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If such evidence is found, a new theory may be proposed, or (more commonly) it is found that modifications to the previous theory are sufficient to explain the new evidence. | Afal asidutitan wən aqalan atiwagrawan, təmusne taynayat tadobǎt atiqil atiwasaknan, meɣ (ogaran agudiyan) eqal atiwanhayan as isimutuyan ən təmusne tatokayat aqalan aygdahan fal asikin ən wi aynaynen isidututan. |
For example, Newton's laws explained thousands of years of scientific observations of the planets almost perfectly. | Dǎɣ asikin, tənaten tən Newton asiknanat ihomiši oɣadan ən afdan nelan ən kayadan ən tənumaɣen dǎɣ tək-ruruyen. |
Since new theories might be more comprehensive than what preceded them, and thus be able to explain more than previous ones, successor theories might be able to meet a higher standard by explaining a larger body of observations than their predecessors. | Falas təmusnawen tə aynaynen adobǎtnat adiqilnat ogaran təmidawt ye dazarnenid, əd adiš eqalan adoben aliɣi oogaran ən haratan wi dokaynen, təmusnawen tidilkamnen adobǎtnen asudmirtan ye iyat uqud ogaran azaway dǎɣ asikin ogaran təmɣire ən hadi ən kayadan ye wi ahanen idagan nasan. |
"Once a structurally complete and closed system of opinions consisting of many details and relations has been formed, it offers enduring resistance to anything that contradicts it""." | "Ehadag ən əmikan ən tarha tiknat əs təmda əd tahar, artaynen əd haditan abdanen əd tartit, ataqal ayertayan, hakan aśahat itahagen ye dak wi winan ƭarda". |
Its successes can shine but tend to be transitory. | Igaraw wən adobǎtnen adiqirnat mašan taszalnat ye adiqilnat okayan. |
"The method of the a priori – which promotes conformity less brutally but fosters opinions as something like tastes, arising in conversation and comparisons of perspectives in terms of ""what is agreeable to reason.""" | "Təmusne ən tizart – ta kanat ye sinihigitan ən əmik ifnazan dǎɣ išugu mašan asilmad ye tarhaten sund harat iyan əd olahnen dǎɣ tembe, itiwin dǎɣ asostanan əd asiniyufu ən əmikan ən ""awa eqalan ayiknan ye tidit.""" |
That is a destination as far, or near, as the truth itself to you or me or the given finite community. | Awa eqalan agad deɣqanen ugigan, meɣ ohazan, as tidit inta-emanes fal kawaned meɣ nak meɣ aljamaɣat timindat əs huk. |
From abduction, Peirce distinguishes induction as inferring, based on tests, the proportion of truth in the hypothesis. | Dǎɣ amsisir, Peirce ebda ugiš sund asikin, fal santo ən irum, ən tafirest ən tidit dǎɣ salan. |
Oftenest, even a well-prepared mind guesses wrong. | Ogaran agudiyan, imanes aniyat ahusken igan itimtulu. |
"Peirce, Charles S. (1902), Carnegie application, see MS L75.329330, from Draft D of Memoir 27: ""Consequently, to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later, if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery." | Peirce, Charles S. (1902), itagan Carnegie, anhiy MS L75.329330, adizgaran əmik wan santo D ən aniyat wan 27, afal war nigrew adakal ən ye tebade nigi ən atwigraw". |
"Consequently, the conduct of abduction, which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic, is to be governed by economical considerations.""" | "Dǎɣ awen, alaway ən alwaq, wa eqalan atamosan asostan iyan ən alwaq əd wa eqalan wadazaran asostan ən alwaq, anihaga adiqil aykaran fal maɣulatan ən zirfan.""" |
The hypothesis, being insecure, needs to have practical implications leading at least to mental tests and, in science, lending themselves to scientific tests. | Isalan, aqalnen adoben aditbit, a sinihaga adigriwan ugišawan tawaganen ikanen adiš dǎɣ uruman ən aniyat əd, dǎɣ umaɣ, sadawnen ye iruman ən tənumaɣen. |
"Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) One may say ""the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility.""" | "Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) nadobǎt ananu as ""watilan arkuk əmik ən aduniyat eqalan afahamat ən manes.""" |
These assumptions from methodological naturalism form a basis on which science may be grounded. | Isalan wən ən tarha nitwigaz ən adabaratan amosnen santo wa tamosan ən tənumaq tadobet atiqil aytbatan. |
His observations of science practice are essentially sociological and do not speak to how science is or can be practiced in other times and other cultures. | Ikayădăn net win amišil n science ijan hullan fal socioloji tolas war siwilăn fal immik wa s science t amos meɣ taddobăt axădam daɣ alwăqan iyyad d agna tan iyyăd. |
"He opens Chapter 1 with a discussion of the Golgi bodies and their initial rejection as an artefact of staining technique, and a discussion of Brahe and Kepler observing the dawn and seeing a ""different"" sunrise despite the same physiological phenomenon." | "Ora asurat tas 1 fal timadašen fal təɣiswen tən Golgi əd ajer nasan ən santo sund iyan artéfaət ən təmusne tan dalagan, əd iyan magrad fal Brahe əd Keɗler kayadnen aɣora əd hanaynen azagar ən tafuk ""abdanen"" mašan imanes azaman ən fisiologiq." |
In essence, he says that for any specific method or norm of science, one can find a historic episode where violating it has contributed to the progress of science. | Dǎɣ iba namel, ina as fal təmusne dak meɣ oɣadan atiwasanan ən tənumaq, adobat agaraw ən tasaga ən tənfust ɣur uhuɣan nes ye ukis ən ƭiwaƭ ən tənumaq. |
The postmodernist critiques of science have themselves been the subject of intense controversy. | Təzmiten ən dat təmotayen ən tənumaq igrawnat intanated-imanes taganat harat ən intamnen animašraynen. |
Models, in both science and mathematics, need to be internally consistent and also ought to be falsifiable (capable of disproof). | Təmusnawen, atamosan dǎɣ təmusne ən maɗinan, anihaganen adiqil ašohatnen dǎɣ amas əd anihaga deɣqanen adiqilan atiwisimutuyan (adoben adiqil ayugayan). |
For example, the technical concept of time arose in science, and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic. | Dǎɣ olahan, atiwasanan təmusne ən azaman eqalan adizgaran dǎɣ tənumaq, əd winan itimutiy eqalan talɣa iyat ən salan ən maɗinan. |
Eugene Wigner's paper, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, is a very well-known account of the issue from a Nobel Prize-winning physicist. | Tabarat tan Eugene Wigner, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, eqalan edan atiwafan hulen atiwazayan dǎɣ asostan wen ən tasaga ən waytawanhayan ən lauréat ən alhak ən Wayernan. |
In Proofs and Refutations, Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures. | Dǎɣ Proofs and Refutations, Lakatos hakan ajotnen tabaraten ən santo fal agaraw ən asidututan əd adagal ən sidutitan dǎɣ tanhaden. |
This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky. | Awen adobat adisaknu mafal tənumaɣen zazgarnat afal agudiyan as igrawan tabaɣort. |
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. | Mahwah, NJ : LawrenceErlbaum Associates. |
"This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls ""Anti-fragility""; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error, human bias, and randomness, the scientific method is more than resistant or tough – it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways (it is anti-fragile)." | "Awen amos a-wa s ijan Nassim Nicolas Taleb ""a išmaran i abrur""; alwăq wa is sistem tan iyyad n farăk abrurăn dat xăta tan win awădim, taxăyuz tan n awădim d mărsal , immik wan science amos asihădădăn meɣ assohen -infa marsăl tan win daɣ ihăndăgan ajjotnen ( amos a ichmăran i abrur) " |
