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For example, sickle-cell anemia is a human genetic disease that results from a single base difference within the coding region for the β-globin section of hemoglobin, causing a single amino acid change that changes hemoglobin's physical properties. | Dǎɣ milhaw, dérbanositooz taqal torhəna jénétiq nadinat adətəjarat mezlay iyan maqaran dǎɣ edag eɣfalan ən ašrut β-globine ən hémoglobine,adiwayan ašanzi iyan ən aəide aminé itašənzen təlaten fiziq ən hémoglobine. |
Some DNA sequences are transcribed into RNA but are not translated into protein products—such RNA molecules are called non-coding RNA. | Iyad išrutən ən ADN atiwaktabən as ARN mašan war aqelan atwəlaɣi dǎɣ ijitan ən brotéiq; molékileten ən ARN atiwaɣranat as ARN waren eɣfel. |
An interesting example is the coat coloration of the Siamese cat. | Milhaw ahusken eqal asəhəsku ən ini ən moss siamois. |
But these dark hair-producing proteins are sensitive to temperature (i.e. have a mutation causing temperature-sensitivity) and denature in higher-temperature environments, failing to produce dark-hair pigment in areas where the cat has a higher body temperature. | Mašan brotéinetan tajanen amzadan kawalnen ramassən takusse (adǎɣ-ti-dila as saknenat amutiy ədorawan aramasse ən takusse) ad aɣašad dǎɣ ikalan ən takusse maqarat, waren itəj iri ən amzadan kawalnen dǎɣ idagan dihad takusse ən taɣəssa ən moss təkna təmɣare. |
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. | Darat egadal ən nakal wan romaintan ən egadal ən tafuk, muzyat ən mənhuyan ən greətan ən adunya ekšad ɣor Euroba tan egadal ən tafuk ɣor elan azarnen (400 as 1000 ən azaman nanaɣ) ən Moyen Âge, mašan atwagaz dǎɣ taməte tan inəsləman agud ən awatay noraɣ ən anislam. |
Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which deal with symbols governed by rules. | Tamusne təšrayat taqal azunən as karad ašrutan maqornen: timusnawen aɣlaknen (biolojjie, šimi ad fiziq, as assənəhəj), lamədnen akal as tənna haruwat, timusnawen artaynen (asdu, bsykoloj, as sosioloji, as milhaw), lamədnen adinat ad tərtaten; ad təmusnawen aknanen (iɣud,imaɗinan ad alaɣi atiwasanən, as milhaw), itajən ešwalan ədəzjarnen as tənaten. |
New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems. | Timuziawen aynaynen ən təmusnawen aqalan ara ən umaɣ ən təmusnawen aterdanen as umaɣ as assəmɣar ən adunya ad tarha ən amukən ən taraqan. |
In particular, it was the type of knowledge that people can communicate to each other and share. | Dǎɣ təzart, adar tidila ini ən timuziawen as adoben adinat aləɣi jaresan ad tazunt. |
However, no consistent conscious distinction was made between knowledge of such things, which are true in every community, and other types of communal knowledge, such as mythologies and legal systems. | Aguden,azalayat wala iyat tatiwasanat ad tartit war təwəja jar muzyat haratan win,aqalnen tidit dǎɣ tartit kul, ad iritan iyad ən təmuziawen artaynen, sund mythologies ad haratən ən ašareɣa. |
They even developed an official calendar that contained twelve months, thirty days each, and five days at the end of the year. | Azizjaran imanes kalendriye tatiwazayat ihan maraw oran adəssin,karadət təmərwen našəl iyan kul, ad səmos hadan ɣor saməndo ən awatay. |
"For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense, and also the first people to clearly distinguish ""nature"" and ""convention.""" | "Ye tidit ten, nədal as medan aqalan inəməgridan azarnen ɣor tənna toɣadat, ad harwa wi azarnen as azalayat iknan "”taɣlək"” ad ""tarədawt.""" |
In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature (artifice or technology, Greek technē) was seen by classical scientists as a more appropriate interest for artisans of lower social class. | Dǎɣ amsuɣəl, tirma ən atkul ən muzyat ən taɣlək (ufar meɣ tamusne, gerek technē) atiwətkal as imusanən iknanen sund ajaraw iknan atwəji ye iməgan ən tazunt əndarat. |
