly with dementia compared to those who are cognitively intact.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a US national study, social activities decreased by 8% among the elderly with mild cognitive impairment, and by 19% in the elderly with dementia compared to those who are cognitively intact [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "A longitudinal study consistently reported that the levels of social activity participation decreased as their cognitive function declined among Korean older adults.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A longitudinal study consistently reported that the levels of social activity participation decreased as their cognitive function declined among Korean older adults [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "These findings indicate that older adults who are cognitively impaired are less likely to participate in social activities, but the social activities are still valuable for the older adults who are cognitively impaired because they experience the meaning of pleasure and a sense of belonging through social activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings indicate that older adults who are cognitively impaired are less likely to participate in social activities, but the social activities are still valuable for the older adults who are cognitively impaired because they experience the meaning of pleasure and a sense of belonging through social activities [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is a lack of research on what differences exist in the relationship between social activities and health outcomes with reference to the level of cognitive function for older adults.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is a lack of research on what differences exist in the relationship between social activities and health outcomes with reference to the level of cognitive function for older adults.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The descriptive analyses also showed significant differences in the participation of social activities according to the level of cognitive function in the elderly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The descriptive analyses also showed significant differences in the participation of social activities according to the level of cognitive function in the elderly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, the number of social activities in which they participated was higher in the following order: normal cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, and moderate/severe cognitive impairment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, the number of social activities in which they participated was higher in the following order: normal cognitive function, mild cognitive impairment, and moderate/severe cognitive impairment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is consistent with a previous study in which older adults who experienced severe cognitive function impairment and mild cognitive function impairment had a low level of participation in social activities compared to those who experienced no cognitive decline (B=-1.09, p<.05; B=-0.92, p<.05, respectively).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is consistent with a previous study in which older adults who experienced severe cognitive function impairment and mild cognitive function impairment had a low level of participation in social activities compared to those who experienced no cognitive decline (B=-1.09, p<.05; B=-0.92, p<.05, respectively) [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to endeavor to improve the whole community environment such as the physical environment (e.g., traffic, roads and homes) and psycho-social environment (e.g., a sense of belonging) so that elderly people with cognitive impairment can maintain their participation in social activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to endeavor to improve the whole community environment such as the physical environment (e.g., traffic, roads and homes) and psycho-social environment (e.g., a sense of belonging) so that elderly people with cognitive impairment can maintain their participation in social activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In western countries, the concept of \"dementia-friendly communities\" has been popular since the early 2000s, with the recognition of the need for a safe and accommodating community for older adults with dementia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In western countries, the concept of \"dementia-friendly communities\" has been popular since the early 2000s, with the recognition of the need for a safe and accommodating community for older adults with dementia [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Since 2010, there has been active implementation of dementia-friendly communities and efforts have continued to enable older adults with dementia to safely and conveniently participate in community activities in a supportive atmosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since 2010, there has been active implementation of dementia-friendly communities and efforts have continued to enable older adults with dementia to safely and conveniently participate in community activities in a supportive atmosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Korea, the Sosu Village in Buan-gun, Jeonbuk Province was selected as a pilot project for a rural type of \"dementia-safe village\" in August 2016.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Korea, the Sosu Village in Buan-gun, Jeonbuk Province was selected as a pilot project for a rural type of \"dementia-safe village\" in August 2016.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Relativistic heavy-ion collisions at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are being used to produce and study the properties of a deconfined plasma of quarks and gluons called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Relativistic heavy-ion collisions at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are being used to produce and study the properties of a deconfined plasma of quarks and gluons called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One outstanding question concerning the generation of a QGP in heavy-ion collisions concerns the time scale for the thermalization and isotropization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One outstanding question concerning the generation of a QGP in heavy-ion collisions concerns the time scale for the thermalization and isotropization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Theoretical calculations using both weak-and strong-coupling methods find that the QGP created immediately after the initial nuclear impact (τ ∼ 0.2 fm/c) is highly anisotropic in local rest frame (LRF) momentum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Theoretical calculations using both weak-and strong-coupling methods find that the QGP created immediately after the initial nuclear impact (τ ∼ 0.2 fm/c) is highly anisotropic in local rest frame (LRF) momentum [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In order to confirm the existence of such momentum-space anisotropies, it is desirable to have experimental observables that are sensitive the early-time dynamics of the QGP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to confirm the existence of such momentum-space anisotropies, it is desirable to have experimental observables that are sensitive the early-time dynamics of the QGP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The fusion basis provides labels for the basic excitations (e.g. those based on elementary plaquettes of the underlying lattice) but also for the excitations that arise from the fusion of the basic excitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fusion basis provides labels for the basic excitations (e.g. those based on elementary plaquettes of the underlying lattice) but also for the excitations that arise from the fusion of the basic excitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, this basis has an inherent hierarchical structure and is ideally suited for coarse-graining.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, this basis has an inherent hierarchical structure and is ideally suited for coarse-graining [21, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 27]" ] }, { "text": "In fact, it exhibits a crucial feature of non-abelian gauge theories, namely that the fusion of two purely magnetic excitation can lead to an excitation with dyonic charge, that is where both the magnetic and electric component are non-trivial.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, it exhibits a crucial feature of non-abelian gauge theories, namely that the fusion of two purely magnetic excitation can lead to an excitation with dyonic charge, that is where both the magnetic and electric component are non-trivial [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "This feature makes coarse-graining in the spin network basis quite cumbersome.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This feature makes coarse-graining in the spin network basis quite cumbersome [7, 29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 29, 30]" ] }, { "text": "Another property of the fusion basis is that it is also valid when one replaces the gauge group with a quantum group (for instance SU(2) k ) and, correspondingly, the fusion category of group representations with the fusion category of quantum group representations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another property of the fusion basis is that it is also valid when one replaces the gauge group with a quantum group (for instance SU(2) k ) and, correspondingly, the fusion category of group representations with the fusion category of quantum group representations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this latter scenario, the fusion basis involves the so-called Drinfel'd centre of this fusion category.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this latter scenario, the fusion basis involves the so-called Drinfel'd centre of this fusion category.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are regarded as other good candidates for the purpose of wear protection because of their excellent mechanical and tribological properties such as high hardness, good wear and corrosion resistance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are regarded as other good candidates for the purpose of wear protection because of their excellent mechanical and tribological properties such as high hardness, good wear and corrosion resistance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, DLC coatings also have a much lower coefficient of friction (COF) which can also reduce the wear of the counter surface during sliding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, DLC coatings also have a much lower coefficient of friction (COF) which can also reduce the wear of the counter surface during sliding [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "To date, several studies have explored DLC coatings for bioimplant use.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To date, several studies have explored DLC coatings for bioimplant use [25] [26] [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25] [26] [27]" ] }, { "text": "Despite the excellent tribological properties of DLC coatings, delamination of the coatings was a major problem which appeared to limit their application as articulating joints.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the excellent tribological properties of DLC coatings, delamination of the coatings was a major problem which appeared to limit their application as articulating joints [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "It is reasonable to anticipate that, once removed from the substrate, these DLC coating particles would act as a third body causing severe damage to the substrate or even severe reactions with the tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is reasonable to anticipate that, once removed from the substrate, these DLC coating particles would act as a third body causing severe damage to the substrate or even severe reactions with the tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to solve these issues, studies have been reported exploring the use of new interlayers to improve the bonding of DLC coatings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to solve these issues, studies have been reported exploring the use of new interlayers to improve the bonding of DLC coatings [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A good adhesion between the thin coating and the substrate is essential for the coating/substrate system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A good adhesion between the thin coating and the substrate is essential for the coating/substrate system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interposition of a gradient layer (Ti/TiN/TiCN) improves the interface shear strength and the load bearing capacity of the coating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The interposition of a gradient layer (Ti/TiN/TiCN) improves the interface shear strength and the load bearing capacity of the coating [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "It was observed in this study that, when using ultrafine-grained Ti as the substrate, the load bearing capacity of DLC coatings was improved extensively compared to those with coarse-grained Ti as substrates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was observed in this study that, when using ultrafine-grained Ti as the substrate, the load bearing capacity of DLC coatings was improved extensively compared to those with coarse-grained Ti as substrates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar trend was observed also on TiN thin coatings on different Ti substrates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar trend was observed also on TiN thin coatings on different Ti substrates [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "The TiN on ultrafine-grained Ti also had a higher critical failure load as it prevented the thin coating from undergoing deformation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The TiN on ultrafine-grained Ti also had a higher critical failure load as it prevented the thin coating from undergoing deformation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 4 shows the critical load of the DLC coatings and TiN coating on Ti substrates plotted against the hardness of the substrate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 4 shows the critical load of the DLC coatings and TiN coating on Ti substrates plotted against the hardness of the substrate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The trend is clear because a harder substrate after high-pressure torsion leads to a higher critical load for the coatings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The trend is clear because a harder substrate after high-pressure torsion leads to a higher critical load for the coatings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, on one hand it is very important to explore better coating parameters such as new interlayer designs and coating compositions in order to achieve a good performance of the coatings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, on one hand it is very important to explore better coating parameters such as new interlayer designs and coating compositions in order to achieve a good performance of the coatings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, it is also very important to enhance the properties of substrates through surface hardening or grain refinement (i.e. increase the H/E ratio) and thereby give a better support to the thin coatings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, it is also very important to enhance the properties of substrates through surface hardening or grain refinement (i.e. increase the H/E ratio) and thereby give a better support to the thin coatings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The idea of improving wear resistance of Ti alloys via surface treatment has been reported extensively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The idea of improving wear resistance of Ti alloys via surface treatment has been reported extensively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Surface engineering technologies such as thermal oxidation, ion implantation and thin coatings can significantly improve the tribological properties of Ti alloys.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surface engineering technologies such as thermal oxidation, ion implantation and thin coatings can significantly improve the tribological properties of Ti alloys.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high strength of coatings were favourable to maintain the low surface roughness during sliding motion, which also led to less wear loss of the polyethylene counterpart.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high strength of coatings were favourable to maintain the low surface roughness during sliding motion, which also led to less wear loss of the polyethylene counterpart [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The results from this research showed that the DLC coating failures occurred at the same depth and width of penetration for all three substrates, as is clearly observed in Fig 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results from this research showed that the DLC coating failures occurred at the same depth and width of penetration for all three substrates, as is clearly observed in Fig 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the UFG Ti and Ti-6Al-4V had very similar hardness, therefore, the datum points were very close to each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the UFG Ti and Ti-6Al-4V had very similar hardness, therefore, the datum points were very close to each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As shown in Fig 3, the critical load of all coatings increased with increasing hardness of the substrates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Fig 3, the critical load of all coatings increased with increasing hardness of the substrates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar trend was also observed on various TiN coated substrates including stainless steel, high speed steel and WC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar trend was also observed on various TiN coated substrates including stainless steel, high speed steel and WC [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[47]" ] }, { "text": "An explanation was given by assuming the TiN coating adjusted to the elastic-plastic deformation of the substrates, therefore the coating underwent a cohesive-adhesive failure that leads to film delamination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An explanation was given by assuming the TiN coating adjusted to the elastic-plastic deformation of the substrates, therefore the coating underwent a cohesive-adhesive failure that leads to film delamination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A critical indentation width of 60 ȝm was observed in that study, where the coating failed whenever it was bent to this width regardless of the substrate material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A critical indentation width of 60 ȝm was observed in that study, where the coating failed whenever it was bent to this width regardless of the substrate material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Human joints might suffer from pain and functional loss due to degenerative diseases, aging and accidents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Human joints might suffer from pain and functional loss due to degenerative diseases, aging and accidents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A total joint replacement is regarded as an effective procedure for treating joint diseases and fractures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A total joint replacement is regarded as an effective procedure for treating joint diseases and fractures [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "A technical survey reported that there is an increasing demand for new and improved implants because of a rapidly growing patient population and increasing numbers of younger patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A technical survey reported that there is an increasing demand for new and improved implants because of a rapidly growing patient population and increasing numbers of younger patients [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The Ti-6Al-4V alloy was designed originally for the aerospace industry but it has been used widely for biomedical applications due to its high strength, good fatigue characteristics, bio-tolerance and excellent corrosion resistance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Ti-6Al-4V alloy was designed originally for the aerospace industry but it has been used widely for biomedical applications due to its high strength, good fatigue characteristics, bio-tolerance and excellent corrosion resistance [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and Physical vapour deposition (PVD) may be better approaches for this purpose because this permits the use of a lower processing temperature and easier control over the surface roughness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and Physical vapour deposition (PVD) may be better approaches for this purpose because this permits the use of a lower processing temperature and easier control over the surface roughness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important to note that PVD methods such as magnetron sputtering can be controlled at room temperature leading to a much lower internal stress at the interface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note that PVD methods such as magnetron sputtering can be controlled at room temperature leading to a much lower internal stress at the interface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, a thin and hard TiN coating was deposited on both coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained Ti substrates using PVD at a temperature below 420 K in a recent study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, a thin and hard TiN coating was deposited on both coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained Ti substrates using PVD at a temperature below 420 K in a recent study [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "The subsequent wear tests showed that the TiN coating improved the wear resistance of Ti by nearly two orders of magnitude and the ultrafinegrained Ti was a better substrate than coarse-grained Ti due to its higher strength.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The subsequent wear tests showed that the TiN coating improved the wear resistance of Ti by nearly two orders of magnitude and the ultrafinegrained Ti was a better substrate than coarse-grained Ti due to its higher strength.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, a PVD coating on ultrafine-grained Ti shows significant promise for further exploration in future bio-implant applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a PVD coating on ultrafine-grained Ti shows significant promise for further exploration in future bio-implant applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It is also well known that Fe-Cr ferritic alloys face a severe embrittlement problem because their service temperature lies in the range of 300 -500 °C, where phase separation into Fe-rich (α) and Cr-enriched (α') phases occurs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also well known that Fe-Cr ferritic alloys face a severe embrittlement problem because their service temperature lies in the range of 300 -500 °C, where phase separation into Fe-rich (α) and Cr-enriched (α') phases occurs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, Fe-Cr steels are at the centre of a large amount of basic research, both experimental and numerical.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, Fe-Cr steels are at the centre of a large amount of basic research, both experimental and numerical [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, the hardening and the notch impact behaviours are correlated with an atom probe tomography microstructural characterization of a PM 2000 TM alloy that was annealed at 475 °C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, the hardening and the notch impact behaviours are correlated with an atom probe tomography microstructural characterization of a PM 2000 TM alloy that was annealed at 475 °C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Understanding how rotundone is produced in grape berries allows winegrowers to produce higher quality wine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding how rotundone is produced in grape berries allows winegrowers to produce higher quality wine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is clear that climate and weather variables are important as rotundone has been observed in Shiraz wine produced from cool-climate wine regions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is clear that climate and weather variables are important as rotundone has been observed in Shiraz wine produced from cool-climate wine regions [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Large variations in the concentration of rotundone have been observed within vineyards, between vines and within bunch regions, with more rotundone produced in areas having a southerly aspect, higher canopy cover and shading of bunches.