These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method. | Iliɣitan wən winan atwasagad ilwayan ənumaɣan ye adariman ikanan nawa aɣelan adiqil awinan ikna dǎɣ təmusne nasan. |
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results. | Təmusne ən tənumaq taqalat aliɣi ən ahanay ən aduniyat imanes əd zaleɣat ta taqalat atiwaraman əd atwaram dǎɣ musuɣulan ajotnen olahnen əd təmusne tan tənumaq, dǎɣ adakal ən milalan atiwardanen ən nakayad, ən hakot əd irum ən liɣitan. |
Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge. | Təmusnawen ən tənumaɣen atiwaganen as śahatnat dǎɣ examen aśohen əd hakan təmuzuyt ən tənumaq. |
"Stephen Jay Gould wrote that ""...facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty." | "Stephen Jay Gould iktab as " …igitan əd təmusnawen aqalnen haratan abdanen, əd winan eqel tabarat dǎɣ təmɣire ən afalasat ikan isdat." |
The meaning of the term scientific theory (often contracted to theory for brevity) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of theory. | Almaɣna n tifert n mirda wan science (alwaq iyyan ifannaz s mirda war n tahij) immik wa exdam daɣ majal tan n science amos a izlayan id alxidmat toharat n mirda. |
In everyday speech, theory can imply an explanation that represents an unsubstantiated and speculative guess, whereas in science it describes an explanation that has been tested and is widely accepted as valid. | Dǎɣ magrad atiwasanan, təmusne tadobet atigiš aliɣi iyan wa isaknen maɣulat iyan winan eqel aytbatan əd azinuzgumu, mašan dǎɣ tənumaq, katab aliɣi iyan wa eqalan atiwaraman əd atamosan tahagit taqalat ahuruwan atiwardan. |
Some theories are so well-established that they are unlikely ever to be fundamentally changed (for example, scientific theories such as evolution, heliocentric theory, cell theory, theory of plate tectonics, germ theory of disease, etc.). | Təmusnawen tiyad aqalnat afal ahusken atiwaga as eqal adobǎt aduten as waraqelnat abada dǎɣ amasnanat amutayan (dǎɣ asikin, təmusnawen ən tənumaɣen atamosnen awiɗan, təmusne tan héliocentrique, təmusne tan əellule, təmusne tan tektonik ən tisayen, asidwil ən ADN, darat awen. |
Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions. | təmusnawen tən tənumaɣawen aqalnat aytawaraman əd tagan maɣulatan təwisimutuynen. |
The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions. | Talɣa tan asikin ən dak təmusne ən tənumaq, dǎɣ ihanat təmusnawen, eqalan aśahat ye igi ən maɣulatan tiwisimutuynen meɣ tawaramnen. |
It is well-supported by many independent strands of evidence, rather than a single foundation. | Idhalan ti titbaqa ajjotnen n tamitert ohun akaros ɣas . |
"The theory of biological evolution is more than ""just a theory""." | "Təmusne ən təwatt ən biologique eqalan ogaran as ""ɣas iyat təmusne""." |
This provides evidence either for or against the hypothesis. | Awen ihaku isidututan fal meɣ adagal ən salan. |
This can take many years, as it can be difficult or complicated to gather sufficient evidence. | Awen adobat adikil ajotnen elan, falas adobat adiqil aśohen meɣ asisandaran ən asidiw igdahan ye asidutu. |
The strength of the evidence is evaluated by the scientific community, and the most important experiments will have been replicated by multiple independent groups. | Ašahat ən asidututan eqalan atiwakyadan fal aljamaɣat ən tənumaq, əd təmusnawen ogarnen tanfo adigriwnat adiqilnat atiwagan fal ajotnen tartiten ən manasnat. |
