Datasets:

copenlu

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citeworth

like 2

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The second category of related work considers the transformation of UML models based on OCL transformation contracts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The second category of related work considers the transformation of UML models based on OCL transformation contracts [1, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 11]" ] }, { "text": "We basically use parts of this work, e.g., the specification of transformation operations using OCL pre-and postconditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We basically use parts of this work, e.g., the specification of transformation operations using OCL pre-and postconditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, our model generation rules can be seen as patterns, since they describe the generation of completely new model elements according to generic security mechanisms, e.g., cryptographic keys.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, our model generation rules can be seen as patterns, since they describe the generation of completely new model elements according to generic security mechanisms, e.g., cryptographic keys.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The key problem is how to take into account the backreaction caused by the strings and ensure the required holonomy on the string worldsheet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The key problem is how to take into account the backreaction caused by the strings and ensure the required holonomy on the string worldsheet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For massive or massless cosmic strings in a flat spacetime this problem is resolved with the help of isometries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For massive or massless cosmic strings in a flat spacetime this problem is resolved with the help of isometries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, one can use the fact that the metric is axially symmetric and change periodicity of the polar coordinate around a massive string to create an angle deficit related to the string tension.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, one can use the fact that the metric is axially symmetric and change periodicity of the polar coordinate around a massive string to create an angle deficit related to the string tension [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In case of massless strings parabolic isometries allow one to set a global transformation of trajectories on the string horizon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In case of massless strings parabolic isometries allow one to set a global transformation of trajectories on the string horizon [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Fourth, the worldsheet of a MCS is a geodesic null hypersurface, which belongs to an event horizon of the string.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fourth, the worldsheet of a MCS is a geodesic null hypersurface, which belongs to an event horizon of the string.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All events which happen above the horizon cannot affect the string, while all events below the horizon are casually independent of the string.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All events which happen above the horizon cannot affect the string, while all events below the horizon are casually independent of the string.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mutual transformations of trajectories passing the string from different sides can be set on the string horizon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mutual transformations of trajectories passing the string from different sides can be set on the string horizon [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The presence of the horizon results in a sharp shape of spots of the CMB anisotropy caused by MCS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of the horizon results in a sharp shape of spots of the CMB anisotropy caused by MCS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Sulfur is an attractive and emerging cathode alternative in lithium batteries for its high theoretical energy density and low cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sulfur is an attractive and emerging cathode alternative in lithium batteries for its high theoretical energy density and low cost [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "The Li/S couple, based on the complete reduction of S to form Li 2 S, has a theoretical specific capacity of 1672 mAh g −1 S corresponding to a theoretical specific energy of over 2600 Wh kg −1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Li/S couple, based on the complete reduction of S to form Li 2 S, has a theoretical specific capacity of 1672 mAh g −1 S corresponding to a theoretical specific energy of over 2600 Wh kg −1 [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "However, considerable technological challenges that are attributed to the intrinsic properties of S and lithium sulfide prevent rapid commercialization of Li/S batteries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, considerable technological challenges that are attributed to the intrinsic properties of S and lithium sulfide prevent rapid commercialization of Li/S batteries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, elemental S is an electronic insulator by nature, which demands appropriate conducting additives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, elemental S is an electronic insulator by nature, which demands appropriate conducting additives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, lithium reaction with S occurs via lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S ) intermediates, among which the high-order lithium polysulfides (Li 2 S , ≥ 4) are readily dissolved in the commonly used organic electrolyte.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, lithium reaction with S occurs via lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S ) intermediates, among which the high-order lithium polysulfides (Li 2 S , ≥ 4) are readily dissolved in the commonly used organic electrolyte.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While the liquid phase Li 2 S facilitates rapid kinetics beneficial to high rate capability, the soluble Li 2 S can diffuse through the electrolyte to the Li anode leading to gradual capacity degradation upon charge/discharge cycling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the liquid phase Li 2 S facilitates rapid kinetics beneficial to high rate capability, the soluble Li 2 S can diffuse through the electrolyte to the Li anode leading to gradual capacity degradation upon charge/discharge cycling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The structure and morphology of MGO/S and CGO/S were analyzed with the help of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The structure and morphology of MGO/S and CGO/S were analyzed with the help of X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sulfur contents and their thermal stability were studied with the help of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sulfur contents and their thermal stability were studied with the help of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for the microstructural characterization of a variety of graphitic nanocomposites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for the microstructural characterization of a variety of graphitic nanocomposites [29] [30] [31] [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29] [30] [31] [32]" ] }, { "text": "Despite the wealth of information now available Journal of Nanomaterials 3 from a single Raman measurement of a nanographite system, the data obtained from such experiments is limited to the localized carbon structure at the focal point of the laser.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the wealth of information now available Journal of Nanomaterials 3 from a single Raman measurement of a nanographite system, the data obtained from such experiments is limited to the localized carbon structure at the focal point of the laser.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hyperspectral Raman mapping allows the acquisition of Raman spectra across a relatively large region of the sample, which provides for a more representative understanding of the overall specimen.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hyperspectral Raman mapping allows the acquisition of Raman spectra across a relatively large region of the sample, which provides for a more representative understanding of the overall specimen.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent developments in advanced chemometric algorithms, for example, partial least squares (PLS), can greatly simplify the postacquisition data analysis and extraction of structural information.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent developments in advanced chemometric algorithms, for example, partial least squares (PLS), can greatly simplify the postacquisition data analysis and extraction of structural information [33] [34] [35] [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33] [34] [35] [36]" ] }, { "text": "In this research, we investigated the chemical state and distribution of S in MGO/S and CGO/S with the help of both point and PLS Raman mapping.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this research, we investigated the chemical state and distribution of S in MGO/S and CGO/S with the help of both point and PLS Raman mapping.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to the common MUTYH mutations, Y165C and G382D, three common polymorphisms in the Caucasian population have been identified: V22M, Q324H and S501F.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the common MUTYH mutations, Y165C and G382D, three common polymorphisms in the Caucasian population have been identified: V22M, Q324H and S501F [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "These polymorphisms have been suggested as being associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer, however, it remains to be determined if these changes are tissue specific with respect to disease risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These polymorphisms have been suggested as being associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer, however, it remains to be determined if these changes are tissue specific with respect to disease risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Notwithstanding, these five MUTYH variants represent a significant proportion of the genetic variation present in MUTYH and warrant further investigation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Notwithstanding, these five MUTYH variants represent a significant proportion of the genetic variation present in MUTYH and warrant further investigation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Bivariate correlations among the variables of interest, age, and BMI are presented in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bivariate correlations among the variables of interest, age, and BMI are presented in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The magnitude of correlations is described using small (r = .10), medium (r = .30), and large (r = .50) benchmarks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The magnitude of correlations is described using small (r = .10), medium (r = .30), and large (r = .50) benchmarks (Cohen, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cohen, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Bivariate correlations were largely consistent with Hypothesis 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bivariate correlations were largely consistent with Hypothesis 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, with the exception of a nonsignificant link between sexual objectification experiences and internalization, the correlations among sexual objectification, internalization, body surveillance, body shame, eating disorder symptomatology, and depressive symptomatology were significant and medium to large in magnitude.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, with the exception of a nonsignificant link between sexual objectification experiences and internalization, the correlations among sexual objectification, internalization, body surveillance, body shame, eating disorder symptomatology, and depressive symptomatology were significant and medium to large in magnitude.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consistent with Hypothesis 5, racist discrimination yielded significant small to near-medium correlations with body shame, eating disorder symptomatology, and depressive symptomatology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consistent with Hypothesis 5, racist discrimination yielded significant small to near-medium correlations with body shame, eating disorder symptomatology, and depressive symptomatology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Oral route is the most popular route of drug administration for both local and systemic actions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Oral route is the most popular route of drug administration for both local and systemic actions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among various oral dosage formulations, tablet is the most widely used formulation due to the various advantages that it offers in terms of drug manufacture and use.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among various oral dosage formulations, tablet is the most widely used formulation due to the various advantages that it offers in terms of drug manufacture and use [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Fast disintegrating/fast dispersible tablet (FDT) is the solid dosage form that disintegrates or dissolves into suspension or solution within 10 seconds to 1 minute in the oral cavity without requirement of water.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fast disintegrating/fast dispersible tablet (FDT) is the solid dosage form that disintegrates or dissolves into suspension or solution within 10 seconds to 1 minute in the oral cavity without requirement of water [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "It is also known as Fast dissolving, Mouth dissolving, Rapid dissolve, Quick disintegrating, Orally disintegrating, Rapid melts, Fast melts, Melt in mouth, Quick dissolving, Porous and Effervescent drug absorption system (EFVDAS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also known as Fast dissolving, Mouth dissolving, Rapid dissolve, Quick disintegrating, Orally disintegrating, Rapid melts, Fast melts, Melt in mouth, Quick dissolving, Porous and Effervescent drug absorption system (EFVDAS) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "It is a novel dosage delivery system where rapid disintegration of drug occurs after saliva reaches into the pores of formulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a novel dosage delivery system where rapid disintegration of drug occurs after saliva reaches into the pores of formulation [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "It is easy to use, and has palatable taste, manufacturing elegance, improved stability and cost effectiveness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is easy to use, and has palatable taste, manufacturing elegance, improved stability and cost effectiveness [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Such formulation improves the therapeutic efficacy and patients compliance especially in paedriatic, geriatric and bedridden patients who have dysphagia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such formulation improves the therapeutic efficacy and patients compliance especially in paedriatic, geriatric and bedridden patients who have dysphagia [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "There are various non-patented and patented techniques of manufacturing of such tablets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are various non-patented and patented techniques of manufacturing of such tablets [2] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Oral drug delivery has drawback of low aqueous solubility and permeability through intestine leading to poor dissolution rate, poor absorption which ultimately cause lower oral bioavailability and hence therapeutic failure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Oral drug delivery has drawback of low aqueous solubility and permeability through intestine leading to poor dissolution rate, poor absorption which ultimately cause lower oral bioavailability and hence therapeutic failure [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, solubility plays an important role in dissolution of drug.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, solubility plays an important role in dissolution of drug.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are various approaches to enhancing the dissolution profile of such drugs viz complexation, size reduction and solid dispersion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are various approaches to enhancing the dissolution profile of such drugs viz complexation, size reduction and solid dispersion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Formation of inclusion complexes is one of the precise methods of improving dissolution by complexation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Formation of inclusion complexes is one of the precise methods of improving dissolution by complexation [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "There are various techniques of inclusion complexation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are various techniques of inclusion complexation [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Among all, kneading method is convenient and economic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among all, kneading method is convenient and economic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inclusion complexation can be done in such formulation by the use of pharmaceutical excipients like Cyclodextrin (CD) where complexation occurs between guest and host molecules and hence, improves the aqueous solubility and which causes increase in oral bioavailability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Inclusion complexation can be done in such formulation by the use of pharmaceutical excipients like Cyclodextrin (CD) where complexation occurs between guest and host molecules and hence, improves the aqueous solubility and which causes increase in oral bioavailability [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Chemically modified CD like 2-hydroxypropyl ß-CD (HP-ß-CD) has various applications in the field of drug delivery with improved pharmaceutical properties where the hydrophobic internal cavity of CD forms complex with the guest molecules to increase aqueous solubility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chemically modified CD like 2-hydroxypropyl ß-CD (HP-ß-CD) has various applications in the field of drug delivery with improved pharmaceutical properties where the hydrophobic internal cavity of CD forms complex with the guest molecules to increase aqueous solubility [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "Domperidone is a poorly water soluble dopamine antagonist, antiemetic agent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Domperidone is a poorly water soluble dopamine antagonist, antiemetic agent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a orally active prokinetic agent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a orally active prokinetic agent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Preparation of FDT by the use of Cyclodextrin would be very beneficial to the elderly and pediatrics with swallowing difficulties due to various physiological and neurological conditions by overcoming the drawbacks of oral drug delivery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Preparation of FDT by the use of Cyclodextrin would be very beneficial to the elderly and pediatrics with swallowing difficulties due to various physiological and neurological conditions by overcoming the drawbacks of oral drug delivery [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The selection of a convenient extraction solution is the key point of ISE studies, especially in difficult matrixes like soil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The selection of a convenient extraction solution is the key point of ISE studies, especially in difficult matrixes like soil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The extraction solution should be compatible with ISEs while extracting the target ions from soil efficiently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extraction solution should be compatible with ISEs while extracting the target ions from soil efficiently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many solutions are available for conventional soil analysis as extractant, but only few of them can be used with ISEs successfully because of their high ionic strength, high acidity or alkali.