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CopeNLU 20

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Our model is capable of producing many different filling fractions ν, see e.g. (2.20), (2.22 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our model is capable of producing many different filling fractions ν, see e.g. (2.20), (2.22 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, we highlight the case ν = 5/2 which is of particular interest to the condensed matter community.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we highlight the case ν = 5/2 which is of particular interest to the condensed matter community.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Systems with ν = 5/2 are thought to give rise to non-Abelian quasi-particles which may be utilized to engineer braided states for quantum computers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Systems with ν = 5/2 are thought to give rise to non-Abelian quasi-particles which may be utilized to engineer braided states for quantum computers [45] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[45]" ] }, { "text": "Our model realizes ν = 5/2 at vanishing Chern coupling k = 4πf (φ) = 0 on the boundary Q, with the other couplings being l = 4πc 2 = 2 with the boundary Q at an angle θ = π/2, see figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our model realizes ν = 5/2 at vanishing Chern coupling k = 4πf (φ) = 0 on the boundary Q, with the other couplings being l = 4πc 2 = 2 with the boundary Q at an angle θ = π/2, see figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Since they do not act on the entire Hilbert space, but only on parts of it, there is no unitary representation of these operators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since they do not act on the entire Hilbert space, but only on parts of it, there is no unitary representation of these operators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such structures do arise in quantum mechanics but have often been discarded without getting much consideration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such structures do arise in quantum mechanics but have often been discarded without getting much consideration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It turns out, however, that inverse semigroups are relevant for physics as they provide the precise description for invariances that underlie certain physical systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It turns out, however, that inverse semigroups are relevant for physics as they provide the precise description for invariances that underlie certain physical systems [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "To convince the readers, we illustrate this point in two instances of physical interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To convince the readers, we illustrate this point in two instances of physical interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The choice of 6 MV x-rays as a reference is based on the fact that at these energies, the Compton interaction is dominant and consequently the ratio of the mass energy absorption coefficient between the film and water would be constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The choice of 6 MV x-rays as a reference is based on the fact that at these energies, the Compton interaction is dominant and consequently the ratio of the mass energy absorption coefficient between the film and water would be constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While for the 50 kV where photoelectric is the main interaction process and 15 MV with a significant contribution of pair production (about 13% -17% and 8% -11% in silica and polyester, respectively for average energy between 5 MeV and 6 MeV), the absorbed dose evaluation is more complicated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While for the 50 kV where photoelectric is the main interaction process and 15 MV with a significant contribution of pair production (about 13% -17% and 8% -11% in silica and polyester, respectively for average energy between 5 MeV and 6 MeV), the absorbed dose evaluation is more complicated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 4 presents R for 50 kV and 15 MV as a function of the absorbed dose for the two spatial resolutions (300 and 75 dpi) and the three color channels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 4 presents R for 50 kV and 15 MV as a function of the absorbed dose for the two spatial resolutions (300 and 75 dpi) and the three color channels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As it can be observed, for both energy beams, the R value increases as the absorbed dose increases, regardless of the spatial resolution and the color channel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As it can be observed, for both energy beams, the R value increases as the absorbed dose increases, regardless of the spatial resolution and the color channel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This implies that the EBT3 film response is less energy-dependent at high absorbed dose value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This implies that the EBT3 film response is less energy-dependent at high absorbed dose value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a behavior on the relative response as a function of the absorbed dose is similar to that reported before for the EBT film, which was symmetric in layer configuration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a behavior on the relative response as a function of the absorbed dose is similar to that reported before for the EBT film, which was symmetric in layer configuration [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "However, upon comparison with EBT film, the EBT3 is less energy dependent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, upon comparison with EBT film, the EBT3 is less energy dependent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be also noted that for a given absorbed dose value, the degree of the energy dependence on the film response is lower when the spatial resolution increases and is a function of the color channel used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be also noted that for a given absorbed dose value, the degree of the energy dependence on the film response is lower when the spatial resolution increases and is a function of the color channel used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, at 100 cGy of 50 kV x-ray beam, within measurement uncertainties, variation (difference between the dose response to the actual photon beam and 6 MV x-rays) of 10%, 9.5% and 3.9% are obtained in the energy response at 300 dpi for the red, green and blue channel, respectively while at 75 dpi variation of 11.4%, 11% and 7.1% were found for the red, green and blue channel, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, at 100 cGy of 50 kV x-ray beam, within measurement uncertainties, variation (difference between the dose response to the actual photon beam and 6 MV x-rays) of 10%, 9.5% and 3.9% are obtained in the energy response at 300 dpi for the red, green and blue channel, respectively while at 75 dpi variation of 11.4%, 11% and 7.1% were found for the red, green and blue channel, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same dose value of 15 MV, the variations are 4.52%, 5.31% and 11.21% for 300 dpi while for 75 dpi, 5.1%, 6.33% and 11% are observed for red, green and blue channel, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same dose value of 15 MV, the variations are 4.52%, 5.31% and 11.21% for 300 dpi while for 75 dpi, 5.1%, 6.33% and 11% are observed for red, green and blue channel, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This difference in the energy dependence with spatial resolution can be attributed to the strong dependence of the relative uncertainty on the spatial resolution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This difference in the energy dependence with spatial resolution can be attributed to the strong dependence of the relative uncertainty on the spatial resolution [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Where P(q) is the probability of having a discharge with an amplitude equal or below q, α is the characteristic value of the discharge amplitude (P(q=α)=0.6321) and β is the shape factor whose value is higher when the distribution is less dispersive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Where P(q) is the probability of having a discharge with an amplitude equal or below q, α is the characteristic value of the discharge amplitude (P(q=α)=0.6321) and β is the shape factor whose value is higher when the distribution is less dispersive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Parameters α and β can be obtained from the calculation of the least square linear regression of logarithms applied to (1-P(q)).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Parameters α and β can be obtained from the calculation of the least square linear regression of logarithms applied to (1-P(q)) [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Another statistical amplitude that provides interesting information is Q max95% , which is the charge magnitude below which are the 95% of the detected discharges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another statistical amplitude that provides interesting information is Q max95% , which is the charge magnitude below which are the 95% of the detected discharges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to this, the number of detected pulses (N w when referred per cycle) must be recorded too in order to estimate the number of PDs sites in real insulation systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to this, the number of detected pulses (N w when referred per cycle) must be recorded too in order to estimate the number of PDs sites in real insulation systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Electrical insulation is one of the most important sources of unexpected failures in electrical equipment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electrical insulation is one of the most important sources of unexpected failures in electrical equipment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is well known that voltages cannot exceed rated values to avoid electrical breakdown of insulation systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that voltages cannot exceed rated values to avoid electrical breakdown of insulation systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, even rated voltages are able to create Partial Discharges (PDs) in power cables and electrical machines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, even rated voltages are able to create Partial Discharges (PDs) in power cables and electrical machines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These discharges are low energy electrical breakdown phenomena that take place in highly divergent electrical fields regions and inhomogeneous sites within a solid dielectric.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These discharges are low energy electrical breakdown phenomena that take place in highly divergent electrical fields regions and inhomogeneous sites within a solid dielectric [1] , [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "As PDs detection is usually made in industrial environments where electrical noise is present, advanced noise rejection techniques are necessary for PDs measurement and interpretation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As PDs detection is usually made in industrial environments where electrical noise is present, advanced noise rejection techniques are necessary for PDs measurement and interpretation [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Following this trend, pulse waveforms analysis is recently used to help in noise separation and classification.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Following this trend, pulse waveforms analysis is recently used to help in noise separation and classification [8] - [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ], [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]", "[10]" ] }, { "text": "These processes require the use of wider band acquisition data systems and sensors (up to 50 MHz).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These processes require the use of wider band acquisition data systems and sensors (up to 50 MHz).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A large number of studies have been conducted, which lead to identifying the determinants of FDI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A large number of studies have been conducted, which lead to identifying the determinants of FDI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there is no consensus accepting any set of explanatory variables that can be regarded as the correct determinants of FDI.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is no consensus accepting any set of explanatory variables that can be regarded as the correct determinants of FDI [2, 9, 26, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 9, 26, 27]" ] }, { "text": "Country effect, differences in perspectives, markets, methodologies, sample-selection, and analytical tools are the possible explanation for this mixed empirical evidence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Country effect, differences in perspectives, markets, methodologies, sample-selection, and analytical tools are the possible explanation for this mixed empirical evidence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "However, these effects and relationship direction between the exchange rate and FDI are still uncertain because the effect of the exchange rate on the FDI also depends on the destination of goods produced.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these effects and relationship direction between the exchange rate and FDI are still uncertain because the effect of the exchange rate on the FDI also depends on the destination of goods produced [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "If the FDI's objective is to serve the host country market, then the FDI and trade are substitutes; in which case, the appreciation of the host currency attracts the FDI inflows due to higher purchasing power of the domestic consumers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the FDI's objective is to serve the host country market, then the FDI and trade are substitutes; in which case, the appreciation of the host currency attracts the FDI inflows due to higher purchasing power of the domestic consumers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, if the FDI's objective is for reexport purpose, so the FDI and trade are complemented, in this case, appreciation of the host currency reduces the FDI inflows through lower competitiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, if the FDI's objective is for reexport purpose, so the FDI and trade are complemented, in this case, appreciation of the host currency reduces the FDI inflows through lower competitiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the depreciation in the host country exchange rate will increase the FDI inflow since it reduces the cost of capital investment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the depreciation in the host country exchange rate will increase the FDI inflow since it reduces the cost of capital investment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In some studies, the relationship between the exchange rate and FDI can be from FDI to exchange rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some studies, the relationship between the exchange rate and FDI can be from FDI to exchange rate [17] [18] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17] [18] [19]" ] }, { "text": "This is not a surprising result because the inflows of FDI can also influence the appreciation or depreciation of the local exchange rate through the increased demand for home currency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not a surprising result because the inflows of FDI can also influence the appreciation or depreciation of the local exchange rate through the increased demand for home currency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the question of the significance and direction of the relationship between exchange rate and FDI are still intensely relevant until now.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the question of the significance and direction of the relationship between exchange rate and FDI are still intensely relevant until now.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Contrary to the existing empirical studies in ASEAN countries that examine the relationship between FDI and exchange rate, our study takes the issue of the real value of the exchange rate and FDI in our testing analysis seriously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Contrary to the existing empirical studies in ASEAN countries that examine the relationship between FDI and exchange rate, our study takes the issue of the real value of the exchange rate and FDI in our testing analysis seriously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Analysing the exchange rate at the real value is important in these countries because the managed floating exchange rate represents significant government intervention in managing the exchange rate at certain ranges.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Analysing the exchange rate at the real value is important in these countries because the managed floating exchange rate represents significant government intervention in managing the exchange rate at certain ranges [23, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 24]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, the real value of the exchange rate may show the true level of competitiveness of the country in the world market.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the real value of the exchange rate may show the true level of competitiveness of the country in the world market [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "The current study applies the cointegration and causality analysis instead of standard regression analysis because the variables tested are not stationary at the level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study applies the cointegration and causality analysis instead of standard regression analysis because the variables tested are not stationary at the level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The relationship between FDI flows and exchange rate movements are based on the currency area of FDI theory with two different directions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The relationship between FDI flows and exchange rate movements are based on the currency area of FDI theory with two different directions [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "A financial view of FDI is conditional on some form of imperfections or information asymmetry in international financial markets where the exchange rate is one of the most important financial variables that affect the relative advantage of a MNE in comparison with a local firm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A financial view of FDI is conditional on some form of imperfections or information asymmetry in international financial markets where the exchange rate is one of the most important financial variables that affect the relative advantage of a MNE in comparison with a local firm [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "A firm is assumed to maximize its profits given an exchange rate for a potential host country with respect to the FDI source country.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A firm is assumed to maximize its profits given an exchange rate for a potential host country with respect to the FDI source country.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under this framework, depreciation of the host country currency is likely to attract FDI inflows at least for the following two reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under this framework, depreciation of the host country currency is likely to attract FDI inflows at least for the following two reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, MNE has an advantage over a domestic firm because of its ability to obtain financing in international capital markets in strong-currency terms for lower cost due to its reputation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, MNE has an advantage over a domestic firm because of its ability to obtain financing in international capital markets in strong-currency terms for lower cost due to its reputation [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, they can take higher profitable project because they can acquire higher value from the same project than the local firms due to lower cost of capital.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, they can take higher profitable project because they can acquire higher value from the same project than the local firms due to lower cost of capital.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pursuant to that, countries with weak currencies tend to be recipients of FDI while countries with strong currencies tend to be sources of FDI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pursuant to that, countries with weak currencies tend to be recipients of FDI while countries with strong currencies tend to be sources of FDI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, the currency depreciation reduces production costs in the host country, thereby making it attractive for FDI seeking production efficiency and revenues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, the currency depreciation reduces production costs in the host country, thereby making it attractive for FDI seeking production efficiency and revenues [9, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 15]" ] }, { "text": "In other words, FDI can be a tool for foreign exchange risk hedging with the assumption that MNE may be more efficient in hedging the risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, FDI can be a tool for foreign exchange risk hedging with the assumption that MNE may be more efficient in hedging the risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this research, we simulated the implementation of AODV routing protocols in both closed and open MANET networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this research, we simulated the implementation of AODV routing protocols in both closed and open MANET networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Network simulation is used to predict expanded network performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Network simulation is used to predict expanded network performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important to know the current status of network performance before migrating or expanding the network.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to know the current status of network performance before migrating or expanding the network (Sailan and Hassan, 2009a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sailan and Hassan, 2009a)" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, not only does simulation cost less than conducting a real implementation, but it also can analyze and verify theoretical models which may be too difficult to grasp from a purely conceptual level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, not only does simulation cost less than conducting a real implementation, but it also can analyze and verify theoretical models which may be too difficult to grasp from a purely conceptual level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this project we used OMNeT++ version 4.0 with the inetmanet frameworks since its functions are very good for testing the AODV routing protocol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this project we used OMNeT++ version 4.0 with the inetmanet frameworks since its functions are very good for testing the AODV routing protocol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "AODV is an on demand routing protocol, that is, it builds routes between nodes only as desired by source nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "AODV is an on demand routing protocol, that is, it builds routes between nodes only as desired by source nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It maintains these routes as long as they are needed by the sources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It maintains these routes as long as they are needed by the sources (Das et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Das et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Nodes maintain a route cache and use a destination sequence number for each route entry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nodes maintain a route cache and use a destination sequence number for each route entry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fact that a node in AODV seeks information about the network only when needed reduces overhead since nodes do not have to maintain unnecessary route information while the use of a sequence number ensures loop freedom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that a node in AODV seeks information about the network only when needed reduces overhead since nodes do not have to maintain unnecessary route information while the use of a sequence number ensures loop freedom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, chips form a foreign body and slide between the tool rake wear and the workpiece activating sliding wear as shown in Figure 16 and causing the tool tip to gradually wear out at the contact zone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, chips form a foreign body and slide between the tool rake wear and the workpiece activating sliding wear as shown in Figure 16 and causing the tool tip to gradually wear out at the contact zone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In low carbon steel, the softer ferrite phase coexist with the patches of harder pearlite phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In low carbon steel, the softer ferrite phase coexist with the patches of harder pearlite phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During machining, these pearlite patches \"break off \" from the workpiece and work as an abrasive particle, abrading the tool surface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During machining, these pearlite patches \"break off \" from the workpiece and work as an abrasive particle, abrading the tool surface [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 17 shows development of microfatigue crack near to the cutting edge resulting in the weakening of the bright oxide finish coating and decreasing the local hardness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 17 shows development of microfatigue crack near to the cutting edge resulting in the weakening of the bright oxide finish coating and decreasing the local hardness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may finally result in the removal of the oxide finish from the tool and exposure of the tool substrate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This may finally result in the removal of the oxide finish from the tool and exposure of the tool substrate [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "These results indicate that wear mechanism started by severe microabrasion leading to sliding wear, progressed to microfatigue at finish layer, and eventually caused the oxide finish layer to spall of the surface on the cutting tool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results indicate that wear mechanism started by severe microabrasion leading to sliding wear, progressed to microfatigue at finish layer, and eventually caused the oxide finish layer to spall of the surface on the cutting tool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It is almost all evaporated at the point of application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is almost all evaporated at the point of application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence no recirculation is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence no recirculation is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important however to ensure an efficient extraction of aerosol from the machine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important however to ensure an efficient extraction of aerosol from the machine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a flood application, the same coolant is recirculated through the system, filtered, and used again.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a flood application, the same coolant is recirculated through the system, filtered, and used again [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The lubrication is 2 International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering obtained via the lubricant, and the cooling is achieved by the pressurized air that reaches the cutting surface in a microlubrication application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lubrication is 2 International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering obtained via the lubricant, and the cooling is achieved by the pressurized air that reaches the cutting surface in a microlubrication application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, microlubrication reduces induced thermal shock and helps to increase the workpiece surface integrity in situations of high tool pressure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, microlubrication reduces induced thermal shock and helps to increase the workpiece surface integrity in situations of high tool pressure [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The efficiency of a machining process depends on the tribological conditions which lower the tool wear rate obtained by the cooling and lubricating effectiveness of the cutting fluid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The efficiency of a machining process depends on the tribological conditions which lower the tool wear rate obtained by the cooling and lubricating effectiveness of the cutting fluid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main objective of this work is to investigate the effectiveness of microlubrication during end milling AISI 1018 steel with a solid carbide cutter under varying cutting speed, feed rate levels, and a constant depth of cut.