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Large variations in the concentration of rotundone have been observed within vineyards, between vines and within bunch regions, with more rotundone produced in areas having a southerly aspect, higher canopy cover and shading of bunches [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "These factors explain how lower bunch zone air temperature, lower berry surface temperature, less direct solar exposure and higher precipitation are associated with elevated rotundone production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These factors explain how lower bunch zone air temperature, lower berry surface temperature, less direct solar exposure and higher precipitation are associated with elevated rotundone production [8, 10, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 10, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Higher irrigation together with on-vine drying has been proven as an effective viticultural technique to improve rotundone concentration in the resultant wine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Higher irrigation together with on-vine drying has been proven as an effective viticultural technique to improve rotundone concentration in the resultant wine [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The capacity of rotundone production varies amongst different grapevine clones, and is associated with pest/disease stress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The capacity of rotundone production varies amongst different grapevine clones, and is associated with pest/disease stress [4, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 12]" ] }, { "text": "Under similar growing conditions, Shiraz 2626 clone and Duras 554 and 654 clones have been identified to produce relatively higher concentration of rotundone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under similar growing conditions, Shiraz 2626 clone and Duras 554 and 654 clones have been identified to produce relatively higher concentration of rotundone [4, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 12]" ] }, { "text": "Many terpenes are considered as herbivore-induced plant volatiles, and are produced by grapevines as defensive metabolites in response to pests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many terpenes are considered as herbivore-induced plant volatiles, and are produced by grapevines as defensive metabolites in response to pests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, no elevation in the concentration of rotundone was observed when feeding grapevine leaves with larvae of the light brown apple moth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, no elevation in the concentration of rotundone was observed when feeding grapevine leaves with larvae of the light brown apple moth [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, disease has been associated with rotundone production, with more rotundone observed in Duras grapes with higher severity of powdery mildew.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, disease has been associated with rotundone production, with more rotundone observed in Duras grapes with higher severity of powdery mildew [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "All persons who get infected with Campylobacter do not have the same chance of becoming notified as a Campylobacter case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All persons who get infected with Campylobacter do not have the same chance of becoming notified as a Campylobacter case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are three different groups that are more likely than others to be reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are three different groups that are more likely than others to be reported [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Firstly, people who have a severe disease or profound symptoms are more likely to see a doctor, compared to others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, people who have a severe disease or profound symptoms are more likely to see a doctor, compared to others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, persons with a history of recent travel prior to the onset of symptoms are also more likely to seek health care and become diagnosed and reported.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, persons with a history of recent travel prior to the onset of symptoms are also more likely to seek health care and become diagnosed and reported.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thirdly, persons with pre-existing illnesses of certain magnitude may be overrepresented in the national surveillance statistics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thirdly, persons with pre-existing illnesses of certain magnitude may be overrepresented in the national surveillance statistics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "HF surface wave radar has been gradually applied as an efficient tool to detect the ocean dynamics elements and to maneuver targets with low speed, especially to monitor exclusive economic zone (EEZ) globally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "HF surface wave radar has been gradually applied as an efficient tool to detect the ocean dynamics elements and to maneuver targets with low speed, especially to monitor exclusive economic zone (EEZ) globally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When HF surface wave radar emits electromagnetic waves to the surface of the sea horizontally, some energy is emitted to the sky and reflected by the ionosphere owing to the nonideality of the antenna in the zenith direction, which forms the ionospheric clutter finally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When HF surface wave radar emits electromagnetic waves to the surface of the sea horizontally, some energy is emitted to the sky and reflected by the ionosphere owing to the nonideality of the antenna in the zenith direction, which forms the ionospheric clutter finally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ionospheric clutter mainly locates at the height of 100 km∼120 km in the sporadic-E layer (Es layer) and above 210 km in the F layer, and due to the nonstationary property of the ionosphere, the sea echo is often completely submerged in the ionospheric clutter, which causes the radar's detection performance to decrease dramatically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ionospheric clutter mainly locates at the height of 100 km∼120 km in the sporadic-E layer (Es layer) and above 210 km in the F layer, and due to the nonstationary property of the ionosphere, the sea echo is often completely submerged in the ionospheric clutter, which causes the radar's detection performance to decrease dramatically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ionospheric clutter has become the bottleneck that limits the development of remote HF ground wave radar currently, and especially the Es layer clutter in it that has the ionosphere irregularities structure, which makes the suppression of the clutter more difficult.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ionospheric clutter has become the bottleneck that limits the development of remote HF ground wave radar currently, and especially the Es layer clutter in it that has the ionosphere irregularities structure, which makes the suppression of the clutter more difficult [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "At weak coupling, photon production in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) can be studied by means of perturbation theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At weak coupling, photon production in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) can be studied by means of perturbation theory [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, results from RHIC seemingly indicate that the plasma created there does not behave as an almost free gas of quarks and gluons, but rather as a strongly coupled liquid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, results from RHIC seemingly indicate that the plasma created there does not behave as an almost free gas of quarks and gluons, but rather as a strongly coupled liquid [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, understanding the spectrum and rate of photon emission requires a non-perturbative calculation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, understanding the spectrum and rate of photon emission requires a non-perturbative calculation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is currently beyond the scope of analytical methods, and performing this calculation on the lattice is problematic due to the real-time, Lorentzian-signature nature of the physics involved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is currently beyond the scope of analytical methods, and performing this calculation on the lattice is problematic due to the real-time, Lorentzian-signature nature of the physics involved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the high-temperature, black hole phase stable mesons cease to exist.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the high-temperature, black hole phase stable mesons cease to exist.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rather one finds a continuous and gapless spectrum of excitations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rather one finds a continuous and gapless spectrum of excitations [8, 9, 21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9, 21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "Hence the mesons dissociate or 'melt' at the first order phase transition at T fun , and beyond it no well defined, quasi-particle notion of an individual quark exists, since a string stretching between any point on the branes and the horizon will quickly fall through the horizon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence the mesons dissociate or 'melt' at the first order phase transition at T fun , and beyond it no well defined, quasi-particle notion of an individual quark exists, since a string stretching between any point on the branes and the horizon will quickly fall through the horizon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the gauge theory this corresponds to the fact that any localised quark charge will quickly spread across the entire plasma, thus loosing its identity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the gauge theory this corresponds to the fact that any localised quark charge will quickly spread across the entire plasma, thus loosing its identity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Here, we took an alternative approach to obtain γ-CD nanofibers using a sacrificial polymeric matrix (i.e. PEO) for the electrospinning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we took an alternative approach to obtain γ-CD nanofibers using a sacrificial polymeric matrix (i.e. PEO) for the electrospinning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We electrospun the nanofibers from a common aqueous solution of PEO/γ-CD where we used a minimal amount of high molecular weight PEO carrier matrix for trouble-free electrospinning process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We electrospun the nanofibers from a common aqueous solution of PEO/γ-CD where we used a minimal amount of high molecular weight PEO carrier matrix for trouble-free electrospinning process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 1 summarizes the solution compositions of the PEO and PEO/γ-CD and solution properties (i.e. viscosity and Fig. 3 The representative SEM images of the γ-CD short-nanofibers which obtained after washing off from a 2%PEO/20%γ-CD, b 3%PEO/20%γ-CD, c 1%PEO/40%γ-CD nanofibers and d cage γ-CD conductivity) and the morphology and average fiber diameter (AFD) of the resulting electrospun nanofibers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 1 summarizes the solution compositions of the PEO and PEO/γ-CD and solution properties (i.e. viscosity and Fig. 3 The representative SEM images of the γ-CD short-nanofibers which obtained after washing off from a 2%PEO/20%γ-CD, b 3%PEO/20%γ-CD, c 1%PEO/40%γ-CD nanofibers and d cage γ-CD conductivity) and the morphology and average fiber diameter (AFD) of the resulting electrospun nanofibers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As an initial study, we optimized the electrospinning of pure PEO aqueous solutions having different concentration (1, 2 and 3% (w/v)).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an initial study, we optimized the electrospinning of pure PEO aqueous solutions having different concentration (1, 2 and 3% (w/v)).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 shows the SEM images where 1% (w/v) PEO solution only yielded beads without any continuous fiber formation due to the very low solution viscosity (0.0123 Pa s).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 shows the SEM images where 1% (w/v) PEO solution only yielded beads without any continuous fiber formation due to the very low solution viscosity (0.0123 Pa s).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The electrospinning of 2% (w/v) PEO solution resulted in beaded-fiber morphology due to low solution viscosity (0.0505 Pa s), but, once the concentration of PEO solution was increased to 3% (w/v) (0.1540 Pa s), bead-free nanofibers were obtained with an AFD of 145 ± 35 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electrospinning of 2% (w/v) PEO solution resulted in beaded-fiber morphology due to low solution viscosity (0.0505 Pa s), but, once the concentration of PEO solution was increased to 3% (w/v) (0.1540 Pa s), bead-free nanofibers were obtained with an AFD of 145 ± 35 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a well-known phenomena in the literature where high concentration/viscosity is required to produce bead-free PEO nanofibers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a well-known phenomena in the literature where high concentration/viscosity is required to produce bead-free PEO nanofibers [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "It is also noted that the solution conductivity of the PEO solution has increased as the polymer concentration increased which easy up the electrospinning process where the jet is more elongated and stretched to form a beadfree fibers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also noted that the solution conductivity of the PEO solution has increased as the polymer concentration increased which easy up the electrospinning process where the jet is more elongated and stretched to form a beadfree fibers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Electrospinning has become a widely used technique in academia as well as in industry for the production of nanofibers due to its simplicity, versatility and cost-effectiveness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Electrospinning has become a widely used technique in academia as well as in industry for the production of nanofibers due to its simplicity, versatility and cost-effectiveness [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Electrospun nanofibers/nanowebs have very high surface area, nanoporous feature, and structural design flexibility, therefore, they are quite applicable in various fields including filtration, biotechnology, energy, sensors, catalysis, electronics, textile, food, packaging, agriculture, etc.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Electrospun nanofibers/nanowebs have very high surface area, nanoporous feature, and structural design flexibility, therefore, they are quite applicable in various fields including filtration, biotechnology, energy, sensors, catalysis, electronics, textile, food, packaging, agriculture, etc [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Due to their exceptional properties, electrospun nanofibers/nanowebs have shown great potentials specifically for environmental applications such as membranes/filters for air, liquid and solid filtration, water purification, personal respiratory systems, etc.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to their exceptional properties, electrospun nanofibers/nanowebs have shown great potentials specifically for environmental applications such as membranes/filters for air, liquid and solid filtration, water purification, personal respiratory systems, etc [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We then turn to unimodal maps of the interval for examples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We then turn to unimodal maps of the interval for examples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We prove that every C 3 S-unimodal map with no attractor is exact with respect to λ.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We prove that every C 3 S-unimodal map with no attractor is exact with respect to λ.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Next, we consider examples with measure theoretic attractors which have been studied and classified by several authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Next, we consider examples with measure theoretic attractors which have been studied and classified by several authors [2, 11, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 11, 14]" ] }, { "text": "We exhibit the easily identified maximal automorphic factor in the presence of either a stable periodic orbit or a cycle of intervals (finitely renormalizable).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We exhibit the easily identified maximal automorphic factor in the presence of either a stable periodic orbit or a cycle of intervals (finitely renormalizable).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of an infinitely renormalizable map (of bounded type), we show that it is a dissipative map with maximal automorphic factor isomorphic to an odometer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of an infinitely renormalizable map (of bounded type), we show that it is a dissipative map with maximal automorphic factor isomorphic to an odometer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The factor measure on the odometer is non-singular but not necessarily invariant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The factor measure on the odometer is non-singular but not necessarily invariant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Electricity spot prices exhibit seasonality, mean-reversion, time-varying and at times high volatility, as well as occasional price jumps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electricity spot prices exhibit seasonality, mean-reversion, time-varying and at times high volatility, as well as occasional price jumps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The spot price is determined by the intersection between the demand and the supply curves, and the price for each period is set by the most expensive generator required to satisfy demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The spot price is determined by the intersection between the demand and the supply curves, and the price for each period is set by the most expensive generator required to satisfy demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Electricity markets have highly inelastic short term demand and a nonlinear convex supply curve.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electricity markets have highly inelastic short term demand and a nonlinear convex supply curve.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the relationship between fundamentals and prices is complex and nonlinear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the relationship between fundamentals and prices is complex and nonlinear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Electricity itself is a unique commodity since it is produced and consumed simultaneously, and offers no possibilities of storage of any significant capacity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electricity itself is a unique commodity since it is produced and consumed simultaneously, and offers no possibilities of storage of any significant capacity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Available reserves are therefore always limited, and in times of scarcity and high demand the producers with available capacity have market power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Available reserves are therefore always limited, and in times of scarcity and high demand the producers with available capacity have market power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These producers can set asking prices well above marginal costs contributing to the extremely high prices occasionally observed in electricity markets).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These producers can set asking prices well above marginal costs contributing to the extremely high prices occasionally observed in electricity markets (Bunn et al. (2016) ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bunn et al. (2016)" ] }, { "text": "The following unique characteristics occasionally result in extreme prices; the prices may be very low and negative when supply exceeds demand, or extremely high when supply cannot fulfill the inelastic demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The following unique characteristics occasionally result in extreme prices; the prices may be very low and negative when supply exceeds demand, or extremely high when supply cannot fulfill the inelastic demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources is challenging from a risk-management perspective, an increasingly relevant issue in recent years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources is challenging from a risk-management perspective, an increasingly relevant issue in recent years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lower than expected production from renewable sources may cause deficits and correspondingly high prices, which is a large source of risk for retailers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lower than expected production from renewable sources may cause deficits and correspondingly high prices, which is a large source of risk for retailers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the contrary, excessively high production may cause oversupply and low, or even negative, prices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the contrary, excessively high production may cause oversupply and low, or even negative, prices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the spot price is negative, producers essentially pay for dumping electricity on the market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the spot price is negative, producers essentially pay for dumping electricity on the market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Opportunity cost of shutting/ramping down may exceed the negative price of produced electricity; for example, there has been instances where utilities were willing to pay up to €120/MWh or more to get rid of the excess electricity produced.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Opportunity cost of shutting/ramping down may exceed the negative price of produced electricity; for example, there has been instances where utilities were willing to pay up to €120/MWh or more to get rid of the excess electricity produced (Keles et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Keles et al., 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In automatic speech emotion recognition, most studies focus on a single corpus at a time, without considering the per-1 https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics formance of model in cross-language and cross-corpus scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In automatic speech emotion recognition, most studies focus on a single corpus at a time, without considering the per-1 https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics formance of model in cross-language and cross-corpus scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, ever since transfer learning has been applied to cross-domain classification and pattern recognition problems, interest in applying it to cross-corpus emotion recognition has bee growing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, ever since transfer learning has been applied to cross-domain classification and pattern recognition problems, interest in applying it to cross-corpus emotion recognition has bee growing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Transfer learning focuses on adapting knowledge from available auxiliary resources to transfer this learning to a target domain, where a very few or even no labelled data is available.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Transfer learning focuses on adapting knowledge from available auxiliary resources to transfer this learning to a target domain, where a very few or even no labelled data is available [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years, speech emotion recognition has received increasing interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, speech emotion recognition has received increasing interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Speech emotion recognition focuses on using linguistic and acoustic attributes as input features and machine learning models as classifiers to classify the emotions of the speaker.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Speech emotion recognition focuses on using linguistic and acoustic attributes as input features and machine learning models as classifiers to classify the emotions of the speaker [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "These systems achieve promising results when training and testing are performed from the same corpus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These systems achieve promising results when training and testing are performed from the same corpus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, for real applications, such systems have been demonstrated not to perform well when speech utterances from different languages and different age groups, in quite different conditions, are combined.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for real applications, such systems have been demonstrated not to perform well when speech utterances from different languages and different age groups, in quite different conditions, are combined [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The association between socioeconomic factors with PA and sedentary behaviors differed for mothers and children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The association between socioeconomic factors with PA and sedentary behaviors differed for mothers and children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Maternal education was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of high leisure-time sports activity and high sedentary behavior in mothers, similar to other research in China.