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many solutions are available for conventional soil analysis as extractant, but only few of them can be used with ISEs successfully because of their high ionic strength, high acidity or alkali (Wang and Scott, 2001; Wang et al. 2004; Zbiral and Nemec, 2005; Ciesla et al. 2007; Madurapperuma et al. 2008; Matula, 2009; Bortolon and Gianello, 2010; Kahveci and Atalay, 2010; Bortolon et al. 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF0", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wang and Scott, 2001; Wang et al. 2004; Zbiral and Nemec, 2005; Ciesla et al. 2007; Madurapperuma et al. 2008; Matula, 2009; Bortolon and Gianello, 2010; Kahveci and Atalay, 2010; Bortolon et al. 2011)" ] }, { "text": "In this study, water was chosen as soil extractant, because almost every sodium salt is soluble in water, and also pH of water is suitable for ISE studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, water was chosen as soil extractant, because almost every sodium salt is soluble in water, and also pH of water is suitable for ISE studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The focus of this research was to investigate the applicability of soil sodium content measurement by using ion selective electrode technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The focus of this research was to investigate the applicability of soil sodium content measurement by using ion selective electrode technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is a group of mathematical and statistical techniques that enables modeling and analysis of problems by assessing influences of each input variable on a particular response and determining optimum values for this response.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is a group of mathematical and statistical techniques that enables modeling and analysis of problems by assessing influences of each input variable on a particular response and determining optimum values for this response (Montgomery, 1997; Khuri and Mukhopadhyay, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Montgomery, 1997; Khuri and Mukhopadhyay, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Extraction conditions of soil sodium was optimized by using RSM and Central Composite Design (CCD).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Extraction conditions of soil sodium was optimized by using RSM and Central Composite Design (CCD).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The extraction parameters were determined as soil:extractant ratio (w:v), shaking time (min) and shaking speed (rpm).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extraction parameters were determined as soil:extractant ratio (w:v), shaking time (min) and shaking speed (rpm).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CCD is appropriate for fitting a quadratic mathematical model and it is used to optimize the effective input variables with a minimum number of experiments, also enabling analysis of the interaction between the parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CCD is appropriate for fitting a quadratic mathematical model and it is used to optimize the effective input variables with a minimum number of experiments, also enabling analysis of the interaction between the parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the sequel, Na-ISE measurement results were compared with ion chromatography (IC) results as the reference method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the sequel, Na-ISE measurement results were compared with ion chromatography (IC) results as the reference method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "There are approximately 1.6 million freight cars (wagons) operating in the North American railroad network and they are subject to wide-ranging forms of wear and damage while in service.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are approximately 1.6 million freight cars (wagons) operating in the North American railroad network and they are subject to wide-ranging forms of wear and damage while in service [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) regulations require a car inspector or train crew member to inspect every car placed in a train before that train may depart from a yard or terminal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) regulations require a car inspector or train crew member to inspect every car placed in a train before that train may depart from a yard or terminal [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The current railcar inspection process is tedious and labour intensive, and relies on personnel with varying degrees of experience and training who must perform their tasks under a wide range of environmental conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current railcar inspection process is tedious and labour intensive, and relies on personnel with varying degrees of experience and training who must perform their tasks under a wide range of environmental conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, there is currently no practical means of recording and retaining inspection information unless a billable repair is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, there is currently no practical means of recording and retaining inspection information unless a billable repair is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This makes it difficult to track the condition of an individual railcar's components over time, thereby preventing trend analyses and predictive maintenance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This makes it difficult to track the condition of an individual railcar's components over time, thereby preventing trend analyses and predictive maintenance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to the goals of TDTI, there are other advantages afforded by the use of this technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the goals of TDTI, there are other advantages afforded by the use of this technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The collection of high-quality images of railcar fine-to-coarse segmentation images, showing the crack at various segmentation levels components, even without the use of machine vision and computer-aided defect detection, can provide benefits to the railroad industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The collection of high-quality images of railcar fine-to-coarse segmentation images, showing the crack at various segmentation levels components, even without the use of machine vision and computer-aided defect detection, can provide benefits to the railroad industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, a car inspector could be stationed in an office with the task of manually inspecting the digital images of railcar underbodies, as trains pass the inspection site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, a car inspector could be stationed in an office with the task of manually inspecting the digital images of railcar underbodies, as trains pass the inspection site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If used in this manner, benefits could be immediately realized, as car inspectors would have a much clearer and more comprehensive view of railcar underbodies than is currently possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If used in this manner, benefits could be immediately realized, as car inspectors would have a much clearer and more comprehensive view of railcar underbodies than is currently possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the collection of high-quality images of railcar underframes would also be helpful for security and liability purposes, as AISC could provide railroads the ability to detect 'nonstandard features', including contraband or explosive devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the collection of high-quality images of railcar underframes would also be helpful for security and liability purposes, as AISC could provide railroads the ability to detect 'nonstandard features', including contraband or explosive devices [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "These images would also provide historical documentation of railcar underbody condition that has not been previously available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These images would also provide historical documentation of railcar underbody condition that has not been previously available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As machine vision systems develop further, software could be integrated to aid the human inspector by highlighting potential defects visible in the images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As machine vision systems develop further, software could be integrated to aid the human inspector by highlighting potential defects visible in the images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Models of humans and machines have been used to develop similar hybrid automation systems for other industries, which typically perform better than either humans or machines alone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Models of humans and machines have been used to develop similar hybrid automation systems for other industries, which typically perform better than either humans or machines alone [27, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, 28]" ] }, { "text": "In this way, railroads could benefit from the increased speed of an automated system while improving the quality of human decision making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, railroads could benefit from the increased speed of an automated system while improving the quality of human decision making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the use of automated inspection systems will eliminate wasted effort by allowing carmen to spend less time inspecting cars and dedicate more time to the value-adding task of making repairs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the use of automated inspection systems will eliminate wasted effort by allowing carmen to spend less time inspecting cars and dedicate more time to the value-adding task of making repairs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will result in reduced inspection times and will potentially add capacity to receiving and departure tracks, thus improving the efficiency of an entire terminal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This will result in reduced inspection times and will potentially add capacity to receiving and departure tracks, thus improving the efficiency of an entire terminal [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "As a result of the benefits in terminals, these technologies may also improve overall railroad network efficiency, since average train speed and service reliability are greatly dependent on terminal dwell.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result of the benefits in terminals, these technologies may also improve overall railroad network efficiency, since average train speed and service reliability are greatly dependent on terminal dwell [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]" ] }, { "text": "In order to improve yard and terminal efficiency most effectively, all freight car inspection tasks will need to be automated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to improve yard and terminal efficiency most effectively, all freight car inspection tasks will need to be automated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since a railcar's physical features (including underframes) vary substantially among car types, extensive testing will be required to ensure appropriate inspection accuracy and minimal false alarm rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since a railcar's physical features (including underframes) vary substantially among car types, extensive testing will be required to ensure appropriate inspection accuracy and minimal false alarm rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Machine vision inspection capabilities will initially be most applicable to unit trains (i.e. those containing cars of nearly uniform design) due to the fact that component image templates (e.g. the shape of the centre sill) will be consistent for the entire train.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Machine vision inspection capabilities will initially be most applicable to unit trains (i.e. those containing cars of nearly uniform design) due to the fact that component image templates (e.g. the shape of the centre sill) will be consistent for the entire train.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After successfully integrating this technology in unit train operations, the use of machine vision underframe inspection can then be extended to manifest trains, which contain a variety of different car types.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After successfully integrating this technology in unit train operations, the use of machine vision underframe inspection can then be extended to manifest trains, which contain a variety of different car types.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although a partially automated inspection system (i.e. one that still required one or more cars or components to be manually inspected) would provide incremental benefits in effectiveness, terminal efficiency, and/or labour utilization, the benefits would be disproportionately less.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although a partially automated inspection system (i.e. one that still required one or more cars or components to be manually inspected) would provide incremental benefits in effectiveness, terminal efficiency, and/or labour utilization, the benefits would be disproportionately less.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the larger TDTI vision, of which AISC is a part, is being pursued by the North American railway industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the larger TDTI vision, of which AISC is a part, is being pursued by the North American railway industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Play is often defined as activity performed for its own sake.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Play is often defined as activity performed for its own sake.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although playful behaviours resemble serious behaviours, participants are usually more concerned with the behaviours themselves rather than the function of the behaviour.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although playful behaviours resemble serious behaviours, participants are usually more concerned with the behaviours themselves rather than the function of the behaviour (Smith & Pellegrini, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smith & Pellegrini, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Forms of play are typically parsed along the locomotor, social, and object dimensions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Forms of play are typically parsed along the locomotor, social, and object dimensions (Pellegrini, Dupuis, & Smith, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pellegrini, Dupuis, & Smith, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Playful behaviours are normally more exaggerated than their functional counterparts, and children often smile, laugh, and say that they are enjoying play.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Playful behaviours are normally more exaggerated than their functional counterparts, and children often smile, laugh, and say that they are enjoying play.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In regard to the last action, it should be noted how the majority of goals in collective plays were scored inside the penalty box and particularly, within the \"score pentagon\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In regard to the last action, it should be noted how the majority of goals in collective plays were scored inside the penalty box and particularly, within the \"score pentagon\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other studies had reported how between 80-90% of goals are scored inside the penalty box.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other studies had reported how between 80-90% of goals are scored inside the penalty box (Yiannakos and Armatas, 2006; Armatas and Yiannakos, 2010; Mitrotasios and Armatas, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yiannakos and Armatas, 2006; Armatas and Yiannakos, 2010; Mitrotasios and Armatas, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "As far as the goals scored after individual actions, the vast majority of them were initiated and finished in central zones of the field (offensive and advanced zones) facing directly the defensive line.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As far as the goals scored after individual actions, the vast majority of them were initiated and finished in central zones of the field (offensive and advanced zones) facing directly the defensive line.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This finding indicates that connecting with talented players in the subspace located between the defenders and midfielders should be an important tactical objective in professional soccer to increase the possibilities to score goals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding indicates that connecting with talented players in the subspace located between the defenders and midfielders should be an important tactical objective in professional soccer to increase the possibilities to score goals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, goals achieved after individual actions were scored from further subspaces in relation to the goal in comparison with collective plays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, goals achieved after individual actions were scored from further subspaces in relation to the goal in comparison with collective plays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings indicate that individual plays may present greater difficulty to disrupt the defensive structure of the opponent, so players shoot from areas with more density of defenders and further distance from the goal in comparison with collective plays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings indicate that individual plays may present greater difficulty to disrupt the defensive structure of the opponent, so players shoot from areas with more density of defenders and further distance from the goal in comparison with collective plays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The changing tolerance to liquid manure with vegetative growth stages needs to be better understood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The changing tolerance to liquid manure with vegetative growth stages needs to be better understood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Risk of crop damage may be reduced with lower application rates of liquid manure with high EC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Risk of crop damage may be reduced with lower application rates of liquid manure with high EC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tolerance to salts in applied liquid manures needs to be determined for other crops.