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main objective of this work is to investigate the effectiveness of microlubrication during end milling AISI 1018 steel with a solid carbide cutter under varying cutting speed, feed rate levels, and a constant depth of cut.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A full factorial experiment and regression models for the tool flank wear are generated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A full factorial experiment and regression models for the tool flank wear are generated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A standard technique used to check the normality assumption is to construct a normal probability plot.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A standard technique used to check the normality assumption is to construct a normal probability plot [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "The normal probability plot determines if the distribution of data approximates a normal distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The normal probability plot determines if the distribution of data approximates a normal distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the ANOVA, the normal probability plot is usually more effective and straightforward when it is done with residuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the ANOVA, the normal probability plot is usually more effective and straightforward when it is done with residuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The normal probability plot of residuals for both the flank wear sides is shown in Figures 6 and 7 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The normal probability plot of residuals for both the flank wear sides is shown in Figures 6 and 7 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The residual is the difference between the actual and predicted response values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The residual is the difference between the actual and predicted response values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The normal probability plot with a general straight line pattern indicates that the residuals follow a normal distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The normal probability plot with a general straight line pattern indicates that the residuals follow a normal distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The far points which are slightly scattered do not follow any significant pattern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The far points which are slightly scattered do not follow any significant pattern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis of variance is supposed to be robust for the normality assumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis of variance is supposed to be robust for the normality assumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figures 8 and 9 show plots of residuals versus predicted values which were used to test the assumption of constant variance for both sides 1 and 2 of the flank wear, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figures 8 and 9 show plots of residuals versus predicted values which were used to test the assumption of constant variance for both sides 1 and 2 of the flank wear, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To fulfill the test, these plots should be a random scatter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To fulfill the test, these plots should be a random scatter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The constant variance in the data demonstrates that the data does not follow a particular pattern, indicating constant variance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The constant variance in the data demonstrates that the data does not follow a particular pattern, indicating constant variance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Internally studentized residuals The ANOVA for flank wear side 1 is shown in Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Internally studentized residuals The ANOVA for flank wear side 1 is shown in Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model provided an value of 10.57 which indicates that the model is statistically significant based on a 95% confidence level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model provided an value of 10.57 which indicates that the model is statistically significant based on a 95% confidence level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting -squared value indicates that the model is able to predict 61.32 percent of the variation in the data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting -squared value indicates that the model is able to predict 61.32 percent of the variation in the data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The remaining percent is considered noise and may not be predicted by this model, the sources of which may be manual variations while taking flank wear readings, machine vibrations, variations within the tools, and workpiece materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The remaining percent is considered noise and may not be predicted by this model, the sources of which may be manual variations while taking flank wear readings, machine vibrations, variations within the tools, and workpiece materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The \"Adeq Precision\" measures the signal-to-noise ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The \"Adeq Precision\" measures the signal-to-noise ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ratio of 7.85 indicates an adequate signal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ratio of 7.85 indicates an adequate signal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the model can be used as a good predictor of the flank wear side 1 as a result of changing the cutting speed and feed rate levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the model can be used as a good predictor of the flank wear side 1 as a result of changing the cutting speed and feed rate levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting regression model is shown below.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting regression model is shown below.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It was also observed that the tool life when machining at the cutting speed of 30 m/min and feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev was lower than when machining at the highest speed of 36 m/min for the same feed rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was also observed that the tool life when machining at the cutting speed of 30 m/min and feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev was lower than when machining at the highest speed of 36 m/min for the same feed rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is hypothesized that machining at the cutting speed of 36 m/min causes evaporative cooling of the fluid droplets that impact the target surface enhancing the heat transfer from the tools cutting edge surface as compared to the cutting speed of 30 m/min.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is hypothesized that machining at the cutting speed of 36 m/min causes evaporative cooling of the fluid droplets that impact the target surface enhancing the heat transfer from the tools cutting edge surface as compared to the cutting speed of 30 m/min.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The vapor phase near the vicinity of the cutting edge is then continuously removed by the air stream carrying the MQL fluid along with the higher cutting speed of 36 m/min, allowing access for fresh cutting fluid droplets to hit the International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 25 mm/rev, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The vapor phase near the vicinity of the cutting edge is then continuously removed by the air stream carrying the MQL fluid along with the higher cutting speed of 36 m/min, allowing access for fresh cutting fluid droplets to hit the International Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 25 mm/rev, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Gradual abrasion of the cutting tool edge has been reported in other studies related to machining steels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gradual abrasion of the cutting tool edge has been reported in other studies related to machining steels [24] [25] [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24] [25] [26]" ] }, { "text": "However, no study has been reported to date on end milling AISI 1018 steel under microlubrication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, no study has been reported to date on end milling AISI 1018 steel under microlubrication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 14 shows the cutting tool for treatment at 24 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev, which exhibited catastrophic failure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 14 shows the cutting tool for treatment at 24 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev, which exhibited catastrophic failure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The massive chipping shown in the figure is the reason for the failure of the tool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The massive chipping shown in the figure is the reason for the failure of the tool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two main conditions or causes of chipping are mechanical shock (i.e., impact by interrupted cutting as in milling) and thermal fatigue (i.e., cyclic variation in temperature of the tool in interrupted cutting).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two main conditions or causes of chipping are mechanical shock (i.e., impact by interrupted cutting as in milling) and thermal fatigue (i.e., cyclic variation in temperature of the tool in interrupted cutting) [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Chipping can also be caused by high temperatures at higher speed or higher feed rate conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chipping can also be caused by high temperatures at higher speed or higher feed rate conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Failure is linked to the fatigue crack promoted by cyclic variation of the tool temperature during machining.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Failure is linked to the fatigue crack promoted by cyclic variation of the tool temperature during machining [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The lowest tool life was realized using treatment at 30 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lowest tool life was realized using treatment at 30 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tool failed only after 21 minutes of machining.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tool failed only after 21 minutes of machining.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several reasons are hypothesized to have contributed to the lower tool life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several reasons are hypothesized to have contributed to the lower tool life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to high feed rate, the cutting fluid cannot effectively cool and lubricate the cutting zone leading to higher temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to high feed rate, the cutting fluid cannot effectively cool and lubricate the cutting zone leading to higher temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tip of the tool is highly sensitive at high temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The tip of the tool is highly sensitive at high temperature [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Also, under high feed rate, the subsurface of the workpiece is harder, as shown in Figure 12 , due in part to work hardening resulting in earlier tool failure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, under high feed rate, the subsurface of the workpiece is harder, as shown in Figure 12 , due in part to work hardening resulting in earlier tool failure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "SEM examination enabled the cutting edge of the flank and the rake side of the cutting tool to be analyzed and revealed that various other microwear mechanisms were activated at different cutting speed and feed rate levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SEM examination enabled the cutting edge of the flank and the rake side of the cutting tool to be analyzed and revealed that various other microwear mechanisms were activated at different cutting speed and feed rate levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cutting speed and feed rate level of 36 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev as well as 24 m/min and 0.15 mm/rev were selected for further SEM analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cutting speed and feed rate level of 36 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev as well as 24 m/min and 0.15 mm/rev were selected for further SEM analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on SEM observation, two-body abrasion wear mode is likely dominant as shown in Figures 15(a) and 15(b) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on SEM observation, two-body abrasion wear mode is likely dominant as shown in Figures 15(a) and 15(b) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Microgrooves are formed which expose the tool substrate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microgrooves are formed which expose the tool substrate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is due to the high temperature resulting from the high cutting speed and feed rate levels of 36 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is due to the high temperature resulting from the high cutting speed and feed rate levels of 36 m/min and 0.25 mm/rev [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Before electrically driving the switch, we first record the spectrum of this device for both output ports in the passive state (Fig. 2a) , observing a 9-nm free-spectral range (FSR) and through port passbands with 70-GHz 3-dB bandwidths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Before electrically driving the switch, we first record the spectrum of this device for both output ports in the passive state (Fig. 2a) , observing a 9-nm free-spectral range (FSR) and through port passbands with 70-GHz 3-dB bandwidths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The passbands of the two cavities are not perfectly overlapping in this passive state; these passbands are aligned with the applied voltage bias during active switching, and have been shown to achieve depths greater than 20 dB.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The passbands of the two cavities are not perfectly overlapping in this passive state; these passbands are aligned with the applied voltage bias during active switching, and have been shown to achieve depths greater than 20 dB [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "We then inject a high-speed data signal at the input port of the switch with 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-Gb/s data rates, and record eye diagrams of the optical signal egressing from the through port (at 1561.5 nm) and drop port (at 1559.5 nm) of the switch (Fig. 2b) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We then inject a high-speed data signal at the input port of the switch with 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-Gb/s data rates, and record eye diagrams of the optical signal egressing from the through port (at 1561.5 nm) and drop port (at 1559.5 nm) of the switch (Fig. 2b) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We compare these eye diagrams with the back-to-back case, where we bypass the chip and replace it with a VOA set to mimic the fiber-to-fiber insertion loss of the silicon chip (about 17 dB).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We compare these eye diagrams with the back-to-back case, where we bypass the chip and replace it with a VOA set to mimic the fiber-to-fiber insertion loss of the silicon chip (about 17 dB).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The device discussed here is a 1×2 switch consisting of two coupled microring resonators each coupled to a waveguide (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The device discussed here is a 1×2 switch consisting of two coupled microring resonators each coupled to a waveguide (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The microring resonators are designed with both racetrack and ring features, with 2π×10-μm cavity lengths.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The microring resonators are designed with both racetrack and ring features, with 2π×10-μm cavity lengths [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The waveguides are 450-nm wide and 250-nm tall; there is a 40-nm slab near the microrings that is doped to form the PIN diode structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The waveguides are 450-nm wide and 250-nm tall; there is a 40-nm slab near the microrings that is doped to form the PIN diode structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Switching an optical signal between the through port and the drop port is accomplished with the detuning of the right cavity resonance using the free carrier dispersion effect arising from injecting and extracting electrical carriers through the PIN diode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Switching an optical signal between the through port and the drop port is accomplished with the detuning of the right cavity resonance using the free carrier dispersion effect arising from injecting and extracting electrical carriers through the PIN diode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This switch exhibits a hitless behavior, able to switch optical data at one wavelength channel without interfering with neighboring wavelength channels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This switch exhibits a hitless behavior, able to switch optical data at one wavelength channel without interfering with neighboring wavelength channels [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "String matching is a classical problem and it is fundamental to many applications that need processing of text data or some sequence data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "String matching is a classical problem and it is fundamental to many applications that need processing of text data or some sequence data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "String matching has been widely studied in the past three decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "String matching has been widely studied in the past three decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several string matching algorithms are used to find and locate one or several string patterns that are found within a larger string/text.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several string matching algorithms are used to find and locate one or several string patterns that are found within a larger string/text.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "String matching algorithms are used not only in applications such as text editors, word processing and bibliographic search, but also in comparing biological sequences in bioinformatics with the remarkable increase in the number of DNA and protein sequences been identified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "String matching algorithms are used not only in applications such as text editors, word processing and bibliographic search, but also in comparing biological sequences in bioinformatics with the remarkable increase in the number of DNA and protein sequences been identified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In computational biology exact string matching is commonly required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In computational biology exact string matching is commonly required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in proteogenomic mapping proteomics data is used for genome annotation (identifying locations and coding regions of the genes in genome and determine their functionality).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in proteogenomic mapping proteomics data is used for genome annotation (identifying locations and coding regions of the genes in genome and determine their functionality).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here the result of mass spectrometry (identified peptides) is matched with the target genome (already identified genomes in databases) which is translated in all six open reading frames (DNA sequences which does not contain a stop codon).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Here the result of mass spectrometry (identified peptides) is matched with the target genome (already identified genomes in databases) which is translated in all six open reading frames (DNA sequences which does not contain a stop codon) [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Exact string matching can also be used for sequence analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Exact string matching can also be used for sequence analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pair wise sequence matching, multiple sequence matching, global alignment and local alignment are some types of string matching which are used in bioinformatics and computational biology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pair wise sequence matching, multiple sequence matching, global alignment and local alignment are some types of string matching which are used in bioinformatics and computational biology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Many secondary metabolites have economic importance since they have pharmaceutical / medical properties and several are used in the food industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many secondary metabolites have economic importance since they have pharmaceutical / medical properties and several are used in the food industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the possibility of using large fermenter units (bioreactors) to grow plant cells stimulated several investigations aimed at the commercial production of valuable secondary metabolites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the possibility of using large fermenter units (bioreactors) to grow plant cells stimulated several investigations aimed at the commercial production of valuable secondary metabolites (Brodelius et al., 1979) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brodelius et al., 1979)" ] }, { "text": "However, because the low productivity when compared with the concentrations in the plant tissues, a few successful examples can be cited, the most known, the production of shikonin by cell suspension of Lithospermum erythrorizhon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because the low productivity when compared with the concentrations in the plant tissues, a few successful examples can be cited, the most known, the production of shikonin by cell suspension of Lithospermum erythrorizhon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the advantage of easy-handling and the possibility to alter growth conditions, such as temperature, light and media composition, make cell culture a powerful tool to investigate the metabolism of secondary metabolites and its modulation by enzymes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the advantage of easy-handling and the possibility to alter growth conditions, such as temperature, light and media composition, make cell culture a powerful tool to investigate the metabolism of secondary metabolites and its modulation by enzymes (Zenk, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zenk, 1991)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "For a given density, if the gap between rows is increased by reducing the gap between trees within alleys, there will be more trees within a row resulting in a lower number of rows in the field planting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a given density, if the gap between rows is increased by reducing the gap between trees within alleys, there will be more trees within a row resulting in a lower number of rows in the field planting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Undoubtedly, this will reduce the overall distance of travel required to be covered in a given area, hence the time taken for tapping.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Undoubtedly, this will reduce the overall distance of travel required to be covered in a given area, hence the time taken for tapping (Nugawela, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nugawela, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, despite the difficulties in field establishment, the systems with wider gaps are advantageous over those with narrower gaps with respect to tapping.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, despite the difficulties in field establishment, the systems with wider gaps are advantageous over those with narrower gaps with respect to tapping.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also in the case of sloped terrain, the systems with wider gaps (avenue systems) require fewer terraces, reducing the cost for land preparation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also in the case of sloped terrain, the systems with wider gaps (avenue systems) require fewer terraces, reducing the cost for land preparation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, other agronomic advantages such as the feasibility of practicing intensive cultural methods for component crops in intercropping systems, acting as windbreaks and decrease in panel diseases of rubber with improved air circulation have been recorded in avenue planting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, other agronomic advantages such as the feasibility of practicing intensive cultural methods for component crops in intercropping systems, acting as windbreaks and decrease in panel diseases of rubber with improved air circulation have been recorded in avenue planting (Dijkman, 1951) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dijkman, 1951)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities of PEM as a time-integration scheme for solving the time-dependent Maxwell equations with a high-order DG method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities of PEM as a time-integration scheme for solving the time-dependent Maxwell equations with a high-order DG method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Below we will (i) describe the ideas behind constructing polynomial integrators, (ii) introduce a general family of integrators based on Faber polynomial expansions, (iii) discuss the efficient implementation of this technique, and (iv) based on some test problems, compare the virtues and shortcomings of the algorithm and provide guidance as to what computational savings one can expect compared to standard explicit methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Below we will (i) describe the ideas behind constructing polynomial integrators, (ii) introduce a general family of integrators based on Faber polynomial expansions, (iii) discuss the efficient implementation of this technique, and (iv) based on some test problems, compare the virtues and shortcomings of the algorithm and provide guidance as to what computational savings one can expect compared to standard explicit methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rest of the paper is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rest of the paper is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 2 recalls the Maxwell system and its DG discretization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 2 recalls the Maxwell system and its DG discretization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 3, we show that the solution of the Maxwell equations can be written in the form of Eq..", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 3, we show that the solution of the Maxwell equations can be written in the form of Eq. (1) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(1)" ] }, { "text": "In this section we also give the basic idea of the polynomial expansion approach for the approximation of the time evolution operator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this section we also give the basic idea of the polynomial expansion approach for the approximation of the time evolution operator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 4, we construct expansions based on Faber polynomials that are able to treat absorbing media and conductive materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 4, we construct expansions based on Faber polynomials that are able to treat absorbing media and conductive materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, in Section 5, we present numerical results for several test cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, in Section 5, we present numerical results for several test cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Conventional analgesics like non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and opioids are in-effective clinically in attenuating neuropathic pain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conventional analgesics like non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and opioids are in-effective clinically in attenuating neuropathic pain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, tricyclic anti-depressants (i.e., amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine) and anti-convulsants (i.e., phenytoin, carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate) have also been reported to produce anti-allodynic effects in neuropathy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, tricyclic anti-depressants (i.e., amitriptyline, nortriptyline and imipramine) and anti-convulsants (i.e., phenytoin, carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine and topiramate) have also been reported to produce anti-allodynic effects in neuropathy [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20] [21] [22]" ] }, { "text": "However, these drugs are reported to exhibit a wide spectrum of adverse effects which limit their full clinical exploitation in management of painful neuropathy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these drugs are reported to exhibit a wide spectrum of adverse effects which limit their full clinical exploitation in management of painful neuropathy [23] [24] [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23] [24] [25]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, none of the medications assessed in randomized controlled studies conducted has been found effective in CRPS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, none of the medications assessed in randomized controlled studies conducted has been found effective in CRPS [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26] [27] [28]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Conjugation is generally considered to be the major sexual event in the life cycle of ciliates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conjugation is generally considered to be the major sexual event in the life cycle of ciliates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During this process, sexually complementary cells mutually activate to acquire the ability to unite and form stable, mating pairs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During this process, sexually complementary cells mutually activate to acquire the ability to unite and form stable, mating pairs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such pairs, a series of cellular and nuclear changes lead, via meiotic division, to migration, exchange and fusion of pronuclei.