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Maternal education was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of high leisure-time sports activity and high sedentary behavior in mothers, similar to other research in China [3, 32, 37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 32, 37]" ] }, { "text": "However, maternal education was not significantly associated with PA in children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, maternal education was not significantly associated with PA in children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is similar to findings from a review of PA correlates in youth (4-12 years), which did not find parental education to be a significant correlate of PA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is similar to findings from a review of PA correlates in youth (4-12 years), which did not find parental education to be a significant correlate of PA [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] }, { "text": "Additional research examining well-established correlates of PA in youth (e.g., parental support, self efficacy, and physical environment factors) is needed in countries experiencing rapid socioeconomic and environmental changes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional research examining well-established correlates of PA in youth (e.g., parental support, self efficacy, and physical environment factors) is needed in countries experiencing rapid socioeconomic and environmental changes [12, 46, 48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF45", "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 46, 48]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Epidemiological studies have reported an association between osteoarthritis (OA) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD), with the majority of studies finding higher aBMD in individuals with OA compared to controls.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Epidemiological studies have reported an association between osteoarthritis (OA) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD), with the majority of studies finding higher aBMD in individuals with OA compared to controls [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "However, some studies have found no association or an inverse association.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some studies have found no association or an inverse association [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "The etiology of this relationship remains unclear, and several hypotheses have been put forth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The etiology of this relationship remains unclear, and several hypotheses have been put forth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The preponderance of OA among women and the development of OA symptoms around the time of menopause have lead to the speculation, as early as the 1920's, that OA was a hormonally mediated disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The preponderance of OA among women and the development of OA symptoms around the time of menopause have lead to the speculation, as early as the 1920's, that OA was a hormonally mediated disease [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Results from observational cohort studies are inconsistent, with some investigators finding estrogen use to protect against OA, while others find no relationship.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Results from observational cohort studies are inconsistent, with some investigators finding estrogen use to protect against OA, while others find no relationship [1, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Randomized trials of estrogen therapy and OA have been completed, but the results are inconclusive.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Randomized trials of estrogen therapy and OA have been completed, but the results are inconclusive [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "Estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta) are expressed in both chrondrocytes and bone and polymorphisms in the ERs have been shown to be associated with OA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta) are expressed in both chrondrocytes and bone and polymorphisms in the ERs have been shown to be associated with OA [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "Bergink and coworkers suggested that there may be a greater sensitivity of ER-alpha haplotype allele PX individuals to estrogen compared with those without the PX allele.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Bergink and coworkers suggested that there may be a greater sensitivity of ER-alpha haplotype allele PX individuals to estrogen compared with those without the PX allele [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "This increased sensitivity may lead to increased stimulation of local bone formation and greater susceptibility to osteophyte formation, thereby explaining the association with both OA and high aBMD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This increased sensitivity may lead to increased stimulation of local bone formation and greater susceptibility to osteophyte formation, thereby explaining the association with both OA and high aBMD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The findings of high aBMD among the daughters and postmenarcheal granddaughters of individuals with hip or knee replacements is consistent with the speculation of Bergink and coworkers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings of high aBMD among the daughters and postmenarcheal granddaughters of individuals with hip or knee replacements is consistent with the speculation of Bergink and coworkers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Methods like ground surveys over vast regions are expensive and time-consuming.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Methods like ground surveys over vast regions are expensive and time-consuming.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of P. fuscocapillus, the conventional approaches fail to synthesize the whole range of its distributional pattern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of P. fuscocapillus, the conventional approaches fail to synthesize the whole range of its distributional pattern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatives are the ecological niche models (hereafter \"ENM\") which reconstruct the potential distribution by combining the known occurrence records (accumulated through field surveys and other means) with the GIS coverages that summarize the background information of a particular region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatives are the ecological niche models (hereafter \"ENM\") which reconstruct the potential distribution by combining the known occurrence records (accumulated through field surveys and other means) with the GIS coverages that summarize the background information of a particular region [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "ENM are the best way to explore the availability of potential habitat, which will help in determining the possible range of distribution and planning further exploration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ENM are the best way to explore the availability of potential habitat, which will help in determining the possible range of distribution and planning further exploration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The machine-learning method GARP predicts the model from the presence of data of the species and background information (raster layers describing the landscape) based on nonrandom associations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The machine-learning method GARP predicts the model from the presence of data of the species and background information (raster layers describing the landscape) based on nonrandom associations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GARP uses half the set of presence records for the model development (training) and the other half for testing the quality of the model (testing).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "GARP uses half the set of presence records for the model development (training) and the other half for testing the quality of the model (testing).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two sets of 1250 points were selected by resampling from the intrinsic test data and randomly from the study region respectively to test the predictive accuracy in the model development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two sets of 1250 points were selected by resampling from the intrinsic test data and randomly from the study region respectively to test the predictive accuracy in the model development [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Then the algorithm uses an iterative process of developing and modifying rules through four inferential methods called logistic regression, atomic rules, bioclimatic rules and negated range rules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then the algorithm uses an iterative process of developing and modifying rules through four inferential methods called logistic regression, atomic rules, bioclimatic rules and negated range rules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Like the genetic evolution through crossover and mutation, the rules in the initial conditions were modified and evolved to reach the greater fitness with higher predictive accuracy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Like the genetic evolution through crossover and mutation, the rules in the initial conditions were modified and evolved to reach the greater fitness with higher predictive accuracy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The quality of the rule is then tested with the data earlier set apart to maximize the significance and accuracy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The quality of the rule is then tested with the data earlier set apart to maximize the significance and accuracy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The set of best rules thus retained is used to detect the potential distribution from the background information or the environmental variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The set of best rules thus retained is used to detect the potential distribution from the background information or the environmental variables [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "The algorithms are run for 1000 iterations or until convergence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The algorithms are run for 1000 iterations or until convergence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The current study is focused on establishing a clearly described and easily applicable procedure to measure displacement on the components of a rotating horizontal-axis wind turbine using stereo vision technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study is focused on establishing a clearly described and easily applicable procedure to measure displacement on the components of a rotating horizontal-axis wind turbine using stereo vision technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A scaled-down horizontal-axis wind turbine model is used to demonstrate the displacement measurement method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A scaled-down horizontal-axis wind turbine model is used to demonstrate the displacement measurement method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Camera calibration is one of the main challenges of measurement in large fields of view; it links the 3-D coordinate of the points in the real world to their corresponding 2-D coordinate in the image plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Camera calibration is one of the main challenges of measurement in large fields of view; it links the 3-D coordinate of the points in the real world to their corresponding 2-D coordinate in the image plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A traditional way of calibration uses a calibration object with known and precise coordinates to calibrate the camera.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A traditional way of calibration uses a calibration object with known and precise coordinates to calibrate the camera.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This method is accurate and efficient, but it is unpractical for large field-of-view applications because of the calibration object size.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This method is accurate and efficient, but it is unpractical for large field-of-view applications because of the calibration object size.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is also another calibration technique with no need for a calibration object, which is called selfcalibration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is also another calibration technique with no need for a calibration object, which is called selfcalibration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Self-calibration uses epipolar geometry of stereo pairs to reconstruct the 3-D coordinates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Self-calibration uses epipolar geometry of stereo pairs to reconstruct the 3-D coordinates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These methods are flexible but the final results are not always precise and reliable because there are many parameters that need to be estimated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These methods are flexible but the final results are not always precise and reliable because there are many parameters that need to be estimated (Medioni and Kang, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Medioni and Kang, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In this study we updated the traditional calibration method for large fields of view to be easier, faster and more practical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study we updated the traditional calibration method for large fields of view to be easier, faster and more practical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also compared the results of the updated 3-D calibration method with the traditional calibration that is conducted with a large grid in the background and the comparison shows better accuracy of the new 3-D calibration procedure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also compared the results of the updated 3-D calibration method with the traditional calibration that is conducted with a large grid in the background and the comparison shows better accuracy of the new 3-D calibration procedure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Regarding the increasing industrial advances and the world's population growth, fossil fuel sources will not meet the human need for energy in the near future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding the increasing industrial advances and the world's population growth, fossil fuel sources will not meet the human need for energy in the near future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such a situation wind energy is an environmentally friendly alternative that can decrease the dependency on declining fossil fuels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In such a situation wind energy is an environmentally friendly alternative that can decrease the dependency on declining fossil fuels (Herbert et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Herbert et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Growth of wind turbine technology has led to important concerns about the reliability of energy production and wind turbine efficiency, and reliable turbine operation also requires proper experimental tools and high-quality testing methods to monitor the turbine behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Growth of wind turbine technology has led to important concerns about the reliability of energy production and wind turbine efficiency, and reliable turbine operation also requires proper experimental tools and high-quality testing methods to monitor the turbine behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Survival analysis and prediction of dwell time has come into focus recently, with many studies using it as a proxy of user satisfaction in search and ad click scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Survival analysis and prediction of dwell time has come into focus recently, with many studies using it as a proxy of user satisfaction in search and ad click scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the first studies using the Weibull distribution analyzed the dwell time of users visiting web sites after performing a search.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the first studies using the Weibull distribution analyzed the dwell time of users visiting web sites after performing a search [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The study indicated a strong \"negative aging\" effect for websites visited after a search , i.e. the probability of abandoning a page decreased with increasing dwell time (see Sec. 3.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study indicated a strong \"negative aging\" effect for websites visited after a search , i.e. the probability of abandoning a page decreased with increasing dwell time (see Sec. 3.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The distribution of dwell time can also be used to measure and improve the satisfaction of users with search results.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The distribution of dwell time can also be used to measure and improve the satisfaction of users with search results [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, the authors segment the results according to attributes like \"readability level\" and model the distribution of dwell time for each segment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, the authors segment the results according to attributes like \"readability level\" and model the distribution of dwell time for each segment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Their findings include that the dwell time distributions for satisfied and dissatisfied clicks differ, and that it is possible to use characteristics of these distributions to better predict satisfied clicks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Their findings include that the dwell time distributions for satisfied and dissatisfied clicks differ, and that it is possible to use characteristics of these distributions to better predict satisfied clicks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Many underutilized fruit species are used as ornamentals, but only a few including cornelian cherry are grown for their edible fruits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many underutilized fruit species are used as ornamentals, but only a few including cornelian cherry are grown for their edible fruits (ERCISLI, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(ERCISLI, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The flowering of cornelian cherry trees begins in early spring but give fruits in late period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The flowering of cornelian cherry trees begins in early spring but give fruits in late period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The plant is also cultivated for landscaping designs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The plant is also cultivated for landscaping designs (ROP et al., 2010a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(ROP et al., 2010a)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The location of the thresholds where farmers decide to switch between cropping and grazing has changed with technology and commodity values, but is sensitive to climatic factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The location of the thresholds where farmers decide to switch between cropping and grazing has changed with technology and commodity values, but is sensitive to climatic factors (Ryan et al. 2009; Nidumolu et al. 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ryan et al. 2009; Nidumolu et al. 2012)" ] }, { "text": "The impacts of climate change will be most acute at the margin of the Australian wheat belt, where cropping already gives way to extensive grazing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The impacts of climate change will be most acute at the margin of the Australian wheat belt, where cropping already gives way to extensive grazing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moving away from high rainfall cropping systems near the coast, there is a transition as average rainfall steadily decreases until the margin between wheat-dominant cropping and extensive grazing systems is reached further inland.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moving away from high rainfall cropping systems near the coast, there is a transition as average rainfall steadily decreases until the margin between wheat-dominant cropping and extensive grazing systems is reached further inland.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effect of climate uncertainty and variability on the decision thresholds at this margin thereby provides useful case studies of the adaptation of agricultural systems to climate change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of climate uncertainty and variability on the decision thresholds at this margin thereby provides useful case studies of the adaptation of agricultural systems to climate change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Agricultural systems are adaptations to the prevailing climate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Agricultural systems are adaptations to the prevailing climate (Gornall et al. 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gornall et al. 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Over time, producers have improved their understanding of the specific characteristics of the climate that affect agricultural production and they have responded accordingly, by making decisions informed by historical experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over time, producers have improved their understanding of the specific characteristics of the climate that affect agricultural production and they have responded accordingly, by making decisions informed by historical experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Climate change presents a challenge to decision-makers because decision-making in agricultural systems is calibrated to the parameters of the current climate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Climate change presents a challenge to decision-makers because decision-making in agricultural systems is calibrated to the parameters of the current climate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, Australian agricultural systems such as broad-acre wheat production have evolved to suit a highly variable climate, but there is an expectation that this variability is bounded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, Australian agricultural systems such as broad-acre wheat production have evolved to suit a highly variable climate, but there is an expectation that this variability is bounded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future decisions to switch between broad-acre cropping and alternative agricultural systems will be governed by interactions between changing levels of climate variability and other agro-ecological and economic factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future decisions to switch between broad-acre cropping and alternative agricultural systems will be governed by interactions between changing levels of climate variability and other agro-ecological and economic factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Since SMEs generally thrive because they have successfully done something unique within a niche market, they may seek to protect that competitive advantage by avoiding any standardization encouraged by the use of packaged software.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since SMEs generally thrive because they have successfully done something unique within a niche market, they may seek to protect that competitive advantage by avoiding any standardization encouraged by the use of packaged software.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the one of the key challenges of PS implementation in SMEs relates to functional mismatches between the functionality offered by the packaged software and the business needs of the SME.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the one of the key challenges of PS implementation in SMEs relates to functional mismatches between the functionality offered by the packaged software and the business needs of the SME.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to understand such challenges fully, it would be beneficial to understand the requirements engineering processes that Small to Medium Sized Software Development Companies (SMSSDCs) apply in order to identify mismatches between PS functionality and SME business processes, in order to achieve a better fit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to understand such challenges fully, it would be beneficial to understand the requirements engineering processes that Small to Medium Sized Software Development Companies (SMSSDCs) apply in order to identify mismatches between PS functionality and SME business processes, in order to achieve a better fit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Gaining a better understanding of such processes is necessary as researchers have argued that most current requirements engineering practices are unsuitable for SMSSDCs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gaining a better understanding of such processes is necessary as researchers have argued that most current requirements engineering practices are unsuitable for SMSSDCs [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "When lithium bromide is dissolved in water, a minimum solution temperature exists for each solution concentration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When lithium bromide is dissolved in water, a minimum solution temperature exists for each solution concentration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The nature of LiBr solutions is that the salt component precipitates when the mass fraction of salt exceeds the solubility limit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nature of LiBr solutions is that the salt component precipitates when the mass fraction of salt exceeds the solubility limit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The solubility limit is a strong function of mass fraction and temperature and a weak function of pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The solubility limit is a strong function of mass fraction and temperature and a weak function of pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, crystal nucleation is a process sensitive to the presence of nucleation sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, crystal nucleation is a process sensitive to the presence of nucleation sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If no suitable nucleation sites are present, super saturation can occur where the salt content of the liquid is greater than the solubility limit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If no suitable nucleation sites are present, super saturation can occur where the salt content of the liquid is greater than the solubility limit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once crystals begin to form, the crystals themselves provide favorable nucleation sites and the crystals grow on themselves.