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tolerance to salts in applied liquid manures needs to be determined for other crops.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effect of a \"wash-off\" application of clean water following liquid manure application should be investigated, as it may reduce damage by removing salts or increase damage by dissolving salts deposited on the leaf surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of a \"wash-off\" application of clean water following liquid manure application should be investigated, as it may reduce damage by removing salts or increase damage by dissolving salts deposited on the leaf surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solar radiation, temperature, and humidity effects on phytotoxicity associated with liquid manure application need to be quantified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar radiation, temperature, and humidity effects on phytotoxicity associated with liquid manure application need to be quantified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Phytotoxicity may be less with nighttime application, as foliar absorption of salts is less at night.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Phytotoxicity may be less with nighttime application, as foliar absorption of salts is less at night (Busch and Turner, 1967) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Busch and Turner, 1967)" ] }, { "text": "Absorption of applied salts through the roots may be a factor, since soluble salt concentration of the soil solution in the surface 50 mm of soil would be increased, especially on sandy soils with depleted soil water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Absorption of applied salts through the roots may be a factor, since soluble salt concentration of the soil solution in the surface 50 mm of soil would be increased, especially on sandy soils with depleted soil water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Weather conditions following the AT2 application were more severe than normal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weather conditions following the AT2 application were more severe than normal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the week following AT2, temperatures were similar to the AT1 period, mean relative humidity was less (68.5%), and mean wind speed was less (3.5 m sec −1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the week following AT2, temperatures were similar to the AT1 period, mean relative humidity was less (68.5%), and mean wind speed was less (3.5 m sec −1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most important difference may have been for precipitation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most important difference may have been for precipitation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Precipitation amounts on days 1, 2, and 3 following the AT1 application were 5.9, 5.5, and 27.8 mm, respectively, while only 1.3 mm fell on the third day following the AT2 application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Precipitation amounts on days 1, 2, and 3 following the AT1 application were 5.9, 5.5, and 27.8 mm, respectively, while only 1.3 mm fell on the third day following the AT2 application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Phytotoxic effects following AT1 might have been more severe if rainfall had not washed off the salt deposited on the leaves, as this salt may have been dissolved in dew and absorbed by the leaves.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Phytotoxic effects following AT1 might have been more severe if rainfall had not washed off the salt deposited on the leaves, as this salt may have been dissolved in dew and absorbed by the leaves (Maas, 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Maas, 1985)" ] }, { "text": "The lower wind speed following AT2 compared to AT1 may have been conducive to less damage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lower wind speed following AT2 compared to AT1 may have been conducive to less damage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The overall evaporative demand provided by the PET (table 2) indicates that some days during and following AT2 were more stressful than recorded at the site for the previous 22 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The overall evaporative demand provided by the PET (table 2) indicates that some days during and following AT2 were more stressful than recorded at the site for the previous 22 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, studies under more controlled temperature and relative humidity conditions may be warranted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, studies under more controlled temperature and relative humidity conditions may be warranted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Soybean was more sensitive than corn to soluble salts in liquid manure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Soybean was more sensitive than corn to soluble salts in liquid manure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The V3 application of liquid manure at 20.3 dS m −1 to soybean caused plant damage and death, and decreased yields significantly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The V3 application of liquid manure at 20.3 dS m −1 to soybean caused plant damage and death, and decreased yields significantly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Application of liquid manure at approximately 11.7 dS m −1 at the V3 stage caused initial plant damage and reduced height and LAI; however, the vegetative growth recovered, and yield was statistically the same as with the 0.6 dS m −1 control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Application of liquid manure at approximately 11.7 dS m −1 at the V3 stage caused initial plant damage and reduced height and LAI; however, the vegetative growth recovered, and yield was statistically the same as with the 0.6 dS m −1 control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The soybean response to liquid manure application was consistent with the soybean response to hail damage because defoliation before reproductive stages does not affect soybean yield if there is no loss of nodes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The soybean response to liquid manure application was consistent with the soybean response to hail damage because defoliation before reproductive stages does not affect soybean yield if there is no loss of nodes (Shapiro et al., 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shapiro et al., 1985)" ] }, { "text": "Application of liquid manure with EC of 6.4 dS m −1 did not result in soybean plant damage or yield loss.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Application of liquid manure with EC of 6.4 dS m −1 did not result in soybean plant damage or yield loss.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It may be hypothesized that the pronounced grain-refinement effect observed during rolling of Cu-30Zn brass at room temperature may be enhanced at cryogenic temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It may be hypothesized that the pronounced grain-refinement effect observed during rolling of Cu-30Zn brass at room temperature may be enhanced at cryogenic temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first studies in this area confirmed the development of extensive twinning eventually leading to the formation of a nano-scale structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first studies in this area confirmed the development of extensive twinning eventually leading to the formation of a nano-scale structure [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14] [15] [16]" ] }, { "text": "It should be noted however that the microstructure observations in these works were performed primarily by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be noted however that the microstructure observations in these works were performed primarily by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the excellent resolution of TEM, the statistical reliability of such results is not clear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the excellent resolution of TEM, the statistical reliability of such results is not clear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the objective of the present work was to provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of grain refinement and texture evolution during cryogenic rolling of alpha brass using electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) imaging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the objective of the present work was to provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of grain refinement and texture evolution during cryogenic rolling of alpha brass using electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) imaging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Using FE analysis, maximum Von Mises stresses are calculated for the 6 × 7, 7 × 7 and 8 × 7 wire ropes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using FE analysis, maximum Von Mises stresses are calculated for the 6 × 7, 7 × 7 and 8 × 7 wire ropes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was done for wire ropes with a full cross-section area and a reduced cross-section area (98.76%, 88.89%, and 77.78% of the full area, which roughly corresponds to a one-wire, one-strand, or two-strand reduction in the rope diameter).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was done for wire ropes with a full cross-section area and a reduced cross-section area (98.76%, 88.89%, and 77.78% of the full area, which roughly corresponds to a one-wire, one-strand, or two-strand reduction in the rope diameter).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Change in Von Mises stresses according to the reduction in cross-section area can be seen in Figure 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Change in Von Mises stresses according to the reduction in cross-section area can be seen in Figure 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To verify numerically obtained stress levels, stress was also calculated analytically for wire ropes with full cross-section areas according to Equation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To verify numerically obtained stress levels, stress was also calculated analytically for wire ropes with full cross-section areas according to Equation (1) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(1)" ] }, { "text": "Good correspondence of analytically and numerically obtained stresses for the 7 × 7 configuration provided confidence in further use of FE analysis in calculating the stress of wire ropes with a reduced cross-section area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Good correspondence of analytically and numerically obtained stresses for the 7 × 7 configuration provided confidence in further use of FE analysis in calculating the stress of wire ropes with a reduced cross-section area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As for the 6 × 7 and 8 × 7 configurations, values are a bit more dissipated, which can be accounted for different types of core (Table 1) , and this issue requires further investigation in future research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As for the 6 × 7 and 8 × 7 configurations, values are a bit more dissipated, which can be accounted for different types of core (Table 1) , and this issue requires further investigation in future research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can clearly be seen that a small reduction in cross-section area (to 98.76% of the initial area) does not cause a significant elevation in stress level; however, with further reduction (88.89% and 77.78% of the initial area), stress levels rise steeply.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can clearly be seen that a small reduction in cross-section area (to 98.76% of the initial area) does not cause a significant elevation in stress level; however, with further reduction (88.89% and 77.78% of the initial area), stress levels rise steeply.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To verify numerically obtained stress levels, stress was also calculated analytically for wire ropes with full cross-section areas according to Equation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To verify numerically obtained stress levels, stress was also calculated analytically for wire ropes with full cross-section areas according to Equation (1) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(1)" ] }, { "text": "Good correspondence of analytically and numerically obtained stresses for the 7 × 7 configuration provided confidence in further use of FE analysis in calculating the stress of wire ropes with a reduced cross-section area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Good correspondence of analytically and numerically obtained stresses for the 7 × 7 configuration provided confidence in further use of FE analysis in calculating the stress of wire ropes with a reduced cross-section area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As for the 6 × 7 and 8 × 7 configurations, values are a bit more dissipated, which can be accounted for different types of core (Table 1) , and this issue requires further investigation in future research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As for the 6 × 7 and 8 × 7 configurations, values are a bit more dissipated, which can be accounted for different types of core (Table 1) , and this issue requires further investigation in future research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can clearly be seen that a small reduction in cross-section area (to 98.76% of the initial area) does not cause a significant elevation in stress level; however, with further reduction (88.89% and 77.78% of the initial area), stress levels rise steeply.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can clearly be seen that a small reduction in cross-section area (to 98.76% of the initial area) does not cause a significant elevation in stress level; however, with further reduction (88.89% and 77.78% of the initial area), stress levels rise steeply.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using the obtained results and linear regression, the relationship between the reduction in the cross-section area and Von Misses stress levels is established through three equations that are quoted in Figure 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using the obtained results and linear regression, the relationship between the reduction in the cross-section area and Von Misses stress levels is established through three equations that are quoted in Figure 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Using FE analysis, maximum Von Mises stresses are calculated for the 6 × 7, 7 × 7 and 8 × 7 wire ropes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using FE analysis, maximum Von Mises stresses are calculated for the 6 × 7, 7 × 7 and 8 × 7 wire ropes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was done for wire ropes with a full cross-section area and a reduced cross-section area (98.76%, 88.89%, and 77.78% of the full area, which roughly corresponds to a one-wire, one-strand, or two-strand reduction in the rope diameter).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was done for wire ropes with a full cross-section area and a reduced cross-section area (98.76%, 88.89%, and 77.78% of the full area, which roughly corresponds to a one-wire, one-strand, or two-strand reduction in the rope diameter).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Change in Von Mises stresses according to the reduction in cross-section area can be seen in Figure 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Change in Von Mises stresses according to the reduction in cross-section area can be seen in Figure 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To verify numerically obtained stress levels, stress was also calculated analytically for wire ropes with full cross-section areas according to Equation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To verify numerically obtained stress levels, stress was also calculated analytically for wire ropes with full cross-section areas according to Equation (1) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(1)" ] }, { "text": "Good correspondence of analytically and numerically obtained stresses for the 7 × 7 configuration provided confidence in further use of FE analysis in calculating the stress of wire ropes with a reduced cross-section area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Good correspondence of analytically and numerically obtained stresses for the 7 × 7 configuration provided confidence in further use of FE analysis in calculating the stress of wire ropes with a reduced cross-section area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As for the 6 × 7 and 8 × 7 configurations, values are a bit more dissipated, which can be accounted for different types of core (Table 1) , and this issue requires further investigation in future research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As for the 6 × 7 and 8 × 7 configurations, values are a bit more dissipated, which can be accounted for different types of core (Table 1) , and this issue requires further investigation in future research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can clearly be seen that a small reduction in cross-section area (to 98.76% of the initial area) does not cause a significant elevation in stress level; however, with further reduction (88.89% and 77.78% of the initial area), stress levels rise steeply.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can clearly be seen that a small reduction in cross-section area (to 98.76% of the initial area) does not cause a significant elevation in stress level; however, with further reduction (88.89% and 77.78% of the initial area), stress levels rise steeply.