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In such pairs, a series of cellular and nuclear changes lead, via meiotic division, to migration, exchange and fusion of pronuclei (Miyake 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Miyake 1996)" ] }, { "text": "By increasing genetic variability, conjugation reinforces the vitality of clones and their fitness, and thus represents a powerful factor in evolution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By increasing genetic variability, conjugation reinforces the vitality of clones and their fitness, and thus represents a powerful factor in evolution (Dini & Nyberg 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dini & Nyberg 1993)" ] }, { "text": "Conjugation frequency is the main factor determining the genetic structure of ciliate populations but there is limited knowledge about its incidence in nature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Conjugation frequency is the main factor determining the genetic structure of ciliate populations but there is limited knowledge about its incidence in nature (Doerder et al. 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Doerder et al. 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "It is of great interest to note that COPD and lung cancer are frequently induced by cigarette smoking, but these two disorders show opposite phenotypes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is of great interest to note that COPD and lung cancer are frequently induced by cigarette smoking, but these two disorders show opposite phenotypes [81, 82] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF80", "BIBREF81" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[81, 82]" ] }, { "text": "While COPD is featured by excessive lung injury and airway epithelial cell death, lung cancer is caused by unregulated proliferation of epithelial cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While COPD is featured by excessive lung injury and airway epithelial cell death, lung cancer is caused by unregulated proliferation of epithelial cells [82] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF81" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[82]" ] }, { "text": "Numerous epidemiological studies have linked the presence of COPD with increased lung cancer incidence, however, the molecular and cellular links between these two diseases remain obscure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerous epidemiological studies have linked the presence of COPD with increased lung cancer incidence, however, the molecular and cellular links between these two diseases remain obscure [5, [82] [83] [84] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF81", "BIBREF82", "BIBREF83" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, [82] [83] [84]" ] }, { "text": "Our network modeling research along this line remains for future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our network modeling research along this line remains for future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Synthetic grafts have been used as scaffolds, stents and prostheses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Synthetic grafts have been used as scaffolds, stents and prostheses [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Scaffolds, for example the carbon fiber scaffold ligament, aim to stimulate fibrous tissue ingrowth and contribute to the ultimate strength of the new ligament.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Scaffolds, for example the carbon fiber scaffold ligament, aim to stimulate fibrous tissue ingrowth and contribute to the ultimate strength of the new ligament [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "One of the first examples of a synthetic stent used in ACL reconstruction was the Kennedy ligament augmentation device (LAD), which was sutured to an autologous graft and fixed to the bone at both ends.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the first examples of a synthetic stent used in ACL reconstruction was the Kennedy ligament augmentation device (LAD), which was sutured to an autologous graft and fixed to the bone at both ends.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The LAD aimed to support and protect the autologous graft during the healing phase, when the autologous tissue is the weakest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The LAD aimed to support and protect the autologous graft during the healing phase, when the autologous tissue is the weakest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the LAD had a tendency to stress the autologous graft, leading to failure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the LAD had a tendency to stress the autologous graft, leading to failure [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "According to a review by Mascarenhas and MacDonald, the main disadvantages of the LAD were a weak implant/graft interface, and a propensity to cause intra-articular inflammatory response and resulting synovitis and effusions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to a review by Mascarenhas and MacDonald, the main disadvantages of the LAD were a weak implant/graft interface, and a propensity to cause intra-articular inflammatory response and resulting synovitis and effusions [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "An example of a prosthetic graft was the Gore-Tex graft.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An example of a prosthetic graft was the Gore-Tex graft.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to (theoretically) avoid the bending forces at the entrance to a femoral tunnel, the Gore-Tex graft was placed in a nonanatomic position over the top of the femur.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to (theoretically) avoid the bending forces at the entrance to a femoral tunnel, the Gore-Tex graft was placed in a nonanatomic position over the top of the femur [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Another example of a complete replacement graft was the Stryker Dacron graft, placed through anatomical tunnels in the femur and tibia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another example of a complete replacement graft was the Stryker Dacron graft, placed through anatomical tunnels in the femur and tibia [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "The ABC graft, made of a combination of polyester and carbon fiber, was also placed through anatomical bony tunnels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ABC graft, made of a combination of polyester and carbon fiber, was also placed through anatomical bony tunnels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Leeds-Keio graft was a polyester mesh graft designed to augment an autogenous graft that was placed through a bony tunnel and fixed outside the tunnel with staples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Leeds-Keio graft was a polyester mesh graft designed to augment an autogenous graft that was placed through a bony tunnel and fixed outside the tunnel with staples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Trevira polyester graft resembled the LAD in design but was placed in a nonanatomic position.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Trevira polyester graft resembled the LAD in design but was placed in a nonanatomic position [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Numerous synthetic grafts used in ACL reconstruction were developed in the mid-1980s, when the gold standard in treatment of a ruptured ACL was an open patellar tendon graft with 6 weeks of postoperative immobilization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerous synthetic grafts used in ACL reconstruction were developed in the mid-1980s, when the gold standard in treatment of a ruptured ACL was an open patellar tendon graft with 6 weeks of postoperative immobilization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The concept of sterile, off-the-shelf synthetic ligaments, without the need for postoperative immobilization, seemed promising.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The concept of sterile, off-the-shelf synthetic ligaments, without the need for postoperative immobilization, seemed promising [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the first synthetic ligaments were associated with high rates of failure and reactive synovitis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the first synthetic ligaments were associated with high rates of failure and reactive synovitis [23] [24] [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23] [24] [25]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Moreover, simulations of the 2D Navier-Stokes equations in the weak force and dissipation limit showed that the dynamics actually concentrate around precisely the set attractors for the 2D Euler equations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, simulations of the 2D Navier-Stokes equations in the weak force and dissipation limit showed that the dynamics actually concentrate around precisely the set attractors for the 2D Euler equations [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Interestingly, the same simulation showed sporadic non-equilibrium phase transitions, where the system spontaneously switches between two apparently stable steady states resulting in a complete change in the macroscopic behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, the same simulation showed sporadic non-equilibrium phase transitions, where the system spontaneously switches between two apparently stable steady states resulting in a complete change in the macroscopic behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the forcing and dissipation is weak, then these transitions are actually extremely rare, occurring on a timescale much longer than the dynamical timescale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the forcing and dissipation is weak, then these transitions are actually extremely rare, occurring on a timescale much longer than the dynamical timescale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Importantly, habitat destruction and degradation due to human land use for commodity production is, and is expected to remain, the major driver of biodiversity loss.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Importantly, habitat destruction and degradation due to human land use for commodity production is, and is expected to remain, the major driver of biodiversity loss [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "It is therefore use change to date in 804 terrestrial ecoregions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore use change to date in 804 terrestrial ecoregions [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Another advantage of the countryside SAR model is that it allows for allocating the total extinctions to individual land uses in the regions, and thereby enables the identification of major drivers of species loss.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another advantage of the countryside SAR model is that it allows for allocating the total extinctions to individual land uses in the regions, and thereby enables the identification of major drivers of species loss [22, 27, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 27, 28]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The RCP8.5 SSP-5 scenario showed the second lowest biodiversity loss despite being characterized by high food waste and diets high in animal-source food.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The RCP8.5 SSP-5 scenario showed the second lowest biodiversity loss despite being characterized by high food waste and diets high in animal-source food.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because of an absence of any explicit climate mitigation efforts that result in land use change, and in addition, a strong increase in crop yields, global trade, and medium levels of land use change regulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because of an absence of any explicit climate mitigation efforts that result in land use change, and in addition, a strong increase in crop yields, global trade, and medium levels of land use change regulation [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, the land demand and rate of biodiversity loss is substantially reduced in the second half of the century (Figure 1) as the population decreases, consumption levels stabilize, and livestock production shifts from extensive to more intensive animal husbandry systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the land demand and rate of biodiversity loss is substantially reduced in the second half of the century (Figure 1) as the population decreases, consumption levels stabilize, and livestock production shifts from extensive to more intensive animal husbandry systems [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43]" ] }, { "text": "However, our extinction projections do not include losses due to the direct effects of climate change-it may be that the increased global forcing of RCP8.5 counteracts any biodiversity savings due to SSP-5 driven habitat sparing (see below).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, our extinction projections do not include losses due to the direct effects of climate change-it may be that the increased global forcing of RCP8.5 counteracts any biodiversity savings due to SSP-5 driven habitat sparing (see below).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The human elbow joint is a unique joint that produces the complex motion of the forearm needed for positioning of the hand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The human elbow joint is a unique joint that produces the complex motion of the forearm needed for positioning of the hand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By permitting elbow function humans can accomplish various activities in their daily life that makes them distinct from other mammals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By permitting elbow function humans can accomplish various activities in their daily life that makes them distinct from other mammals (Gonzalez et al. 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gonzalez et al. 1996)" ] }, { "text": "Unfortunately, this important joint is the second most commonly dislocated joint in adults.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, this important joint is the second most commonly dislocated joint in adults (de Haan et al. 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(de Haan et al. 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Although uncommon, osteoarthritis of the elbow can cause severe pain, loss of mobility, and entire upper limb disability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although uncommon, osteoarthritis of the elbow can cause severe pain, loss of mobility, and entire upper limb disability (Degreef and De Smet 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Degreef and De Smet 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Comprehensive knowledge of the in vivo loading of elbow structures is essential in understanding biomechanical causes associated with elbow degenerative disease and injuries, and to find appropriate treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comprehensive knowledge of the in vivo loading of elbow structures is essential in understanding biomechanical causes associated with elbow degenerative disease and injuries, and to find appropriate treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A better understanding of in vivo mechanical loads has implications for the development and progression of osteoarthritis and reduces the cost of treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A better understanding of in vivo mechanical loads has implications for the development and progression of osteoarthritis and reduces the cost of treatment (Guess et al. 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Guess et al. 2010)" ] }, { "text": "But currently, measuring the in vivo ligament and tendon forces and cartilage contact pressures of the elbow during everyday activities is not possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But currently, measuring the in vivo ligament and tendon forces and cartilage contact pressures of the elbow during everyday activities is not possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Computational multibody models can be a useful tool to predict tendon, ligament and contact forces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Computational multibody models can be a useful tool to predict tendon, ligament and contact forces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These models can enhance our understanding of elbow mechanics and tissue interactions during dynamic conditions and would provide valuable insight to the in vivo loading environment of the elbow joint.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These models can enhance our understanding of elbow mechanics and tissue interactions during dynamic conditions and would provide valuable insight to the in vivo loading environment of the elbow joint (Guess 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Guess 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, computational models of the elbow could help to improve the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of post-traumatic injuries of the elbow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, computational models of the elbow could help to improve the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of post-traumatic injuries of the elbow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A validated model can be used as a biomechanical tool for patient-specific preoperative planning, computer-aided surgery, and computer-aided rehabilitation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A validated model can be used as a biomechanical tool for patient-specific preoperative planning, computer-aided surgery, and computer-aided rehabilitation (Fisk and Wayne 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fisk and Wayne 2009)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We have successfully demonstrated the use of SVM for temperature extraction in DPP-BOTDA, and analyzed its performance under various experimental conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have successfully demonstrated the use of SVM for temperature extraction in DPP-BOTDA, and analyzed its performance under various experimental conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Differential BGSs are collected using different pump pulse pairs along 5 km FUT by DPP-BOTDA and then processed by SVM trained using the designed differential BGSs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Differential BGSs are collected using different pump pulse pairs along 5 km FUT by DPP-BOTDA and then processed by SVM trained using the designed differential BGSs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At spatial resolution of 20 cm to 100 cm, the temperature distribution along FUT including both short and long heated sections has been exactly extracted by using only one SVM model without the need of conversion between BFS and temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At spatial resolution of 20 cm to 100 cm, the temperature distribution along FUT including both short and long heated sections has been exactly extracted by using only one SVM model without the need of conversion between BFS and temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared with LCF, SVM has larger tolerance to the pulse width difference and the number of trace averaging used in the measurement of differential BGSs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with LCF, SVM has larger tolerance to the pulse width difference and the number of trace averaging used in the measurement of differential BGSs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence it shows better accuracy of temperature extraction, especially when the spatial resolution is high and the number of trace averaging is small.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence it shows better accuracy of temperature extraction, especially when the spatial resolution is high and the number of trace averaging is small.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the knowledge obtained in the training phase, SVM well adapts a wide range of frequency scanning steps for the collection of differential BGSs, and has less degradation of measurement accuracy than LCF when large frequency scanning step is used in DPP-BOTDA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the knowledge obtained in the training phase, SVM well adapts a wide range of frequency scanning steps for the collection of differential BGSs, and has less degradation of measurement accuracy than LCF when large frequency scanning step is used in DPP-BOTDA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data processing time of SVM is found to be strongly dependent on the temperature step used to form temperature classes, rather than on the pump pulse width difference, which is unlike that of LCF.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data processing time of SVM is found to be strongly dependent on the temperature step used to form temperature classes, rather than on the pump pulse width difference, which is unlike that of LCF.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To extract temperature from 50,000 differential BGSs, SVM-0.1°C requires ∼133.17 s, while SVM-1°C only consumes ∼1.12 s without much accuracy degradation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To extract temperature from 50,000 differential BGSs, SVM-0.1°C requires ∼133.17 s, while SVM-1°C only consumes ∼1.12 s without much accuracy degradation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In comparison to the time by LCF (e.g., 606.83 s for 50/40 ns pair), the one by SVM is much shorter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In comparison to the time by LCF (e.g., 606.83 s for 50/40 ns pair), the one by SVM is much shorter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, with the data dimension of differential BGSs reduced by PCA and temperature accuracy maintained, the data processing time of SVM-0.1°C is further reduced to the range of 106.6 s ∼ 114.2 s. We believe SVM for temperature extraction would be exceptionally desirable in DPP-BOTDA sensors where a large number of sensing points are to be resolved at high resolution, high accuracy and fast speed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, with the data dimension of differential BGSs reduced by PCA and temperature accuracy maintained, the data processing time of SVM-0.1°C is further reduced to the range of 106.6 s ∼ 114.2 s. We believe SVM for temperature extraction would be exceptionally desirable in DPP-BOTDA sensors where a large number of sensing points are to be resolved at high resolution, high accuracy and fast speed [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Plants were cut close to ground level and aerial plant part was weighed to obtain fresh matter (FM) and then dried in an forced-air oven at 60 o C to a constant weight to determine dry matter (DM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plants were cut close to ground level and aerial plant part was weighed to obtain fresh matter (FM) and then dried in an forced-air oven at 60 o C to a constant weight to determine dry matter (DM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "DM was subjected to sulfuric digestion combined with hydrogen peroxide to determine total N, P, K, Ca and Mg.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "DM was subjected to sulfuric digestion combined with hydrogen peroxide to determine total N, P, K, Ca and Mg.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "N was determined by the method of Nessler.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "N was determined by the method of Nessler.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "P content was obtained by molecular absorption spectrophotometry (colorimetry) after reaction with vitamin C and ammonium molybdate, at 725 nm; K was determined by flame photometry; and Ca and Mg were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "P content was obtained by molecular absorption spectrophotometry (colorimetry) after reaction with vitamin C and ammonium molybdate, at 725 nm; K was determined by flame photometry; and Ca and Mg were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All determinations were performed according to the usual methods for pineapple crop of the Mineral Nutrition Sector at the Plant Science Laboratory, UENF.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All determinations were performed according to the usual methods for pineapple crop of the Mineral Nutrition Sector at the Plant Science Laboratory, UENF (Ramos, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ramos, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Nutrient contents were calculated by multiplying the dry weight of aerial part by the nutrient content.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nutrient contents were calculated by multiplying the dry weight of aerial part by the nutrient content.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The increase of the breakdown voltage with irradiation will improve the timing performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increase of the breakdown voltage with irradiation will improve the timing performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If at the same time charge collection degradation is small and sufficient cooling is provided to keep also the leakage current and shot noise small, the timing resolution of irradiated detectors may even surpass that of the non-irradiated one.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If at the same time charge collection degradation is small and sufficient cooling is provided to keep also the leakage current and shot noise small, the timing resolution of irradiated detectors may even surpass that of the non-irradiated one.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even more so, if 3D detectors will be operated in charge multiplication mode.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even more so, if 3D detectors will be operated in charge multiplication mode [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The integral process can be realized via hardware or software.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The integral process can be realized via hardware or software.