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Once crystals begin to form, the crystals themselves provide favorable nucleation sites and the crystals grow on themselves [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In an absorption machine if the solution concentration is too high or the solution temperature is too low, crystallization may occur, most likely in the solution heat exchanger.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In an absorption machine if the solution concentration is too high or the solution temperature is too low, crystallization may occur, most likely in the solution heat exchanger.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the concentrated solution temperature should be increased above its saturation point so that salt crystals return to the solution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the concentrated solution temperature should be increased above its saturation point so that salt crystals return to the solution [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The crystallization curve of LiBr is shown in Figure A .1 in appendix A. Usually the absorption cycle is plotted in a Dühring P-T chart, a pressure-temperature graph where the diagonal lines represent constant LiBr mass fraction, with the pure water line at the left and crystallization line at the right.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The crystallization curve of LiBr is shown in Figure A .1 in appendix A. Usually the absorption cycle is plotted in a Dühring P-T chart, a pressure-temperature graph where the diagonal lines represent constant LiBr mass fraction, with the pure water line at the left and crystallization line at the right.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In absorption chillers, usually the crystallization line for lithium bromide and water is very close to the working concentrations needed for practical LiBr-H2O absorption chillers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In absorption chillers, usually the crystallization line for lithium bromide and water is very close to the working concentrations needed for practical LiBr-H2O absorption chillers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the solution concentration is too high or the solution temperature is reduced too low, crystallization may occur and interrupt machine operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the solution concentration is too high or the solution temperature is reduced too low, crystallization may occur and interrupt machine operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Crystallization must be avoided since the formation of slush in the piping network over time could form a solid and block the flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Crystallization must be avoided since the formation of slush in the piping network over time could form a solid and block the flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To recover absorber operation after crystallization occurs is very labor intensive and time consuming.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To recover absorber operation after crystallization occurs is very labor intensive and time consuming [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The developed function of critical concentration detection is attached to the dynamic simulation model for double-ffect steam absorption chiller developed by the authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The developed function of critical concentration detection is attached to the dynamic simulation model for double-ffect steam absorption chiller developed by the authors [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Solution stream temperature (T) is used to calculate the critical concentration (Xc) at the specific stream.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Solution stream temperature (T) is used to calculate the critical concentration (Xc) at the specific stream.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The critical concentration provides a measure of how far the operating range of the chiller from the crystallization zone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The critical concentration provides a measure of how far the operating range of the chiller from the crystallization zone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Indeed, for several 3D electromagnetic problems, it can be more efficient to compute the currents on wire models using locally a TL equation rather than a thin wire model inside a global 3D computational domain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, for several 3D electromagnetic problems, it can be more efficient to compute the currents on wire models using locally a TL equation rather than a thin wire model inside a global 3D computational domain [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, this implies a gain in term of computational cost, but also a more accurate solution as far as realistic connection wires are concerned.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, this implies a gain in term of computational cost, but also a more accurate solution as far as realistic connection wires are concerned.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we consider two kinds of configurations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we consider two kinds of configurations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first one consists in the study of complex networks having multiconductor cables and several connection nodes at junctions inside a structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first one consists in the study of complex networks having multiconductor cables and several connection nodes at junctions inside a structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This configuration is typical of cables in embedded systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This configuration is typical of cables in embedded systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second configuration deals with the evaluation of induced currents and voltages on cables, for large computational domains in which 3D structures or objets are connected by wires.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second configuration deals with the evaluation of induced currents and voltages on cables, for large computational domains in which 3D structures or objets are connected by wires.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This configuration in typical of cables or pipes connecting buildings, encountered in ground installation topologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This configuration in typical of cables or pipes connecting buildings, encountered in ground installation topologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For the second kind of problems we are interested in interconnected large structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the second kind of problems we are interested in interconnected large structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The evaluation of the fields inside the whole computational domain implies an important computational cost in terms of CPU and memory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evaluation of the fields inside the whole computational domain implies an important computational cost in terms of CPU and memory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the dissipative or/and dispersive errors due to the 3D numerical scheme used to solve Maxwell's equations are sometimes important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the dissipative or/and dispersive errors due to the 3D numerical scheme used to solve Maxwell's equations are sometimes important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To avoid these drawbacks, for disjoint objects a multi-domain method has been proposed to limit the 3D computational meshed domains only around the objects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To avoid these drawbacks, for disjoint objects a multi-domain method has been proposed to limit the 3D computational meshed domains only around the objects [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In this article, the authors intend to the principle of a similar strategy extended to the case of objects interconnected by multi-wires cables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this article, the authors intend to the principle of a similar strategy extended to the case of objects interconnected by multi-wires cables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This strategy is based again on the coupling of the MTLN equations with Maxwell's equations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This strategy is based again on the coupling of the MTLN equations with Maxwell's equations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Since enhancers regulate transcription by interacting with transcription factors and the transcriptional machinery, active enhancers tend to reside in areas of open chromatin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since enhancers regulate transcription by interacting with transcription factors and the transcriptional machinery, active enhancers tend to reside in areas of open chromatin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, enhancers have been shown to be marked by the histone modification H3K27ac.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, enhancers have been shown to be marked by the histone modification H3K27ac [3, 4, 5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4, 5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Assays that map these properties have been used extensively for genome-wide identification of active enhancers in various contexts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Assays that map these properties have been used extensively for genome-wide identification of active enhancers in various contexts [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "However, while these assays enable identification of candidate enhancers, they are limited to a binary view of enhancer activity, and are therefore insufficient to fully understand cis regulation of transcription.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, while these assays enable identification of candidate enhancers, they are limited to a binary view of enhancer activity, and are therefore insufficient to fully understand cis regulation of transcription.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Functional assays are necessary to further our understanding of enhancers' role in gene expression regulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Functional assays are necessary to further our understanding of enhancers' role in gene expression regulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reporter assays have been used to functionally annotate enhancers, by introducing fluorescent reporter constructs regulated by the enhancer of interest, but these assays have limited throughput and don't scale to allow genome-wide functional annotations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reporter assays have been used to functionally annotate enhancers, by introducing fluorescent reporter constructs regulated by the enhancer of interest, but these assays have limited throughput and don't scale to allow genome-wide functional annotations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The AdS/CFT duality has been an important theoretical input to study the physics of strongly coupled system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The AdS/CFT duality has been an important theoretical input to study the physics of strongly coupled system [1] - [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The main focus in this area has been to construct gravitational duals of physical phenomena exhibiting strong coupling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main focus in this area has been to construct gravitational duals of physical phenomena exhibiting strong coupling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Holographic superconductors have been an important class of gravitation duals which have been studied extensively in the recent past.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Holographic superconductors have been an important class of gravitation duals which have been studied extensively in the recent past [7] - [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ], [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]", "[18]" ] }, { "text": "These models have been found to reproduce some of the properties of high T c superconductors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These models have been found to reproduce some of the properties of high T c superconductors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The theoretical models consisting of a AdS black hole in the bulk with a charged scalar field coupled to the Maxwell field has been found to admit the formation of a scalar hair below a certain critical temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The theoretical models consisting of a AdS black hole in the bulk with a charged scalar field coupled to the Maxwell field has been found to admit the formation of a scalar hair below a certain critical temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mechanism involved in the formation of this hair involves the spontaneous breakdown of a local U (1) symmetry near the black hole horizon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanism involved in the formation of this hair involves the spontaneous breakdown of a local U (1) symmetry near the black hole horizon [19] , [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ], [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]", "[20]" ] }, { "text": "There has been a lot of work investigating the effects of Born-Infeld (BI) electrodynamics on holographic superconductors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been a lot of work investigating the effects of Born-Infeld (BI) electrodynamics on holographic superconductors [21] - [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ], [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]", "[30]" ] }, { "text": "The importance of such work have been to study the effect of non-linear electrodynamics on holographic superconductors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The importance of such work have been to study the effect of non-linear electrodynamics on holographic superconductors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, the choice of BI electrodynamics have been made since this is the only non-linear theory of electrodynamics which enjoys the duality symmetry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, the choice of BI electrodynamics have been made since this is the only non-linear theory of electrodynamics which enjoys the duality symmetry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, an analytic computation of conductivity of holographic superconductors in the framework of BI electrodynamics has so far been missing in the literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, an analytic computation of conductivity of holographic superconductors in the framework of BI electrodynamics has so far been missing in the literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we proceed to investigate the effects of BI electrodynamics on the conductivity of these systems analytically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we proceed to investigate the effects of BI electrodynamics on the conductivity of these systems analytically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We incorporate the effects of the BI parameter in the spacetime metric and also take backreaction into account.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We incorporate the effects of the BI parameter in the spacetime metric and also take backreaction into account.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have then calculated the band gap energy from the conductivity expression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have then calculated the band gap energy from the conductivity expression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have shown that the band gap energy increases with increase in parameter b.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have shown that the band gap energy increases with increase in parameter b.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 2, the basic formalism for the holographic superconductors coupled to BI electrodynamics is presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 2, the basic formalism for the holographic superconductors coupled to BI electrodynamics is presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In section 3, we calculate the conductivity upto first order in b. Section 4 contains the concluding remarks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In section 3, we calculate the conductivity upto first order in b. Section 4 contains the concluding remarks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In a perfect dielectric medium, charged particles form electrically neutral atoms and molecules due to powerful electric forces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a perfect dielectric medium, charged particles form electrically neutral atoms and molecules due to powerful electric forces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since there are no free charges in this medium, electric current does not flow inside it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since there are no free charges in this medium, electric current does not flow inside it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, if a very strong electric field is applied to a medium of low conductivity in such a way that some electrons or ions are created, then mobile charges can generate an avalanche of charges by impact ionization, so that a low temperature plasma is created, and an electric discharge develops.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, if a very strong electric field is applied to a medium of low conductivity in such a way that some electrons or ions are created, then mobile charges can generate an avalanche of charges by impact ionization, so that a low temperature plasma is created, and an electric discharge develops [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This process is called dielectric breakdown and it is a threshold process: there are no changes in the state of the medium while the electric field across a discharge gap is gradually increased, but at a certain value of the field a current is created and observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process is called dielectric breakdown and it is a threshold process: there are no changes in the state of the medium while the electric field across a discharge gap is gradually increased, but at a certain value of the field a current is created and observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In agreement with these studies, we found that tepal senescence of daffodil was associated with increased gene expression of an S 1-type endonuclease, cysteine protease, vacuolar processing enzyme, subtilisin, and serine carboxypeptidase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In agreement with these studies, we found that tepal senescence of daffodil was associated with increased gene expression of an S 1-type endonuclease, cysteine protease, vacuolar processing enzyme, subtilisin, and serine carboxypeptidase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "S1-type endonucleases are glycoproteins that cleave single-stranded DNA and RNA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "S1-type endonucleases are glycoproteins that cleave single-stranded DNA and RNA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Their activity most likely causes the lower yields of RNA obtained from senescing tissues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Their activity most likely causes the lower yields of RNA obtained from senescing tissues [28, 29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28, 29]" ] }, { "text": "In daylily, single stranded nuclease activity was reported to increase at least 6 h prior to flower opening, which is 18 h before visible senescence of the cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In daylily, single stranded nuclease activity was reported to increase at least 6 h prior to flower opening, which is 18 h before visible senescence of the cells [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Cycloheximide, a chemical that delays senescence of the daylily flower, prevented the increase in nuclease activity pointing to the importance of de novo protein synthesis for driving the senescence program.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cycloheximide, a chemical that delays senescence of the daylily flower, prevented the increase in nuclease activity pointing to the importance of de novo protein synthesis for driving the senescence program.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is the nucleases that most likely degrade nucleic acids to aid recycling of phosphorus and nitrogen.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is the nucleases that most likely degrade nucleic acids to aid recycling of phosphorus and nitrogen.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is also possible that nucleases have more of a direct role in controlling the senescence program.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is also possible that nucleases have more of a direct role in controlling the senescence program.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Additionally, the small negative correlation between time and accuracy in the Control presents a violation of the speed-accuracy trade-off that may occur when the ability to discriminate between correct and incorrect alternatives is low.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the small negative correlation between time and accuracy in the Control presents a violation of the speed-accuracy trade-off that may occur when the ability to discriminate between correct and incorrect alternatives is low [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "When discriminability is high, reducing speed increases accuracy, whereas with low discriminability reducing speed does not increase accuracy -in fact, in the Control accuracy decreases slightly as response time increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When discriminability is high, reducing speed increases accuracy, whereas with low discriminability reducing speed does not increase accuracy -in fact, in the Control accuracy decreases slightly as response time increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is consistent with the participants' self-reporting of how difficult it was to read the search hits ( Figure 3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is consistent with the participants' self-reporting of how difficult it was to read the search hits ( Figure 3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Third, major shifts in economic theory during the past decade bring to the fore old questions about the role of political parties, political institutions, and the interaction between governments and unions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, major shifts in economic theory during the past decade bring to the fore old questions about the role of political parties, political institutions, and the interaction between governments and unions (Mares 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mares 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Ironically, political scientists seem to believe that political science can contribute little to the study of macroeconomic policy making, while economists now grapple with questions about government policies for which political science may have the answers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ironically, political scientists seem to believe that political science can contribute little to the study of macroeconomic policy making, while economists now grapple with questions about government policies for which political science may have the answers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this essay, we sketch the frontiers in the new political economy of macroeconomics, and we suggest where political scientists are likely to make significant contributions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this essay, we sketch the frontiers in the new political economy of macroeconomics, and we suggest where political scientists are likely to make significant contributions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The new classical attack on Keynesian macroeconomics was accompanied by a reassessment of the role of groups and political parties in fiscal policy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The new classical attack on Keynesian macroeconomics was accompanied by a reassessment of the role of groups and political parties in fiscal policy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Public choice theory implied that fragmented democratic governments would tend to overspend and run excessive deficits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Public choice theory implied that fragmented democratic governments would tend to overspend and run excessive deficits (Grilli et al. 