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Wire ropes are one of the most common structural members used for transmitting tensile forces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wire ropes are one of the most common structural members used for transmitting tensile forces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With high flexibility and considerable strength, wire ropes are in widespread use, especially in marine environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With high flexibility and considerable strength, wire ropes are in widespread use, especially in marine environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whether for handling cargo, mooring, or rigging, wire ropes can be found at shipyards, ports, ships, and offshore facilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whether for handling cargo, mooring, or rigging, wire ropes can be found at shipyards, ports, ships, and offshore facilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering the high loads they must maintain, and the harsh environmental and operational conditions coupled with pre-existing defects and/or imperfections in manufacturing that can serve as crack initiation points under fatigue loading conditions, it is easy to understand the need for the proper characterization of stress distribution and the remaining life of wire ropes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the high loads they must maintain, and the harsh environmental and operational conditions coupled with pre-existing defects and/or imperfections in manufacturing that can serve as crack initiation points under fatigue loading conditions, it is easy to understand the need for the proper characterization of stress distribution and the remaining life of wire ropes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If not properly analyzed and designed, the collapse of wire ropes could have disastrous consequences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If not properly analyzed and designed, the collapse of wire ropes could have disastrous consequences [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The area cost defines those configurations that could be implemented in the next microprocessor generations, according to the predictions of the Semiconductor Industry Association.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The area cost defines those configurations that could be implemented in the next microprocessor generations, according to the predictions of the Semiconductor Industry Association [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "For each generation we estimate the performance of a set of implementable configurations taking into account the number of cycles required to execute the programs and the cycle time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For each generation we estimate the performance of a set of implementable configurations taking into account the number of cycles required to execute the programs and the cycle time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From this study we conclude that, for a given technology, the best performance is obtained when replication and widening are appropriately combined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From this study we conclude that, for a given technology, the best performance is obtained when replication and widening are appropriately combined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Preventing pathogens from entering drinking water supplies is of great importance worldwide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Preventing pathogens from entering drinking water supplies is of great importance worldwide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Eighty-eight percent of diarrheal disease in humans is attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Eighty-eight percent of diarrheal disease in humans is attributed to unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, it is estimated that 1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases worldwide, 90% of whom are children under the age of five.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it is estimated that 1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases worldwide, 90% of whom are children under the age of five [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Prior to 2000, it was believed that rotaviruses caused approximately 22% of childhood diarrhea hospitalizations worldwide.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Prior to 2000, it was believed that rotaviruses caused approximately 22% of childhood diarrhea hospitalizations worldwide [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, from 2000 to 2004, this proportion increased to 39%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, from 2000 to 2004, this proportion increased to 39% [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Application of this proportion to the recent World Health Organization estimates of diarrhea-related childhood deaths gave an estimate of 611,000 rotavirus-related deaths, and at least 100 deaths each year in the US.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Application of this proportion to the recent World Health Organization estimates of diarrhea-related childhood deaths gave an estimate of 611,000 rotavirus-related deaths, and at least 100 deaths each year in the US [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Rotavirus infections are also of high agricultural importance because of the impact diarrheal disease can have on neonatal and post-weaning animals, especially pigs and calves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rotavirus infections are also of high agricultural importance because of the impact diarrheal disease can have on neonatal and post-weaning animals, especially pigs and calves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is a lack of recent literature on the economic burden of rotavirus on livestock, but studies have found that morbidity due to rotavirus infections in pigs and calves can be as high as 80% with mortality reaching 60%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a lack of recent literature on the economic burden of rotavirus on livestock, but studies have found that morbidity due to rotavirus infections in pigs and calves can be as high as 80% with mortality reaching 60% [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "High morbidity and mortality in livestock animals leads to economic losses from the loss of animals, treatment costs, and reduced growth rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High morbidity and mortality in livestock animals leads to economic losses from the loss of animals, treatment costs, and reduced growth rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Some studies have shown that soils with high clay content have a high adsorption capacity for viruses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some studies have shown that soils with high clay content have a high adsorption capacity for viruses [12, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 15]" ] }, { "text": "The association of viruses with clay minerals has been attributed to the large surface area and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The association of viruses with clay minerals has been attributed to the large surface area and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mechanisms and sites of adsorption differ for different viruses and are influenced by characteristics of the clays such as anion exchange capacity (AEC), CEC, and AEC to CEC ratios.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanisms and sites of adsorption differ for different viruses and are influenced by characteristics of the clays such as anion exchange capacity (AEC), CEC, and AEC to CEC ratios [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Some researchers believe both positively and negatively charged sites on clay minerals are involved in virus adsorption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some researchers believe both positively and negatively charged sites on clay minerals are involved in virus adsorption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "However, it is difficult to determine or estimate battery parameters, because they are interdependent and vary over time and use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is difficult to determine or estimate battery parameters, because they are interdependent and vary over time and use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many battery models are used to represent the battery behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many battery models are used to represent the battery behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most commonly used models can be divided into two categories: the electrochemical coupled non-linear differential equations to describe the pertinent transport, thermodynamic, and kinetic phenomena.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most commonly used models can be divided into two categories: the electrochemical coupled non-linear differential equations to describe the pertinent transport, thermodynamic, and kinetic phenomena.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dynamical behaviour of a lithium-ion battery can be simulated correctly using the Warburg diffusion impedance with complex electrical equivalent circuits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The dynamical behaviour of a lithium-ion battery can be simulated correctly using the Warburg diffusion impedance with complex electrical equivalent circuits [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "However, estimating the parameters of this sophisticated model usually requires an electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, estimating the parameters of this sophisticated model usually requires an electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "EIS data are analysed by fitting to a complex electrical equivalent circuit model for different values of the SOC and the temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "EIS data are analysed by fitting to a complex electrical equivalent circuit model for different values of the SOC and the temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Amylose is a linear natural polysaccharide with helical conformation, which is composed of glucose residues linked through α-(14)-glycosidic linkages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Amylose is a linear natural polysaccharide with helical conformation, which is composed of glucose residues linked through α-(14)-glycosidic linkages [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This is one component of starch and acts as an energy resource in nature with the other component of starch, i.e., amylopectin, which has a branched structure composed of α-(14)-glucans inter-linked α-(16)-glycosidic linkages ( Figure 1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is one component of starch and acts as an energy resource in nature with the other component of starch, i.e., amylopectin, which has a branched structure composed of α-(14)-glucans inter-linked α-(16)-glycosidic linkages ( Figure 1 ) [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Besides having such an important role in nature, amylose is known as a high performance material because it acts as a host molecule and forms amylose supramolecules by inclusion of various guest molecules (inclusion complexes) owing to its helical conformation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides having such an important role in nature, amylose is known as a high performance material because it acts as a host molecule and forms amylose supramolecules by inclusion of various guest molecules (inclusion complexes) owing to its helical conformation [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, a pure amylose is currently not available from starch because the complete separation of natural amylose from amylopectin is difficult.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a pure amylose is currently not available from starch because the complete separation of natural amylose from amylopectin is difficult.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The only method used for production of the pure amylose with the desired average molecular weight is a phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The only method used for production of the pure amylose with the desired average molecular weight is a phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Polysaccharides are theoretically produced by the repeated glycosylations of a glycosyl donor with a glycosyl acceptor to form a glycosidic linkage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Polysaccharides are theoretically produced by the repeated glycosylations of a glycosyl donor with a glycosyl acceptor to form a glycosidic linkage [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "To synthesize polysaccharides by such repeated glycosylations, the in vitro approach by enzymatic catalysis has been significantly investigated because enzymes have remarkable catalytic advantages compared with other types of catalysts in terms of the stereo-and regioselectivities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To synthesize polysaccharides by such repeated glycosylations, the in vitro approach by enzymatic catalysis has been significantly investigated because enzymes have remarkable catalytic advantages compared with other types of catalysts in terms of the stereo-and regioselectivities [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "The enzymatic glycosylation is a very powerful tool for the stereo-and regioselective construction of the glycosidic linkages under mild conditions, where a glycosyl donor and a glycosyl acceptor can be employed in their unprotected forms, leading to the direct formation of an unprotected glycoside in aqueous media.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The enzymatic glycosylation is a very powerful tool for the stereo-and regioselective construction of the glycosidic linkages under mild conditions, where a glycosyl donor and a glycosyl acceptor can be employed in their unprotected forms, leading to the direct formation of an unprotected glycoside in aqueous media [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, repetition of the enzymatic glycosylations, i.e., enzymatic polymerization, forms polysaccharides with well-defined structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, repetition of the enzymatic glycosylations, i.e., enzymatic polymerization, forms polysaccharides with well-defined structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "By means of the phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of G-1-P for direct construction of amylose, the author's group has developed an efficient method for the preparation of inclusion complexes of amylose with synthetic polymers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By means of the phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of G-1-P for direct construction of amylose, the author's group has developed an efficient method for the preparation of inclusion complexes of amylose with synthetic polymers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The representation of propagation in the polymerization is similar as the way that vines of plants grow twining around rods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The representation of propagation in the polymerization is similar as the way that vines of plants grow twining around rods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, it has been proposed that this polymerization method for the preparation of amylose-polymer inclusion complexes is named -vine-twining polymerization‖ (Figure 3 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, it has been proposed that this polymerization method for the preparation of amylose-polymer inclusion complexes is named -vine-twining polymerization‖ (Figure 3 ) [11] [12] [13] [30] [31] [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12] [13] [30] [31] [32]" ] }, { "text": "In this review article, the author describes the principal results, discussion, and applications of vine-twining polymerization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this review article, the author describes the principal results, discussion, and applications of vine-twining polymerization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Phosphorylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible phosphorolytic reaction of α-(14)-glucans, such as amylose and glycogen, at a non-reducing end in the presence of inorganic phosphate to produce α-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G-1-P) and those with one smaller degree of polymerization (DP).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Phosphorylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible phosphorolytic reaction of α-(14)-glucans, such as amylose and glycogen, at a non-reducing end in the presence of inorganic phosphate to produce α-D-glucose 1-phosphate (G-1-P) and those with one smaller degree of polymerization (DP) [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Because the reaction by phosphorylase catalysis exhibits reversible nature, α-(14)-glycosidic linkage can be constructed by the phosphorylase-catalyzed glycosylation using G-1-P as a glycosyl donor ( Figure 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the reaction by phosphorylase catalysis exhibits reversible nature, α-(14)-glycosidic linkage can be constructed by the phosphorylase-catalyzed glycosylation using G-1-P as a glycosyl donor ( Figure 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a glycosyl acceptor, which is often called a ‗primer', maltooligosaccharides with DPs higher than the smallest one recognized by phosphorylase, are used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a glycosyl acceptor, which is often called a ‗primer', maltooligosaccharides with DPs higher than the smallest one recognized by phosphorylase, are used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The smallest glycosyl acceptor for the phosphorylase-catalyzed glycosylation is typically maltotetraose (G 4 ), whereas that for the phosphorolytic cleavage is typically maltopentaose (G 5 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The smallest glycosyl acceptor for the phosphorylase-catalyzed glycosylation is typically maltotetraose (G 4 ), whereas that for the phosphorolytic cleavage is typically maltopentaose (G 5 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the glycosylation, a glucose unit is transferred from G-1-P to a non-reducing end of the primer to form α-(14)-glycosidic linkage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the glycosylation, a glucose unit is transferred from G-1-P to a non-reducing end of the primer to form α-(14)-glycosidic linkage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the excess molar ratio of G-1-P to the primer is present in the reaction system, the successive glycosylations occur as a propagation of polymerization to produce the α-(14)-glucan chain, i.e., amylose.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When the excess molar ratio of G-1-P to the primer is present in the reaction system, the successive glycosylations occur as a propagation of polymerization to produce the α-(14)-glucan chain, i.e., amylose [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]" ] }, { "text": "Because the phosphorylase-catalyzed polymerization proceeds analogously to a living polymerization, the molecular weight of the produced amylose has a narrow distribution (M w /M n < 1.2) and can be controlled by the G-1-P/primer feed molar ratios.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the phosphorylase-catalyzed polymerization proceeds analogously to a living polymerization, the molecular weight of the produced amylose has a narrow distribution (M w /M n < 1.2) and can be controlled by the G-1-P/primer feed molar ratios [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "As aforementioned, amylose is the well-known host molecule that forms inclusion complexes with guest molecules having relatively lower molecular weight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As aforementioned, amylose is the well-known host molecule that forms inclusion complexes with guest molecules having relatively lower molecular weight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The driving force for formation of inclusion complexes is hydrophobic interaction between host and guest molecules because the cavity inside the amylose helix has hydrophobic nature due to the presence of hydrophilic hydroxy groups in the glucose units on the outer side of the helix.