The theory of atoms was developed by the Greek philosopher Leucippus and his student Democritus. | Tamusne ən atometan tatwəsajat as anamagrəd ən grek Leusippe ad enameɣri iness Dém |
The Socratic method as documented by Plato's dialogues is a dialectic method of hypothesis elimination: better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. | Tamkare ən Sokrate, səmək was təzjar dǎɣ magridan win Platon, taqal tamkare ən tənna ən azajor ən isənahajitan: |
Socrates criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism. | Sokrate itizəm ini ən taɣare aruwan ən fiziq sund eqalan hulen ɣas afasi ad iban anmizəm. |
Aristotle later created a systematic programme of teleological philosophy: Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things, according to what types of things they are. | Aristote ijja dǎɣ alkum taqan tartayat ən magrad ən saməndo: amətəkwiy ad ašanzi aqalan atwalaɣi sund tišrayt ən assahat tilan dǎɣ haratan, as iri ən haratan amossən. |
The Socratics also insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being (a study Aristotle divided into ethics and political philosophy). | Jal Sokrate omaran deɣ fal alməɣna was magrad adəqəl atwətkəl ye akayad ən assestan ijan ən alməɣna ahusken ən tamudre ye agadəm (teɣare iyat azun Aristote as aləmad ad magrad ən fulatik). |
Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics. | Iri ən Aristarque ikahin atwəgdal falas anaɣel as itihaɣ lalwaten ən fizsiq. |
John Philoponus, a Byzantine scholar in the 500s, questioned Aristotle's teaching of physics, noting its flaws. | Jean Philobonus, amusan bizantin ən iwətyan win 500, assoɣəl assestan assəɣar ən fiziq tan Aristote, dǎɣ alaɣi ən alɣadatan iness. |
"Aristotle's four causes prescribed that the question ""why"" should be answered in four ways in order to explain things scientifically." | “Akoz agayan ən Aristote talaɣen as asudmar ye assestan ""mafal""as akoz alməɣnatan ye alaɣi ən haratan as tamusne.” |
However, Aristotle's original texts were eventually lost in Western Europe, and only one text by Plato was widely known, the Timaeus, which was the only Platonic dialogue, and one of the few original works of classical natural philosophy, available to Latin readers in the early Middle Ages. | Aguden, ikatabən əknanen ən Aristote əmdan oɣəl ən agmod ɣor Euroba tan egadal ən tafuk, ad akatab iyan ən Platon eqal ayknan atwəziy, Timée, amosan iyan magrad ən platonisientan, ad iyan dǎɣ alkadan iknanen waren tila ən magrad dəɣlakən ahusken atilan ye iməɣran latins ɣor sənto ən Moyen Âge. |
Many Syriac translations were done by groups such as the Nestorians and Monophysites. | Ilaɣitan ajətnen ən syriaq atiwəjan as gruɗtan sund Nestorientan ad Monofistan. |
"p. 465: ""only when the influence of ibn al-Haytam and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that ibn al-Haytam was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated.""" | "p. 465: ""eqal agud was tijrət ən ibn al-Haytam ad iyad fal alwaq azaran ən ikətban fiziq arunen adəmalanen atiwəɣran dǎɣ ajalay as adobat awadəm eket ən alaɣi ən Səhramm tas inta ibn al-Haytam amənokal aduten ən fiziq təšrayat.""” |
Avicenna's canon is considered to be one of the most important publications in medicine and they both contributed significantly to the practice of experimental medicine, using clinical trials and experiments to back their claims. | Tende ən Avicenne tatiwətkal sund iyat dǎɣ iazəjaran wiknanen tahuskət dǎɣ assəssəfar izar assənan kul alilan as alməɣna atəwənan as ijji ən assəssəfar atiwarəman, dǎɣ atkul ən iruman ən issəfran ad iruman ye təlalt ən ilaɣitan nassən. |