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Now, many instruments can implement the conversion by using integral circuit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Now, many instruments can implement the conversion by using integral circuit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the performance parameters of electronic components possess large discreteness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the performance parameters of electronic components possess large discreteness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The precision of results will decline and even produce distortion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The precision of results will decline and even produce distortion [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "To ensure the precision and accuracy of hardware-based integration, the calibration and correction are necessary for the signals with different frequency and amplitude.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To ensure the precision and accuracy of hardware-based integration, the calibration and correction are necessary for the signals with different frequency and amplitude.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meanwhile, the integrator with high performance is quite expensive, and multichannels will greatly increase the cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, the integrator with high performance is quite expensive, and multichannels will greatly increase the cost [1, 3, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Currently, with the development of computer and data processing technology, these deficiencies make software-based integration method more attractive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, with the development of computer and data processing technology, these deficiencies make software-based integration method more attractive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The vibration parameters such as acceleration, velocity, and displacement have been commonly utilized in the mechanical fault diagnosis and condition monitoring.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The vibration parameters such as acceleration, velocity, and displacement have been commonly utilized in the mechanical fault diagnosis and condition monitoring [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "At present, the vibration velocity (VV) and vibration displacement (VD) can be measured by laser equipment or extensometer, but it is complicated in the actual testing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, the vibration velocity (VV) and vibration displacement (VD) can be measured by laser equipment or extensometer, but it is complicated in the actual testing [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "By contrast, the vibration acceleration (VA) is widely used due to the desired advantages such as small size, convenient installation, and wide frequency range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By contrast, the vibration acceleration (VA) is widely used due to the desired advantages such as small size, convenient installation, and wide frequency range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, in the vibration system analysis, VV and VD are regularly required.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, in the vibration system analysis, VV and VD are regularly required [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "They are also used to analyze the operating condition and health status of machinery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are also used to analyze the operating condition and health status of machinery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the integral of vibration signal is involved in many practical engineering and is worthy of further exploration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the integral of vibration signal is involved in many practical engineering and is worthy of further exploration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Modern computer systems demand high-capacity HDD storage devices with short access time and small physical dimensions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Modern computer systems demand high-capacity HDD storage devices with short access time and small physical dimensions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As of July 2008, the capacity of HDDs has reached 1.5 terabyte, making the largest jump in capacity in the history of hard-disk development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As of July 2008, the capacity of HDDs has reached 1.5 terabyte, making the largest jump in capacity in the history of hard-disk development [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The fastest \"enterprise\" HDD spins at 15,000 rpm, and are able to achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit/s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fastest \"enterprise\" HDD spins at 15,000 rpm, and are able to achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit/s [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "HDD's form factor has also been reduced from \"8 to 0.85\" over the past 25 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "HDD's form factor has also been reduced from \"8 to 0.85\" over the past 25 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our data showed that glucosamine inhibited the expression of RANKL in the joints and also reduced the level of sRANKL in synovial extract of CIOA mice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data showed that glucosamine inhibited the expression of RANKL in the joints and also reduced the level of sRANKL in synovial extract of CIOA mice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Soluble RANKL directly participate in bone erosion through its excess production by activated CD3 and CD4 cells in synovial fluid in RA patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Soluble RANKL directly participate in bone erosion through its excess production by activated CD3 and CD4 cells in synovial fluid in RA patients [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, we can hypothesize that diminished levels of sRANKL can be responsible for suppressed bone erosion in glucosaminetreated CIOA mice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, we can hypothesize that diminished levels of sRANKL can be responsible for suppressed bone erosion in glucosaminetreated CIOA mice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If OA develops as a result of an imbalance between bone resorption and bone remodeling, the question arises whether glucosamine can influence another remodeling marker besides RANKL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If OA develops as a result of an imbalance between bone resorption and bone remodeling, the question arises whether glucosamine can influence another remodeling marker besides RANKL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Conversion of sunlight to electricity has been the target of vigorous research and development for many decades, based on the realization that solar energy is the most abundant energy resource on Earth, and its use will mitigate the adverse effects that are attributed to fossil fuels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conversion of sunlight to electricity has been the target of vigorous research and development for many decades, based on the realization that solar energy is the most abundant energy resource on Earth, and its use will mitigate the adverse effects that are attributed to fossil fuels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solar electricity generation is already implemented on a large scale with both photovoltaic and thermal conversion, but the conversion efficiency of leading technologies in both cases is currently less than 20%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar electricity generation is already implemented on a large scale with both photovoltaic and thermal conversion, but the conversion efficiency of leading technologies in both cases is currently less than 20%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A significantly higher conversion efficiency was achieved with two emerging solar technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A significantly higher conversion efficiency was achieved with two emerging solar technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Concentrator photovoltaic systems (CPV) with multi-junction cells offer a peak cell-level efficiency of over 40%, and a system-level efficiency (including optical and other losses) of over 30%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Concentrator photovoltaic systems (CPV) with multi-junction cells offer a peak cell-level efficiency of over 40%, and a system-level efficiency (including optical and other losses) of over 30% [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Solar thermal Dish-Stirling concentrator systems have also achieved over 30% system efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar thermal Dish-Stirling concentrator systems have also achieved over 30% system efficiency [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, these two technologies are not in widespread use due to their higher complexity and cost compared to the more mature but less efficient alternatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these two technologies are not in widespread use due to their higher complexity and cost compared to the more mature but less efficient alternatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We can quantify the characteristic of R A , if we divide the obtained R A C by the window compliance C.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We can quantify the characteristic of R A , if we divide the obtained R A C by the window compliance C [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "As we know C is defined by the ratio of window pressure and volume for the human (round + oval) window.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we know C is defined by the ratio of window pressure and volume for the human (round + oval) window.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ivarsson and Pedersen demonstrated the relationship between the window pressure and this compliance C.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ivarsson and Pedersen demonstrated the relationship between the window pressure and this compliance C [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "This relationship demonstrates that, C only changes a few percentage points for the range of window pressure variation during an experiment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This relationship demonstrates that, C only changes a few percentage points for the range of window pressure variation during an experiment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the characteristic behavior of the flow resistance of the cochlear aqueduct can be similar to those obtained from R A C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the characteristic behavior of the flow resistance of the cochlear aqueduct can be similar to those obtained from R A C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The likelihood of children's giving help cannot be modeled in the same way, because in most of the cases there are multiple children in each family.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The likelihood of children's giving help cannot be modeled in the same way, because in most of the cases there are multiple children in each family.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is very likely that children who have grown up in the same family share some unobserved common characteristics, such as influence from their parents or interaction among siblings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is very likely that children who have grown up in the same family share some unobserved common characteristics, such as influence from their parents or interaction among siblings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, sibling behaviors may be correlated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, sibling behaviors may be correlated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, as discussed earlier, each child's relative capacity is conditioned on a specific family setting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, as discussed earlier, each child's relative capacity is conditioned on a specific family setting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Relative income within the family may count more than the absolute amount.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Relative income within the family may count more than the absolute amount.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, family heterogeneity must be controlled.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, family heterogeneity must be controlled.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hierarchical modeling is an appropriate strategy to address these issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hierarchical modeling is an appropriate strategy to address these issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By introducing a new random component to account for the block or clustering effect, the hierarchical model can control for family heterogeneity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By introducing a new random component to account for the block or clustering effect, the hierarchical model can control for family heterogeneity (Goldstein 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Goldstein 1987)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "It is foreseeable that the family's support capacity will be inevitably weakened in the near future as the demographic transition continues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is foreseeable that the family's support capacity will be inevitably weakened in the near future as the demographic transition continues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, it is necessary to expand our perspective from the present family network, which is already beyond each individual household, to a broader social network that is beyond each individual family.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it is necessary to expand our perspective from the present family network, which is already beyond each individual household, to a broader social network that is beyond each individual family.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The members of such a social network are no longer limited to family members but can include various social institutions, friends, neighbors, and particularly, elderly peers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The members of such a social network are no longer limited to family members but can include various social institutions, friends, neighbors, and particularly, elderly peers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the neighborhood committees in urban areas can play a more active role in mobilizing the elderly in the same neighborhood to provide help to each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the neighborhood committees in urban areas can play a more active role in mobilizing the elderly in the same neighborhood to provide help to each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although they have been the main providers of community services in the urban area, their functions have mainly focused on providing \"guaranteed services\" to the childless elderly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although they have been the main providers of community services in the urban area, their functions have mainly focused on providing \"guaranteed services\" to the childless elderly (Zhu and Xu 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zhu and Xu 1992)" ] }, { "text": "The urgent work to be done for the society is to establish effective social systems that provide opportunities and mechanisms for the able elderly to help others and to receive help from others when they themselves need help.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The urgent work to be done for the society is to establish effective social systems that provide opportunities and mechanisms for the able elderly to help others and to receive help from others when they themselves need help.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Digital design technologies are almost universally adopted as the predominant means of production in current architectural practice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Digital design technologies are almost universally adopted as the predominant means of production in current architectural practice (Kotnik 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kotnik 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Design documentation, essentially based on paper and ink, is produced by a computer-aided design (CAD) application to create drawings, which are either physically printed or digitally reproduced, as a series of individual files with no inherent intelligence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Design documentation, essentially based on paper and ink, is produced by a computer-aided design (CAD) application to create drawings, which are either physically printed or digitally reproduced, as a series of individual files with no inherent intelligence (Krygiel and Bradley 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Krygiel and Bradley 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Design tools such as building information models (BIM) have paved the way for developing, storing, and updating design data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Design tools such as building information models (BIM) have paved the way for developing, storing, and updating design data (Krygiel and Bradley 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Krygiel and Bradley 2008)" ] }, { "text": "According to the National BIM Standard Project Committee, a \"Building Information Model is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility; a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the National BIM Standard Project Committee, a \"Building Information Model is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility; a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming\" (Smith and Edgar 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smith and Edgar 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, these digital design tools offer possibilities of utilizing the data throughout the design process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, these digital design tools offer possibilities of utilizing the data throughout the design process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Computation of available data allows for query, design, and pre-evaluation of requirements, and for the generation of required forms for final evaluation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Computation of available data allows for query, design, and pre-evaluation of requirements, and for the generation of required forms for final evaluation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also our contention that in order to promote the practice of sustainability at a larger scale, technology available through commercial design tools should be utilized to a much greater extent in order to alleviate the costs of design, evaluation and submission.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also our contention that in order to promote the practice of sustainability at a larger scale, technology available through commercial design tools should be utilized to a much greater extent in order to alleviate the costs of design, evaluation and submission.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Thulium (Tm)-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs) operating at 1.9-2.1 m, are emerging as the latest revolution in fiber laser technology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thulium (Tm)-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs) operating at 1.9-2.1 m, are emerging as the latest revolution in fiber laser technology [1] - [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[3]" ] }, { "text": "This is due to the possibility of producing high efficiency, high output power, and retina safe lasers for specific applications associated with this wavelength, such as remote sensing and biomedical applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is due to the possibility of producing high efficiency, high output power, and retina safe lasers for specific applications associated with this wavelength, such as remote sensing and biomedical applications [4] , [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ], [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]", "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Although no laser is completely safe for human eyes, this technology falls under \"eye-safer\" category, promising several advantages over the traditional 1-m lasers in industrial and military directed-energy applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although no laser is completely safe for human eyes, this technology falls under \"eye-safer\" category, promising several advantages over the traditional 1-m lasers in industrial and military directed-energy applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The permissible power transmission in free space at 2 m can be several orders of magnitude greater than at 1 m. Military deployment of laser weapon systems could certainly find wider acceptance if the systems operate at eye-safer wavelengths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The permissible power transmission in free space at 2 m can be several orders of magnitude greater than at 1 m. Military deployment of laser weapon systems could certainly find wider acceptance if the systems operate at eye-safer wavelengths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pulsed laser systems may be used either for direct applications such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and range finding or for conversion into the mid-and far-IR for military countermeasures, remote sensing, and spectroscopy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pulsed laser systems may be used either for direct applications such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and range finding or for conversion into the mid-and far-IR for military countermeasures, remote sensing, and spectroscopy [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Single-frequency systems at 2-m are of interest for wind shear and turbulence mapping as well as coherent detection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Single-frequency systems at 2-m are of interest for wind shear and turbulence mapping as well as coherent detection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the medical market, Tm-doped fiber lasers offer a potential alternative to current-generation CW solid-state 2-m lasers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the medical market, Tm-doped fiber lasers offer a potential alternative to current-generation CW solid-state 2-m lasers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The pricing, marking and risk management of these products is typically done by the simultaneous calibration, across strike and maturity, of a stochastic process model to the prices of vanilla options at market close.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pricing, marking and risk management of these products is typically done by the simultaneous calibration, across strike and maturity, of a stochastic process model to the prices of vanilla options at market close.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The calibrated model is then employed to generate stock price paths and the product price is determined on computing a discounted expected cash flow of the specified payoff.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The calibrated model is then employed to generate stock price paths and the product price is determined on computing a discounted expected cash flow of the specified payoff.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The product is then regularly marked to market using a model selected for this purpose for the period the product is held by the issuer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The product is then regularly marked to market using a model selected for this purpose for the period the product is held by the issuer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different products are generally marked using different models that address the product risks adequately.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different products are generally marked using different models that address the product risks adequately.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The validity of such a pricing methodology is grounded as we show below (See section 6) in the principles of pricing to acceptability).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The validity of such a pricing methodology is grounded as we show below (See section 6) in the principles of pricing to acceptability (Carr, Geman, Madan (2001) ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Carr, Geman, Madan (2001)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Additionally, our interest in Sato processes is further motivated by contracts trading options on realized variance or volatility, with a long maturity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, our interest in Sato processes is further motivated by contracts trading options on realized variance or volatility, with a long maturity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The underlier for these contracts is an average realized variance that in many models converges to its expected value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The underlier for these contracts is an average realized variance that in many models converges to its expected value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently the variance of the cash flow declines towards zero.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently the variance of the cash flow declines towards zero.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, out-of-the-money options on realized variance have negligible model values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, out-of-the-money options on realized variance have negligible model values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order that long maturity out-of-the-money options on realized variance be valuable in a model, the average realized variance must remain a random variable and not converge to a constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order that long maturity out-of-the-money options on realized variance be valuable in a model, the average realized variance must remain a random variable and not converge to a constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We show that the Sato processes have this feature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that the Sato processes have this feature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An alternative approach, not pursued here, is to employ processes with long range dependence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An alternative approach, not pursued here, is to employ processes with long range dependence (Heyde and Yang, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Heyde and Yang, 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "First, comparisons between this functional dopaminergic imaging and the ultimate gold standard, autopsy-proven PD, are almost non-existent.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First, comparisons between this functional dopaminergic imaging and the ultimate gold standard, autopsy-proven PD, are almost non-existent [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "Second, using a surrogate gold standard in the form of a long-term clinical follow-up, the ability of SPECT to discriminate PD from normality and/or other parkinsonian disorders and to distinguish one of the atypical parkinsonian syndromes from the other varies greatly among different studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, using a surrogate gold standard in the form of a long-term clinical follow-up, the ability of SPECT to discriminate PD from normality and/or other parkinsonian disorders and to distinguish one of the atypical parkinsonian syndromes from the other varies greatly among different studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Comparing these studies is difficult, as they use different radiotracers and SPECT techniques, and, more importantly, involve different patient populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comparing these studies is difficult, as they use different radiotracers and SPECT techniques, and, more importantly, involve different patient populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A major issue here is that many studies use clearly-defined later-stage patients that are obviously not representative for the diagnostic problem that one wants to solve with a SPECT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A major issue here is that many studies use clearly-defined later-stage patients that are obviously not representative for the diagnostic problem that one wants to solve with a SPECT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "To improve a poor prognosis of metastatic HCC, multimodal approaches combining chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery may be useful.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To improve a poor prognosis of metastatic HCC, multimodal approaches combining chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery may be useful.