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The driving force for formation of inclusion complexes is hydrophobic interaction between host and guest molecules because the cavity inside the amylose helix has hydrophobic nature due to the presence of hydrophilic hydroxy groups in the glucose units on the outer side of the helix.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, hydrophobicity is required as the property of guest molecules to be included by amylose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, hydrophobicity is required as the property of guest molecules to be included by amylose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, only limited studies had been reported regarding the formation of inclusion complexes composed of amylose and polymeric guest molecules.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, only limited studies had been reported regarding the formation of inclusion complexes composed of amylose and polymeric guest molecules [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]" ] }, { "text": "Because the driving force incorporating guest molecules into the cavity of amylose is the weak hydrophobic interaction, amylose does not have sufficient ability to include the long chains of polymeric guests into its cavity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the driving force incorporating guest molecules into the cavity of amylose is the weak hydrophobic interaction, amylose does not have sufficient ability to include the long chains of polymeric guests into its cavity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Furthermore, the 'husky' qualities of Johansson's voice are often noted in the popular press.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the 'husky' qualities of Johansson's voice are often noted in the popular press.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Harvard Crimson said the following about her in a 2006 article: \"It makes you wonder if, as a youth, Scarlett's parents took a big strip of sandpaper and ground that voice from a perfect diamond down into a rough-cut masterpiece\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Harvard Crimson said the following about her in a 2006 article: \"It makes you wonder if, as a youth, Scarlett's parents took a big strip of sandpaper and ground that voice from a perfect diamond down into a rough-cut masterpiece\" (Chung 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chung 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Though 'huskiness' and creaky voice are two distinct features, we should consider the possibility of speakerspecific influences on our results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though 'huskiness' and creaky voice are two distinct features, we should consider the possibility of speakerspecific influences on our results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Johansson may be manipulating and exaggerating traits beyond social indexicality in recognition of her husky voice as an iconic attribute.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Johansson may be manipulating and exaggerating traits beyond social indexicality in recognition of her husky voice as an iconic attribute.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further study of Johansson's speech outside of her character roles would improve understanding Johansson's 'base line' level of creak.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further study of Johansson's speech outside of her character roles would improve understanding Johansson's 'base line' level of creak.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The learning in the drama is a type of reconstruction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The learning in the drama is a type of reconstruction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The students, whether children or youth, consider their learning, information through a new perspective, re-examine previously acquired notions and give new meanings to these notions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The students, whether children or youth, consider their learning, information through a new perspective, re-examine previously acquired notions and give new meanings to these notions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this process the experience is re-examined and all these processes result in a natural learning to occur.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this process the experience is re-examined and all these processes result in a natural learning to occur (San, 1989) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(San, 1989)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the social studies curriculum revised upon these reasons, the drama can make the classroom more exciting and also help students to remember the historical and cultural notions and not forget these facts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the social studies curriculum revised upon these reasons, the drama can make the classroom more exciting and also help students to remember the historical and cultural notions and not forget these facts (Turner, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Turner, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The primary purpose of social studies is to help young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decisions in a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The primary purpose of social studies is to help young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decisions in a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world (Sunal & Haas, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sunal & Haas, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In the drama method, the students can either observe or participate in the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the drama method, the students can either observe or participate in the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To use drama is highly motivating and the students work in cooperation, and learn researching, critical thinking and problem solving skills.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To use drama is highly motivating and the students work in cooperation, and learn researching, critical thinking and problem solving skills (Shoob & Stout, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shoob & Stout, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "In light of these statements, the general purpose of the study is to determine the effect of creative drama as a teaching method on academic achievement in, attitude towards and retention in social studies subject of primary school students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In light of these statements, the general purpose of the study is to determine the effect of creative drama as a teaching method on academic achievement in, attitude towards and retention in social studies subject of primary school students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The rolling element bearing is a core component of many systems such as aircraft, train, steamboat, and machine tool, and their failure can lead to reduced capability, downtime, and even catastrophic breakdowns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The rolling element bearing is a core component of many systems such as aircraft, train, steamboat, and machine tool, and their failure can lead to reduced capability, downtime, and even catastrophic breakdowns [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Due to misoperation, manufacturing deficiencies, or the lack of monitoring and maintenance, it is often found to be the most unreliable component within these systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to misoperation, manufacturing deficiencies, or the lack of monitoring and maintenance, it is often found to be the most unreliable component within these systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, effective and efficient fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings has an important role in ensuring the continued safe and reliable operation of their host systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, effective and efficient fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings has an important role in ensuring the continued safe and reliable operation of their host systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Together with a ciphertext for its owner, m is encrypted k + 1 times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Together with a ciphertext for its owner, m is encrypted k + 1 times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The system keeps these k + 1 ciphertexts for sharing a single message m. One negative aspect of this approach has been identified, i.e. storing multiple copies of encrypted data (individual ciphertexts) can be a source of inconsistency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The system keeps these k + 1 ciphertexts for sharing a single message m. One negative aspect of this approach has been identified, i.e. storing multiple copies of encrypted data (individual ciphertexts) can be a source of inconsistency [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In RRN system, to share the same data m, data owner calculates its share ciphertext.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In RRN system, to share the same data m, data owner calculates its share ciphertext.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instead of multiple individual ciphertexts, only one share ciphertext is kept.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead of multiple individual ciphertexts, only one share ciphertext is kept.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "RRN system does not lead to inconsistencies but is more computation intensive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RRN system does not lead to inconsistencies but is more computation intensive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Based on the above straightforward approach, if there exists an efficient method that converts multiple individual ciphertexts to one share ciphertext, then a new approach of enforcing general access control is established with the advantages of both efficiency and consistency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the above straightforward approach, if there exists an efficient method that converts multiple individual ciphertexts to one share ciphertext, then a new approach of enforcing general access control is established with the advantages of both efficiency and consistency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have discovered such a method: Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have discovered such a method: Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CRT provides a way of mapping a number x ∈ Z n (Z n is the set of nonnegative integers less than n) to a series of k numbers a i ∈ Z ni , where 1 ≤ i ≤ k, n = n 1 n 2 ...n k and n 1 , n 2 , ..., n k are pairwise relatively prime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CRT provides a way of mapping a number x ∈ Z n (Z n is the set of nonnegative integers less than n) to a series of k numbers a i ∈ Z ni , where 1 ≤ i ≤ k, n = n 1 n 2 ...n k and n 1 , n 2 , ..., n k are pairwise relatively prime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mapping is a one-to-one correspondence (called a bijection) between Z n and the Cartesian product Z n1 × Z n2 × ... × Z n k.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mapping is a one-to-one correspondence (called a bijection) between Z n and the Cartesian product Z n1 × Z n2 × ... × Z n k [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "This property of CRT enables it to construct a share ciphertext from a series of individual ciphertexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This property of CRT enables it to construct a share ciphertext from a series of individual ciphertexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "A previous study of the response of natural populations to spatial variation in forest floor sunflecks suggested that P. quinquefolius is pre-adapted to the light regimes of old growth forests.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A previous study of the response of natural populations to spatial variation in forest floor sunflecks suggested that P. quinquefolius is pre-adapted to the light regimes of old growth forests (Wagner & McGraw 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF75" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wagner & McGraw 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Old growth forests are characterized by an overstorey with well-developed canopy layers as well as temporally and spatially heterogeneous gap formations and closures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Old growth forests are characterized by an overstorey with well-developed canopy layers as well as temporally and spatially heterogeneous gap formations and closures (Knohl et al. 2003; Spies et al. 2006; Manabe et al. 2009; Wagner & McGraw 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF66", "BIBREF43", "BIBREF75" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Knohl et al. 2003; Spies et al. 2006; Manabe et al. 2009; Wagner & McGraw 2013)" ] }, { "text": "A separate study that focused on the response of P. quinquefolius to timber harvest found that initial P. quinquefolius survival decreased following tree removal, while the growth rate of surviving individuals increased .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A separate study that focused on the response of P. quinquefolius to timber harvest found that initial P. quinquefolius survival decreased following tree removal, while the growth rate of surviving individuals increased .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the net demographic effect of natural canopy disturbances on P. quinquefolius was unknown.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the net demographic effect of natural canopy disturbances on P. quinquefolius was unknown.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Forest disturbances occur as a result of both natural and anthropogenic influences, and range from discrete disturbance events to chronic disturbances that occur over longer timescales.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Forest disturbances occur as a result of both natural and anthropogenic influences, and range from discrete disturbance events to chronic disturbances that occur over longer timescales (White & Pickett 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF78" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(White & Pickett 1985)" ] }, { "text": "Disturbance influences the structure and function of individual plants, populations and forest communities, and can differentially affect the various strata within forested systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Disturbance influences the structure and function of individual plants, populations and forest communities, and can differentially affect the various strata within forested systems (White 1979; Roberts & Gilliam 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF77", "BIBREF59" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(White 1979; Roberts & Gilliam 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Canopy disturbances are recurring sources of heterogeneity that lead to multi-dimensional shifts in forest understorey dynamics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Canopy disturbances are recurring sources of heterogeneity that lead to multi-dimensional shifts in forest understorey dynamics (Valverde & Silvertown 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF70" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Valverde & Silvertown 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A non-catalyzed method called Saka process (one-step supercritical methanol method) was, therefore, developed to overcome any issues related to the use of catalysts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A non-catalyzed method called Saka process (one-step supercritical methanol method) was, therefore, developed to overcome any issues related to the use of catalysts [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "This process was further improved by Saka-Dadan process (two-step supercritical methanol method) that uses milder reaction conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This process was further improved by Saka-Dadan process (two-step supercritical methanol method) that uses milder reaction conditions [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The main advantages of the new processes are short reaction time, simple product purification and broad-range feedstock applicability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantages of the new processes are short reaction time, simple product purification and broad-range feedstock applicability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Volition is the basis of a conscious action and, more specifically, one's ability to make decisions in a specific way relying on conscious motivational forces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Volition is the basis of a conscious action and, more specifically, one's ability to make decisions in a specific way relying on conscious motivational forces (Proios, Mavrovouniotis, & Proios, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Proios, Mavrovouniotis, & Proios, 2012)" ] }, { "text": "In sports, such forces can often help one overcome several unexpected psychological and physical inner and outer resistances, such as fatigue, pain or fear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In sports, such forces can often help one overcome several unexpected psychological and physical inner and outer resistances, such as fatigue, pain or fear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And this is because while athletes have high performance motivation, in such cases it is frequently inadequate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "And this is because while athletes have high performance motivation, in such cases it is frequently inadequate (Birrer & Morgan, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Birrer & Morgan, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Then, the construct validity method was used to examine whether MAV measures the six components of the aforementioned volitional qualities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, the construct validity method was used to examine whether MAV measures the six components of the aforementioned volitional qualities (Anastasi, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Anastasi, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Construct validity focuses on how well the variables chosen by the researcher to represent a hypothetical construct really capture the essence of that , VOLUME 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2014 | 769 hypothetical construct.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Construct validity focuses on how well the variables chosen by the researcher to represent a hypothetical construct really capture the essence of that , VOLUME 9 | ISSUE 4 | 2014 | 769 hypothetical construct (Stapleton, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF59" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stapleton, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "The factor analyses of the study confirmed that the multidimensional of volition a priori specified was fairly reliably reproduced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The factor analyses of the study confirmed that the multidimensional of volition a priori specified was fairly reliably reproduced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Exploratory factor analysis of a six-factor model was indicated by means of the 23-item scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Exploratory factor analysis of a six-factor model was indicated by means of the 23-item scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These factors were consistent with the theoretical framework previously maintained in the Introduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These factors were consistent with the theoretical framework previously maintained in the Introduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A fatal shark attack on a 17-year-old boy of West Beach in Adelaide left the popular beaches of South Australia almost deserted in the summer of 2004.