In addition, classical Greek texts started to be translated from Arabic and Greek into Latin, giving a higher level of scientific discussion in Western Europe. | Daɣ azziyăd , ikătăbăn n Greek win alăsăl issintăn afissăr daɣ tărăbt d Greek s Latin , ikfăn edăg i aljimăt n sians daɣ Eroba tan atărăm |
Manuscript copies of Alhazen's Book of Optics also propagated across Europe before 1240, as evidenced by its incorporation into Vitello's Perspectiva. | Idakalan atiwəktabnen ən alkad ən ahanay wan Alhazen eqalan atwəssəjət dǎɣ Euroba dat 1240, sund dǎɣ tajuhe mertay iness dǎɣ Bersbektiva ən Vitello. |
The influx of ancient texts caused the Renaissance of the 12th century and the flourishing of a synthesis of Catholicism and Aristotelianism known as Scholasticism in western Europe, which became a new geographic center of science. | Azajor ən katabən arunen edlam tiwit ən 12e awatay ad iji ən assərtay ən katholiketan ad aristotan atiwaynen fal issəm ən kal liəoy ɣor Euroba tan egadal ən tafuk, ad dətaqalat edag aynayan atiwəssan ən tamusne. |
A model of vision later known as perspectivism was exploited and studied by the artists of the Renaissance. | Iri ən mənhuy atiwəzayən darat awen fal issəm ən ihanayan atiwətkal ad atiwəɣra as iməjan ən assini. |
This was based on a theorem that the orbital periods of the planets are longer as their orbs are farther from the centre of motion, which he found not to agree with Ptolemy's model. | Ibadəd fal təmkare tas inta alwaqatən abatol ən etran aqalan ayknan təzəjrət as ibtal nassən əkašənin fal edag ən amtəkuy, awen dǎɣ, fal inta,waroleh ad iri wan Btolémée. |
He found that all the light from a single point of the scene was imaged at a single point at the back of the glass sphere. | Ilməd as efew adifalan edag iyan ən assəkən eqal assorat dǎɣ edag iyan as asdarat ən tabəlaq ən tašoka. |
Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as a search for the Harmony of the Spheres. | Kepler war hənisken métafiziq tan Aristote izar aleɣat ašəɣəl iness sund tanumaɣt ən mertay ən tabəlaɣen. |
"Galileo had used arguments from the Pope and put them in the voice of the simpleton in the work ""Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems"", which greatly offended Urban VIII." | "Galilée itkal tiditen tin ɗaɗe izar ijenat dǎɣ tamaslaɣt ən terɣast dǎɣ ijji ""magrad orakən as assin haratan azarnen ən adunya"", awen ayknan takmo ye Urbain 8". |
Descartes emphasized individual thought and argued that mathematics rather than geometry should be used in order to study nature. | Deskartes itaj assəkən fal anəzgum nawadəm izar alil as ahušəl atkul ən imaɗinan fal ušəm ən assigdah ye aləmad ən taməɣluk. |
"This new science began to see itself as describing ""laws of nature""." | "Sians ten teynăyăt tissinta akăyăd n imăn net as tăfăssăr " aššăreɣa tin ahinzăzăɣ ." |
In the style of Francis Bacon, Leibniz assumed that different types of things all work according to the same general laws of nature, with no special formal or final causes for each type of thing. | Dǎɣ temašaɣalt tan Fransis Bakon, Leibniz itaj as tajute ən iritan ən haratan ašəɣəlan kul as iyad lalwaten artaynen ən taɣlək, warhenat tədləmen adutətnen meɣ amindanen azlaynen ye iri kul ən harat kul. |
"In Bacon's words, ""the real and legitimate goal of sciences is the endowment of human life with new inventions and riches"", and he discouraged scientists from pursuing intangible philosophical or spiritual ideas, which he believed contributed little to human happiness beyond ""the fume of subtle, sublime, or pleasing speculation""." | "Ɣor Bakon, ""tənfo tadutet ad amək ən tamusnawen ikraš tamudre nadinat ən ijitan aynaynen ad təlaten aynaynen"",izar assəswad imusanən as alakam ən aniyatən ən magradan meɣ tunfassen waren amutay,was,as inta,war tilalan ye tanfo nawadəm jənəj ""aho ən anəzjam imdan,ahusken meɣ adiwen""." |
Another important development was the popularization of science among an increasingly literate population. | Asjət iyan ahusken eqal assəns ən tamusne jar adinat adəkananen teɣare. |