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interestingly, it has been recently suggested that the oral multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, may produce a survival advantage in patients with advanced HCC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, it has been recently suggested that the oral multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, may produce a survival advantage in patients with advanced HCC [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In conclusion, we used for the first time a right ventricular exclusion procedure for the treatment of HCC metastatic to the right ventricle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In conclusion, we used for the first time a right ventricular exclusion procedure for the treatment of HCC metastatic to the right ventricle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We believe that this surgical option can be effective as rescue therapy for right ventricular outflow tract obstruction secondary to myocardial metastasis in critically ill patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We believe that this surgical option can be effective as rescue therapy for right ventricular outflow tract obstruction secondary to myocardial metastasis in critically ill patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most notably, it can prevent inadvertent dislodgement of tumor cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most notably, it can prevent inadvertent dislodgement of tumor cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "American, and Southeast Asian, responses on the requisition form and during genetic counseling were different.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "American, and Southeast Asian, responses on the requisition form and during genetic counseling were different.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also observed differences between self-reported ethnicity on the requisition form and genetic ancestry in South Asians and Southeast Asians.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also observed differences between self-reported ethnicity on the requisition form and genetic ancestry in South Asians and Southeast Asians.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Notably, these differences were mitigated when looking at self-reported ethnicity during genetic counseling consults.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Notably, these differences were mitigated when looking at self-reported ethnicity during genetic counseling consults.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The discrepancies imply that there is confusion about the meaning of the different labels, impacting our ability to rely on self-reported ethnicity, which is in line with prior reports.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The discrepancies imply that there is confusion about the meaning of the different labels, impacting our ability to rely on self-reported ethnicity, which is in line with prior reports [29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 30]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The explosive widely available growth of data really makes us aware that we are in the era of data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The explosive widely available growth of data really makes us aware that we are in the era of data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various reliable and versatile tools are needed to automatically reveal valuable information from the large-volume data and transform it into the organized knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various reliable and versatile tools are needed to automatically reveal valuable information from the large-volume data and transform it into the organized knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This need has led to the birth of data mining.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This need has led to the birth of data mining.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The field is still young, dynamic and promising.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The field is still young, dynamic and promising.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Data mining has been and will continue to make great strides in our journey from the era of data into the information age to come.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Data mining has been and will continue to make great strides in our journey from the era of data into the information age to come (Han & Kamber, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Han & Kamber, 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The maximum THz absorption can be achieved when the characteristic impedance of graphene is matched to the free space impedance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The maximum THz absorption can be achieved when the characteristic impedance of graphene is matched to the free space impedance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The shaded area in Fig. 1(e) shows the experimentally accessible sheet resistance of CVD-grown graphene.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The shaded area in Fig. 1(e) shows the experimentally accessible sheet resistance of CVD-grown graphene [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "We fabricated the THz modulators using CVD-grown, largearea graphene layers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We fabricated the THz modulators using CVD-grown, largearea graphene layers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We used a chemical vapor deposition system to synthesize the large-area (2 × 2 cm) graphene samples on ultra-smooth copper foil substrates (Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company, Ltd., B1-SBS, 100 nm surface roughness).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We used a chemical vapor deposition system to synthesize the large-area (2 × 2 cm) graphene samples on ultra-smooth copper foil substrates (Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company, Ltd., B1-SBS, 100 nm surface roughness).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The oxide layer on the foils was removed by a hydrogen flow during the annealing step.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The oxide layer on the foils was removed by a hydrogen flow during the annealing step.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The graphene was synthesized at 1035°C using 40 sccm CH 4 and 80 sccm H 2 gases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The graphene was synthesized at 1035°C using 40 sccm CH 4 and 80 sccm H 2 gases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After 20 min of growth time, the samples were cooled to the room temperature with the natural cooling rate of the furnace (20°C/min).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After 20 min of growth time, the samples were cooled to the room temperature with the natural cooling rate of the furnace (20°C/min).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After the growth, we coated the samples by drop casting thick Shipley 1813 photoresist which functions as a mechanical support for the transfer process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After the growth, we coated the samples by drop casting thick Shipley 1813 photoresist which functions as a mechanical support for the transfer process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After etching the copper foils in an FeCl 3 solution, the photoresist layer with graphene was transferred onto a quartz wafer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After etching the copper foils in an FeCl 3 solution, the photoresist layer with graphene was transferred onto a quartz wafer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reflowing the photoresist layer at 110°C on a quartz wafer results in conformal coating of graphene on the fused quartz surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reflowing the photoresist layer at 110°C on a quartz wafer results in conformal coating of graphene on the fused quartz surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We attached two graphene-coated quartz wafers with a 25 μm thick spacer, and filled the gap with ionic liquid electrolyte (Diethylmethyl(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [deme][Tf2N]).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We attached two graphene-coated quartz wafers with a 25 μm thick spacer, and filled the gap with ionic liquid electrolyte (Diethylmethyl(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [deme][Tf2N]).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The inset in Fig. 2(a) shows the fabricated THz modulator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inset in Fig. 2(a) shows the fabricated THz modulator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Capecitabine (Xeloda ® ; Hoffmann-La Roche) is a novel fluoropyrimidine carbamate designed to mimic continuous infusion of 5-FU and deliver 5-FU to target tumor cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Capecitabine (Xeloda ® ; Hoffmann-La Roche) is a novel fluoropyrimidine carbamate designed to mimic continuous infusion of 5-FU and deliver 5-FU to target tumor cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The drug is rapidly and extensively absorbed as an intact molecule, thereby avoiding gastrointestinal toxicity, and is then metabolized to 5-FU in three steps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The drug is rapidly and extensively absorbed as an intact molecule, thereby avoiding gastrointestinal toxicity, and is then metabolized to 5-FU in three steps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the final step, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine is converted to 5-FU by thymidine phosphorylase (TP), which is significantly more active in tumor tissue than in adjacent healthy tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the final step, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine is converted to 5-FU by thymidine phosphorylase (TP), which is significantly more active in tumor tissue than in adjacent healthy tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TP expression has been detected by immunohistochemistry in 39-63% of biliary cancer specimens.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TP expression has been detected by immunohistochemistry in 39-63% of biliary cancer specimens [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "A pilot study showed that capecitabine (1000 mg/m 2 twice daily for 14 days every 21 days) achieved a response rate of 19% in patients with advanced biliary cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A pilot study showed that capecitabine (1000 mg/m 2 twice daily for 14 days every 21 days) achieved a response rate of 19% in patients with advanced biliary cancer [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Capecitabine has also produced antitumor activity with tolerable safety profiles when given in combination with cisplatin in patients with various other solid tumor types.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Capecitabine has also produced antitumor activity with tolerable safety profiles when given in combination with cisplatin in patients with various other solid tumor types [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Regarding possible influence of increased contact time between the pyrolysis gas and the char matrix, increasing the char and fixed-carbon yield, the following increasing trend from lowest to highest yields could be expected: 1) small particles, low sample mass, open crucible, 2) small particles large sample mass, open crucible, 3) large particles, large sample mass, open crucible, 4) small particles, large sample mass, closed crucible, and 5) large particles, large sample mass, closed crucible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding possible influence of increased contact time between the pyrolysis gas and the char matrix, increasing the char and fixed-carbon yield, the following increasing trend from lowest to highest yields could be expected: 1) small particles, low sample mass, open crucible, 2) small particles large sample mass, open crucible, 3) large particles, large sample mass, open crucible, 4) small particles, large sample mass, closed crucible, and 5) large particles, large sample mass, closed crucible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, as secondary char forming reactions are expected from the cellulose and lignin fractions of the biomass, it could be expected that the contribution factors calculated for these would decrease somewhat with increasing char yields.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, as secondary char forming reactions are expected from the cellulose and lignin fractions of the biomass, it could be expected that the contribution factors calculated for these would decrease somewhat with increasing char yields [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Other main influencing factors are the amount of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in the different wood species and their forest residue fraction, as well as the ash content and especially the catalytic fraction of the ash.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other main influencing factors are the amount of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in the different wood species and their forest residue fraction, as well as the ash content and especially the catalytic fraction of the ash.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regarding activation energies, significantly lower activation energies were obtained for forest residue samples than for their counterpart stem wood samples, caused by much higher amount of catalytic ash elements in the forest residue ashes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding activation energies, significantly lower activation energies were obtained for forest residue samples than for their counterpart stem wood samples, caused by much higher amount of catalytic ash elements in the forest residue ashes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, a clear tendency towards increasing activation energies for hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin with increasing favorable char and fixed-carbon yield conditions as outlined in point 1) to 5) above was observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, a clear tendency towards increasing activation energies for hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin with increasing favorable char and fixed-carbon yield conditions as outlined in point 1) to 5) above was observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These observations are shown for birch wood (BW) and birch forest residue (BF) in Fig. 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These observations are shown for birch wood (BW) and birch forest residue (BF) in Fig. 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "When grouping the activation energies for 1mg, 10mg, small particles, large particles, open crucible and closed crucible and calculating mean activation energies within the different groups, the result becomes as shown in Fig. 2 , for birch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When grouping the activation energies for 1mg, 10mg, small particles, large particles, open crucible and closed crucible and calculating mean activation energies within the different groups, the result becomes as shown in Fig. 2 , for birch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the figure, clear trends can be seen, i.e. the activation energy increases with increasing sample mass and particle size and when a lid is used on the crucible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the figure, clear trends can be seen, i.e. the activation energy increases with increasing sample mass and particle size and when a lid is used on the crucible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regarding char yields, i.e. 1 minus the contribution factors for hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, increased char yields were found for the forest residue samples compared to their counterpart stem wood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding char yields, i.e. 1 minus the contribution factors for hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, increased char yields were found for the forest residue samples compared to their counterpart stem wood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, a trend of increasing char yields with increasing severity condition, i.e. confinement of tarry vapors and enhancement of secondary reactions, was found.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, a trend of increasing char yields with increasing severity condition, i.e. confinement of tarry vapors and enhancement of secondary reactions, was found.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is consistent with also increase in fixed-carbon yields as reported in our recent work.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is consistent with also increase in fixed-carbon yields as reported in our recent work [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Most real-world signal classes of interest are highly structured.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most real-world signal classes of interest are highly structured.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While precise high level statistical modelling of such structure is intractable at present, it imprints robust traces onto low level representations, which are in the feasible range of today's statistical methodology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While precise high level statistical modelling of such structure is intractable at present, it imprints robust traces onto low level representations, which are in the feasible range of today's statistical methodology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, an image measured by a digital camera or a magnetic resonance scanner exhibits coherent edges, textures, and smooth areas, revealed by applying derivative or wavelet filters to the image bitmap: the filter responses show remarkably robust statistical behaviour far from Gaussianity (which would be obtained by filtering random noise).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, an image measured by a digital camera or a magnetic resonance scanner exhibits coherent edges, textures, and smooth areas, revealed by applying derivative or wavelet filters to the image bitmap: the filter responses show remarkably robust statistical behaviour far from Gaussianity (which would be obtained by filtering random noise) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This low level statistical understanding, known as sparsity of image statistics, is used widely today in order to compress image bitmaps and video frame sequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This low level statistical understanding, known as sparsity of image statistics, is used widely today in order to compress image bitmaps and video frame sequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly robust deviations from high-entropy Gaussianity occur for speech or music audio waveforms, leading to efficient compression schemes which can be decoded in real time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly robust deviations from high-entropy Gaussianity occur for speech or music audio waveforms, leading to efficient compression schemes which can be decoded in real time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The statistical mechanisms underlying such low level applications are sparse linear models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The statistical mechanisms underlying such low level applications are sparse linear models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The predominance of this technology for direct applications, such as coding and decoding (estimation), highlights the relevance of formulating and developing Bayesian frameworks, with which higher-order problems become accessible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The predominance of this technology for direct applications, such as coding and decoding (estimation), highlights the relevance of formulating and developing Bayesian frameworks, with which higher-order problems become accessible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we will outline such a program, reviewing recent progress, as well as pointing out directions for research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we will outline such a program, reviewing recent progress, as well as pointing out directions for research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The Period2 (PER2) gene is an indispensable component of the mammalian circadian clock.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Period2 (PER2) gene is an indispensable component of the mammalian circadian clock [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In 2002, the murine PER2 gene was reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2002, the murine PER2 gene was reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A higher incidence of tumor development was observed in PER2-deficient mice than in wild-type mice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A higher incidence of tumor development was observed in PER2-deficient mice than in wild-type mice [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, clear differences in PER2 expression are evident in tumor tissue and non-involved peripheral tissues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, clear differences in PER2 expression are evident in tumor tissue and non-involved peripheral tissues [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Elsewhere, overexpression and/or or mutations in the PER2 gene have been reported to correlate with enhanced tumor growth in breast cancer, colon cancer and lymphoma, corresponding with altered expression of TP53 and the oncogenes BCLxl, BCL-2, cyclinB1, cyclin D, cyclin E and C-MYC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Elsewhere, overexpression and/or or mutations in the PER2 gene have been reported to correlate with enhanced tumor growth in breast cancer, colon cancer and lymphoma, corresponding with altered expression of TP53 and the oncogenes BCLxl, BCL-2, cyclinB1, cyclin D, cyclin E and C-MYC [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "PER2 has also been linked with DNA damage response pathways.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PER2 has also been linked with DNA damage response pathways [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "X-ray-induced DNA damage in tumor cell lines with mutated PER2 exhibited increased sensitivity to damage affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the TP53 pathway.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "X-ray-induced DNA damage in tumor cell lines with mutated PER2 exhibited increased sensitivity to damage affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the TP53 pathway [17] [18] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17] [18] [19]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "More recently, evidence supporting the possibility of a second genetic factor has been reported.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, evidence supporting the possibility of a second genetic factor has been reported.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Researchers who analyzed a very large collection of patients of European ancestry showed that the genetic risk load was very significantly larger in men than in women (P = 4.52 × 10 −8 ), based on the sum genetic risk score (GRS s ) of 15 SLE loci.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Researchers who analyzed a very large collection of patients of European ancestry showed that the genetic risk load was very significantly larger in men than in women (P = 4.52 × 10 −8 ), based on the sum genetic risk score (GRS s ) of 15 SLE loci [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "This result was interpreted as meaning that men require more genetic susceptibility than women to develop SLE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This result was interpreted as meaning that men require more genetic susceptibility than women to develop SLE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference in genetic risk load in that study was very dependent on two human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci of the fifteen loci included.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference in genetic risk load in that study was very dependent on two human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci of the fifteen loci included.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was shown by the lack of significant difference between men and women when the two HLA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were excluded (P = 0.3).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was shown by the lack of significant difference between men and women when the two HLA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were excluded (P = 0.3).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our interest in the implications of a higher genetic risk load in men led us to replicate this previous study, but our results are contrary to those reported.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our interest in the implications of a higher genetic risk load in men led us to replicate this previous study, but our results are contrary to those reported.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We found that genetic risk load was very significantly higher in women than in men with SLE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found that genetic risk load was very significantly higher in women than in men with SLE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Fourth, change is fragmented, i.e., it is viewed as an isolated event.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fourth, change is fragmented, i.e., it is viewed as an isolated event.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It may reflect in the immediately adjacent domains, but, like ripples in a pond, its consequences tend to decrease with the distance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It may reflect in the immediately adjacent domains, but, like ripples in a pond, its consequences tend to decrease with the distance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If I quit smoking, my health and my budget may improve, but more or less that is everything that can be said.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If I quit smoking, my health and my budget may improve, but more or less that is everything that can be said.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, change can be induced in independent, specific target behaviors, leaving the rest substantially untouched.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, change can be induced in independent, specific target behaviors, leaving the rest substantially untouched.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Side-effects on and interconnections with the individual's whole life are normally not considered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Side-effects on and interconnections with the individual's whole life are normally not considered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This reflects in the lack of behavior change technologies addressing more than one behavior or \"life domain\" at once.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This reflects in the lack of behavior change technologies addressing more than one behavior or \"life domain\" at once.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even mashup systems merging different data limit themselves to considering information pertaining to a single domain (e.g., wellbeing).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even mashup systems merging different data limit themselves to considering information pertaining to a single domain (e.g., wellbeing (Bentley et al. 2013) ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bentley et al. 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Both R. onca and R. chiricahuensis have experienced dramatic population declines and range contractions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both R. onca and R. chiricahuensis have experienced dramatic population declines and range contractions (Bradford et al. 2004; Sredl and Jennings 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bradford et al. 2004; Sredl and Jennings 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Rana chiricahuensis is now listed as federally Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act and R. onca is managed under a voluntary conservation agreement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rana chiricahuensis is now listed as federally Threatened under the US Endangered Species Act and R. onca is managed under a voluntary conservation agreement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Management plans for both species rely on expansion or re-establishment of populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Management plans for both species rely on expansion or re-establishment of populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, both species may be candidates for establishment in the Las Vegas Valley.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, both species may be candidates for establishment in the Las Vegas Valley.