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A fatal shark attack on a 17-year-old boy of West Beach in Adelaide left the popular beaches of South Australia almost deserted in the summer of 2004.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the extreme low probability of a shark attack occurring, it seems that the extensive media coverage following the incident was enough to evoke vivid, terrifying images of the attack in the minds of beach-goers, ensuring that they stayed away.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the extreme low probability of a shark attack occurring, it seems that the extensive media coverage following the incident was enough to evoke vivid, terrifying images of the attack in the minds of beach-goers, ensuring that they stayed away.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such an effect can be explained in terms of the 'availability heuristic'-the idea that people judge the probability of an event by the ease with which instances or associations can be brought to mind.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such an effect can be explained in terms of the 'availability heuristic'-the idea that people judge the probability of an event by the ease with which instances or associations can be brought to mind (Tversky & Kahneman, 1973) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tversky & Kahneman, 1973)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Hypertension was a rare event in our series.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hypertension was a rare event in our series.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only one child with Hb-SS was found to have low GFR and to be hypertensive for diastolic BP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only one child with Hb-SS was found to have low GFR and to be hypertensive for diastolic BP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is little data about hypertension in children suffering from SCD.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is little data about hypertension in children suffering from SCD.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a recent study, high frequency of abnormalities in BP measurements was reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a recent study, high frequency of abnormalities in BP measurements was reported [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "However, hypertension in SCD is difficult to classify and normal values in sickle cell patient require more attention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, hypertension in SCD is difficult to classify and normal values in sickle cell patient require more attention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elevated BP in this population is a high predictor of risk for stroke and mortality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Elevated BP in this population is a high predictor of risk for stroke and mortality [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Future wireless standards such as the fifth generation of mobile communications are evolving to allow simultaneously high datarate transmissions for classical end-user applications such as telephony or video, very low latency for vehicle, and safety applications but also low power transmission required by the connected thing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future wireless standards such as the fifth generation of mobile communications are evolving to allow simultaneously high datarate transmissions for classical end-user applications such as telephony or video, very low latency for vehicle, and safety applications but also low power transmission required by the connected thing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter class, also known as Internet of Things (IoT), needs to accept an exponentially growing number of nodes due to a large panel of applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter class, also known as Internet of Things (IoT), needs to accept an exponentially growing number of nodes due to a large panel of applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While mobile operators are able to upgrade their base stations in order to deal with the IoT by allowing the 4G Cat-M or NB-IoT standards, several technologies dedicated to very low power consumption recently emerged in nonlicenced-ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) bands, among which we can cite LoRa, SigFox, or Weightless.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While mobile operators are able to upgrade their base stations in order to deal with the IoT by allowing the 4G Cat-M or NB-IoT standards, several technologies dedicated to very low power consumption recently emerged in nonlicenced-ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) bands, among which we can cite LoRa, SigFox, or Weightless [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "As the radio range of most of these technologies can reach several kilometers and even tens of kilometers, they are called Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the radio range of most of these technologies can reach several kilometers and even tens of kilometers, they are called Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The Saddle grunt, Pomadasys maculatus, is an amphidromous species that is found in coastal inshore waters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Saddle grunt, Pomadasys maculatus, is an amphidromous species that is found in coastal inshore waters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Haemulidae family is small to medium sized fishes, generally inhabiting shallow coastal waters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Haemulidae family is small to medium sized fishes, generally inhabiting shallow coastal waters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They occur in coral reef areas, as well as in muddy or weedy waters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They occur in coral reef areas, as well as in muddy or weedy waters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Grunts are commonly found in marine and brackish water (Indian, Pacific and Atlantic) rarely in fresh water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Grunts are commonly found in marine and brackish water (Indian, Pacific and Atlantic) rarely in fresh water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several of the species belonging to this family are rather common in Pakistan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several of the species belonging to this family are rather common in Pakistan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "P.maculatus is one of the important Grunt fish of Karachi coast, found in coastal waters over sand near reefs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "P.maculatus is one of the important Grunt fish of Karachi coast, found in coastal waters over sand near reefs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indo-West Pacific: throughout the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, north to China, south to Australia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indo-West Pacific: throughout the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, north to China, south to Australia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "P. maculatus is fished commercially and is taken by bottom trawl, hand-line, set net, trap, and spear.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "P. maculatus is fished commercially and is taken by bottom trawl, hand-line, set net, trap, and spear (FAO, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(FAO, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Marine fish production was 339.4 thousand tonnes in 2011.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Marine fish production was 339.4 thousand tonnes in 2011 (Memon, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Memon, 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Tropical cyclones and associated storm surges at many places across the globe causes loss of human life and property.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tropical cyclones and associated storm surges at many places across the globe causes loss of human life and property.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accurate prediction of tropical cyclone track and intensity are challenging task for any operational meteorological agency as it involves using state of the art numerical models and realistic data sets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accurate prediction of tropical cyclone track and intensity are challenging task for any operational meteorological agency as it involves using state of the art numerical models and realistic data sets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Land use/Land cover (LULC) is one of the dynamic features that undergo rapid changes due to anthropogenic and associated developmental activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Land use/Land cover (LULC) is one of the dynamic features that undergo rapid changes due to anthropogenic and associated developmental activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The land surface processes affect weather through the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between the earth's surface and the atmosphere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The land surface processes affect weather through the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between the earth's surface and the atmosphere [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "LULC changes affect the surface wind, temperature and humidity, which in turn affect the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and thus numerical weather forecasting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "LULC changes affect the surface wind, temperature and humidity, which in turn affect the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and thus numerical weather forecasting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cyclones form in tropical seas and population densities are often high in tropical regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cyclones form in tropical seas and population densities are often high in tropical regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cyclones constitute a major hazard for a large number of people around the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cyclones constitute a major hazard for a large number of people around the world [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Low-pressure systems of cyclone draw their energy from very warm surface waters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Low-pressure systems of cyclone draw their energy from very warm surface waters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the warm, moist air spirals in toward the centre, the wind speeds increase, reaching their maximum in the region surrounding the almost calm centre of the cyclone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the warm, moist air spirals in toward the centre, the wind speeds increase, reaching their maximum in the region surrounding the almost calm centre of the cyclone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The favorable conditions for the formation of tropical cyclones are sea surface temperature (SST) greater than 26.5 C and a deep lower level moist layer and absence of strong vertical shear.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The favorable conditions for the formation of tropical cyclones are sea surface temperature (SST) greater than 26.5 C and a deep lower level moist layer and absence of strong vertical shear [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "In tropical regions, land use/land cover changes of ecological and climatic significance are currently taking place, such as colonization of marginal *Address correspondence to this author at the Atmospheric Science Section, Oceanography Division, Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences Group, National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad-500625, India; Tel: +040-23884558; E-mail: [email protected] lands, deforestation, dry lands degradation, landscape fragmentation and rapid urbanization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In tropical regions, land use/land cover changes of ecological and climatic significance are currently taking place, such as colonization of marginal *Address correspondence to this author at the Atmospheric Science Section, Oceanography Division, Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences Group, National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad-500625, India; Tel: +040-23884558; E-mail: [email protected] lands, deforestation, dry lands degradation, landscape fragmentation and rapid urbanization [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "During grating fabrication, the grating period error is usually introduced, which may influence the compensation effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During grating fabrication, the grating period error is usually introduced, which may influence the compensation effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, a variation in seed grating phase occurs and can be expressed as Á0ðzÞ ¼ jð2%Cz 2 =à 2 0 ÞÁà 0 , while the compensation induced by the sampling pattern is fixed with a phase of 0 c ðzÞ ¼ jð%Cz 2 =à 2 0 Þ, and the ratio between them Á0ðzÞ=0 c ðzÞ is 2Áà 0 =à 0 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a variation in seed grating phase occurs and can be expressed as Á0ðzÞ ¼ jð2%Cz 2 =à 2 0 ÞÁà 0 , while the compensation induced by the sampling pattern is fixed with a phase of 0 c ðzÞ ¼ jð%Cz 2 =à 2 0 Þ, and the ratio between them Á0ðzÞ=0 c ðzÞ is 2Áà 0 =à 0 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Assuming the grating period à 0 is 250 nm and fabrication error is 2.0 nm, the ratio is only 0.016.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Assuming the grating period à 0 is 250 nm and fabrication error is 2.0 nm, the ratio is only 0.016.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is to say, the seed grating fabrication errors can be practically ignored, which is very beneficial for the actual applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is to say, the seed grating fabrication errors can be practically ignored, which is very beneficial for the actual applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, it should be mentioned that bent waveguide can cause radiation loss, but fortunately, it is not severe.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it should be mentioned that bent waveguide can cause radiation loss, but fortunately, it is not severe [15] , [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ], [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]", "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Traditional teaching can not meet the ever-changing world's need.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional teaching can not meet the ever-changing world's need.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 21st century explicitly requires teachers try to change their teaching strategies by shifting the emphasis from the traditional textbook-based, rote learning, to exploration, inquiry-based learning situated in real-world phenomena.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 21st century explicitly requires teachers try to change their teaching strategies by shifting the emphasis from the traditional textbook-based, rote learning, to exploration, inquiry-based learning situated in real-world phenomena.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Content delivery is a venerable and popular lecture format in higher education, but it seldom encourage students to study actively or think critically.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Content delivery is a venerable and popular lecture format in higher education, but it seldom encourage students to study actively or think critically (Duron et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Duron et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Lecturers need a practical approach to make study actively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lecturers need a practical approach to make study actively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To reassign student's enthusiasm of study, classroom assessment information is the essential fuel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To reassign student's enthusiasm of study, classroom assessment information is the essential fuel (Stiggins, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stiggins, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "This paper identified a 4-step interdisciplinary model of assessment that can be conducted in any teaching or training setting to increase students' thinking skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper identified a 4-step interdisciplinary model of assessment that can be conducted in any teaching or training setting to increase students' thinking skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Mastering HOT skills at the tertiary level is essential to meet employers' continual demands for independent, problemsolving employees.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mastering HOT skills at the tertiary level is essential to meet employers' continual demands for independent, problemsolving employees (Allen & Wern, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Allen & Wern, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "To meet the demands of the new century, lecturers and students got to take on the challenges, which require them to handle new and unexpected situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To meet the demands of the new century, lecturers and students got to take on the challenges, which require them to handle new and unexpected situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 4-step model illustrates a simple procedure of test construction that focuses on LOT and HOT skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 4-step model illustrates a simple procedure of test construction that focuses on LOT and HOT skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "On the other hand, it is well known that for n ≥ 2, the von Neumann's inequality fails in general with the exception that a pair of commuting contractions can be dilated to a pair of commuting unitary operators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, it is well known that for n ≥ 2, the von Neumann's inequality fails in general with the exception that a pair of commuting contractions can be dilated to a pair of commuting unitary operators [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "One versions of von Neumann's inequality for domains like ball and general symmetric domains require to replace the sup norm of the polynomials by operator norm of certain natural multiplier algebras.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One versions of von Neumann's inequality for domains like ball and general symmetric domains require to replace the sup norm of the polynomials by operator norm of certain natural multiplier algebras.