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Grilli et al. 1991)" ] }, { "text": "With each party seeking to maximize spending on its own constituency, there is a common pool problem confounded by the shortsightedness of governments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With each party seeking to maximize spending on its own constituency, there is a common pool problem confounded by the shortsightedness of governments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because new classical economics implies that public spending and investment crowd out private spending and investment, the result is a misallocation of resources between the public and private sectors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because new classical economics implies that public spending and investment crowd out private spending and investment, the result is a misallocation of resources between the public and private sectors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "BP infects the epithelium of the hepatopancreatic tubules (HP) and anterior midgut; it produces polyhedra, or tetrahedral occlusion bodies, in the nuclei of infected cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "BP infects the epithelium of the hepatopancreatic tubules (HP) and anterior midgut; it produces polyhedra, or tetrahedral occlusion bodies, in the nuclei of infected cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the later stages of infection, the hypertrophied nucleus filled with free virons and virus containing polyhedra ruptures from the infected cells and the polyhedra pass through the intestine with the feces (Couch, 1991, and Fig. 5 therein) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the later stages of infection, the hypertrophied nucleus filled with free virons and virus containing polyhedra ruptures from the infected cells and the polyhedra pass through the intestine with the feces (Couch, 1991, and Fig. 5 therein) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The amount of tissue destruction associated with the release of polyhedra depends on several factors, among which are the age when infected, size of infected shrimp, and severity of infection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of tissue destruction associated with the release of polyhedra depends on several factors, among which are the age when infected, size of infected shrimp, and severity of infection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the loss of significant amounts of hepatopancreatic epithelium at critical points in larval or postlarval development results in a variety of adverse effects on the host.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the loss of significant amounts of hepatopancreatic epithelium at critical points in larval or postlarval development results in a variety of adverse effects on the host (Couch, 1981) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Couch, 1981)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Although this subjective approach to video quality evaluation offers very representative observer opinion scores, it is a very tedious, time and effort consuming process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although this subjective approach to video quality evaluation offers very representative observer opinion scores, it is a very tedious, time and effort consuming process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may lead to negative effects on the development and enhancement of emerging immersive video applications and services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may lead to negative effects on the development and enhancement of emerging immersive video applications and services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Video quality evaluation metrics define a link between physical parameters of the video and perceived video quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Video quality evaluation metrics define a link between physical parameters of the video and perceived video quality [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Objective quality assessment for conventional 2D video signals has been a focus of research for quite a long period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Objective quality assessment for conventional 2D video signals has been a focus of research for quite a long period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these assessment methods have not considered artefacts introduced by the new video processing techniques, such as the disocclusion artefacts introduced by the DIBR process in 3D immersive video rendering and viewing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these assessment methods have not considered artefacts introduced by the new video processing techniques, such as the disocclusion artefacts introduced by the DIBR process in 3D immersive video rendering and viewing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The main purpose of this paper is to present the concept of VTOL aircraft, from scratch to final implementation, covering the individual stages of prototyping and then deriving a mathematical model based on the physical model and computational fluid dynamics CFD simulations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main purpose of this paper is to present the concept of VTOL aircraft, from scratch to final implementation, covering the individual stages of prototyping and then deriving a mathematical model based on the physical model and computational fluid dynamics CFD simulations [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "A mathematical model that can accurately describe the flight dynamics is exceedingly important in the design of a flight control system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A mathematical model that can accurately describe the flight dynamics is exceedingly important in the design of a flight control system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of hybrid UAVs, the whole flight can be divided into three phases, namely, vertical flight mode, transition mode, and horizontal flight mode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of hybrid UAVs, the whole flight can be divided into three phases, namely, vertical flight mode, transition mode, and horizontal flight mode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a consequence, the development of a real flight dynamics model is much more difficult compared to the conventional UAVs and causes many problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence, the development of a real flight dynamics model is much more difficult compared to the conventional UAVs and causes many problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Having said that Persian garden is very similar to other elements of Persian architecture, there are still features that seem to be conflicting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Having said that Persian garden is very similar to other elements of Persian architecture, there are still features that seem to be conflicting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most obvious dissimilarity of Persian garden to a Persian traditional house 2 or traditional architecture can be the attitude of the garden's edifice toward outside.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most obvious dissimilarity of Persian garden to a Persian traditional house 2 or traditional architecture can be the attitude of the garden's edifice toward outside.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As opposed to the Western approach of concentration on the external look of a house, traditional settlements of Iran are mostly in an introvert form, concerning the space within in order to achieve privacy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As opposed to the Western approach of concentration on the external look of a house, traditional settlements of Iran are mostly in an introvert form, concerning the space within in order to achieve privacy (Brookes 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brookes 1987)" ] }, { "text": "However the converse form, exhibiting an outward-directed dynamism is found in Persian gardens where the pavilion is looking outside to the garden and the external façade is in touch with the surroundings (Fig. 20) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However the converse form, exhibiting an outward-directed dynamism is found in Persian gardens where the pavilion is looking outside to the garden and the external façade is in touch with the surroundings (Fig. 20) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In spite of this dissimilarity, the privacy in Persian gardens has been achieved through the short walls surrounding the garden.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In spite of this dissimilarity, the privacy in Persian gardens has been achieved through the short walls surrounding the garden.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the Persian garden with all its outward expression remains an enclosed/introverted feature of Iranian architecture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the Persian garden with all its outward expression remains an enclosed/introverted feature of Iranian architecture (Brookes 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brookes 1987)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Circular economic development requires a vigorous increase in resource-comprehensive development and the recycling-utilization rate in the resource-exploitation step, a vigorous increase in resource-utilization efficiency in the resource-consumption step, a vigorous comprehensive utilization of resources in the waste-generation step, the vigorous recycling and reuse of various wastes in the renewable resource-production step, and a vigorous promotion of green consumption in the consumption step.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Circular economic development requires a vigorous increase in resource-comprehensive development and the recycling-utilization rate in the resource-exploitation step, a vigorous increase in resource-utilization efficiency in the resource-consumption step, a vigorous comprehensive utilization of resources in the waste-generation step, the vigorous recycling and reuse of various wastes in the renewable resource-production step, and a vigorous promotion of green consumption in the consumption step [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "This paper argues that in the circulation of solid materials, planting products, in addition to direct sale in the market, can be used for breeding pigs, poultry, fish and other animals as feed, and feces, offal and other waste produced from pig breeding and slaughtering can be used in planting, poultry and aquaculture as manure and feed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper argues that in the circulation of solid materials, planting products, in addition to direct sale in the market, can be used for breeding pigs, poultry, fish and other animals as feed, and feces, offal and other waste produced from pig breeding and slaughtering can be used in planting, poultry and aquaculture as manure and feed [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "In the circulation of liquid materials, large amounts of water are needed for slaughtering pigs, which will produce a large amount of polluted water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the circulation of liquid materials, large amounts of water are needed for slaughtering pigs, which will produce a large amount of polluted water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The existing purification technology is able to treat this type of waste water to be used for irrigation, cleaning and other household uses; therefore, it is possible to realize the recycling utilization of water resources in farming, pig breeding, pig slaughtering, poultry and fish breeding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The existing purification technology is able to treat this type of waste water to be used for irrigation, cleaning and other household uses; therefore, it is possible to realize the recycling utilization of water resources in farming, pig breeding, pig slaughtering, poultry and fish breeding [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "To sum up, this paper focuses on the live pig industry to establish a circular economic system of the pig industry, as shown in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To sum up, this paper focuses on the live pig industry to establish a circular economic system of the pig industry, as shown in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Low water-to-binder ratio, high-efficiency water reducing agent, and highly active volcanic ash were applied in order to achieve the excellent performance of UHPC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Low water-to-binder ratio, high-efficiency water reducing agent, and highly active volcanic ash were applied in order to achieve the excellent performance of UHPC [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the autogenous and drying shrinkage of UHPC also increased because of the application of the mentioned methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the autogenous and drying shrinkage of UHPC also increased because of the application of the mentioned methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The shrinkage of concrete would lead to the generation and propagation of internal microcracks, which could greatly decrease the durability of concrete, shorten its service life, and even cause serious engineering accidents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The shrinkage of concrete would lead to the generation and propagation of internal microcracks, which could greatly decrease the durability of concrete, shorten its service life, and even cause serious engineering accidents [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, control of the shrinkage is crucial for the current research and application of UHPC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, control of the shrinkage is crucial for the current research and application of UHPC [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Shrinkage had negative impacts on the durability of UHPC, which needed to be controlled.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Shrinkage had negative impacts on the durability of UHPC, which needed to be controlled [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "The incorporation of shrinkage reducing admixture and expansive agent was the effective method to improve the volume stability of UHPC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The incorporation of shrinkage reducing admixture and expansive agent was the effective method to improve the volume stability of UHPC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The introduction of antifoaming admixture could efficiently reduce internal bubbles of UHPC and make the microstructure more dense.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The introduction of antifoaming admixture could efficiently reduce internal bubbles of UHPC and make the microstructure more dense [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "What is more, the addition of antifoaming admixture could greatly improve the mechanical and durability properties of UHPC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What is more, the addition of antifoaming admixture could greatly improve the mechanical and durability properties of UHPC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For UHPC with the addition of antifoaming admixture, few studies focused on the influence of shrinkage reducing admixture and expansive agent on the volume stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For UHPC with the addition of antifoaming admixture, few studies focused on the influence of shrinkage reducing admixture and expansive agent on the volume stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper investigated the effects of shrinkage reducing agent and expansive agent on the shrinkage of UHPC mixed with antifoaming admixture and proposed some suggestions for future research work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper investigated the effects of shrinkage reducing agent and expansive agent on the shrinkage of UHPC mixed with antifoaming admixture and proposed some suggestions for future research work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "As a new generation of concrete, ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) possesses numerous advantages such as high strength, high durability, high reliability, and high performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a new generation of concrete, ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) possesses numerous advantages such as high strength, high durability, high reliability, and high performance [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is no unified standard about technical requirements for UHPC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is no unified standard about technical requirements for UHPC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In France, the guide \"Ultrahigh Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete-Interim Recommendations\" described ultrahigh performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) as a highly viscous cement based composite material with the 28-day compressive strength over 150 MPa, mixed with the steel fiber to increase toughness and mixed with fine quartz sand as aggregate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In France, the guide \"Ultrahigh Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete-Interim Recommendations\" described ultrahigh performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) as a highly viscous cement based composite material with the 28-day compressive strength over 150 MPa, mixed with the steel fiber to increase toughness and mixed with fine quartz sand as aggregate [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "And two French standards related to UHPFRC have been published in April 2016.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And two French standards related to UHPFRC have been published in April 2016.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Japanese Civil Engineering Society defined UHPC as a cement based material reinforced by steel fiber with 28-day compressive strength over 150 MPa and mixed with cement and highly active volcanic ash as cementitious materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Japanese Civil Engineering Society defined UHPC as a cement based material reinforced by steel fiber with 28-day compressive strength over 150 MPa and mixed with cement and highly active volcanic ash as cementitious materials [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The diameter of aggregate was less than 2.5 mm and water-to-binder ratio was less than 0.24.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The diameter of aggregate was less than 2.5 mm and water-to-binder ratio was less than 0.24.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The content of steel fiber was less than 2% by volume of concrete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The content of steel fiber was less than 2% by volume of concrete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The diameter of steel fiber ranged from 0.10 mm to 0.25 mm and the length of steel fiber was in the range of 10 mm to 20 mm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The diameter of steel fiber ranged from 0.10 mm to 0.25 mm and the length of steel fiber was in the range of 10 mm to 20 mm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At present, the research and application of UHPC in China are still in the experimental stage and the accumulation of experimental data and engineering experience is very necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, the research and application of UHPC in China are still in the experimental stage and the accumulation of experimental data and engineering experience is very necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Consider the possibility that in brain, each of the ␣4␤2 nAChR stoichiometries might serve a different functional role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consider the possibility that in brain, each of the ␣4␤2 nAChR stoichiometries might serve a different functional role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Muscle nAChRs provide an example of different nAChR subunit compositions serving different functional roles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Muscle nAChRs provide an example of different nAChR subunit compositions serving different functional roles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With innervation at the neuromuscular junction, the functional properties of nAChRs are changed by a switch from nAChRs that contain ␥ subunits to those that contain ⑀ subunits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With innervation at the neuromuscular junction, the functional properties of nAChRs are changed by a switch from nAChRs that contain ␥ subunits to those that contain ⑀ subunits (Sanes and Lichtman, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sanes and Lichtman, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Nonjunctional nAChRs in immature muscle exist at low density and are optimized to respond to diffuse transmitter release with long channel openings during development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonjunctional nAChRs in immature muscle exist at low density and are optimized to respond to diffuse transmitter release with long channel openings during development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Postsynaptic nAChRs in mature muscle are optimized to respond to high ACh concentrations with relatively low affinity and brief channel openings to accurately transmit rapid impulse patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Postsynaptic nAChRs in mature muscle are optimized to respond to high ACh concentrations with relatively low affinity and brief channel openings to accurately transmit rapid impulse patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the brain, most ␣4␤2 nAChRs act presynaptically or preterminally to modulate transmitter release.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the brain, most ␣4␤2 nAChRs act presynaptically or preterminally to modulate transmitter release (Wonnacott, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wonnacott, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "In some cases, this modulation might occur by 'volume transmission,' whereby diffusion of transmitter from adjacent synapses activates these nAChRs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some cases, this modulation might occur by 'volume transmission,' whereby diffusion of transmitter from adjacent synapses activates these nAChRs (Zoli et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zoli et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "In such cases, more sensitive (␣4) 2 (␤2) 3 nAChRs would better serve such a role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such cases, more sensitive (␣4) 2 (␤2) 3 nAChRs would better serve such a role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, where ␣4␤2 nAChRs serve a traditional postsynaptic role in which complex signals must be rapidly and faithfully transmitted, less sensitive (␣4) 3 (␤2) 2 nAChRs would be optimal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, where ␣4␤2 nAChRs serve a traditional postsynaptic role in which complex signals must be rapidly and faithfully transmitted, less sensitive (␣4) 3 (␤2) 2 nAChRs would be optimal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Properties of Macroscopic ␣4␤2 Currents in Permanently Transfected HEK Cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Properties of Macroscopic ␣4␤2 Currents in Permanently Transfected HEK Cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "HEK (tsA201) cells stably expressing human ␣4 and ␤2 subunits exhibited robust whole cell currents in response to agonist exposure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "HEK (tsA201) cells stably expressing human ␣4 and ␤2 subunits exhibited robust whole cell currents in response to agonist exposure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The concentration/response relationship to various agonists revealed a rank order of agonist potency of nicotine Ն 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) Ͼ ACh ( Fig. 1) for the major component of the curves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The concentration/response relationship to various agonists revealed a rank order of agonist potency of nicotine Ն 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) Ͼ ACh ( Fig. 1) for the major component of the curves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data for both ACh and nicotine exhibited a two-component relationship, indicating the presence of two functionally distinct classes of agonist-nAChR interactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data for both ACh and nicotine exhibited a two-component relationship, indicating the presence of two functionally distinct classes of agonist-nAChR interactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "DMPP exhibited a monophasic concentration/response relationship, but a second component to the curve could have been obscured by its reduced efficacy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "DMPP exhibited a monophasic concentration/response relationship, but a second component to the curve could have been obscured by its reduced efficacy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The EC 50 determined for DMPP was 20 Ϯ 2 M, whereas nicotine had EC 50 values of 0.3 Ϯ 0.1 and 18 Ϯ 2 M and ACh had EC 50 values of 0.7 Ϯ 0.4 and 74 Ϯ 6 M. Cytisine's efficacy was too low to determine its potency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The EC 50 determined for DMPP was 20 Ϯ 2 M, whereas nicotine had EC 50 values of 0.3 Ϯ 0.1 and 18 Ϯ 2 M and ACh had EC 50 values of 0.7 Ϯ 0.4 and 74 Ϯ 6 M. Cytisine's efficacy was too low to determine its potency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For ACh, the higher sensitivity component represented about 18 Ϯ 2% of the nAChRs contributing to the current.