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The uncertain taxonomic status of extinct R. fisheri, however, raises questions about whether such an action would represent a translocation of an imperiled species to nearby vacant habitat or a re-introduction of a threatened species into former habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The uncertain taxonomic status of extinct R. fisheri, however, raises questions about whether such an action would represent a translocation of an imperiled species to nearby vacant habitat or a re-introduction of a threatened species into former habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Herein, we present the first genetic analysis of R. fisheri from century-old archival museum specimens to address alternative taxonomic hypotheses, and in so doing, to advance the recovery planning of imperiled leopard frogs across southwestern North America.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Herein, we present the first genetic analysis of R. fisheri from century-old archival museum specimens to address alternative taxonomic hypotheses, and in so doing, to advance the recovery planning of imperiled leopard frogs across southwestern North America.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Given the common assumption of CO 2 being a nonwetting fluid in relation to aqueous solutions of common salt, we anticipated that the drainage endpoint relative permeability of (inert) CO 2 displacing water would be in the range of 0.8-1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the common assumption of CO 2 being a nonwetting fluid in relation to aqueous solutions of common salt, we anticipated that the drainage endpoint relative permeability of (inert) CO 2 displacing water would be in the range of 0.8-1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instead, all of our experiments resulted in intermediate values for relative permeability of CO 2 displacing water, more typical of a weakly wetted system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead, all of our experiments resulted in intermediate values for relative permeability of CO 2 displacing water, more typical of a weakly wetted system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other recent investigations of the relative permeability of CO 2 displacing brine have found surprisingly low values.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other recent investigations of the relative permeability of CO 2 displacing brine have found surprisingly low values [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "These intermediate values imply that CO 2 cannot be treated as an inert nonwetting phase for mobility calculations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These intermediate values imply that CO 2 cannot be treated as an inert nonwetting phase for mobility calculations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even a supercritical CO 2 displacement has low values of end-point relative permeability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even a supercritical CO 2 displacement has low values of end-point relative permeability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Experiments with CO 2 in silica aerogels as well as molecular dynamics simulations between CO 2 and muscovite have shown CO 2 layers bound to mineral surfaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Experiments with CO 2 in silica aerogels as well as molecular dynamics simulations between CO 2 and muscovite have shown CO 2 layers bound to mineral surfaces [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Contact angle measurements of saturated CO 2 and water on quartz and mica show an increasing angle as high as 60° through the water phase with increasing pressure and salinity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Contact angle measurements of saturated CO 2 and water on quartz and mica show an increasing angle as high as 60° through the water phase with increasing pressure and salinity [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Quantitative CO 2 -water-mineral contact angle measurements are needed, especially under conditions of storage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quantitative CO 2 -water-mineral contact angle measurements are needed, especially under conditions of storage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Similar RF subregion interactions are present in other visual neurons, as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar RF subregion interactions are present in other visual neurons, as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, activation of suppressive subunits in V1 RFs can change the shape of the nonlinear relationship between excitatory subunit activation and spike response.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, activation of suppressive subunits in V1 RFs can change the shape of the nonlinear relationship between excitatory subunit activation and spike response [57] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[57]" ] }, { "text": "V1 surrounds are recruited when inputs to the surround are similar to those in the center.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "V1 surrounds are recruited when inputs to the surround are similar to those in the center [58] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF57" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[58]" ] }, { "text": "The result is that the V1 surround is strongest in homogenous visual contexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The result is that the V1 surround is strongest in homogenous visual contexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here we see a similar contextual effect of retinal surrounds, albeit with a sensitivity to lower-level statistical features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we see a similar contextual effect of retinal surrounds, albeit with a sensitivity to lower-level statistical features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The surround has the greatest impact on RGC responses when visual stimuli contain luminance correlations (Figs. 6,7) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The surround has the greatest impact on RGC responses when visual stimuli contain luminance correlations (Figs. 6,7) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Here we have shown that visual inputs to the RF surround can modulate the spatial integration properties of the center.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we have shown that visual inputs to the RF surround can modulate the spatial integration properties of the center.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Functionally, this means that inputs to the surround can change how the RF center integrates inputs across space, including in natural scenes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Functionally, this means that inputs to the surround can change how the RF center integrates inputs across space, including in natural scenes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the course of natural viewing conditions, the local luminance experienced by a RGC can vary dramatically from fixation to fixation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the course of natural viewing conditions, the local luminance experienced by a RGC can vary dramatically from fixation to fixation [50] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50]" ] }, { "text": "Because sensitivity to small scale (sub-RF center) spatial contrast relies critically on the rectification of subunit outputs, these changes in luminance could prevent a RGC that responds nonlinearly to grating stimuli from similarly detecting spatial contrast present in natural images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because sensitivity to small scale (sub-RF center) spatial contrast relies critically on the rectification of subunit outputs, these changes in luminance could prevent a RGC that responds nonlinearly to grating stimuli from similarly detecting spatial contrast present in natural images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The study of robot singularities is a central topic in Robot Kinematics because the properties of the manipulator change dramatically, and often different kinds of problems may appear.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of robot singularities is a central topic in Robot Kinematics because the properties of the manipulator change dramatically, and often different kinds of problems may appear [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Even though the literature on this topic is copious, an approach to obtain a complete description of the singularity set of any non-redundant manipulator has not yet been given.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though the literature on this topic is copious, an approach to obtain a complete description of the singularity set of any non-redundant manipulator has not yet been given.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such an approach should include the identification and precise computation of each constituent singularity class.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such an approach should include the identification and precise computation of each constituent singularity class.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most works, including previous methods for computing singularities, focus on particular classes of singularities, and on specific robot architectures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most works, including previous methods for computing singularities, focus on particular classes of singularities, and on specific robot architectures [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Although the project clearly plays a role in supporting local energy production, in this paper, we will focus on analyzing its expected economic impacts mainly in terms of job creation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the project clearly plays a role in supporting local energy production, in this paper, we will focus on analyzing its expected economic impacts mainly in terms of job creation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The literature contains a number of papers studying the employment impacts of renewable energies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The literature contains a number of papers studying the employment impacts of renewable energies [11, 46, 50, 58, 77, 97] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF48", "BIBREF53", "BIBREF61", "BIBREF80", "BIBREF100" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 46, 50, 58, 77, 97]" ] }, { "text": "However, to our knowledge, this article is the first study to focus on the case of offshore wind farms in France.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, to our knowledge, this article is the first study to focus on the case of offshore wind farms in France.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We examine economic production, gross added value, and full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs to measure the magnitude of expected regional economic impacts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We examine economic production, gross added value, and full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs to measure the magnitude of expected regional economic impacts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We distinguish between direct, indirect, and induced impacts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We distinguish between direct, indirect, and induced impacts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Direct impacts take place within the industries immediately involved in the project during the development, construction, installation, and operation and maintenance (O&M) phases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Direct impacts take place within the industries immediately involved in the project during the development, construction, installation, and operation and maintenance (O&M) phases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indirect impacts cover the changes in inter-industry trade as businesses respond to the new demand brought on by upstream offshore wind activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indirect impacts cover the changes in inter-industry trade as businesses respond to the new demand brought on by upstream offshore wind activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Induced impacts measure the growth in economic activity due to increases in income, and therefore consumer spending, of employees/ households.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Induced impacts measure the growth in economic activity due to increases in income, and therefore consumer spending, of employees/ households.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We calculate expected economic impacts for the two [most important] phases of the project namely the investment (i.e. construction and installation) and the O&M phases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We calculate expected economic impacts for the two [most important] phases of the project namely the investment (i.e. construction and installation) and the O&M phases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to contributing to the fulfillment of environmental commitments, the deployment of offshore wind energy is also expected to be a new lever for local and national economic development in France.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to contributing to the fulfillment of environmental commitments, the deployment of offshore wind energy is also expected to be a new lever for local and national economic development in France.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, we build a regional input-output (I-O) model to assess the gross economic impacts of the project of Saint-Brieuc, a small town in the region of Brittany.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we build a regional input-output (I-O) model to assess the gross economic impacts of the project of Saint-Brieuc, a small town in the region of Brittany.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This project is expected to enhance regional power production from renewable sources and create new employment opportunities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This project is expected to enhance regional power production from renewable sources and create new employment opportunities [52] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[52]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Second, we analyze gross capital flows as opposed to net flows that have been used in past studies to assess effects on stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, we analyze gross capital flows as opposed to net flows that have been used in past studies to assess effects on stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent research has stressed the importance of focusing on gross capital flows, as sizable, positively correlated movements in both inward and outward flows may be masked by a net figure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent research has stressed the importance of focusing on gross capital flows, as sizable, positively correlated movements in both inward and outward flows may be masked by a net figure (Broner et al. 2013, and Pagliari and Hannan 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Broner et al. 2013, and Pagliari and Hannan 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Our results show that, indeed, different types and directions of flows have different implications for domestic financial stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results show that, indeed, different types and directions of flows have different implications for domestic financial stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We find that, across the sample economies, there is more evidence that FDI outflows tend to increase the volatility of financial indicators, while other investment outflows do not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We find that, across the sample economies, there is more evidence that FDI outflows tend to increase the volatility of financial indicators, while other investment outflows do not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effects of FDI inflows, portfolio inflows and outflows, and other investment inflows are less clear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effects of FDI inflows, portfolio inflows and outflows, and other investment inflows are less clear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The Danube which is the second longest river in Europe, flows through several countries from where it receives discharges of agricultural, industrial and urban effluents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Danube which is the second longest river in Europe, flows through several countries from where it receives discharges of agricultural, industrial and urban effluents [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It is therefore a theatre for heavy navigation, intensive agriculture, aquaculture, reed harvesting, recreation and tourism and the disposal of wastewater and sewage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore a theatre for heavy navigation, intensive agriculture, aquaculture, reed harvesting, recreation and tourism and the disposal of wastewater and sewage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Contamination by potentially toxic elements in the natural environment is one of the major problems for human health and environmental quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Contamination by potentially toxic elements in the natural environment is one of the major problems for human health and environmental quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They have toxic effects on living organisms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They have toxic effects on living organisms [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Trace elements have been identified in previous studies as the indicators of environmental pollution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Trace elements have been identified in previous studies as the indicators of environmental pollution [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Organic contaminants are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and might pose a threat to aquatic organisms and pubic health.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Organic contaminants are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and might pose a threat to aquatic organisms and pubic health [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "There is an accrued persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation of pathogenic organisms such as protozoan cysts, helminths eggs and the varied abiotic conditions of this last segment of the Danube River could be rich in various unicellular and multicellular organisms which constitute the basis of biodiversity in most depositional phases of lotic water bodies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is an accrued persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation of pathogenic organisms such as protozoan cysts, helminths eggs and the varied abiotic conditions of this last segment of the Danube River could be rich in various unicellular and multicellular organisms which constitute the basis of biodiversity in most depositional phases of lotic water bodies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, available data on the chemo-physics and the biological values of the Danube River are more concentrated on the middle and upper segment of this very vital hydro system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, available data on the chemo-physics and the biological values of the Danube River are more concentrated on the middle and upper segment of this very vital hydro system [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "To add to this, the climatic changes play a very important role in major environmental transformations at the species and ionic level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To add to this, the climatic changes play a very important role in major environmental transformations at the species and ionic level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Natural flood plains play an essential role in the processing and decomposition of organic matter and in the self purification ability of rivers, largely due to the activity of microorganisms present in the medium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural flood plains play an essential role in the processing and decomposition of organic matter and in the self purification ability of rivers, largely due to the activity of microorganisms present in the medium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Knowledge about the composition of biological communities and its impact on organic matter cycling is crucial for the understanding of the ecological processes in river floodplain systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowledge about the composition of biological communities and its impact on organic matter cycling is crucial for the understanding of the ecological processes in river floodplain systems [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Technically, the above-mentioned antenna designs realize pattern/frequency reconfigurability through the modification of the physical configuration of the radiating structure or the incorporation or active devices into the radiating structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Technically, the above-mentioned antenna designs realize pattern/frequency reconfigurability through the modification of the physical configuration of the radiating structure or the incorporation or active devices into the radiating structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, a relatively straightforward approach to realizing reconfigurable radiation patterns is presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, a relatively straightforward approach to realizing reconfigurable radiation patterns is presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It appears that the antenna radiation characteristics are able to be changed simply with a placement of a detached and thin magnetodielectric slab in the vicinity of the radiating structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It appears that the antenna radiation characteristics are able to be changed simply with a placement of a detached and thin magnetodielectric slab in the vicinity of the radiating structure [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "It is shown that the lossy magnetodielectric slab was employed to illustrate the pattern reconfigurabity design for a conventional planar monopole.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is shown that the lossy magnetodielectric slab was employed to illustrate the pattern reconfigurabity design for a conventional planar monopole.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The slab employment renders the omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern of the classical monopole directional, and it decreases the radiation efficiency slightly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The slab employment renders the omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern of the classical monopole directional, and it decreases the radiation efficiency slightly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the antenna directivity/gain varies drastically with the change of the spacing between the magnetodielectric slab and the radiating element while the antenna operating frequency remains almost unchanged.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the antenna directivity/gain varies drastically with the change of the spacing between the magnetodielectric slab and the radiating element while the antenna operating frequency remains almost unchanged.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The radiation pattern reconfigurability is mainly attributed to the high permittivity and permeability of the slab.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The radiation pattern reconfigurability is mainly attributed to the high permittivity and permeability of the slab.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Technically, the slab essentially redistributes the power flow from the radiating structure and introduces additional phase for the wave passing through it, which synthesize directional radiation patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Technically, the slab essentially redistributes the power flow from the radiating structure and introduces additional phase for the wave passing through it, which synthesize directional radiation patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The tests performed on submatrix SM0 stress the enhanced ability of ANN compared with MR to discriminate between the two strata.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tests performed on submatrix SM0 stress the enhanced ability of ANN compared with MR to discriminate between the two strata.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even though parametric and nonparametric MR can reveal a significant statistical difference between FD in the two strata, Fig. 4C,F shows a large range of responses inside the same stratum and predicts certain aberrant (negative) values of FD (Fig. 4C) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though parametric and nonparametric MR can reveal a significant statistical difference between FD in the two strata, Fig. 4C,F shows a large range of responses inside the same stratum and predicts certain aberrant (negative) values of FD (Fig. 4C) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the test performed using ANN provided interesting insights into the potential fish distribution in the studied area (Fig. 3C) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the test performed using ANN provided interesting insights into the potential fish distribution in the studied area (Fig. 3C) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We can hypothesize on the basis of the environmental variables taken into account that, among the units where no fish were detected, some constitute a potentially better habitat for fish than others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We can hypothesize on the basis of the environmental variables taken into account that, among the units where no fish were detected, some constitute a potentially better habitat for fish than others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 3C presents two distinct FD patterns for the STR variable and reveals that among the units without fish, those located in the surface stratum constitute a potentially better habitat for fish than those located in the underlying stratum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 3C presents two distinct FD patterns for the STR variable and reveals that among the units without fish, those located in the surface stratum constitute a potentially better habitat for fish than those located in the underlying stratum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some hypotheses can be formulated to explain the absence of fish from these units: (1) shoaling could have caused a patchy distribution inside homogeneous physical-chemical areas; and (2) the FDs in the surface stratum could have been underestimated because of fish escaping from the motor-driven boat.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some hypotheses can be formulated to explain the absence of fish from these units: (1) shoaling could have caused a patchy distribution inside homogeneous physical-chemical areas; and (2) the FDs in the surface stratum could have been underestimated because of fish escaping from the motor-driven boat (Schultz 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schultz 1988)" ] }, { "text": "This could explain the nil FDs recorded in some areas that appeared to offer a favorable habitat for fish and could also explain the difference between expected and observed values in the ANN approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This could explain the nil FDs recorded in some areas that appeared to offer a favorable habitat for fish and could also explain the difference between expected and observed values in the ANN approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the SM0 test validates the efficiency of ANN.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the SM0 test validates the efficiency of ANN.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Predicted values are not real values, but, on the basis of the training procedure, the ANN has defined the potential of each unit of the SM0 set to receive a certain FD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Predicted values are not real values, but, on the basis of the training procedure, the ANN has defined the potential of each unit of the SM0 set to receive a certain FD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This proves that ANN models are able to reproduce ecological factors, whereas MR shows many shortcomings, even if the determination coefficient remains significant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This proves that ANN models are able to reproduce ecological factors, whereas MR shows many shortcomings, even if the determination coefficient remains significant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Large variations in FD were observed between samples, with a high coefficient of variation (345%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Large variations in FD were observed between samples, with a high coefficient of variation (345%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a consequence, the distribution of the dependent variable shows a highly dissymmetric profile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence, the distribution of the dependent variable shows a highly dissymmetric profile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This kind of distribution is frequent in many problems regarding plants or animals or with regard to spatial organization of populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This kind of distribution is frequent in many problems regarding plants or animals or with regard to spatial organization of populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be qualified as skewed to the right.