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Now, we define the notion of Γ-contractions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Now, we define the notion of Γ-contractions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "It is believed that a key to the understanding of the nervous system is to make simultaneous observations of the activity of a large number of cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is believed that a key to the understanding of the nervous system is to make simultaneous observations of the activity of a large number of cells [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Probes that can penetrate neural tissue and insert a large number of recording sites, while tissue damage is kept to a minimum, are thus needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Probes that can penetrate neural tissue and insert a large number of recording sites, while tissue damage is kept to a minimum, are thus needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Micro system technology (MST) is well suited to this end, and several MST based neural probe concepts have been presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Micro system technology (MST) is well suited to this end, and several MST based neural probe concepts have been presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Pervasive healthcare applications are designed to support decentralized and preventive care.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pervasive healthcare applications are designed to support decentralized and preventive care.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pervasive healthcare will also help citizens manage their personal health and wellness outside the provider network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pervasive healthcare will also help citizens manage their personal health and wellness outside the provider network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This model highlights a wellness-centered approach by helping citizens to stay well physically, mentally, and socially and to utilize different selfmanagement and assistive services.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This model highlights a wellness-centered approach by helping citizens to stay well physically, mentally, and socially and to utilize different selfmanagement and assistive services [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "With pervasive computing technologies, it is it possible to collect all kinds of data anytime and anywhere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With pervasive computing technologies, it is it possible to collect all kinds of data anytime and anywhere [11, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 14]" ] }, { "text": "Data collection can be done by using intelligent sensors and measurement technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data collection can be done by using intelligent sensors and measurement technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "There are three reasons to prefer SEM over other techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are three reasons to prefer SEM over other techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, SEMs utilize multiple indicator variables to measure the latent variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, SEMs utilize multiple indicator variables to measure the latent variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, if one or more predictor variables are unreliable this may cause wrong coefficients or wrong signs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, if one or more predictor variables are unreliable this may cause wrong coefficients or wrong signs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It may also cause model misspecification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It may also cause model misspecification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Though separate bivariate regression may address the problem to some extent, they will not get rid of the difficulties caused by unreliable measures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Though separate bivariate regression may address the problem to some extent, they will not get rid of the difficulties caused by unreliable measures (Bacon, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bacon, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "It is through SEMs that unreliability could be taken into account by trying modeling in this technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is through SEMs that unreliability could be taken into account by trying modeling in this technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Third, SEM has been found a powerful method for dealing with multicollinearity more effectively compared to other multivariate techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, SEM has been found a powerful method for dealing with multicollinearity more effectively compared to other multivariate techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "SEM has the potential to test substantive theories.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "SEM has the potential to test substantive theories (Kaplan, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kaplan, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "This means that SEM is more suitable to be applied to a sufficiently developed theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that SEM is more suitable to be applied to a sufficiently developed theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And a developed theory suggests that some constructs in a model are not affecting some other constructs, which means that all variables will not load on all factors and, furthermore, certain disturbances and measurement errors will not co-vary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And a developed theory suggests that some constructs in a model are not affecting some other constructs, which means that all variables will not load on all factors and, furthermore, certain disturbances and measurement errors will not co-vary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the help of SEM a researcher specifies relationships between a set of variables in the form of a path diagram.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the help of SEM a researcher specifies relationships between a set of variables in the form of a path diagram.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a path diagram in SEM happens to be a simple graphical exhibit wherein uni-directional arrow indicates dependence relationship while bi-directional arrow indicates covariances, variances and correlations among the variables in the model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a path diagram in SEM happens to be a simple graphical exhibit wherein uni-directional arrow indicates dependence relationship while bi-directional arrow indicates covariances, variances and correlations among the variables in the model (Hair, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hair, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Apart from the arrows, there are rectangles or squares and circles or ellipses that represent the observed or manifest variables and unobserved or latent variables respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Apart from the arrows, there are rectangles or squares and circles or ellipses that represent the observed or manifest variables and unobserved or latent variables respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "G1D is a partially treatable condition with ketogenic diet (KD), which can replace glucose for acetyl-CoA generation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "G1D is a partially treatable condition with ketogenic diet (KD), which can replace glucose for acetyl-CoA generation [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "Energy failure has been proven in G1D astrocytes, while tricarboxilyc acid abundance in the brain of G1D mouse model is normal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy failure has been proven in G1D astrocytes, while tricarboxilyc acid abundance in the brain of G1D mouse model is normal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings support the complementary or alternative view that additional mechanisms participate in disease pathogenesis, placing new emphasis on G1D as a glial disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings support the complementary or alternative view that additional mechanisms participate in disease pathogenesis, placing new emphasis on G1D as a glial disease [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "This contention is highlighted by the preliminary therapeutic efficacy of triheptanoin, a dietary supplement with the potential to stimulate cerebral anabolism and energy delivery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This contention is highlighted by the preliminary therapeutic efficacy of triheptanoin, a dietary supplement with the potential to stimulate cerebral anabolism and energy delivery [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In our experiments we used two collections from the CMU World Wide Knowledge Base project, WebKB and 20Newsgroups 1 , and the widely used text classification collection Reuters − 21578.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our experiments we used two collections from the CMU World Wide Knowledge Base project, WebKB and 20Newsgroups 1 , and the widely used text classification collection Reuters − 21578.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For each dataset, we ran 4 algorithms: the two flavours of semi-supervised PLSA presented above (with mislabeling error model and with fake labels), as well as the semi-supervised Naive Bayes and the transductive Support Vector Machine (TSVM) algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For each dataset, we ran 4 algorithms: the two flavours of semi-supervised PLSA presented above (with mislabeling error model and with fake labels), as well as the semi-supervised Naive Bayes and the transductive Support Vector Machine (TSVM) algorithm [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "For the latter, we performed a one class vs. all TSVM for all existing classes using the SVM-light package of Joachims.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the latter, we performed a one class vs. all TSVM for all existing classes using the SVM-light package of Joachims [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "We used the linear kernel and we have optimized, for each of the different ratio of labeled-unlabeled documents in the training set, the cost parameter C by cross-validation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We used the linear kernel and we have optimized, for each of the different ratio of labeled-unlabeled documents in the training set, the cost parameter C by cross-validation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All performance reported below were averaged over 10 randomly chosen labeled, unlabeled and test sets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All performance reported below were averaged over 10 randomly chosen labeled, unlabeled and test sets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the field of robotics, closed chains are formed when several manipulator arms coordinate to handle an object.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the field of robotics, closed chains are formed when several manipulator arms coordinate to handle an object [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Parallel robots are closed loop mechanisms in which the end-effector is connected to the base by at least two independent kinematic chains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Parallel robots are closed loop mechanisms in which the end-effector is connected to the base by at least two independent kinematic chains [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "In the area of mobile robots, legged robots also create loops whenever two or more legs contact with the ground [lo] .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the area of mobile robots, legged robots also create loops whenever two or more legs contact with the ground [lo] .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In continuation of our research work, on development of heterogeneous catalysts and their utilization for synthesis of heterocyclic organic compounds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In continuation of our research work, on development of heterogeneous catalysts and their utilization for synthesis of heterocyclic organic compounds [32] [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32] [33]" ] }, { "text": "The present communication report collection, modification and catalytic application mesolite type zeolite sample which was collected from Aurangabad district of Marathwada region, Maharashtra state, India.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present communication report collection, modification and catalytic application mesolite type zeolite sample which was collected from Aurangabad district of Marathwada region, Maharashtra state, India.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was modified by sulphuric acid treatment and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, and BET and used as heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for one pot synthesis of 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene-isoxazol-5(4H)-ones derivatives, (Scheme-2).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was modified by sulphuric acid treatment and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, NH3-TPD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, and BET and used as heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for one pot synthesis of 3-methyl-4-arylmethylene-isoxazol-5(4H)-ones derivatives, (Scheme-2).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In §3.2 we study the spectrum Spec D ℓ (M, ε h ) and determine its contribution to formula (1.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In §3.2 we study the spectrum Spec D ℓ (M, ε h ) and determine its contribution to formula (1.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We show that non trivial eta series can only occur for the so called exceptional Z p -manifolds, in the terminology of Charlap.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that non trivial eta series can only occur for the so called exceptional Z p -manifolds, in the terminology of Charlap [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Using the information on the spectrum in §3.2, in Theorem 3.4 we obtain explicit expressions for the eta function η ℓ,h (s) in terms of Hurwitz zeta functions ζ(s, j p ), with 1 ≤ j ≤ p − 1 (see (3.13) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using the information on the spectrum in §3.2, in Theorem 3.4 we obtain explicit expressions for the eta function η ℓ,h (s) in terms of Hurwitz zeta functions ζ(s, j p ), with 1 ≤ j ≤ p − 1 (see (3.13) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From these expressions for η ℓ,h (s) we get formulas for the eta invariants η ℓ,h , by evaluation at s = 0 (Theorem 4.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From these expressions for η ℓ,h (s) we get formulas for the eta invariants η ℓ,h , by evaluation at s = 0 (Theorem 4.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "A typical set of signal-time concentration profiles in the artery, the portal vein, and the liver tissue was given in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical set of signal-time concentration profiles in the artery, the portal vein, and the liver tissue was given in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The profiles were similar with the findings previously reported in human studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The profiles were similar with the findings previously reported in human studies [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The order of arrival of the contrast was as follow: in the artery, in the portal vein, and in the liver tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The order of arrival of the contrast was as follow: in the artery, in the portal vein, and in the liver tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It showed that the two vascular inputs mix in the sinusoids at different time intervals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It showed that the two vascular inputs mix in the sinusoids at different time intervals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, current temporal resolution of image acquisition of two seconds might not be adequate in delineating the difference clearly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, current temporal resolution of image acquisition of two seconds might not be adequate in delineating the difference clearly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To tackle these shortcomings, this paper introduces a light-weight framework for location-based systems, integrating existing GIS and TIS information (cf. also).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To tackle these shortcomings, this paper introduces a light-weight framework for location-based systems, integrating existing GIS and TIS information (cf. also [28] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "In contrast to most other systems, it was not the main goal to implement a full-fledged mobile tourist guide providing all kinds of tourism and geographic services which could support the mobile tourist, e.g. routing, recommendations, and guided tours.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to most other systems, it was not the main goal to implement a full-fledged mobile tourist guide providing all kinds of tourism and geographic services which could support the mobile tourist, e.g. routing, recommendations, and guided tours.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rather the focus is on high configurability to make existing tourism information location-aware by linking points of interest (PoIs) to geographical positions on a map.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rather the focus is on high configurability to make existing tourism information location-aware by linking points of interest (PoIs) to geographical positions on a map.