In chemistry, there are many acid-base theories providing highly divergent explanations of the underlying nature of acidic and basic compounds, but they are very useful for predicting their chemical behavior. | Dǎɣ šimie, ilanati təmusnawen ajotnen ən aman-ən santo hakanen iliɣitan hulen abdanen fal awa eqal ən daw-amas ən sirtayan ən aman əd basiquetan, mašan aqalnat hulen amitkalan fal aditiwaɣlaknen talɣiwen nasan ən šimiq. |
Acceptance of a theory does not require that all of its major predictions be tested, if it is already supported by sufficiently strong evidence. | Təridawt ən təmusne winan itigu dak tabaraten ən aditiwaɣlakan eqalan atiwaraman, falas taqal harwa atiwadhalan fal sidututan igdahan dǎɣ ašuhu. |
Solutions may require minor or major changes to the theory, or none at all if a satisfactory explanation is found within the theory's existing framework. | Adabaratan adobatnen atiwahašalan ən təbiɗawen madroynen meɣ magornen ən təmusne, anhiy wala iyat tamotayt falas aliɣi iyan asisagdahan eqalan atiwagrawan dǎɣ tabarat atitilat ən təmusne. |
If modifications to the theory or other explanations seem to be insufficient to account for the new results, then a new theory may be required. | Afal təmotayen ən təmusne meɣ iyad iliɣitan olahnen ən iba ən gadehat fal kanan ən muziyat ən liɣitan wi aynaynen, iyat taynayat təmusne tadobet adiš atiqil ayfan. |
This is because it is still the best available explanation for many other phenomena, as verified by its predictive power in other contexts. | Dǎɣ awa atiwagan, taqalat ahusken ən aliɣi atilan fal ajotnen iyad ən azamanan, sund asikin ən asahat ən awaditiwaɣlakan dǎɣ tiyad tabaraten. |
After the changes, the accepted theory will explain more phenomena and have greater predictive power (if it did not, the changes would not be adopted); this new explanation will then be open to further replacement or modification. | Darat təmotayen, ən təmusne tatiwardat talaɣet dǎɣ tanfo ən azamanan əd adigriw iyan ogaran aśahat ən awaditiwagazan (afal wadeqel awen, təmotayen waraqelnat atiwalmadan); wən taynayan aliɣi adobat adiš adiqil amiskalan meɣ amutayan. |
For example, electricity and magnetism are now known to be two aspects of the same phenomenon, referred to as electromagnetism. | Dǎɣ milahaw, nisan amara as koran əd ən magnétisme eqalan əsin hanayan ən manasan ən azaman, asitawan éleətromagnétisme. |
This was resolved by the discovery of nuclear fusion, the main energy source of the Sun. | Wen asostan eqal aykan fal ahanay ən asirtay ən nukléaire, atamosan tabarat ən takast ən Tafuk. |
By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether, Einstein stated that time dilation and length contraction measured in an object in relative motion is inertial—that is, the object exhibits constant velocity, which is speed with direction, when measured by its observer. | Dǎɣ awinan tila dǎɣ talɣiwen karoznen ən éther luminifereu, Einstein iliɣat as asihraw ən azaman əd təmɣinanen zagrotnen ən ikatnen dǎɣ harat ən ewalawal olahan aqalnen awinan ider – atamosan as harat isakna urmad winan itimutuy, atamosan urmad dər təsigwen, agud wadaqalnat aykatan fal amanhay ənes. |
Einstein sought to generalize the invariance principle to all reference frames, whether inertial or accelerating. | Einstein imaɣ ye adisitbit isalan wi niba nimutiy ye dak tabaraten, samos aqalnat awinan ider meɣ winan orgeš. |
"Even massless energy exerts gravitational motion on local objects by ""curving"" the geometrical ""surface"" of 4D space-time." | "Imanes ašahat winan azay itagu ewalewal ən taɣalaywayt fal haratan ən nakal dǎɣ ""agungin"" ən ""taryare"" ən géométrieq ən nedag-alwaq wan 4D." |