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For ACh, the higher sensitivity component represented about 18 Ϯ 2% of the nAChRs contributing to the current.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This minor population of nAChRs in the cell line exhibited sensitivities similar to those of oocyte-expressed nAChRs activated by ACh (2.2 Ϯ 0.1 M) or nicotine [0.3 Ϯ 0.04 M].", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This minor population of nAChRs in the cell line exhibited sensitivities similar to those of oocyte-expressed nAChRs activated by ACh (2.2 Ϯ 0.1 M) or nicotine [0.3 Ϯ 0.04 M (Kuryatov et al., 1997) ].", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kuryatov et al., 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Relative to ACh, the efficacies of the other agonists were: nicotine, 80%; DMPP, 50%; and cytisine, ϳ5%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Relative to ACh, the efficacies of the other agonists were: nicotine, 80%; DMPP, 50%; and cytisine, ϳ5%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Judging from the rebound in current amplitude upon washout of both nicotine and DMPP, the mechanism of the partial efficacy probably was caused by channel block by agonist.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Judging from the rebound in current amplitude upon washout of both nicotine and DMPP, the mechanism of the partial efficacy probably was caused by channel block by agonist.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The duration of the rebound currents during washout of high concentrations of nicotine was particularly striking (Fig. 1D ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The duration of the rebound currents during washout of high concentrations of nicotine was particularly striking (Fig. 1D ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In general, carbon black-reinforced rubber has fairly weak frequency dependence in conjunction with pronounced amplitude dependence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, carbon black-reinforced rubber has fairly weak frequency dependence in conjunction with pronounced amplitude dependence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the strain amplitude increases, the storage modulus lessens and the dissipation modulus shows a more or less pronounced sigmoidal behavior, which is the well-known Payne effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the strain amplitude increases, the storage modulus lessens and the dissipation modulus shows a more or less pronounced sigmoidal behavior, which is the well-known Payne effect [10] [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10] [11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "A first model to represent and understand the Payne effect on a physical level is the so-called Kraus model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A first model to represent and understand the Payne effect on a physical level is the so-called Kraus model [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "The fundamental idea is that during sinusoidal deformations there is always breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds of the polymer chains.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fundamental idea is that during sinusoidal deformations there is always breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds of the polymer chains.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rate of breakage is assumed to be an increasing function of the strain amplitude and the rate of recovery a decreasing function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rate of breakage is assumed to be an increasing function of the strain amplitude and the rate of recovery a decreasing function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under stationary conditions, which are characterized by constant strain and stress amplitudes, there is a dynamic equilibrium between the rate of breakage and recovery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under stationary conditions, which are characterized by constant strain and stress amplitudes, there is a dynamic equilibrium between the rate of breakage and recovery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The storage modulus is assumed to be proportional to the total number of intact bonds and the dissipation modulus to the rate of breakage per unit of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The storage modulus is assumed to be proportional to the total number of intact bonds and the dissipation modulus to the rate of breakage per unit of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some minor modifications to represent experimental data with increased accuracy have been proposed by Ulmer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some minor modifications to represent experimental data with increased accuracy have been proposed by Ulmer [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We observe a pronounced decrease in the storage modulus and a sigmoidal behavior of the loss modulus with increasing strain amplitudes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We observe a pronounced decrease in the storage modulus and a sigmoidal behavior of the loss modulus with increasing strain amplitudes [10] [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10] [11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "Since the storage modulus is a measure of the stiffness of the material, it is proportional to the number of intact physical bonds that can transfer forces on the microscopic scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the storage modulus is a measure of the stiffness of the material, it is proportional to the number of intact physical bonds that can transfer forces on the microscopic scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its monotonic decline is caused by a decrease in the number of intact bonds with increasing amplitudes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Its monotonic decline is caused by a decrease in the number of intact bonds with increasing amplitudes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As we know, the loss modulus is proportional to the breakage rate of the bonds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we know, the loss modulus is proportional to the breakage rate of the bonds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the rate of breakage is proportional to the number of intact bonds and increases with increasing amplitudes, we observe a sigmoidal behavior: on the ascending side of the curves, the energy loss increases with the amplitude because there are enough intact bonds; on the descending side of the curves the energy loss decreases with the amplitude because the number of intact bonds has considerably decreased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the rate of breakage is proportional to the number of intact bonds and increases with increasing amplitudes, we observe a sigmoidal behavior: on the ascending side of the curves, the energy loss increases with the amplitude because there are enough intact bonds; on the descending side of the curves the energy loss decreases with the amplitude because the number of intact bonds has considerably decreased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As we observe in the plots, the frequency dependency is monotonic in both cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we observe in the plots, the frequency dependency is monotonic in both cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is, increasing frequencies lead to an increase in stiffness and an increase in energy loss per cycle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, increasing frequencies lead to an increase in stiffness and an increase in energy loss per cycle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increase in dynamic modulus at higher frequencies reflects the reduced molecular motions of the elastomer chains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The increase in dynamic modulus at higher frequencies reflects the reduced molecular motions of the elastomer chains [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The rapid development of information technologies and the advent of the WorldWide Web have resulted in a tremendous increase in the amount of available multimedia information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rapid development of information technologies and the advent of the WorldWide Web have resulted in a tremendous increase in the amount of available multimedia information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, there is a need for effective mechanisms to search large collections of multimedia data, especially images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, there is a need for effective mechanisms to search large collections of multimedia data, especially images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In traditional image retrieval, keywords are manually assigned to images and, for any particular query, images with matching keywords are retrieved.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In traditional image retrieval, keywords are manually assigned to images and, for any particular query, images with matching keywords are retrieved [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "However, it is usually the case that all the information contained in an image cannot be captured by a few keywords.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is usually the case that all the information contained in an image cannot be captured by a few keywords.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, a large amount of effort is needed to do keyword assignments in a large image database and, because different people may have different interpretations of image contents, there will be inconsistencies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, a large amount of effort is needed to do keyword assignments in a large image database and, because different people may have different interpretations of image contents, there will be inconsistencies [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Relevance feedback attempts to overcome these problems by gathering semantic information from user interaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Relevance feedback attempts to overcome these problems by gathering semantic information from user interaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to learn a user's query concept, the user labels each image returned in the previous query round as \"relevant\" or \"not relevant\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to learn a user's query concept, the user labels each image returned in the previous query round as \"relevant\" or \"not relevant\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on the feedback, the next set of images is retrieved to the user for labeling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the feedback, the next set of images is retrieved to the user for labeling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process iterates until the user is satisfied with the retrieved images or stops searching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process iterates until the user is satisfied with the retrieved images or stops searching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many approaches for improving the performance of relevance feedback have been proposed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many approaches for improving the performance of relevance feedback have been proposed [11, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 13]" ] }, { "text": "Recently, Support Vector Machines (SVM) have been applied to CBIR systems with relevance feedback to significantly improve retrieval performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, Support Vector Machines (SVM) have been applied to CBIR systems with relevance feedback to significantly improve retrieval performance [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, in most current systems, all prior experience based on past queries is lost whenever a user generates a new query.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in most current systems, all prior experience based on past queries is lost whenever a user generates a new query.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is, the system is adapting to the current user without using any long-term, inter-query learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, the system is adapting to the current user without using any long-term, inter-query learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In dealing with stressful, challenging, and demanding world, students and specially EFL learners should learn how to overcome everyday challenges and adverse situations, through coping strategies, as they are required to obtain academic and social success.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In dealing with stressful, challenging, and demanding world, students and specially EFL learners should learn how to overcome everyday challenges and adverse situations, through coping strategies, as they are required to obtain academic and social success (Lacina, Bauml, & Taylor, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lacina, Bauml, & Taylor, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "One of the challenges of EFL learners in general and English for Special Purposes (ESP) students in particular has been coping with the written texts they receive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the challenges of EFL learners in general and English for Special Purposes (ESP) students in particular has been coping with the written texts they receive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such students need to comprehend texts as their L2 reading tasks and in many cases they have to translate the texts so as to achieve special scientific knowledge and the content the text carries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such students need to comprehend texts as their L2 reading tasks and in many cases they have to translate the texts so as to achieve special scientific knowledge and the content the text carries (Shahini, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shahini, 1988)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, hospital information systems using decision support systems have different tools available to obtain data, but they are still restricted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, hospital information systems using decision support systems have different tools available to obtain data, but they are still restricted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These tools can just answer some simple queries like \"identifying the male patients who are below 20 years old, and single who have been treated for heart attack\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These tools can just answer some simple queries like \"identifying the male patients who are below 20 years old, and single who have been treated for heart attack\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, they are not able to answer complex queries \"given patient records, predicting the probability of patients getting a heart disease\" as an example.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, they are not able to answer complex queries \"given patient records, predicting the probability of patients getting a heart disease\" as an example [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "That is, children are recognized to be wholly dependent on parents/caregivers for all needs, but with the ongoing elaboration and revision of personal constructions that occurs over time, their dependencies become more differentiated so that ultimately they learn to \"satisfy one need here and another there\" (Kelly, 1955, p.914) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, children are recognized to be wholly dependent on parents/caregivers for all needs, but with the ongoing elaboration and revision of personal constructions that occurs over time, their dependencies become more differentiated so that ultimately they learn to \"satisfy one need here and another there\" (Kelly, 1955, p.914) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This dispersion process is facilitated by the development of hierarchically structured constructs about others and dependencies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This dispersion process is facilitated by the development of hierarchically structured constructs about others and dependencies (Bell, Winter, & Bhandari, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bell, Winter, & Bhandari, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Such hierarchical organization of constructions allows us to interpret, understand, and anticipate situations more easily than if each situation was interpreted by its various, individual components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such hierarchical organization of constructions allows us to interpret, understand, and anticipate situations more easily than if each situation was interpreted by its various, individual components (Kelly, 1955) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kelly, 1955)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "It was anticipated that the structured nature of the dependency grid would suit the processing style of individuals with ASD, given the proven efficacy of repertory grids with similar populations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was anticipated that the structured nature of the dependency grid would suit the processing style of individuals with ASD, given the proven efficacy of repertory grids with similar populations (Hare, 1997; Hare, Jones, & Paine, 1999; Hare, Searson, & Knowles, 2011; Mason, 2008; Thomas, Butler, Hare, & Green, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF43", "BIBREF69" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hare, 1997; Hare, Jones, & Paine, 1999; Hare, Searson, & Knowles, 2011; Mason, 2008; Thomas, Butler, Hare, & Green, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "To our knowledge, no research data are available about the use of dependency grids with adolescents with ASD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To our knowledge, no research data are available about the use of dependency grids with adolescents with ASD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, a secondary aim of this research was to explore the efficacy of conducting dependency grids with adolescents with ASD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a secondary aim of this research was to explore the efficacy of conducting dependency grids with adolescents with ASD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The issue of interest when investigating an individual's dependency needs is their pattern of dependence on others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The issue of interest when investigating an individual's dependency needs is their pattern of dependence on others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on a personal constructivist understanding, patterns of dependence may be understood to fall on a continuum ranging from undispersed to indiscriminate dependencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on a personal constructivist understanding, patterns of dependence may be understood to fall on a continuum ranging from undispersed to indiscriminate dependencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Undispersed dependencies are characterized by restricted and inflexible constructions about available resources; whereby resources are rigidly perceived as either suitable or not suitable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Undispersed dependencies are characterized by restricted and inflexible constructions about available resources; whereby resources are rigidly perceived as either suitable or not suitable (Walker, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Walker, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Individuals with undispersed dependencies may attempt to have all of their needs met by a limited number of individuals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Individuals with undispersed dependencies may attempt to have all of their needs met by a limited number of individuals (Walker, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Walker, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "This style of dependence often leads to exhausting of resources; ineffectively utilizing the help of resources in areas to which they are not well suited; and/or being left vulnerable if their limited resources are no longer available.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This style of dependence often leads to exhausting of resources; ineffectively utilizing the help of resources in areas to which they are not well suited; and/or being left vulnerable if their limited resources are no longer available (Beail & Beail, 1958; Walker, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Beail & Beail, 1958; Walker, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "If this occurs, individuals with undispersed dependencies may perceive no-one to be suitable in addressing their needs and become predominantly autonomous, despite the drawbacks of this approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If this occurs, individuals with undispersed dependencies may perceive no-one to be suitable in addressing their needs and become predominantly autonomous, despite the drawbacks of this approach (Walker, Ramsey, & Bell, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF72" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Walker, Ramsey, & Bell, 1988)" ] }, { "text": "At the other end of the continuum, indiscriminate dependencies involve minimal differentiation amongst resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the other end of the continuum, indiscriminate dependencies involve minimal differentiation amongst resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Essentially, individuals with this style of dependency dispersion do not allocate their dependencies in a specified manner, leading to reliance on all resources for all challenges.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Essentially, individuals with this style of dependency dispersion do not allocate their dependencies in a specified manner, leading to reliance on all resources for all challenges (Walker, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Walker, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, it is necessary to recognize that the whilst the grids provided a comprehensive representation of the adolescents' dependency patterns, in reality they only provide a snapshot of how these individual disperse their dependencies and how they construe the world more generally.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it is necessary to recognize that the whilst the grids provided a comprehensive representation of the adolescents' dependency patterns, in reality they only provide a snapshot of how these individual disperse their dependencies and how they construe the world more generally (Fransella et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fransella et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "For efficiency, the findings were based on the mean POSAC representations, meaning only a general level of analysis was presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For efficiency, the findings were based on the mean POSAC representations, meaning only a general level of analysis was presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means it is possible the findings underestimate the complexity of the adolescents' dependency networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means it is possible the findings underestimate the complexity of the adolescents' dependency networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This studyexplored the dependency patterns of two adolescents with ASD and their family members' awareness of these dependencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This studyexplored the dependency patterns of two adolescents with ASD and their family members' awareness of these dependencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In doing so, the research used dependency grids, which are a personal constructivist tool used to explore the resources an individual utilizes when confronted by challenging situations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In doing so, the research used dependency grids, which are a personal constructivist tool used to explore the resources an individual utilizes when confronted by challenging situations (Beail, & Beail, 1958; Bell, 2001; Walker, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Beail, & Beail, 1958; Bell, 2001; Walker, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Further, dependency grids investigate the extent to which the needs of an individual are dispersed amongst others; which situations provoke help seeking by an individual; and which situations an individual may feel they have insufficient resources to utilize.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, dependency grids investigate the extent to which the needs of an individual are dispersed amongst others; which situations provoke help seeking by an individual; and which situations an individual may feel they have insufficient resources to utilize (Walker, 2005; Walker et al., 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71", "BIBREF72" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Walker, 2005; Walker et al., 1988)" ] }, { "text": "The present study focused particularly on the adolescents' distribution of needs amongst family members, given the significant role the family plays in supporting adolescents with ASD.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The present study focused particularly on the adolescents' distribution of needs amongst family members, given the significant role the family plays in supporting adolescents with ASD (Bradford, 2010; Field, & Hoffman, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bradford, 2010; Field, & Hoffman, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "In addition to exploring who the adolescents relied on, the study investigated the types of support preferred by the adolescents, including emotion-focused, problem-focused, advocacy, education, and social support.