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be qualified as skewed to the right (Jager and Looman 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jager and Looman 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Because normal distributions are more convenient to deal with, FDs that have a log-normal skewed distribution were transformed by taking their logarithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because normal distributions are more convenient to deal with, FDs that have a log-normal skewed distribution were transformed by taking their logarithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After transformation, the coefficient of variation became Ͻ120%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After transformation, the coefficient of variation became Ͻ120%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We have proposed a new concept of array antennas, which is called modulated scattering array antenna (MSAA), based on the modulated scattering technique.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have proposed a new concept of array antennas, which is called modulated scattering array antenna (MSAA), based on the modulated scattering technique [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "The MSAA has a multi-antenna structure, but it is composed of only one normal antenna element together with several modulated scattering elements (MSE) without RF front-end circuits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The MSAA has a multi-antenna structure, but it is composed of only one normal antenna element together with several modulated scattering elements (MSE) without RF front-end circuits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the configuration of the MSAA is much simple compared with that of the normal array antenna.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the configuration of the MSAA is much simple compared with that of the normal array antenna.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have carried out experiments to investigate diversity performance of the MSAA and found that, because the gain of the MSE was much smaller than that of the normal antenna element so that the diversity effect was very limited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have carried out experiments to investigate diversity performance of the MSAA and found that, because the gain of the MSE was much smaller than that of the normal antenna element so that the diversity effect was very limited [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "We have also tried to optimize the array spacing to increase the gain of the MSE and further improve the diversity gain when the MSAA is used as diversity antenna in Rayleigh fading environment, and found that the diversity performance may be increased by mounting the array elements with a compact spacing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have also tried to optimize the array spacing to increase the gain of the MSE and further improve the diversity gain when the MSAA is used as diversity antenna in Rayleigh fading environment, and found that the diversity performance may be increased by mounting the array elements with a compact spacing [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "These previous researches indicated that the MSAA can be one of the possible solutions to mount array antenna to the mobile handset applications where mounting space and manufacturing cost are strictly limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These previous researches indicated that the MSAA can be one of the possible solutions to mount array antenna to the mobile handset applications where mounting space and manufacturing cost are strictly limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "STE is successfully used in the hardware industry for verifying very large models with wide data paths.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "STE is successfully used in the hardware industry for verifying very large models with wide data paths [19, 17, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 17, 22]" ] }, { "text": "The common method for performing STE is by representing the values of each node in the circuit by Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) that depend on the symbolic variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The common method for performing STE is by representing the values of each node in the circuit by Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) that depend on the symbolic variables [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "In this method, the dual rail representation is used, where two BDDs represent the three possible values of a node.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this method, the dual rail representation is used, where two BDDs represent the three possible values of a node.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main drawback of this method is the unpredictability of the BDDs' sizes, and their tendency to explode when a large number of symbolic variables is used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main drawback of this method is the unpredictability of the BDDs' sizes, and their tendency to explode when a large number of symbolic variables is used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another limitation in common STE methods is the need for manual refinement, which is time consuming and requires close familiarity with the checked circuit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another limitation in common STE methods is the need for manual refinement, which is time consuming and requires close familiarity with the checked circuit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In humans, cases of pancreatitis are usually classified as acute or chronic based on a combination of clinical and pathological criteria that may be loosely applied to cats and dogs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In humans, cases of pancreatitis are usually classified as acute or chronic based on a combination of clinical and pathological criteria that may be loosely applied to cats and dogs [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Acute pancreatitis is usually associated with nonspecific clinical signs, physical examination findings, and complete blood count (CBC) as well as serum biochemistry characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Acute pancreatitis is usually associated with nonspecific clinical signs, physical examination findings, and complete blood count (CBC) as well as serum biochemistry characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ultrasonography, high serum canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity, or canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity data may provide a high degree of confidence for a presumptive diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultrasonography, high serum canine trypsin-like immunoreactivity, or canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity data may provide a high degree of confidence for a presumptive diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this determination can only be tentative without direct examination of the pancreatic tissues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this determination can only be tentative without direct examination of the pancreatic tissues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A definitive diagnosis of pancreatitis can only be made after conducting a pancreatic biopsy through exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A definitive diagnosis of pancreatitis can only be made after conducting a pancreatic biopsy through exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy [1, 2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 2]" ] }, { "text": "In dogs, pancreatic biopsies are usually performed through exploratory laparotomy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In dogs, pancreatic biopsies are usually performed through exploratory laparotomy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can cause potential complications such as deteriorated inflammation and hemorrhage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can cause potential complications such as deteriorated inflammation and hemorrhage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, pancreatic biopsies are conducted for only a limited number of dogs in practice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, pancreatic biopsies are conducted for only a limited number of dogs in practice [6, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 14]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Our proofs are based on a certain inductive procedure which resembles (and in some sense should be considered as Poisson-Lie analog of) Duflo's construction for computing the primitive spectrum of universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras which are not necessarily solvable or semisimple.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our proofs are based on a certain inductive procedure which resembles (and in some sense should be considered as Poisson-Lie analog of) Duflo's construction for computing the primitive spectrum of universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras which are not necessarily solvable or semisimple [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The reason for this relation comes from the fact that linearization of the Poisson structure on G at the origin and quantization produces the universal enveloping algebra U (g * ) of the dual Lie bialgebra g * of g = Lie(G).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason for this relation comes from the fact that linearization of the Poisson structure on G at the origin and quantization produces the universal enveloping algebra U (g * ) of the dual Lie bialgebra g * of g = Lie(G).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Lie algebra g * is roughly speaking isomorphic to a sum of two parabolic subalgebras of g with identified Levi factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Lie algebra g * is roughly speaking isomorphic to a sum of two parabolic subalgebras of g with identified Levi factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is solvable only in the cases of the simplest twistings of the standard structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is solvable only in the cases of the simplest twistings of the standard structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Lamport introduced lock-free synchronization to allow multiple threads to work on a data structure concurrently without a lock.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lamport introduced lock-free synchronization to allow multiple threads to work on a data structure concurrently without a lock [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Knight investigated architectural support for multi-word synchronization and proposed the use of cache coherence protocols and hardware to add parallelism to mostly-functional LISP programs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knight investigated architectural support for multi-word synchronization and proposed the use of cache coherence protocols and hardware to add parallelism to mostly-functional LISP programs [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The loadlinked/store conditional instructions allow for an optimistic atomic read-modify-write on a single word.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The loadlinked/store conditional instructions allow for an optimistic atomic read-modify-write on a single word [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Generally, document summarization methods can be divided into two categories: abstractive and extractive.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, document summarization methods can be divided into two categories: abstractive and extractive [4, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Extractive summarization is a simple but robust method for text summarization and it involves assigning saliency scores to some textual units of the documents and extracting those with highest scores.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Extractive summarization is a simple but robust method for text summarization and it involves assigning saliency scores to some textual units of the documents and extracting those with highest scores.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Abstraction can be described as reading and understanding the text to recognize its content, which is then compiled in a concise text.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Abstraction can be described as reading and understanding the text to recognize its content, which is then compiled in a concise text.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, an abstract can be described as summary comprising concepts/ideas taken from the source that are then reinterpreted and presented in a different form, whilst an extract is a summary consisting of units of text taken from the source and presented verbatim.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, an abstract can be described as summary comprising concepts/ideas taken from the source that are then reinterpreted and presented in a different form, whilst an extract is a summary consisting of units of text taken from the source and presented verbatim [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Automatic document summarization has drawn increasing attention in the past with rapid growth of the Internet and electronic government.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Automatic document summarization has drawn increasing attention in the past with rapid growth of the Internet and electronic government.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The explosion of electronic documents has led to information overload, implying that finding and using information efficiently and effectively has become a pressingly practical problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The explosion of electronic documents has led to information overload, implying that finding and using information efficiently and effectively has become a pressingly practical problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The information overload can be reduced by text summarization together with conventional search engines to efficiently access the relevance of retrieved documents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The information overload can be reduced by text summarization together with conventional search engines to efficiently access the relevance of retrieved documents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Automatic document summarization aims to condense the original text into its essential content and to assist in filtering and selection of necessary information.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Automatic document summarization aims to condense the original text into its essential content and to assist in filtering and selection of necessary information [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "However, not all of these nations adopted the same political and economic strategies as they transitioned away from Soviet-era, centrally planned economies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, not all of these nations adopted the same political and economic strategies as they transitioned away from Soviet-era, centrally planned economies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For some, accession into the European Union introduced an extensive set of market and environmental reforms that shaped energy production and subsequent emissions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For some, accession into the European Union introduced an extensive set of market and environmental reforms that shaped energy production and subsequent emissions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In terms of market reforms, the transition to a market economy upon accession into the EU led countries like Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic to privatize energy production and lift energy price subsidies, which incentivized energy providers and investors to pursue more efficient energy production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of market reforms, the transition to a market economy upon accession into the EU led countries like Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic to privatize energy production and lift energy price subsidies, which incentivized energy providers and investors to pursue more efficient energy production [52] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[52]" ] }, { "text": "As a consequence, energy intensities of the EU-member transition economies began to converge with other EU countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence, energy intensities of the EU-member transition economies began to converge with other EU countries [52, 53] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52", "BIBREF53" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[52, 53]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We also assess how national-level socioeconomic factors, which were found in prior research to increase country-level emissions for the transition nations, might be associated with plant-level CO 2 emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We also assess how national-level socioeconomic factors, which were found in prior research to increase country-level emissions for the transition nations, might be associated with plant-level CO 2 emissions [26, 27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26, 27]" ] }, { "text": "These national-level factors include level of economic development (measured as GDP per capita), total population size, and world-economic integration (measured as exports as a percent of total GDP, also referred to as export-oriented development).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These national-level factors include level of economic development (measured as GDP per capita), total population size, and world-economic integration (measured as exports as a percent of total GDP, also referred to as export-oriented development).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Prior research on fossil-fuel plants in nations throughout the world have also found some evidence indicating that population size and level of economic development influence plant-level emissions, with population size exhibiting a positive effect, and level of economic development exhibiting a negative effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Prior research on fossil-fuel plants in nations throughout the world have also found some evidence indicating that population size and level of economic development influence plant-level emissions, with population size exhibiting a positive effect, and level of economic development exhibiting a negative effect [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In conclusion, the fireworks disaster appears to have dispersed its impact equally among male and female affected residents of all ages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In conclusion, the fireworks disaster appears to have dispersed its impact equally among male and female affected residents of all ages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In specific terms, neither women nor any particular age group were at increased risk of suffering the detrimental health effects of this man-made disaster in a residential area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In specific terms, neither women nor any particular age group were at increased risk of suffering the detrimental health effects of this man-made disaster in a residential area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other studies concerning this specific disaster, it was found that having a pre-disaster history of psychological problems and disorders appeared to be the most important risk factor for post-disaster psychological as well as physical health problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other studies concerning this specific disaster, it was found that having a pre-disaster history of psychological problems and disorders appeared to be the most important risk factor for post-disaster psychological as well as physical health problems [24] [25] [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24] [25] [26]" ] }, { "text": "In the first three years post-disaster being relocated due to the disaster appeared to be another strong indicator for disaster related health problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first three years post-disaster being relocated due to the disaster appeared to be another strong indicator for disaster related health problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Risk factors which appear in 'normal' primary care (gender, age, insurance type, ethnicity) did not have any extra effect of the disaster: post-disaster differences between these groups may be explained by pre-disaster differences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Risk factors which appear in 'normal' primary care (gender, age, insurance type, ethnicity) did not have any extra effect of the disaster: post-disaster differences between these groups may be explained by pre-disaster differences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The determination of seed water content at the beginning of the evaluation is important to obtain consistent results in the evaluation of the physiological potential, which allow making comparisons between different genotypes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The determination of seed water content at the beginning of the evaluation is important to obtain consistent results in the evaluation of the physiological potential, which allow making comparisons between different genotypes (Ataide et al., 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ataide et al., 2016)" ] }, { "text": "In this study, the water content of eight analyzed peach rootstock seeds was determined, and whose values were 7.1% for cv.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, the water content of eight analyzed peach rootstock seeds was determined, and whose values were 7.1% for cv.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Okinawa roxo, 10.8% for 'Selection UFPel 0402', 10.6% for 'Aldrighi', 10.8% for 'Tsukuba 1', 10.1% for 'Tsukuba 2' and 'Tsukuba 3', 10.6% for 'Flordaguard' and 11.1% for 'Capdeboscq'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Okinawa roxo, 10.8% for 'Selection UFPel 0402', 10.6% for 'Aldrighi', 10.8% for 'Tsukuba 1', 10.1% for 'Tsukuba 2' and 'Tsukuba 3', 10.6% for 'Flordaguard' and 11.1% for 'Capdeboscq'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The average contents of cultivar seed moisture are within the amplitude range of maximum accepted variation, which is from 3 to 4 percentage points.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The average contents of cultivar seed moisture are within the amplitude range of maximum accepted variation, which is from 3 to 4 percentage points (Nakagawa, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nakagawa, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "However, it is necessary to consider that in this research, comparisons were made between seeds from genetically different cultivars, and not between seeds from the same cultivar.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is necessary to consider that in this research, comparisons were made between seeds from genetically different cultivars, and not between seeds from the same cultivar.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we study what happens when TCP and UDP are sharing the same link whose congestion is regulated by one of the mechanisms mentioned above: the ECN/RED and the SAP-LAW.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we study what happens when TCP and UDP are sharing the same link whose congestion is regulated by one of the mechanisms mentioned above: the ECN/RED and the SAP-LAW.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On one side, the UDP-based flows seem to be aggressive towards the TCP-based ones since UDP does not provide any flux or congestion control mechanism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On one side, the UDP-based flows seem to be aggressive towards the TCP-based ones since UDP does not provide any flux or congestion control mechanism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it has been shown that the TCP's congestion control mechanism causes serious problems to the critical deterioration of UDP-based applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it has been shown that the TCP's congestion control mechanism causes serious problems to the critical deterioration of UDP-based applications [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "As shown in Fig. 2a , the obtained BNNSs show a flexible and ultrathin feature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Fig. 2a , the obtained BNNSs show a flexible and ultrathin feature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High-resolution TEM image reveals that the BNNS still keep impeccable lattice structure after exfoliation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High-resolution TEM image reveals that the BNNS still keep impeccable lattice structure after exfoliation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the size distribution of the exfoliated BNNSs was investigated by counting over 150 pieces of BNNSs in TEM images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the size distribution of the exfoliated BNNSs was investigated by counting over 150 pieces of BNNSs in TEM images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One can see from Fig. 2b that the size of the exfoliated BNNSs is mainly distributed in the range of 0.5-1.5 μm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One can see from Fig. 2b that the size of the exfoliated BNNSs is mainly distributed in the range of 0.5-1.5 μm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The large size of BNNSs is expected to reduce the interface between BNNSs along the filler network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The large size of BNNSs is expected to reduce the interface between BNNSs along the filler network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was further employed to determine the thickness of the exfoliated BNNS (Fig. 2c) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was further employed to determine the thickness of the exfoliated BNNS (Fig. 2c) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The corresponding height profile shows that the thickness of the majority of the exfoliated BNNSs is about 3-5 nm, suggesting the multilayered feature of the exfoliated BNNSs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The corresponding height profile shows that the thickness of the majority of the exfoliated BNNSs is about 3-5 nm, suggesting the multilayered feature of the exfoliated BNNSs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the crystalline nature of h-BN powder and the exfoliated BNNSs were recorded by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement (Fig. S1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the crystalline nature of h-BN powder and the exfoliated BNNSs were recorded by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement (Fig. S1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The XRD pattern of h-BN and the exfoliated BNNSs both show a series of diffraction peaks, which correspond to (0 0 2), (1 0 0), (1 0 1), (1 0 2) and (0 0 4) planes, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The XRD pattern of h-BN and the exfoliated BNNSs both show a series of diffraction peaks, which correspond to (0 0 2), (1 0 0), (1 0 1), (1 0 2) and (0 0 4) planes, respectively [53] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[53]" ] }, { "text": "After exfoliation, the peak positions of the BNNSs are almost in accord with those of pristine h-BN powder, suggesting that the hexagonal lattice is not damaged during the exfoliation process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After exfoliation, the peak positions of the BNNSs are almost in accord with those of pristine h-BN powder, suggesting that the hexagonal lattice is not damaged during the exfoliation process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the (0 0 2) peak as a reference, the intensity of (1 0 0), (1 0 1), (1 0 2) and (0 0 4) diffraction peaks of BNNSs significantly decreases relative to h-BN powder, which might be attributed to the enhanced exposure of (0 0 2) plane because of the successful peel-off of few-layered BNNSs from h-BN along the (0 0 2) plane.