Enlightenment philosophers chose a short history of scientific predecessors – Galileo, Boyle, and Newton principally – as the guides and guarantors of their applications of the singular concept of nature and natural law to every physical and social field of the day. | Inəməgridan ən efewan asnəfrənan tanfust gəzəlat ən imizaran assənen-Galilée, Boyle ad Newton hulen sund iməssəkna ad təzaren ən ijitan nassən ən mənhuy iyan ən təməɣluk ad lalwa təɣlakat as išrutən kul ən ɗhysique ad mertayən ən azaman. |
"Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a ""science of man"", which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity." | "Hume ad inuməɣan iyad ən Ekoss ən ifewan asjətən ""tamusne ən ahaləs,""amigradən dǎɣ tarut dǎɣ ijitan ən məssawəs atamosnen James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar ad William Robertson, asməsadawnen kul umaɣ ən tamusne ən təmashaɣəlt nadinat dǎɣ ijjitan arunen ad təzaren ad aləmadat maqarat ən asahatan ajlaynen ən tishrayt. |
Both John Herschel and William Whewell systematized methodology: the latter coined the term scientist. | John Hersəhel as William Whewell assənan assərtayan tamkare : wayilkamən ija issəm ən tamusne. |
"Separately, Gregor Mendel presented his paper, ""Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden"" (""Experiments on Plant Hybridization""), in 1865, which outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics." | “Dǎɣ ebadi, Gregor Mendel assikna harat iness, ""Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden""(""Iruman fal assənəmoqəs ən ihəškan""), vor 1865, hakanen səntotan ən ihuk biolojiq, infan ider ən génétiq təšrayat." |
The phenomena that would allow the deconstruction of the atom were discovered in the last decade of the 19th century: the discovery of X-rays inspired the discovery of radioactivity. | Ijitan ajrəwnen abassay ən atome atiwəjrawən dǎɣ elan əlkamnen ən 19e awatay : ajaraw ən afraran X orawənid fin radioaktivité. |
In addition, the extensive use of technological innovation stimulated by the wars of this century led to revolutions in transportation (automobiles and aircraft), the development of ICBMs, a space race, and a nuclear arms race. | Dǎɣ ašrut, umav azayan ən iji ən tamusne tatiwəkfat as ikənassən ən awatay wen iwayid išanzitən dǎɣ sikilan (torfen ad atieraten), ajət ən ICBM, taməšəja as afəla ad taməšəja ən alboradən nukléaire. |
The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 led to a rejection of the Steady State theory of the universe in favor of the Big Bang theory of Georges Lemaître. | Afukkăr wan kosmik mikroweyv n radiasyon daɣ awătăy wan 1964 eway id ebăddi id tălɣa n mirda wa isăsăn n alɣălim i mirda wan Big Bang n Georges Lemaître. |
Widespread use of integrated circuits in the last quarter of the 20th century combined with communications satellites led to a revolution in information technology and the rise of the global internet and mobile computing, including smartphones. | Atkul azaran ən ivalayən agašnen dǎɣ tazunt təlkamət tas akozat ən 20e awatay,ertayan ad titariten ən magrad,iwayid ašanzi ən təmusnawen ən alavi ad azaway ən Internet nadunya ad alavi ən sililer, as ihanat telefonten. |
Both natural and social sciences are empirical sciences, as their knowledge is based on empirical observations and is capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions. | Timusnawen avlaknen ad artaynen aqalnat tasənaten timusnawen atiwarəmnen,falas muziyaten nasnat aqimanat fal ikayadən atwarəmnen ad saməndo nasnat tadobət atwirəm as inumavən iyad aševəlnen dǎɣ aməkətan olahnen. |
For example, physical science can be subdivided into physics, chemistry, astronomy, and earth science. | Sund,timusnawen ɗhysiques adobatnat tazunt as fiziq, šimi, astronomie ad təmusnawen tin akal. |
Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, remain necessary in natural science. | Aguden,milhawen ən migridan,tənnaten ad tarədawen,afilkakaynen agud iyan,akalnat tahašilt dǎɣ təmusnawen avlaknen. |
It includes mathematics, systems theory, and theoretical computer science. | Tartay ad imaɗinan, tamusne ən mertayən ad alavi amisənan. |
The formal sciences are therefore a priori disciplines and because of this, there is disagreement on whether they actually constitute a science. | Timusnawen adutətnen aqalnat issavritan atiwazaynen ad, as adatu wen, təlet tunjit fal assestan ən aləmad as aqalnat as tidit tamusne. |
Engineering itself encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, science, and types of application. | Mənhuy imanes tasidaw anəlkəm ən išrutən ən mənhuy təknat təmvare,issosa ijan orak fal išrutən abdanen ən imaɗinan atiwəjanen,ən tamusne ad iritan ən ijji. |
"he responded: ""Sir, what is the use of a new-born child?""." | Assudmar :""Ahaləs,mayinfa ara""." |
This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation. | Alavi išrayan atiwətkal ye ijji ən ilavitan amutaynen adobatnen atwirəm as irum mev akayad. |
This is done partly through observation of natural phenomena, but also through experimentation that tries to simulate natural events under controlled conditions as appropriate to the discipline (in the observational sciences, such as astronomy or geology, a predicted observation might take the place of a controlled experiment). | Awen ititwəj dǎɣ ašrut as akayad ən ijitan avlaknen,mašan dev as musnat tirəmat as assəgbar ən ikuyan avlaknen dǎɣ alməvnatan atiwəhadnen,as assəvar ( dǎɣ təmusnawen ad akayad,sund astronomie mev géologie,akayad atiwənan adobat ašaray ənirum atiwənahadən. |
If the hypothesis survived testing, it may become adopted into the framework of a scientific theory, a logically reasoned, self-consistent model or framework for describing the behavior of certain natural phenomena. | As musnat tədar ye irum,tadobat atwətkal dǎɣ taberat ən tamusne tatiwasanat,iri mev taberat təknat adatu ad assahat ye alavi ən taməšavalt ən ijitan iyyad avlaknen. |
In that vein, theories are formulated according to most of the same scientific principles as hypotheses. | Dǎɣ akayad wen,timusnawen aqlnat atwəjanat as ajət ən issənta olahnen ən tamusne as musnaten. |
This can be achieved by careful experimental design, transparency, and a thorough peer review process of the experimental results as well as any conclusions. | Awen adobat adatu as mənhuy tatiwaramat as tidit,asməvmav ad alməvna ən akayad maqaran as imidawən ən ijarawən atiwaramnen as alməvna ən samdo kul. |
Statistics, a branch of mathematics, is used to summarize and analyze data, which allow scientists to assess the reliability and variability of their experimental results. | Issidinən,ašrut ən imaɗinan,atiwətkalən ye afanaz ad akayad ən ilavitan,awen ijraw ye imusanən eket ən atwəflas ad afanazət ən ijarawən nassən ateramnen. |
It can be contrasted with anti-realism, the view that the success of science does not depend on it being accurate about unobservable entities such as electrons. | Nadobat atnəsəməgdah ad assəbəhu, ašarav was inta tabavort ən tamusne war təlkem as tidit təkiyadat timəvluken afarnen sund eleətrontan. |
There are different schools of thought in the philosophy of science. | Alanət liəoyten azlaynen ən anəzjum ən magrad ən təmusnawen. |
This is necessary because the number of predictions those theories make is infinite, which means that they cannot be known from the finite amount of evidence using deductive logic only. | Awen ahušəl falas ajət ən ilavitan ən təmusnawen war imədu,awen dartidila as war adobatnat atwəziy vor ajət amindən ən təmtar dǎɣ atkul vas ən adatu izjaran. |
