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growth | What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture? |
nutrient agar | What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on? |
a colony | What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate? |
a "plaque" | What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called? |
some microbes | What are live animals required by? |
animals | What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in? |
embryonated | What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in? |
use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent | What is Xenodiagnosis? |
the causative agent | What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease? |
diagnosis of infectious disease | What is microscopy used for? |
microscopic examination | What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point? |
light microscope | What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under? |
when used in combination with antibody based techniques. | When is microscopy exquisitely specific? |
bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen | What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? |
a number of basic dyes | What do almost all cells readily stain with? |
electrostatic attraction | Why do cells easily stain with dyes? |
negatively charged | What electronic charge do cellular molecules have? |
a dye | What is Geimsa stain? |
Two | How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? |
enzymes | What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? |
RNA replicases | What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? |
red blood cells | What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together? |
humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase | Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus? |
Serological | What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms? |
bind specifically to an antigen | What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do? |
a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually? |
a chain of events | What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways? |
S. pyogenes | What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? |
Complex serological techniques | What are immunoassays? |
electro - magnetic or particle radiation | What type of signal do immunoassays produce? |
unknowns can be compared to that of standards | What allows quantitation of the target antigen? |
generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent | Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins? |
polymerase chain reaction | What does the acronym PCR expand to? |
PCR | What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future? |
virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified | What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of? |
grow within the human body | What must an infectious agent do to cause disease? |
infectious agents | What are primers derived from the genomes of? |
ability to detect any infectious agent | What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? |
cost and application | What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis? |
clostridial diseases | What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods? |
significant proliferation of the infectious agent | PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur? |
AZT | What is used in the treatment of AIDS? |
monitoring the composition of patient blood samples | How was the course of AIDS followed? |
resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk | What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted? |
geographical origins of the virus | What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable? |
Molecular diagnostics | What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes? |
infections from being passed from one person to another | What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent? |
Frequent hand washing | What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms? |
prevention | Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what? |
prevention | Why is it important to cook foods well? |
avoiding | What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time? |
prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases | Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what? |
virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness | What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated? |
Ebola | What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them? |
victims experience only internal hemorrhaging | Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious? |
travel long distances | What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do? |
transmission rate of infectious diseases | Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what? |
extensive interactions | What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics? |
focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps | What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates? |
needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users | What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps? |
2001 | When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus? |
immunity | What is resistance to infection known technically as? |
following a disease | When may immunity be acquired? |
primary pathogens | What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for? |
a measure of protection | What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity? |
immunity | Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired? |
genetic variants | What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual? |
Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b | What is the brand name Pegasys for? |
sustained virological response | What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve? |
anti-infective | What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body? |
Several | How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist? |
severity and the type of infection | What depends on the method an antibiotic is given? |
with intravenous antibiotics | How are severe infections of the brain usually treated? |
slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria | How do antibiotics work? |
HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria | What are the top three killer diseases? |
fourfold | How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased? |
pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus | What are some popular childhood diseases? |
Children | Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths? |
lower respiratory infections | What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world? |
field of Infectious Disease | What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? |
Epidemiology | Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study? |
primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists | Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? |
lung physician | What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist? |
infectious diseases specialist | Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? |
pathogen load in an area and human behavior | What have a number of studies found a correlation between? |
decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area | What is higher pathogen load associated with? |
pathogen transmission | What does avoidance of other groups reduce? |
Higher pathogen load | What does more restricted sexual behavior result in? |
high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to? |
paleopathologists | What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting? |
occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms | What do paleopathologists study? |
Signs of infection | What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs? |
Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis | What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? |
being bitten during a fight | How did tyrannosaurs become infected? |
Hunting | What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal? |
food | Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife? |
poaching | What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and? |
illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species | What is poaching? |
prey | What is the species which is hunted referred to as? |
Hunting | What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called? |