However, scientific laws are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions. | Agudendǎɣ, isalan wi tənumaɣen aqalnen isiknitan ən kitban ən əmik atamosan tamaɣlaq adǎɣ tiga dǎɣ iyad əšiɣilan. |
A common misconception is that scientific theories are rudimentary ideas that will eventually graduate into scientific laws when enough data and evidence have been accumulated. | Anuzgum bahawan atiwasan eqal as təmusnawen ən tənumaɣen aqalnat inuzguman ən banan ad amandanat fal uɣil ən salan wi tənumaɣen agud igdahan ye hukitan əd sidututan aqalan atiwasamasadawan. |
Both theories and laws could potentially be falsified by countervailing evidence. | Təmusnawen sund isalan adobatnen dǎɣ aśahat adiqilan atiwasamatayan fal sidututan animašraynen. |
First-order logic is an example of a formal language. | Awa anihagan ən tizaraten ən anilkam eqal asiknan magrad atiwanan. |
The phenomena explained by the theories, if they could not be directly observed by the senses (for example, atoms and radio waves), were treated as theoretical concepts. | Azamanan ati alaɣatnen fal təmusnawen, afal waradoben adiqilan atiwakyadan agudendǎɣ fal əmik (fal olahan, atometan əd ondetan ən arajo), aqalnen atiwagan sund awinan atwaga ən təmusnawen. |
"The phrase ""the received view of theories"" is used to describe this approach." | "Magrad ""ahanay wa dosan ən təmusnawen"" eqalan fal akǎtǎb ən ahaz wen." |
One can use language to describe a model; however, the theory is the model (or a collection of similar models), and not the description of the model. | Nadobǎt anitkil magrad fal akatǎb ən əmik; aguden, təmusne taqalat əmik (meɣ iyan asimusudiw ən əmikan olahnen), əd babo asikin ən əmik. |
The model parameters, e.g., Newton's Law of Gravitation, determine how the positions and velocities change with time. | Tabaraten ən əmik, fal asikin ən salan ən naɣalay wan Newton, isaknen əmik wa amosan ihadagan əd urmaɗan təmutuynen dǎɣ azaman. |
"The word ""semantic"" refers to the way that a model represents the real world." | "Tifirt ""atiwasanan"" itagu asinimihil almaɣna amosan əmik isaknen aduniyat titbatat." |
"Engineering practice makes a distinction between ""mathematical models"" and ""physical models""; the cost of fabricating a physical model can be minimized by first creating a mathematical model using a computer software package, such as a computer aided design tool." | "Igi ən təmusne itagu təbiɗawt iyat gar ""əmikan ən maɗinan"" əd ""əmikan ən aytawanhayan""; aśuhu ən igitan ən əmik itawanhayan adoben adikil atiwazamadrayan dǎɣ igi izar ən əmik ən maɗinan dǎɣ tadhil ən tabarat ən informatique, atamosan alil ən anikmaman sajiha fal ordinateur." |
Certain assumptions are necessary for all empirical claims (e.g. the assumption that reality exists). | Iyad isalan aqalan ayfan fal dak isalan ən təɣirmaten (dǎɣ asikin, ən salan amosan as tidit tiley). |
This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested. | Awen adobat adiqil deɣqanen banan ən akayad ən təmusne tigan ən aditiwaɣlakan oɣadan, awa eqalan asidutu ən dak isalan iganen dǎɣ igili eqalan oɣadan meɣ olahan doɣadan dǎɣ tabaraten atiwǎramnen. |
The theory makes accurate predictions when the assumption is valid, and does not make accurate predictions when the assumption is not valid. | Mirda itaj tanăbbu tan oɣadnen alwaq wa id inahăjăn tawăɣbălan tolas war itaj tanăbbud tan oɣăd nen alwăq wa id anhăja war t-awăɣbăl. |