Critical rationalism is a contrasting 20th-century approach to science, first defined by Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper. | Rasyonălizm amos tăzujišt t-amšăkket daɣ awătăy wan 2000 i sians, s ezzăr Karl Popper wan filozof n Australia-Britania ihuk n almăɣna net . |
Popper proposed replacing verifiability with falsifiability as the landmark of scientific theories and replacing induction with falsification as the empirical method. | Bobber assikna assəmutiy ən umav as assəmutiy sund edag ən muzyat ən təmusnawen atiwəsanen ad assəmutiy ən ugəš as assəmutiy sund tamkare ən irum. |
Another approach, instrumentalism, emphasizes the utility of theories as instruments for explaining and predicting phenomena. | Ugəš iyan,ən haratan,itaj emel fal tenafit ən təmusnawen as aqalnat haratan ən assəkən ad assəlmad ən ijjitan. |
Close to instrumentalism is constructive empiricism, according to which the main criterion for the success of a scientific theory is whether what it says about observable entities is true. | Ihaz ən harat eqal irum ikarəssən,was inta azalayat azaran ən agaraw ən tamusne tatiwasanat taqal aləmad as awa jənu dǎɣ təvləken atiwəkiyadnen adutət. |
Each paradigm has its own distinct questions, aims, and interpretations. | Assəgbar kul ila assestanən iness,derhanən ad ilavitan. |
That is, the choice of a new paradigm is based on observations, even though those observations are made against the background of the old paradigm. | Dǎɣ tənaten tiyad,assənəfrən ən segbar aynayən aqimən fal ikayadən,əndar ikayadən win atiwəjan dǎɣ taberat ən assəgbar aruwan. |
Its main point is that a difference between natural and supernatural explanations should be made and that science should be restricted methodologically to natural explanations. | Edag iness azarən eqal ijji ən azəməzliy jar ilavitan iknanen ad okaynen amukən ad tamusne atəkəl aybdadəd ən tamkare vor ilavitan iknanen. |
That is, no theory is ever considered strictly certain as science accepts the concept of fallibilism. | Dǎɣ tənaten tiyad,tamusne wala iyat kala war tətwətkəl sund ayknan adatu,falas tamusne tarda aləmad ən egadal. |
New scientific knowledge rarely results in vast changes in our understanding. | Timuziawen aynaynen ən təmusnawen tiwinatid as tamətkit išanzitan maqornen dǎɣ tədawt nanaɣ. |
Knowledge in science is gained by a gradual synthesis of information from different experiments by various researchers across different branches of science; it is more like a climb than a leap. | Muzyat dǎɣ tamusne titwəjrəw as asertiy okayən ən issalan adəfalnen iruman abdanen atiwəjanen as inumaɣən ajətnen dǎɣ išrutən azlaynen ən tamusne ;amos okayan ewen as teget. |
"Philosopher Barry Stroud adds that, although the best definition for ""knowledge"" is contested, being skeptical and entertaining the possibility that one is incorrect is compatible with being correct." | “Anəmagəd Barry Stroud assewəd as,harwa alaɣi iknan ən ""tamusne""taqal atuji,eqal azahal ad atwətkəl ən tadabit iban amukən eqal anəhəj as alməɣna ən oɣəl ən tiɣdat.” |
This is especially the case in the more macroscopic fields of science (e.g. psychology, physical cosmology). | Amos amək dǎɣ išrutən iknanen atwəhiy ən tamusne (as milhaw,ɗsyəhologie, kosmoloji fiziq). |
Since that time the total number of active periodicals has steadily increased. | Harwa amaradəɣ,ajət imdən ən imsuɣulan asohatnen war asməda tiwat. |
Although the journals are in 39 languages, 91 percent of the indexed articles are published in English. | Harwa amsuɣəl eqalan dǎɣ 39 migridən, 91 % ən haratan atwədəqatnen azjaran dǎɣ təngalezit. |
Science magazines such as New Scientist, Science & Vie, and Scientific American cater to the needs of a much wider readership and provide a non-technical summary of popular areas of research, including notable discoveries and advances in certain fields of research. | Magazin tan n science šund siantifik wa eynayan, Sians & tamudre, and Amerikan cater wan sians i addaroran n addinat wi ɣărrinen ajjotnen tolas ehăk aklulu n ihăndăgan n farăk ahăn ifukkăran d ikităn s dăta daɣ izărăjăn iyyad n fărak |