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the (0 0 2) peak as a reference, the intensity of (1 0 0), (1 0 1), (1 0 2) and (0 0 4) diffraction peaks of BNNSs significantly decreases relative to h-BN powder, which might be attributed to the enhanced exposure of (0 0 2) plane because of the successful peel-off of few-layered BNNSs from h-BN along the (0 0 2) plane [29, 53] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 53]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The development of survey and mapping technology is characterized by the use of many sensors for various applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of survey and mapping technology is characterized by the use of many sensors for various applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Technologies development affects various height models or 3D models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Technologies development affects various height models or 3D models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This height model is also called the Digital Elevation Model (DEM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This height model is also called the Digital Elevation Model (DEM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The term DEM is more commonly used in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The term DEM is more commonly used in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The term height model is more often used in Russia and Northern Europe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The term height model is more often used in Russia and Northern Europe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This DEM consists of several types, namely Digital Surface Model (DSM), DEM, Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Digital Ground Model (DGM), Earth Gravitational Model (EGM), Digital Terrain Elevation Model (DTED), and Digital Height Model (DHM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This DEM consists of several types, namely Digital Surface Model (DSM), DEM, Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Digital Ground Model (DGM), Earth Gravitational Model (EGM), Digital Terrain Elevation Model (DTED), and Digital Height Model (DHM), (Li et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Li et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "DEM can be made from optical, video, radar, lidar, and sonar data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "DEM can be made from optical, video, radar, lidar, and sonar data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The time series modeling approach is a mathematical model, which is built only based on the observed input and output sequence, without knowing the system's detailed characteristics and internal principle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The time series modeling approach is a mathematical model, which is built only based on the observed input and output sequence, without knowing the system's detailed characteristics and internal principle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For its simplicity and validity, this modeling method has been widely used in stochastic optimal control and adaptive control applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For its simplicity and validity, this modeling method has been widely used in stochastic optimal control and adaptive control applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The time series models can be classified into two types: the stationary time series and non-stationary time series, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The time series models can be classified into two types: the stationary time series and non-stationary time series, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the stationary time series, the output sequence can be taken as the output of a zero-mean white noise sequence through the linear filter, such as Equation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the stationary time series, the output sequence can be taken as the output of a zero-mean white noise sequence through the linear filter, such as Equation (1) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(1)" ] }, { "text": "Here the dynamic voltage of the battery u d , as shown in Figure 3 , can be seen as a zero-mean sequence once the input signal has zero-mean white noise properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here the dynamic voltage of the battery u d , as shown in Figure 3 , can be seen as a zero-mean sequence once the input signal has zero-mean white noise properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, we bring in the concept of time series, taking the current and dynamic voltage u d as two separate time series sequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, we bring in the concept of time series, taking the current and dynamic voltage u d as two separate time series sequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relation of the current and dynamic voltage could be modeled as a time-series model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relation of the current and dynamic voltage could be modeled as a time-series model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the coming years, the global mobile data traffic is likely to be projected by 45%; this means a ten times increase between the years 2016 and 2022.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the coming years, the global mobile data traffic is likely to be projected by 45%; this means a ten times increase between the years 2016 and 2022 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This massive increase is mainly due to mobile video streaming and implementation of Internet of Things (IoT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This massive increase is mainly due to mobile video streaming and implementation of Internet of Things (IoT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will result in approximately 18 billion IoT out of total 29 billion devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This will result in approximately 18 billion IoT out of total 29 billion devices [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Due to this reason, the future 5th generation networks would need to overcome the demand of wider spectrum in high frequency range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to this reason, the future 5th generation networks would need to overcome the demand of wider spectrum in high frequency range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The key constraint to implement and deploy 5G networks before 2020 is the availability of frequency spectrum; hence both the higher and lower frequency bands are needed for 5G.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The key constraint to implement and deploy 5G networks before 2020 is the availability of frequency spectrum; hence both the higher and lower frequency bands are needed for 5G.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In many nations, eutrophication is a water contamination issue in lakes, rivers, water repositories, and seas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In many nations, eutrophication is a water contamination issue in lakes, rivers, water repositories, and seas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our study aims to tackle these issues by investigating the nature and reuse of wastewater, which reduces sewage release and enhances water deficiency conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study aims to tackle these issues by investigating the nature and reuse of wastewater, which reduces sewage release and enhances water deficiency conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Investigations of sewage medication have also been performed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Investigations of sewage medication have also been performed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effect of ammonium was observed in groundwater, aquaculture, and surface water, on the other hand, causing eutrophication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of ammonium was observed in groundwater, aquaculture, and surface water, on the other hand, causing eutrophication (Huo et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Huo et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "The level of ammonium in surface water and groundwater is lower than 3 mg/l.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The level of ammonium in surface water and groundwater is lower than 3 mg/l.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This level is unacceptable in other areas, which require levels lower than 0.05 mg/l (e.g. in aquaculture).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This level is unacceptable in other areas, which require levels lower than 0.05 mg/l (e.g. in aquaculture) (Vu et al., 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vu et al., 2017)" ] }, { "text": "Current treatment methods of water and wastewater such as coagulation and filtration are not masterful to remove ammonium effectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Current treatment methods of water and wastewater such as coagulation and filtration are not masterful to remove ammonium effectively (Moradi, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Moradi, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Various methods have been used to remove ammonium from wastewater, including precipitation, crystallization, biological removal, adsorption, and ion exchange.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various methods have been used to remove ammonium from wastewater, including precipitation, crystallization, biological removal, adsorption, and ion exchange.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The adsorption and ion exchange techniques have a high efficiency to eliminate ammonium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The adsorption and ion exchange techniques have a high efficiency to eliminate ammonium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These techniques need a small area for application and have acceptable efficiency in comparison to other methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These techniques need a small area for application and have acceptable efficiency in comparison to other methods (Abdehagh et al., 2013; Ma et al., 2012; Namasivayam and Sangeetha, 2006; Vargas et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF44", "BIBREF57" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Abdehagh et al., 2013; Ma et al., 2012; Namasivayam and Sangeetha, 2006; Vargas et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Identifying new productive materials that may be used for adsorption and ion exchange is an important research topic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Identifying new productive materials that may be used for adsorption and ion exchange is an important research topic (Li et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2010; Taheran et al., 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Li et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2010; Taheran et al., 2016)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A previous research approved that the surface chemistry plays a more important role than the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of adsorbents and the pore structure in adsorbing inorganic compounds from water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A previous research approved that the surface chemistry plays a more important role than the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of adsorbents and the pore structure in adsorbing inorganic compounds from water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The modification strategy is a current method to change the surface chemistry and promote the adsorption efficiency of adsorbents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The modification strategy is a current method to change the surface chemistry and promote the adsorption efficiency of adsorbents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The oxidation process with H 2 O 2 , KMnO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , or HNO 3 has been used for modifying the surface characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The oxidation process with H 2 O 2 , KMnO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , or HNO 3 has been used for modifying the surface characteristics (Abou El-Maaty, 2014; Halim et al., 2013; Moreno-Castilla et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Abou El-Maaty, 2014; Halim et al., 2013; Moreno-Castilla et al., 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In particular, having a substitution allows us to study the hull of the pattern, and dynamical systems given by certain group actions on the hull.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, having a substitution allows us to study the hull of the pattern, and dynamical systems given by certain group actions on the hull.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hull of a pattern is given by the closure of the translation orbit of the pattern under a local topology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hull of a pattern is given by the closure of the translation orbit of the pattern under a local topology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under mild conditions, the hull is a compact space, and the translations act continuously on it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under mild conditions, the hull is a compact space, and the translations act continuously on it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For primitive substitution structures, the translation action on the hull is known to be minimal and uniquely ergodic, which is related to the fact that primitive substitution patterns are repetitive and have unique patch frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For primitive substitution structures, the translation action on the hull is known to be minimal and uniquely ergodic, which is related to the fact that primitive substitution patterns are repetitive and have unique patch frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For background information on primitive substitution patterns and their dynamical systems, we refer to the recent monograph.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For background information on primitive substitution patterns and their dynamical systems, we refer to the recent monograph [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Red clover plants with high PPO activity are beneficial not only for their protein quality in silage and green fodder but also for the environment, owing to increased nitrate absorption by ruminants and decreased nitrogen loss to the environment through the animals' urine ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Red clover plants with high PPO activity are beneficial not only for their protein quality in silage and green fodder but also for the environment, owing to increased nitrate absorption by ruminants and decreased nitrogen loss to the environment through the animals' urine ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The browning reaction has been thought to alter the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of such livestock products as milk and meat.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The browning reaction has been thought to alter the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of such livestock products as milk and meat (Lee 2014; Gadeyne et al. 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lee 2014; Gadeyne et al. 2015)" ] }, { "text": "From this viewpoint, red clover is better than other protein sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From this viewpoint, red clover is better than other protein sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In another study, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Hypericum havvae were tested for their antimicrobial activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In another study, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Hypericum havvae were tested for their antimicrobial activity [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "While extracts of the plant have shown.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While extracts of the plant have shown [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Based on our findings, the extracts of H. havvae showed strong antifungal activity against both Candida and Cryptococcus species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on our findings, the extracts of H. havvae showed strong antifungal activity against both Candida and Cryptococcus species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference between our results and those of other investigations may be due to several factors, such as intra-specific variability in the production of secondary metabolites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference between our results and those of other investigations may be due to several factors, such as intra-specific variability in the production of secondary metabolites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, there may be differences in the extraction protocols used to recover the active metabolites as well as differences in the assay methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, there may be differences in the extraction protocols used to recover the active metabolites as well as differences in the assay methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The results of this investigation are in line with those of previous studies on US patients, in which DR and RVO were the leading causes of NVG.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this investigation are in line with those of previous studies on US patients, in which DR and RVO were the leading causes of NVG [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "However, compared to previous reports, in our series, DR was more common and RVO less common as the cause of rubeosis iridis (Table 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, compared to previous reports, in our series, DR was more common and RVO less common as the cause of rubeosis iridis (Table 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In US-based studies, DR and RVO were primarily responsible for the development of NVG in approximately one-third of cases, whereas in our study population, DR accounted for approximately two-thirds of rubeosis iridis cases, and RVO was responsible for only 18.9% of cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In US-based studies, DR and RVO were primarily responsible for the development of NVG in approximately one-third of cases, whereas in our study population, DR accounted for approximately two-thirds of rubeosis iridis cases, and RVO was responsible for only 18.9% of cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This inconsistency may be explained in part by differences in the prevalence or clinical characteristics of DR, RVO, or systemic disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, which are identified risk factors for DR and RVO in the studied populations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This inconsistency may be explained in part by differences in the prevalence or clinical characteristics of DR, RVO, or systemic disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, which are identified risk factors for DR and RVO in the studied populations [17, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 18]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The knowledge of the atmospheric flow at the Space Launch Centers (like Kennedy Space Center -the US Space Port, and French Guiana Space Center -French/Europe Port) is very important due to its influence on the research & development (R&D) of the rockets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The knowledge of the atmospheric flow at the Space Launch Centers (like Kennedy Space Center -the US Space Port, and French Guiana Space Center -French/Europe Port) is very important due to its influence on the research & development (R&D) of the rockets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The trajectory, guidance and control of the rockets are influenced by the wind profile, especially near the surface, as well as the wind loads at surface and upper air.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The trajectory, guidance and control of the rockets are influenced by the wind profile, especially near the surface, as well as the wind loads at surface and upper air.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Up to a height of 1000 m, 88% of the trajectory corrections are due to the winds, while there are only 3% of wind corrections above 5000 m.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Up to a height of 1000 m, 88% of the trajectory corrections are due to the winds, while there are only 3% of wind corrections above 5000 m (Fisch, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fisch, 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The duplex stainless steels have been developed to provide a combination of strength and resistance to pitting and stress corrosion cracking in comparison with the 300-series austenitic stainless steels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The duplex stainless steels have been developed to provide a combination of strength and resistance to pitting and stress corrosion cracking in comparison with the 300-series austenitic stainless steels [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "These unique properties of the duplex stainless steels have resulted in their use in a variety of industrial applications, including chemical process plant piping, oil and gas transmission lines, and structures for use in marine environments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These unique properties of the duplex stainless steels have resulted in their use in a variety of industrial applications, including chemical process plant piping, oil and gas transmission lines, and structures for use in marine environments [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Since welding is widely used in these applications, understanding the factors which affect the weldability of duplex stainless steels is critical to the successful implementation of these engineering materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since welding is widely used in these applications, understanding the factors which affect the weldability of duplex stainless steels is critical to the successful implementation of these engineering materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Previous investigations have demonstrated that microstructure of both weld and heat affected zones is a function of the cooling rate from peak temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous investigations have demonstrated that microstructure of both weld and heat affected zones is a function of the cooling rate from peak temperature [12] [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, it is expected that the ferrite/austenite balance in fusion zone is affected by laser power and welding speed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, it is expected that the ferrite/austenite balance in fusion zone is affected by laser power and welding speed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this research area has received comparatively little investigations and more work is required for deep understanding the effect of different laser welding parameters on properties of duplex stainless steels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this research area has received comparatively little investigations and more work is required for deep understanding the effect of different laser welding parameters on properties of duplex stainless steels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present study is concerned with laser beam welding and its effect on size and microstructure of fusion zone then, on mechanical and corrosion properties of duplex stainless steel welded joints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present study is concerned with laser beam welding and its effect on size and microstructure of fusion zone then, on mechanical and corrosion properties of duplex stainless steel welded joints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Bone is constantly resorbed and formed in the process known as remodelling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bone is constantly resorbed and formed in the process known as remodelling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, bone formation takes place not only during growth but throughout life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, bone formation takes place not only during growth but throughout life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From age thirty to age fifty, the amount of bone formed approximately equals the amount resorbed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From age thirty to age fifty, the amount of bone formed approximately equals the amount resorbed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From the menopause in women and from about the sixth decade in men, bone resorption starts to exceed bone formation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From the menopause in women and from about the sixth decade in men, bone resorption starts to exceed bone formation [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Within a period of less than 30 years, diffuse exports of DRP to Lough Neagh have increased by an amount that, in limnological terms, is highly significant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Within a period of less than 30 years, diffuse exports of DRP to Lough Neagh have increased by an amount that, in limnological terms, is highly significant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Debates as to whether this enrichment is due to soil P or manure P are to a degree sterile, given that the Water Framework Directive of the European Union (EU) requires that Lough Neagh and all lakes within the EU be restored to a status that allows only slight deviation from reference conditions by 2015.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Debates as to whether this enrichment is due to soil P or manure P are to a degree sterile, given that the Water Framework Directive of the European Union (EU) requires that Lough Neagh and all lakes within the EU be restored to a status that allows only slight deviation from reference conditions by 2015.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Depending on how the word ''slight'' is interpreted, this will require a reduction of up to 75% in TP exports to Lough Neagh and can only be feasible with further reductions in point sources and a complete reversal of current trends in diffuse exports.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Depending on how the word ''slight'' is interpreted, this will require a reduction of up to 75% in TP exports to Lough Neagh and can only be feasible with further reductions in point sources and a complete reversal of current trends in diffuse exports.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This scale of change implies that no P source within the catchment can be ignored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This scale of change implies that no P source within the catchment can be ignored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the time of writing in 2004, farm income support within the EU is changing from payments based on agricultural output, which favors high output and hence high input systems of production, to a single payment based on compliance with a series of EU environmental directives with no requirement by the farm to produce any product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the time of writing in 2004, farm income support within the EU is changing from payments based on agricultural output, which favors high output and hence high input systems of production, to a single payment based on compliance with a series of EU environmental directives with no requirement by the farm to produce any product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of these directives is the Nitrates Directive, compliance of which conceivably requires destocking on 50% of dairy farms and all pig and poultry units in Northern Ireland as well as the enforcement of a 4 month closed period for winter applications of manures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of these directives is the Nitrates Directive, compliance of which conceivably requires destocking on 50% of dairy farms and all pig and poultry units in Northern Ireland as well as the enforcement of a 4 month closed period for winter applications of manures (DOE 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(DOE 2004)" ] }, { "text": "While the Nitrate Directive aims to lower losses of nitrate to water, the proposed measures should be of benefit in lowering P losses by prohibiting manure application during the months with highest flow as well as reducing manure loadings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the Nitrate Directive aims to lower losses of nitrate to water, the proposed measures should be of benefit in lowering P losses by prohibiting manure application during the months with highest flow as well as reducing manure loadings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Combined with additional restrictions on the use of P fertilizers and a lowering of the P content of animal feeds to comply with a limit set on the maximum P surplus for farms, these measures provide an opportunity to reverse the current upward trend in P exports in the Lough Neagh catchment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Combined with additional restrictions on the use of P fertilizers and a lowering of the P content of animal feeds to comply with a limit set on the maximum P surplus for farms, these measures provide an opportunity to reverse the current upward trend in P exports in the Lough Neagh catchment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]