"The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and online Wiktionary indicate its Latin source as assumere (""accept, to take to oneself, adopt, usurp""), which is a conjunction of ad- (""to, towards, at"") and sumere (to take)." | "Oxford Engliš Dictionary (OED) əd Wiktionnaire dǎɣ tasiret saknet as tabarat ən latine taqal asinihid ("tiridawt,adakal ən manes, ilmadan, usurɗer"), tataqalat ayertayan ən ad-("à, ibret, dǎɣ ") ən sumere (adakal)". |
"The term was originally employed in religious contexts as in ""to receive up into heaven"", especially ""the reception of the Virgin Mary into heaven, with body preserved from corruption"", (1297 CE) but it was also simply used to refer to ""receive into association"" or ""adopt into partnership""." | Əmik eqalan santo ən amitkalan dǎɣ tabaraten tən alɣibadat sund dǎɣ ""agaraw hawendǎɣ har išinawǎn"", atamosan ""alakad wǎn Ɣierge Marie dǎɣ šinawǎn, dər taɣisa tilmadat hile"", (1297 CE) mašan eqalan deɣqanen inbanan amitkalan fal ugiš""agaraw ən tartit"" meɣ ""ulmad dǎɣ təmiduwa""." |
Confirmations should count only if they are the result of risky predictions; that is to say, if, unenlightened by the theory in question, we should have expected an event which was incompatible with the theory—an event which would have refuted the theory. | Isidututan wǎranhaga asidinan as afal aqalan atiwajaban ən salan asuɣsadnen, atamosan afal, winan arid fal təmusne ən asostan, nadobat anagu ananafahm ye azaman winan iritiy ən təmusne- azaman wa ugayan ye təmusne. |
A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific. | Təmusne ta winan taqel atiwagayan fal wala iyan azaman atiwasanan eqalan iba ən tənumaq. |
Some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, might still be upheld by their admirers—for example by introducing post hoc (after the fact) some auxiliary hypothesis or assumption, or by reinterpreting the theory post hoc in such a way that it escapes refutation. | Tiyad təmusnawen əs tididǎɣ atiwǎramnen, agud wa disanat as abihawnat adobatnat harwa adiqilnat atiwadhalan fal imakyadan nasnat – dǎɣ asikin dǎɣ itawaga dat hoə (darat igi) ən salan meɣ maɣulat nadarolahan, meɣ dǎɣ liɣitan ən təmusne ən dat hoə dǎɣ əmik was gamad ye tungit. |
"Popper summarized these statements by saying that the central criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its ""falsifiability, or refutability, or testability""." | "Popper asmasadaw tənaten nes dǎɣ iganu as almaɣnatan wi namas ən tabarat ən tənumaq ən təmusne taqalat as ""aytimutuyan, meɣ atiwagayan, meɣ atiwǎraman""." |
"Several philosophers and historians of science have, however, argued that Popper's definition of theory as a set of falsifiable statements is wrong because, as Philip Kitcher has pointed out, if one took a strictly Popperian view of ""theory"", observations of Uranus when first discovered in 1781 would have ""falsified"" Newton's celestial mechanics." | "Ajotnen ənumaɣan əd kal tənfusen ən tənumaɣawen igraw agudak asitiwadhalan əs aliɣi ən Popper ən təmusne sund ayertayan ən salan atiwasamataynen aqalan ayeɣšadan falas, sund aliɣi ən Philip Kitcher, afal ilmad ahanay iyan atamosan ən popperien ən ""təmusne"", iikayadan ən Uranus ugud wǎn wadazaran atwinhay dǎɣ 1781 igraw ""atiwasamatayan"" ən kanan wən séleste ən Newton." |
"Fecundity: ""A great scientific theory, like Newton's, opens up new areas of research…." | "Ahidir: ""maqarat təmusne ən tənumaq, sund tan Newton, tiru aynaynen tabaraten ən numaɣ…"" |
At any time, it raises more questions than it can currently answer. | Daɣ azzămăn, isănkar id isistănăn hullan ojar nen alwăzab wa s addobăt ihuk net |