Various types of commercial advertising, ranging from hype to fraud, may fall into these categories. | Iritan ajotnen ən asjət ən hebu, ikan ijji ən azəzjar ən asədwad,adoben ugiš dǎɣ iritan |
Many scientists pursue careers in various sectors of the economy such as academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations. | Imusanən ajətnen ahijən dǎɣ idagan ajətnen ən asdu atəmosən adunya ən uniɣersitetan,industritan,alɣakum as imsədiwən waren inəš. |
"For example, Christine Ladd (1847–1930) was able to enter a Ph.D. program as ""C. Ladd""; Christine ""Kitty"" Ladd completed the requirements in 1882, but was awarded her degree only in 1926, after a career which spanned the algebra of logic (see truth table), color vision, and psychology." | “Sund, Christine Ladd (1847-1930) təja atwəktab as taqən ən doktorat as taqal ""C. Ladd;"" Christine ""Kitty""tasməda aməkətan atwəsəstənen ɣor 1882. Ladd tasəmda aməkətan atwəsastənen ɣor . Mašan war təjrew alkad ines arəs ɣor 1926,darat tahajit haruwat as adin ən amukən (ahanay ən tabalt tan didit), as akayad iritan ad psikoloji ". |
In the late 20th century, active recruitment of women and elimination of institutional discrimination on the basis of sex greatly increased the number of women scientists, but large gender disparities remain in some fields; in the early 21st century over half of the new biologists were female, while 80% of PhDs in physics are given to men. | Daɣ amindi n awătăy wan 2000 , isăxdiman n deden d ebăddi id askut fuk ijan fal tešnăy n awădim issewădăn hullăn iddikud n deden n siăntifik tan mušăm illăn anmizlăyăn ajjotnen n tešnăy ahănen ihăndăgăn iyyad ; daɣ tizărăt n awătăy wan 2100 , tazune n biolojist tan amosăn deden as ijja awen 80 daɣ temede n PhD tan daɣ fizik amosăn meddăn |
Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some scientific credentials, or may be an honor conferred by election. | Amərtay adobat oɣəl namer ye kul, adobat azəzjar ən tarna ən ismawən iyad əntamusne,meɣ adobat oɣəl ən azəzar atwəhakən as watetən. |
Science policy thus deals with the entire domain of issues that involve the natural sciences. | Fulatik ən tamusne amigrəd ad tartit ən assestanən adəqalnen timusnawen aknanen. |
Prominent historical examples include the Great Wall of China, completed over the course of two millennia through the state support of several dynasties, and the Grand Canal of the Yangtze River, an immense feat of hydraulic engineering begun by Sunshu Ao (孫叔敖 7th cent. | Jar milhawən arunen atwəjrahnen,aɣrətanaɣ aɣala maqaran wan Shin, amədan ɣor assin efdan as tasəbat ən talilt ən amək ən alɣayalən ajətnen,ad ashashəl maqaran ən ejarer wan Yangtze, atkul maqaran ən taməqunt tasintət as Sunshu Ao (7e awatay). |
Such processes, which are run by government, corporations, or foundations, allocate scarce funds. | Timitkwăyen šund tin esăxdăm alăkum , taggăyen hăkkinăt izirfăn šarnăš |
The government funding proportion in certain industries is higher, and it dominates research in social science and humanities. | Amigdah ən tamazilt ən guɣarnəma ikna azaway dǎɣ industritan iyad,izar ogar umaɣ dǎɣ təmusnawen amertaynen ad adinat. |
Many factors can act as facets of the politicization of science such as populist anti-intellectualism, perceived threats to religious beliefs, postmodernist subjectivism, and fear for business interests. | Idagalan ajətnen adoben ijji sund ajət ən tidmawen ən asəfulatik ən tamusne,atəmosan anməksan ən tiyətawen ən adinat,titar atiwajrawnen ibret ən təfləsen ən tənəslima,harat okayan ishray ad toɣsat ən igarawən ən maməlatən. |