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to exploring who the adolescents relied on, the study investigated the types of support preferred by the adolescents, including emotion-focused, problem-focused, advocacy, education, and social support.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Cardiac arrhythmias constitute an important clinical and public health problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cardiac arrhythmias constitute an important clinical and public health problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pharmacological modes of action, effectiveness and specific indications of anti-arrhythmic agents are therefore of particular interest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pharmacological modes of action, effectiveness and specific indications of anti-arrhythmic agents are therefore of particular interest (Huang, 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Huang, 2017)" ] }, { "text": "This is particularly so when they exert contrasting, beneficial, ineffective or even harmful actions dependent upon the particular physiological or clinical circumstances under which they are applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is particularly so when they exert contrasting, beneficial, ineffective or even harmful actions dependent upon the particular physiological or clinical circumstances under which they are applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The class Ic anti-arrrhythmic agent flecainide ((RS)-N-(piperidin-2-ylmethyl)-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzamide); C 17 H 20 F 6 N 2 O 3 ) ( Figure 1A ) was derived from explorations of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzamide compounds as pharmaceutical candidates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The class Ic anti-arrrhythmic agent flecainide ((RS)-N-(piperidin-2-ylmethyl)-2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzamide); C 17 H 20 F 6 N 2 O 3 ) ( Figure 1A ) was derived from explorations of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) benzamide compounds as pharmaceutical candidates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Early studies in intact canine hearts demonstrated that flecainide markedly increased ventricular fibrillation thresholds following supraventricular beats and ventricular premature beats and slowed ectopic atrial and ventricular pacemakers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Early studies in intact canine hearts demonstrated that flecainide markedly increased ventricular fibrillation thresholds following supraventricular beats and ventricular premature beats and slowed ectopic atrial and ventricular pacemakers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It also prolonged atrioventricular (AV) conduction (at plasma concentrations of 0.4 to 0.7 μg·mL À1 ) and overall excitation delay (at >6.5 μg·mL À1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It also prolonged atrioventricular (AV) conduction (at plasma concentrations of 0.4 to 0.7 μg·mL À1 ) and overall excitation delay (at >6.5 μg·mL À1 ) (Hodess et al., 1979) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hodess et al., 1979)" ] }, { "text": "Standard microelectrode techniques attributed these findings to reductions in maximal rates of rise of the action potential (AP), (dV/dt) max , in the absence of stimulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Standard microelectrode techniques attributed these findings to reductions in maximal rates of rise of the action potential (AP), (dV/dt) max , in the absence of stimulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These became accentuated during stimulus trains with stimulus intervals <4800 ms over 20 to 50 beats in guinea pig ventricle even at normal resting potentials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These became accentuated during stimulus trains with stimulus intervals <4800 ms over 20 to 50 beats in guinea pig ventricle even at normal resting potentials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Flecainide also produced negative steady-state shifts in the relationship between (dV/dt) max and membrane potential of possible clinical relevance in ischaemic states.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Flecainide also produced negative steady-state shifts in the relationship between (dV/dt) max and membrane potential of possible clinical relevance in ischaemic states (Campbell and Vaughan Williams, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Campbell and Vaughan Williams, 1983)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Governments are now seeing a number of environmental problems; climate change, ozone depletion, dumping of hazardous wastes, destruction of biological resources and the impact of desertification.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Governments are now seeing a number of environmental problems; climate change, ozone depletion, dumping of hazardous wastes, destruction of biological resources and the impact of desertification (Tolba, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tolba, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "The need to protect the environment hence becomes imperative.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The need to protect the environment hence becomes imperative.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is also the need to understand the various ways women have actively participated in environmental protection with a view to integrate them into environmental protection programmes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is also the need to understand the various ways women have actively participated in environmental protection with a view to integrate them into environmental protection programmes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objective of this paper is to examine gender involvement in environmental protection, with special reference to Pedro village, Lagos.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective of this paper is to examine gender involvement in environmental protection, with special reference to Pedro village, Lagos.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Similar patterns in river chemistry appear even in the Southern Hemisphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar patterns in river chemistry appear even in the Southern Hemisphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stream chemistry data from unpolluted primary forests in temperate South America exhibiting a broad range of environmental factors that influence ecosystem nutrient cycles showed a remarkably consistent pattern of low nitrogen loss from all forests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stream chemistry data from unpolluted primary forests in temperate South America exhibiting a broad range of environmental factors that influence ecosystem nutrient cycles showed a remarkably consistent pattern of low nitrogen loss from all forests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As in our study, stream nitrate concentrations were exceedingly low, and dissolved organic nitrogen was the main fraction of nitrogen loss from these forests.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As in our study, stream nitrate concentrations were exceedingly low, and dissolved organic nitrogen was the main fraction of nitrogen loss from these forests (Perakis and Hedin 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Perakis and Hedin 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Assuming our findings to be general for high-latitude areas, we suggest that changes in type and cover of vegetation from glacial to interglacial periods might increase TOC, DIP, and DSi fluxes to the sea by an order of magnitude, in contrast to DIN fluxes, which might have remained constantly low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Assuming our findings to be general for high-latitude areas, we suggest that changes in type and cover of vegetation from glacial to interglacial periods might increase TOC, DIP, and DSi fluxes to the sea by an order of magnitude, in contrast to DIN fluxes, which might have remained constantly low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The innate immune system can rapidly respond to danger signals presented by invading pathogens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The innate immune system can rapidly respond to danger signals presented by invading pathogens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Macrophages play an important role in this response by initiating and promoting inflammation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Macrophages play an important role in this response by initiating and promoting inflammation [1] - [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Innate pathogen recognition is mediated by interaction between a diverse range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and a collection of specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by macrophages and other host cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Innate pathogen recognition is mediated by interaction between a diverse range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and a collection of specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by macrophages and other host cells [5] - [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ], [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]", "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria serves as a prototypical PAMP that is recognized by Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the TLR family of membrane-bound PRRs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria serves as a prototypical PAMP that is recognized by Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the TLR family of membrane-bound PRRs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a group, the TLRs' mediate responses to PAMPs derived from bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a group, the TLRs' mediate responses to PAMPs derived from bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses [9] - [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ], [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]", "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "While direct targeting of promoters by STAT3 alone could explain the expression of the IL-10-induced gene module, it is less clear as to how the IL-10 super-induced genes become responsive to IL-10 only in TLR-triggered cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While direct targeting of promoters by STAT3 alone could explain the expression of the IL-10-induced gene module, it is less clear as to how the IL-10 super-induced genes become responsive to IL-10 only in TLR-triggered cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we sought to characterize the mechanisms controlling the expression of a previously identified IL-10 super-induced gene-TNIP3 (also known as ABIN-3).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we sought to characterize the mechanisms controlling the expression of a previously identified IL-10 super-induced gene-TNIP3 (also known as ABIN-3) [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43]" ] }, { "text": "Herein, we show that the synergistic induction of TNIP3 by IL-10 in LPS-triggered macrophages occurs through an increase in the gene's transcription rate, and not due to an increase in its mRNA stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Herein, we show that the synergistic induction of TNIP3 by IL-10 in LPS-triggered macrophages occurs through an increase in the gene's transcription rate, and not due to an increase in its mRNA stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through extending the investigation to additional genes, we found that the entire IL-10 super-induced gene module responds likewise at the level of transcriptional synergy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through extending the investigation to additional genes, we found that the entire IL-10 super-induced gene module responds likewise at the level of transcriptional synergy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite their universal control at the transcriptional level, the IL-10 super-induced genes could be differentiated into subsets of primary response and secondary response genes based on their dependencies on de novo protein synthesis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite their universal control at the transcriptional level, the IL-10 super-induced genes could be differentiated into subsets of primary response and secondary response genes based on their dependencies on de novo protein synthesis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The secondary response genes were found to be further divisible into early and late subsets based on their differential expression kinetics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The secondary response genes were found to be further divisible into early and late subsets based on their differential expression kinetics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results demonstrate that macrophages respond to IL-10 and LPS together with the synergistic induction of a set of anti-inflammatory genes in a multipart and temporally-regulated transcriptional cascade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results demonstrate that macrophages respond to IL-10 and LPS together with the synergistic induction of a set of anti-inflammatory genes in a multipart and temporally-regulated transcriptional cascade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In a typical process plant, hundreds of variables are measured every few seconds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a typical process plant, hundreds of variables are measured every few seconds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These measurements bring in useful signatures about the status of the plant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These measurements bring in useful signatures about the status of the plant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Methods based on historical data, that attempt to extract maximum information from the archived data and require minimum physical information of the plant, are often preferred over model based methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Methods based on historical data, that attempt to extract maximum information from the archived data and require minimum physical information of the plant, are often preferred over model based methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This class of fault detection and diagnosis approaches mine the archived data and examine patterns in those process variables that indicate the occurrence of a fault.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This class of fault detection and diagnosis approaches mine the archived data and examine patterns in those process variables that indicate the occurrence of a fault [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Typically, parametric faults, sensor and actuator biases and disturbances generate different patterns in the process variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Typically, parametric faults, sensor and actuator biases and disturbances generate different patterns in the process variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These patterns or signatures can be classified into different clusters that represent normal or aberrant operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These patterns or signatures can be classified into different clusters that represent normal or aberrant operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequently, when deployed online, the plant operation can be classified in terms of the belonging or membership of the online data to the known clusters, based on the similarity of the patterns that the data brings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, when deployed online, the plant operation can be classified in terms of the belonging or membership of the online data to the known clusters, based on the similarity of the patterns that the data brings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the monitoring task is often related towards being able to classify plant operation as normal or belonging to one or more of the faults from the available (measurement and manipulated inputs) plant signatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the monitoring task is often related towards being able to classify plant operation as normal or belonging to one or more of the faults from the available (measurement and manipulated inputs) plant signatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be effectively done by various pattern recognition and clustering techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be effectively done by various pattern recognition and clustering techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The estimated direct cost to the Military Health System (MHS) for child psychiatric hospitalizations in fiscal year 2009 alone was approximately US$247 million.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The estimated direct cost to the Military Health System (MHS) for child psychiatric hospitalizations in fiscal year 2009 alone was approximately US$247 million [23, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 24]" ] }, { "text": "The indirect cost of disruption to family, work and school increases this cost enormously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The indirect cost of disruption to family, work and school increases this cost enormously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given this disruption, a child's psychiatric hospitalization could also affect the readiness status of the active duty parent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given this disruption, a child's psychiatric hospitalization could also affect the readiness status of the active duty parent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given the costs enumerated above along with the continuing reliance on heavy deployment of our service members to conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, investigation into this dramatic increase is warranted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the costs enumerated above along with the continuing reliance on heavy deployment of our service members to conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, investigation into this dramatic increase is warranted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "These data suggest an important association between the mental health of a child's parents and a child's vulnerability for psychiatric hospitalization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These data suggest an important association between the mental health of a child's parents and a child's vulnerability for psychiatric hospitalization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given previous studies demonstrating increases in mental health problems following deployment among service members and spouses, these results point to the need for further study to identify those at greatest risk, development of preventive strategies and targeted interventions and continued policy consideration of changes that can optimize the utilization of scarce medical resources as well as maximize the support, welfare and long-term success of service members and their families.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Given previous studies demonstrating increases in mental health problems following deployment among service members and spouses, these results point to the need for further study to identify those at greatest risk, development of preventive strategies and targeted interventions and continued policy consideration of changes that can optimize the utilization of scarce medical resources as well as maximize the support, welfare and long-term success of service members and their families [5, 15, 17, 19, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 15, 17, 19, 20]" ] }, { "text": "Considering the long-term nature of most mental illness and that the average service member and his or her family will contribute many more life years to society at large than to the military per se, there is much at stake for both the US military and for all Americans.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the long-term nature of most mental illness and that the average service member and his or her family will contribute many more life years to society at large than to the military per se, there is much at stake for both the US military and for all Americans.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The geometry shown in Fig. 1 exactly matches that of an experimental nozzle used for acoustic testing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The geometry shown in Fig. 1 exactly matches that of an experimental nozzle used for acoustic testing [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "To validate our numerical methodology, we use the LES data to compute the farfield noise spectrum at the same location as measured from the experiment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To validate our numerical methodology, we use the LES data to compute the farfield noise spectrum at the same location as measured from the experiment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this purpose, the acoustic data is recorded along a surface surrounding the turbulent jet plume and then propagated to the farfield by applying the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) equation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this purpose, the acoustic data is recorded along a surface surrounding the turbulent jet plume and then propagated to the farfield by applying the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) equation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, because the FWH equation is based on an assumption of linearity, we do not expect this method to be able to exactly reproduce the crackle noise in the farfield.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, because the FWH equation is based on an assumption of linearity, we do not expect this method to be able to exactly reproduce the crackle noise in the farfield.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The FWH equation, by definition, neglects the nonlinear acoustic propagation effects which may alter the N-shaped waveforms over a distance, although for the amplitudes considered in this paper, we expect this influence to be relatively small.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The FWH equation, by definition, neglects the nonlinear acoustic propagation effects which may alter the N-shaped waveforms over a distance, although for the amplitudes considered in this paper, we expect this influence to be relatively small.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 4 compares the farfield acoustic spectrum measured from the experiment (black curve) to that computed from the simulation data using the FWH equation (red curve).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 4 compares the farfield acoustic spectrum measured from the experiment (black curve) to that computed from the simulation data using the FWH equation (red curve).