Like other definitions of theories, including Popper's, Kitcher makes it clear that a theory must include statements that have observational consequences. | Sund iyad iliɣitan ən təmusnawen, dǎɣ taha tan Popper, Kitəher sidututnat as təmusne anihaga atagu isalan wi igrawnen awa atiwaɣšadan itawǎnhayan. |
It may be set out on paper as a system of rules, and it is the more truly a theory the more completely it can be put down in such terms. | Dtadobǎt atiqil atiwazazgaran fal alkad sund əmik ən tabaraten, əd təmusne taqalat agudak togarat tidit as dtadobǎt atiqil atiwazazgaran dǎɣ əmikan wən. |
"The specific mathematical aspects of classical electromagnetic theory are termed ""laws of electromagnetism,"" reflecting the level of consistent and reproducible evidence that supports them." | "Dǎɣ hanayan ən maɗinan atiwasanen ən təmusne ən élektromayétique atiwakatlen eqalan asitawa "tabarat tan élektromagnétisme"s, zazgaratid waynayan asidututan aśohatnen əd tawaganen wi tan déhalent." |
An example of the latter might be the radiation reaction force. | Dǎɣ asikin ən tatilkamat tən adobat adikil aśahat ən tanakra ən zaranzaran. |
A scientist is a person who conducts scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest. | Anumaɣ iyan eqalan awadim wa tiwiyan tənumaɣen ən təmusnawen fal adagu aykan isdat ən təmuzayen dǎɣ tabarat tinfat. |
Scientists of different eras (and before them, natural philosophers, mathematicians, natural historians, natural theologians, engineers, and others who contributed to the development of science) have had widely different places in society, and the social norms, ethical values, and epistemic virtues associated with scientists—and expected of them—have changed over time as well. | Ənumaɣan ən təbiɗawen nazaman (əd datas san, ən kal magrad ən manasan, kal maɗinan, kal tinfas ən manasan, théologientan ən manasan, imusanan əd iyad adinat ahanen dǎɣ təwaƭ ən tənumaq) igašan igagan hulen abdanen dǎɣ tanminak, əd oɣadan ən tanminak, ɣaleurtan nagudin əd ahusken ən tiwit tartayat ən tənumaɣawen – əd atiwasagdahnat ye manasnat – igrawnat intanatedǎɣ asimutiy dǎɣ azaman. |
Many proto-scientists from the Islamic Golden Age are considered polymaths, in part because of the lack of anything corresponding to modern scientific disciplines. | Ajotnen ən ɗroto-tənumaɣawen ən awatay wǎn uraɣ ən anislam aqalanat atiwagan sund əmusanan, dǎɣ tasaga ən falas ən iba namel ən dak awa olahan ən tabaraten tən tənumaɣawen amutaynen. |
Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. | Adabaratan wi atwagrawnen fal dǎɣ lalan aridnen dǎɣ uqud aqalnen daknasan awiriha ba ən əmik fal salan ən tidit. |
Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception. | Deskartes wǎreqel ɣas amazan ən géométrie tan akayad, mašan aliɣat as təmusne ən kanan əd tizart ən nuzguman fal santotan ən awalewal əd təmusne tan arizeg. |
He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. | Ifa isalan iyad əmdanen ən kanan oɣadnen əd atiwaɣran dǎɣ tənure əd ahanay. |
He discovered that a charge applied to the spinal cord of a frog could generate muscular spasms throughout its body. | Igraw ahanay as azuk atiwagan ən akilkil ən najar adobat adisidwil aškidkid ən tinikad dǎɣ dak taɣisa ən nes. |
Lazzaro Spallanzani is one of the most influential figures in experimental physiology and the natural sciences. | Lazzaro Spallanzani eqal iyan dǎɣ adinat wi ogarnen adagal ən ɗhysiologie tan təmusne əd tənumaɣawen imanasan. |
However, there is no formal process to determine who is a scientist and who is not a scientist. | Aguden, wǎrtitila tabarat ən salan fal asiknin wa eqalan tənumaq əd winan tat eqel. |