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis. | Irum iyan eqal alməɣna atiwəjan ye talilt meɣ tunjit ən assənəhəj. |
Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially when used over time. | Iruman adoben assəmutiy ən ijarawən ən ikayadən ad talilt ən emaɣar as atkul ad agarazat hulen ən harat iləmad, hulen agud aqalnat atwətkal fal taqan zəjret. |
Experiments typically include controls, which are designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable. | Iruman artayan səjət ad ikayadən, atiwəjan ye afanaz ən ijitan ən imətuyan iyad as amutiy iyan anuflayan. |
Researchers also use experimentation to test existing theories or new hypotheses to support or disprove them. | Kel fărăk intăned deɣ asixdămăn amiyiz daɣ erem n mirda tan wi it illănen meɣ inhăjan i tădhilt meɣ asăbbăhu nasan. |
If an experiment is carefully conducted, the results usually either support or disprove the hypothesis. | Afal irum atewayid as igoz, igarawən sidətun meɣ sabahawən səjət assənəhəj. |
In medicine and the social sciences, the prevalence of experimental research varies widely across disciplines. | Dǎɣ assəsəfar ad təmusnawen artaynen,dat agədah ən umaɣ atiwaramən itimətuy hulen as assəɣar iyan as iyan. |
A single study typically does not involve replications of the experiment, but separate studies may be aggregated through systematic review and meta-analysis. | Teɣăre iyyăt war tat amăsuɣăl n amiyiz muchăm tiɣir azun-nen addobat nat amăsidu s amăsuɣăl n akăyăd meɣ amiyiz maqqorăn . |
We may in this way eventually come to the truth that gratifies the heart and gradually and carefully reach the end at which certainty appears; while through criticism and caution we may seize the truth that dispels disagreement and resolves doubtful matters. | Nadobat deɣ agad ən tidit sasmadat ulh izar agad okayan ad aniyat samdo was assədətu ijarəd; aguden as tezmit ad tigazat, nadobat aramas ən tidit ɣashadat tunjit ad amukən ən assestanən adutat. |
"In this process of critical consideration, the man himself should not forget that he tends to subjective opinions—through ""prejudices"" and ""leniency""—and thus has to be critical about his own way of building hypotheses." | "Dǎɣ alməɣna wen nakayad labassən,ahaləs imanes war mahin atəwa as orak as tənaten adutətnen-as ""itwəshraɣən""ad ""serɣassan""ad oɣəl ən atwizəm fal alməɣna iness ən akarass ən issənəhəjitan. |
Bacon wanted a method that relied on repeatable observations, or experiments. | Bakon erha tamkare tahitalət as ikayadən anelasnen, meɣ iruman. |
For example, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) accurately measured time and experimented to make accurate measurements and conclusions about the speed of a falling body. | Sund,Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) ikat as alaɣi ən taqan izar ija iruman ye ajaraw ən iketan ad samədotan aleɣətnen fal atrub ən haratan ən agadəl anuflayan. |
In some disciplines (e.g., psychology or political science), a 'true experiment' is a method of social research in which there are two kinds of variables. | Dǎɣ issaɣritan iyad (sund,aləmadat meɣ timusnawen fulatiktan), "tirma tadutet"taqal tamkare ən umaɣ ertayan dǎɣ ihan assin iritan ən ishanzitan. |
A good example would be a drug trial. | Segbar ahusken eqal irum ən assafar. |
The results from replicate samples can often be averaged, or if one of the replicates is obviously inconsistent with the results from the other samples, it can be discarded as being the result of an experimental error (some step of the test procedure may have been mistakenly omitted for that sample). | Igarawən ən milhaw amissaɣalən adoben agud adəqəlan igdah,meɣ afal iyan dǎɣ milhawən amaɣəlnen eqal awaren anhəja ad igarawən ən milhawən wiyaɗden, adobǎt adəqəl anakash sund eqalan agaraw ən ematal atiwaramən (tedajit ən ijji ən akayad adobat adeqal atəwi as sheɣshad ye milhaw). |