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measurement location was at an angle of 140 deg with respect to the upstream jet axis and at a distance of 72D from the center of the nozzle exit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measurement location was at an angle of 140 deg with respect to the upstream jet axis and at a distance of 72D from the center of the nozzle exit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This corresponds to the direction of the peak jet noise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This corresponds to the direction of the peak jet noise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the figure, the blue curve represents the narrowband spectrum computed from the simulation to which frequency binning was applied to compute the third octave spectrum (red) at the same frequencies reported by the experiment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the figure, the blue curve represents the narrowband spectrum computed from the simulation to which frequency binning was applied to compute the third octave spectrum (red) at the same frequencies reported by the experiment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although there are some discrepancies between the experiment and simulation data, the overall shape and levels of the curve agree reasonably well over a broad range of frequencies, giving us some confidence in the accuracy of our simulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although there are some discrepancies between the experiment and simulation data, the overall shape and levels of the curve agree reasonably well over a broad range of frequencies, giving us some confidence in the accuracy of our simulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The purpose of this study is to apply large-eddy simulation (LES) in an attempt to determine the sources of crackle noise in a hot supersonic jet from a military-style nozzle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The purpose of this study is to apply large-eddy simulation (LES) in an attempt to determine the sources of crackle noise in a hot supersonic jet from a military-style nozzle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An LES provides access to full three-dimensional data fields associated with the turbulent jet plume and its near acoustic field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An LES provides access to full three-dimensional data fields associated with the turbulent jet plume and its near acoustic field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the simulation data allows us to examine quantities directly inside the energetic turbulence-containing regions, which are difficult to measure experimentally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the simulation data allows us to examine quantities directly inside the energetic turbulence-containing regions, which are difficult to measure experimentally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this way, we use the unique view provided by the simulation to address the question of whether the N-shaped waves associated with crackle arise solely from nonlinear propagation or whether they are already present in the very near field of the jet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, we use the unique view provided by the simulation to address the question of whether the N-shaped waves associated with crackle arise solely from nonlinear propagation or whether they are already present in the very near field of the jet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, if the jet itself is producing Nshaped waves (emitting shocklets), then full field data produced by simulation provides a valuable resource with which to probe the mechanism by which they are generated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, if the jet itself is producing Nshaped waves (emitting shocklets), then full field data produced by simulation provides a valuable resource with which to probe the mechanism by which they are generated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Simulations of a crackling jet present a significant computational challenge, however, because they require treatment of a range of scales from the energy-containing large eddies to thin shocklets associated with N-shaped waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simulations of a crackling jet present a significant computational challenge, however, because they require treatment of a range of scales from the energy-containing large eddies to thin shocklets associated with N-shaped waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To meet this challenge, we apply LES on unstructured meshes to allow grid points to be efficiently clustered where needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To meet this challenge, we apply LES on unstructured meshes to allow grid points to be efficiently clustered where needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While unstructured solvers usually lead to high 1 levels of dissipation, the unstructured solver CHARLES, developed at Cascade Technologies, Inc., utilizes widened numerical stencils to explicitly control dissipation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While unstructured solvers usually lead to high 1 levels of dissipation, the unstructured solver CHARLES, developed at Cascade Technologies, Inc., utilizes widened numerical stencils to explicitly control dissipation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This method has been extensively tested in the context of the prediction of the aeroacoustics of jets from complex geometries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This method has been extensively tested in the context of the prediction of the aeroacoustics of jets from complex geometries [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The seamless treatment of complex geometry is particularly important when nozzle lip modifications are considered for crackle suppression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The seamless treatment of complex geometry is particularly important when nozzle lip modifications are considered for crackle suppression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because we are interested in a crackling jet, we do not consider nozzle lip modifications in the present paper, although the unstructured mesh capability of CHARLES did help to resolve details of the faceted nozzle described in the next section.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because we are interested in a crackling jet, we do not consider nozzle lip modifications in the present paper, although the unstructured mesh capability of CHARLES did help to resolve details of the faceted nozzle described in the next section.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Our research continues to pose the question, what controls the quality of C in these different pore size domains?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our research continues to pose the question, what controls the quality of C in these different pore size domains?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have demonstrated that in these soils i) the soluble C in finer pore domains is nominally more complex (i.e., aromatic and condensed) than the soluble C in coarser pore domains, and ii) the more complex C in the fine pore domains is not recalcitrant, and its decomposition leads to greater losses of C through respiration than the simpler C in coarser pore domains, which suggests that accessibility, or physical protection, is a dominant mechanism for the preservation of C in these soils.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have demonstrated that in these soils i) the soluble C in finer pore domains is nominally more complex (i.e., aromatic and condensed) than the soluble C in coarser pore domains, and ii) the more complex C in the fine pore domains is not recalcitrant, and its decomposition leads to greater losses of C through respiration than the simpler C in coarser pore domains, which suggests that accessibility, or physical protection, is a dominant mechanism for the preservation of C in these soils (Dungait et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dungait et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "The pore-size controls on SOC chemistry reported here are based on a small number of samples, although the relationship summarized in (i) above, was consistently observed in all depths of cores drawn from three different locations at this site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pore-size controls on SOC chemistry reported here are based on a small number of samples, although the relationship summarized in (i) above, was consistently observed in all depths of cores drawn from three different locations at this site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "What remains to be discovered is if such relationships can be extended to other soils, other sandy soils, or if this is a feature unique to this particular ecosystem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What remains to be discovered is if such relationships can be extended to other soils, other sandy soils, or if this is a feature unique to this particular ecosystem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, semiconductor nanoparticles such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and CdSe quantum dot have been utilized to decorate CNT or graphene nanosheets to prepare carbon nanomaterials-based materials with remarkable optical and photovoltaic properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, semiconductor nanoparticles such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and CdSe quantum dot have been utilized to decorate CNT or graphene nanosheets to prepare carbon nanomaterials-based materials with remarkable optical and photovoltaic properties [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "Cadmium selenide (CdSe) is a kind of semiconductor with forbidden zone of 1.7 eV, and its valence electrons can be easily evoked to conduction band when the light wavelength of evoking light is less than or equal to 730 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cadmium selenide (CdSe) is a kind of semiconductor with forbidden zone of 1.7 eV, and its valence electrons can be easily evoked to conduction band when the light wavelength of evoking light is less than or equal to 730 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, CdSe is good photocatalyst because of the rapid generation of electron-hole pairs by photo-excitation and the highly negative reduction potentials of excited electrons.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, CdSe is good photocatalyst because of the rapid generation of electron-hole pairs by photo-excitation and the highly negative reduction potentials of excited electrons [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] }, { "text": "Functionalizing CNT and graphene nanosheets with CdSe not only can combine these advantages of CdSe and CNT and graphene nanosheets but also may result in new properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Functionalizing CNT and graphene nanosheets with CdSe not only can combine these advantages of CdSe and CNT and graphene nanosheets but also may result in new properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The banking sector plays a crucial role in the process of economic development and growth, especially in developing countries where financial markets are underdeveloped and banks are the main providers of financial intermediation services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The banking sector plays a crucial role in the process of economic development and growth, especially in developing countries where financial markets are underdeveloped and banks are the main providers of financial intermediation services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we study the determinants of interest rate margin in the banking sectors of the Caribbean and Central America.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we study the determinants of interest rate margin in the banking sectors of the Caribbean and Central America.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interest rate margin is defined as the difference between banks' lending and deposit rates, and along three dimensions it is a key benchmark for a financial system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interest rate margin is defined as the difference between banks' lending and deposit rates, and along three dimensions it is a key benchmark for a financial system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, the spread is a performance benchmark providing useful information on the economic cost of the output of the financial sector that is, the cost of financial intermediation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, the spread is a performance benchmark providing useful information on the economic cost of the output of the financial sector that is, the cost of financial intermediation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Too large a spread is usually an indication that the banking sector is economically inefficient in performing its intermediation activities of mobilizing investible resources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Too large a spread is usually an indication that the banking sector is economically inefficient in performing its intermediation activities of mobilizing investible resources (Demirgüç-Kunt et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Demirgüç-Kunt et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The eventual long-term economic impact of such a high cost is financial disintermediation and financial exclusion of the less wealthy and vulnerable groups in the society.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The eventual long-term economic impact of such a high cost is financial disintermediation and financial exclusion of the less wealthy and vulnerable groups in the society.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Cyclophosphamide, one of the most widely drugs in chemotherapy, is a cytotoxic alkylating drug with a high therapeutic index and is effective against a variety of cancers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cyclophosphamide, one of the most widely drugs in chemotherapy, is a cytotoxic alkylating drug with a high therapeutic index and is effective against a variety of cancers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although CP is effective for the treatment of cancer, it induces a wide range of adverse side effects and toxicity, such as nausea, vomiting, and hematopoietic toxicity, that restrict the use of this drug in clinic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although CP is effective for the treatment of cancer, it induces a wide range of adverse side effects and toxicity, such as nausea, vomiting, and hematopoietic toxicity, that restrict the use of this drug in clinic [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The pathogenetic pathways may include oxidative damage, release of some inflammatory endocoids such as cytokines and nitric oxide as well as poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The pathogenetic pathways may include oxidative damage, release of some inflammatory endocoids such as cytokines and nitric oxide as well as poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activation [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to search for agents that can reduce the harmful side effects of CP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to search for agents that can reduce the harmful side effects of CP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "However, use of CP is often restricted because of its wide adverse side effects and toxicity that includes nausea, vomiting, alopaecia, mucosal ulceration, pulmonary fibrosis, hemopoetic suppression, nephrotoxicity, urotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and hepatic toxicity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, use of CP is often restricted because of its wide adverse side effects and toxicity that includes nausea, vomiting, alopaecia, mucosal ulceration, pulmonary fibrosis, hemopoetic suppression, nephrotoxicity, urotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and hepatic toxicity [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Biotransformation of CP mediates through involvement of cyt p450 mixed function oxidases with the formation of metabolites phosphoramide mustard and acrolein which are highly toxic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Biotransformation of CP mediates through involvement of cyt p450 mixed function oxidases with the formation of metabolites phosphoramide mustard and acrolein which are highly toxic [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Through this pathway, CP has potential to generate superfluous reactive oxygen species (ROS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Through this pathway, CP has potential to generate superfluous reactive oxygen species (ROS) [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, experimental evidence suggests that oxidative stress is responsible for CP hepatotoxicity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, experimental evidence suggests that oxidative stress is responsible for CP hepatotoxicity [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The dual process theory postulates that moral judgments are controlled by two competing processing systems: a slow, rational processing system based on cognition, favoring utilitarian judgments, and a fast, automatic intuition processing system based on emotion, driving non-utilitarian judgments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dual process theory postulates that moral judgments are controlled by two competing processing systems: a slow, rational processing system based on cognition, favoring utilitarian judgments, and a fast, automatic intuition processing system based on emotion, driving non-utilitarian judgments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The utilitarian decision making requires greater amounts of attentional resources and reaction time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The utilitarian decision making requires greater amounts of attentional resources and reaction time [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, the latency of P260 elicited by utilitarian decision making is shorter compared to the ethical decision making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the latency of P260 elicited by utilitarian decision making is shorter compared to the ethical decision making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The emergence of psychology boosted the moral reasoning researches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The emergence of psychology boosted the moral reasoning researches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Jean Piaget suggested that the moral sense development of children contains three stages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Jean Piaget suggested that the moral sense development of children contains three stages [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Kohlberg constructed the cognitive development theory of moral judgment through researches of moral dilemmas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Kohlberg constructed the cognitive development theory of moral judgment through researches of moral dilemmas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "His theory indicated that the cores of moral decision making include abstract reasoning capability and higher cognitive processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "His theory indicated that the cores of moral decision making include abstract reasoning capability and higher cognitive processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The social intuition model (SIM) describes the moral decision making as a fast, unconscious, automatically and serial processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The social intuition model (SIM) describes the moral decision making as a fast, unconscious, automatically and serial processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Decision making firstly activates the intuition processing system, followed by the cognition processing system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Decision making firstly activates the intuition processing system, followed by the cognition processing system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "People prefer ethical option when the emotion is activated as the intuition is the majority factor in the serial processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "People prefer ethical option when the emotion is activated as the intuition is the majority factor in the serial processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the contrary, the utilitarian decision which requires both intuition processing and the cognition processing need more psychological sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the contrary, the utilitarian decision which requires both intuition processing and the cognition processing need more psychological sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus it is much more complicated and time consuming.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus it is much more complicated and time consuming [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, the analysis of ERPs data disapproved the above conclusions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the analysis of ERPs data disapproved the above conclusions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When people make ethical decision, the VMPFC and ACC are activated, eliciting greater P260 amplitude.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When people make ethical decision, the VMPFC and ACC are activated, eliciting greater P260 amplitude.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The time course of ethical decision making is longer than that of making utilitarian decision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The time course of ethical decision making is longer than that of making utilitarian decision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, less activated brain region and amplitude were recorded in the utilitarian decision making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, less activated brain region and amplitude were recorded in the utilitarian decision making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the moral decision making is not belong to the serial processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the moral decision making is not belong to the serial processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In another word, the SIM can not explain the neural mechanism of moral decision making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In another word, the SIM can not explain the neural mechanism of moral decision making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The analysis of LPC yielded further relevant information on difference between ethical decision making and utilitarian decision making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis of LPC yielded further relevant information on difference between ethical decision making and utilitarian decision making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Frontal lobe is the brain region responsible for higher cognition processing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Frontal lobe is the brain region responsible for higher cognition processing [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Left frontal lobe is activated in a large scale and elicits a greater amplitude P260 component, indicating that the negative emotion improve the ethical decision making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Left frontal lobe is activated in a large scale and elicits a greater amplitude P260 component, indicating that the negative emotion improve the ethical decision making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In contrast to occupational sitting, there was no clear association between leisure-time sitting patterns and intense neck-shoulder pain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to occupational sitting, there was no clear association between leisure-time sitting patterns and intense neck-shoulder pain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This finding corroborates a few previous studies, which did not find significant associations between total leisure-time sitting and pain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding corroborates a few previous studies, which did not find significant associations between total leisure-time sitting and pain (Hallman et al. 2015b; Hildebrandt et al. 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hallman et al. 2015b; Hildebrandt et al. 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The reason why work and leisure would show different associations with pain is not clear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason why work and leisure would show different associations with pain is not clear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a viable hypothesis could be that the relationship between the temporal pattern of sitting and other exposures of relevance to neck-shoulder pain, such as sustained muscle activity following from constrained neck postures (as noted above), is more consistent, or even different, during occupational work than during leisure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a viable hypothesis could be that the relationship between the temporal pattern of sitting and other exposures of relevance to neck-shoulder pain, such as sustained muscle activity following from constrained neck postures (as noted above), is more consistent, or even different, during occupational work than during leisure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using sitting as a proxy for those exposures would then lead to more diluted and less significant results for leisure than for work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using sitting as a proxy for those exposures would then lead to more diluted and less significant results for leisure than for work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To this end, measurements of neck posture could have provided important complementary information of relevance to the interpretation of associations between sitting and pain, but it was not feasible to equip the participants with additional instrumentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To this end, measurements of neck posture could have provided important complementary information of relevance to the interpretation of associations between sitting and pain, but it was not feasible to equip the participants with additional instrumentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Our problem belongs to the field of optimal control theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our problem belongs to the field of optimal control theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mathematicians like Bellman and Pontryagin developed this field of mathematics during the 1950s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mathematicians like Bellman and Pontryagin developed this field of mathematics during the 1950s (Pesch et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pesch et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "A breakthrough in the research of optimal control theory came with the Pontryagin's maximum principle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A breakthrough in the research of optimal control theory came with the Pontryagin's maximum principle (Pontryagin, 1957) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pontryagin, 1957)" ] }, { "text": "This principle states necessary conditions for optimal control problems in continuous time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This principle states necessary conditions for optimal control problems in continuous time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We can use these conditions to eliminate the controls, u, from the problem and get a boundary value problem, which we can solve numerically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We can use these conditions to eliminate the controls, u, from the problem and get a boundary value problem, which we can solve numerically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is referred to as an indirect approach to optimal control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is referred to as an indirect approach to optimal control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, an indirect approach suffers from drawbacks like difficulty in initializing the problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, an indirect approach suffers from drawbacks like difficulty in initializing the problem (Betts, 2010; Binder et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Betts, 2010; Binder et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Another approach for solving optimal control problems, which we focus on in this paper, is the direct approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another approach for solving optimal control problems, which we focus on in this paper, is the direct approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]