A little over half of the respondents wanted to pursue a career in academia, with smaller proportions hoping to work in industry, government, and nonprofit environments. | Andiran ogaran təzune ən adinat wi atwaɣranen adurhanen adigin aduniyat dǎɣ amas ən śolotan, izar as iyad, ifnaznen dǎɣ ajit, ordan adišɣilan dǎɣ uzin, imanahadan əd imagan ən əšiɣil winan amos azruf. |
They exhibit a strong curiosity about reality. | Igan asidutu iyan maqaran nawnaf ən tabarat tan tidit. |
Some scientists have a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of people's health, the nations, the world, nature, or industries (academic scientist and industrial scientist). | Iyad ənumaɣan ilan tarha nigi ən təmuzuyen ən tənumaɣawen dǎɣ tabarat nasaɣat ən tamite, ikalan, aduniyat, imanes meɣ nusintan (tənumaq tan šolotan əd tənumaq tan uzin). |
These include cosmology and biology, especially molecular biology and the human genome project. | Amos awen deɣqanen ən əosmologie əd biologie, dǎɣ təbiɗawt ən biologie ən nulléaire əd dawla ən atwigaz ən awadim. |
The figure included twice as many men as women. | Amaɗin wen ila əsin hadagan ogarnen medin ən ɗeɗen. |
Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. | Azamanan aśohatnen ilanen tinakrawen ən suɗernoɣa, tugiden ən gamma, quasar, blazars pulsars əd zaranzaran ən ider ən kosmiq. |
Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. | Astronomie eqalan iyan dǎɣ wi ogarnen tirut ən tənumaɣawen ən manasnat. |
In the past, astronomy included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars. | Dǎɣ okayan, astronomie ila tabaraten deɣqanen abdanen ən astronomie, umaɣ ən šinawǎn, astronomie ən kayadan əd ukisawǎn ən əalendriertan. |
Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects. | Astronomie ən kayadan anikmanen fal agaraw ən hukitan dǎɣ tasaga ən kayadan ən haratan ən astronomiquetan. |
These two fields complement each other. | Tən əsanatat tabaraten aqalnat tinmidhilnen. |
"Based on strict dictionary definitions, ""astronomy"" refers to ""the study of objects and matter outside the Earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties,"" while ""astrophysics"" refers to the branch of astronomy dealing with ""the behavior, physical properties, and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena""." | "Dǎɣ liɣitan oɣadnen ən alkitab, əmik "astronomie" ayeqal ""teɣare ən haratan əd əmik dǎɣ sagama ən afala ən nakal əd tabaraten nasan ən ahanay əd əhimiquetan", atamosan əmik "astroɗhysique" eqal tabarat ən astronomie wa itagan ən "talɣa, ən tabarat atiwǎnhaynen əd əšiɣil ikaran ən haratan əd azamanan ən šinawǎn"". |
Some fields, such as astrometry, are purely astronomy rather than also astrophysics. | Iyad tabaraten, sund astronomie, idizgaran astronomie wa aridan əd babo ən astrofiziq. |
From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically. | Dǎɣ afel ən kayadan wən, wi dazarnen inuzguman fal wiliwalan ən tibuluɣen aqalnen atiwagan, əd imanes ən Tafuk, ən Iyur əd Akal dǎɣ aduniyat eqalan atiwazazgaran ən migridan. |
A particularly important early development was the beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy, which began among the Babylonians, who laid the foundations for the later astronomical traditions that developed in many other civilizations. | Təwaɗen aśohatnen atamosnen ayfan eqalan santo ən astronomie ən amaɗin əd tənumaq, ta tisintat ɣur Babylonientan, wi ijarnen dǎɣ santo ən əšiɣilan ən astronomiquetan ən amas wi aqalnen awiɗan dǎɣ ajotnen iyad aniyatan. |
Greek astronomy is characterized from the start by seeking a rational, physical explanation for celestial phenomena. | Astronomie ən greq eqal harwa santo fal umaɣ ən liɣitan rationnel əd tawǎnhaynen dǎɣ azamanan ən šinawǎn. |