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To demonstrate the applicability of the framework, a prototype of a mobile tourist guide has been implemented for the city of Linz, one of the largest cities of Austria, which delivers geographic data in form of maps or aerial photos and information about local PoIs to mobile devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To demonstrate the applicability of the framework, a prototype of a mobile tourist guide has been implemented for the city of Linz, one of the largest cities of Austria, which delivers geographic data in form of maps or aerial photos and information about local PoIs to mobile devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The evolution of the technological landscape leads us reassess the opportunities for expanding and improving the set of tools for usability evaluation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evolution of the technological landscape leads us reassess the opportunities for expanding and improving the set of tools for usability evaluation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, capture devices are cheaper, more reliable, less intrusive, and usable with increasing autonomy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, capture devices are cheaper, more reliable, less intrusive, and usable with increasing autonomy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examples of this evolution are HR or SC measurement devices, which have become portable and wireless and even EEG systems have left the controlled conditions of clinical settings (see for example, the design of dry electrode devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Examples of this evolution are HR or SC measurement devices, which have become portable and wireless and even EEG systems have left the controlled conditions of clinical settings (see for example, the design of dry electrode devices [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Second, the capacity to process these signals evolved dramatically, both in computing power and in the understanding of the algorithms that extract meaning from the human data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, the capacity to process these signals evolved dramatically, both in computing power and in the understanding of the algorithms that extract meaning from the human data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Polymeric gels are networks containing physically and/or chemically cross-linked segments which can halt the long distance rearrangements between the polymer chains that are responsible for the material's dissolution and plastic deformation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Polymeric gels are networks containing physically and/or chemically cross-linked segments which can halt the long distance rearrangements between the polymer chains that are responsible for the material's dissolution and plastic deformation [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "When polymeric gels are not filled with fluids, they are dubbed xerogels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When polymeric gels are not filled with fluids, they are dubbed xerogels [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "This class of polymeric material has many applications, such as in tissue engineering, drug delivery, prosthetics and membranes applied in separation processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This class of polymeric material has many applications, such as in tissue engineering, drug delivery, prosthetics and membranes applied in separation processes [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14] [15] [16]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Consequently, in conditions of HECC, learning how to develop new forms of institutional arrangements aligned with Integrated Climate Governance (ICG) becomes a very complex challenge, as does designing opportunity pathways and concrete options and solutions for transformation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, in conditions of HECC, learning how to develop new forms of institutional arrangements aligned with Integrated Climate Governance (ICG) becomes a very complex challenge, as does designing opportunity pathways and concrete options and solutions for transformation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IGC can be understood as an explicit mode of co-ordinated collective action explicitly aimed at supporting transformation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "IGC can be understood as an explicit mode of co-ordinated collective action explicitly aimed at supporting transformation [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "This perspective is based on the need to support new forms of public engagement, policy instruments and transformative research capable not only of informing but also, in turn, of creating new institutional designs in a social learning mode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This perspective is based on the need to support new forms of public engagement, policy instruments and transformative research capable not only of informing but also, in turn, of creating new institutional designs in a social learning mode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, IGC is not only about assessing risks, impacts and vulnerabilities, but also and most importantly, it is concerned with designing opportunity pathways and concrete options and solutions for transformation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, IGC is not only about assessing risks, impacts and vulnerabilities, but also and most importantly, it is concerned with designing opportunity pathways and concrete options and solutions for transformation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through implementing concrete capacities for IGC, it should be possible to facilitate a transdisciplinary process for the exchange, integration and outreach of networks among multiple knowledge-holders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Through implementing concrete capacities for IGC, it should be possible to facilitate a transdisciplinary process for the exchange, integration and outreach of networks among multiple knowledge-holders [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "This requires a robust representation of the relevant knowledge systems and networks capable of co-ordinating and implementing multiple solutions according to different emerging socio-economic situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This requires a robust representation of the relevant knowledge systems and networks capable of co-ordinating and implementing multiple solutions according to different emerging socio-economic situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present research aims at contributing to this knowledge base by describing the particular case of Iberia which is part of a larger research effort of the EU funded project IMPRESSIONS, described below, which also includes other cases in Hungary, Scotland, Europe and Central Asia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present research aims at contributing to this knowledge base by describing the particular case of Iberia which is part of a larger research effort of the EU funded project IMPRESSIONS, described below, which also includes other cases in Hungary, Scotland, Europe and Central Asia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This meta-analysis was conducted to help shed some light on the widely debated effectiveness of diversion programs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This meta-analysis was conducted to help shed some light on the widely debated effectiveness of diversion programs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The summary results indicate that diversion programs, both caution and intervention, are significantly more effective in reducing recidivism than the traditional justice system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The summary results indicate that diversion programs, both caution and intervention, are significantly more effective in reducing recidivism than the traditional justice system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This conclusion is consistent with hypotheses derived from labeling and differential association theories reviewed in the introduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This conclusion is consistent with hypotheses derived from labeling and differential association theories reviewed in the introduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results are also consistent with research reviewed earlier indicating that simple contact with the judicial system can increase the likelihood of reoffending.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results are also consistent with research reviewed earlier indicating that simple contact with the judicial system can increase the likelihood of reoffending.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This conclusion differs, however, from that of the previous diversion meta-analysis, which concluded that diversion produces no significant effects on youth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This conclusion differs, however, from that of the previous diversion meta-analysis, which concluded that diversion produces no significant effects on youth (Gensheimer et al., 1986) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gensheimer et al., 1986)" ] }, { "text": "The differing results could be due, in part, to differential inclusion criteria and the considerable difference in number of studies and subjects (this review included nearly 4 times the number of programs and 8 times the sample size of the previous study).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The differing results could be due, in part, to differential inclusion criteria and the considerable difference in number of studies and subjects (this review included nearly 4 times the number of programs and 8 times the sample size of the previous study).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This meta-analysis also differs from the 1986 study by distinguishing between referral levels and intervention and caution programs as well as by conducting moderator analyses to help identify which aspects of the programs are associated with reductions in recidivism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This meta-analysis also differs from the 1986 study by distinguishing between referral levels and intervention and caution programs as well as by conducting moderator analyses to help identify which aspects of the programs are associated with reductions in recidivism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A number of these variables will be discussed here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A number of these variables will be discussed here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Study-level variables were significantly influential in contributing to the effect sizes reported by individual studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Study-level variables were significantly influential in contributing to the effect sizes reported by individual studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies coded as implementing a successful research design found that there is no significant difference in reoffense rates of diverted youth and those processed by the conventional justice system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies coded as implementing a successful research design found that there is no significant difference in reoffense rates of diverted youth and those processed by the conventional justice system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is in line with a number of other intervention outcome meta-analyses demonstrating that better research designs are typically associated with smaller effects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is in line with a number of other intervention outcome meta-analyses demonstrating that better research designs are typically associated with smaller effects (Latimer, 2001; Lipsey, 2003; Weisburd et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48", "BIBREF51", "BIBREF85" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Latimer, 2001; Lipsey, 2003; Weisburd et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "As this variable is typically considered a proxy variable for the level of internal validity, successful designs are assumed to yield more accurate results.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As this variable is typically considered a proxy variable for the level of internal validity, successful designs are assumed to yield more accurate results (Weisburd et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF85" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Weisburd et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "If conclusions regarding diversion were limited to those studies that had successful research designs, it would be justifiable to conclude that diversion is no more effective than the traditional justice system in reducing recidivism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If conclusions regarding diversion were limited to those studies that had successful research designs, it would be justifiable to conclude that diversion is no more effective than the traditional justice system in reducing recidivism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the programs within these studies (k p = 6) are diverse and consider both intervention and caution approaches, target different groups of youth, and provide differing services, which significantly influence the degree of effectiveness of intervention programs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the programs within these studies (k p = 6) are diverse and consider both intervention and caution approaches, target different groups of youth, and provide differing services, which significantly influence the degree of effectiveness of intervention programs (Lipsey, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lipsey, 2009)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Interestingly, all diversion programs demonstrated a difference in effectiveness according to published status; however, the results were in the opposite direction expected by a publication bias.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, all diversion programs demonstrated a difference in effectiveness according to published status; however, the results were in the opposite direction expected by a publication bias.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This type of bias commonly represents the greater likelihood of studies with statistically significant findings being published, thereby biasing the results of a metaanalysis primarily making use of published articles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This type of bias commonly represents the greater likelihood of studies with statistically significant findings being published, thereby biasing the results of a metaanalysis primarily making use of published articles (Gillett, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gillett, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "In this case, however, unpublished studies demonstrated greater effectiveness and, therefore, fewer nonsignificant results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, however, unpublished studies demonstrated greater effectiveness and, therefore, fewer nonsignificant results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This difference does not likely have a meaningful effect on the overall results, as the difference was just barely statistically significant and both sets of studies found diversion to be more effective than conventional means.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This difference does not likely have a meaningful effect on the overall results, as the difference was just barely statistically significant and both sets of studies found diversion to be more effective than conventional means.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "To date, FSW has been successfully applied for the welding of aluminium and other low melting point alloys.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To date, FSW has been successfully applied for the welding of aluminium and other low melting point alloys [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "There has been recent research carried out on FSW of steel and high strength alloys.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been recent research carried out on FSW of steel and high strength alloys [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "The factors affecting the quality of friction stir welds are normally rotational and traverse speed of the tool, plunging force of the tool on the workpiece, and the angle of the contact between the tool and workpiece.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The factors affecting the quality of friction stir welds are normally rotational and traverse speed of the tool, plunging force of the tool on the workpiece, and the angle of the contact between the tool and workpiece [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "FSW process parameters such as tool rotational and traverse speed greatly influence the heat input, cooling rate and the quality of the welds produced.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "FSW process parameters such as tool rotational and traverse speed greatly influence the heat input, cooling rate and the quality of the welds produced [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The main issues behind the particularly limited application of FSW of steel are the short life and high cost of FSW tools.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main issues behind the particularly limited application of FSW of steel are the short life and high cost of FSW tools [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The design of the FSW tool is primarily influenced by material selection, geometry and production cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The design of the FSW tool is primarily influenced by material selection, geometry and production cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tool technology for welding steel is comparatively underdeveloped and more research needs to be conducted to ensure that the whole welding process becomes entirely independent from the tool's life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The tool technology for welding steel is comparatively underdeveloped and more research needs to be conducted to ensure that the whole welding process becomes entirely independent from the tool's life [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Polycrystalline boron nitride (pcBN) is mainly being used as the tool material for steel welding with the maximum welding length as 40 m per tool.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Polycrystalline boron nitride (pcBN) is mainly being used as the tool material for steel welding with the maximum welding length as 40 m per tool [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "The pcBN material is considered expensive and has also been shown to exhibit cracks and significant wear, both of which are detrimental to the weld characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The pcBN material is considered expensive and has also been shown to exhibit cracks and significant wear, both of which are detrimental to the weld characteristics [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Numerical simulation is a cost-effective means of investigating and predicting different physical phenomena during FSW.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerical simulation is a cost-effective means of investigating and predicting different physical phenomena during FSW [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "From a modelling perspective, it is important to capture the numerical results of the process as close to the experimentally generated data as possible such as the temperature gradient, surface features and material flow in the workpiece.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From a modelling perspective, it is important to capture the numerical results of the process as close to the experimentally generated data as possible such as the temperature gradient, surface features and material flow in the workpiece.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This allows an evaluation of the diverse process parameters, for instance tool geometry and process parameters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This allows an evaluation of the diverse process parameters, for instance tool geometry and process parameters [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Thirdly, many scholars believe that urban space changes are the result of the interaction and integration of government forces, market forces, and social forces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thirdly, many scholars believe that urban space changes are the result of the interaction and integration of government forces, market forces, and social forces [5, 6, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6, 23]" ] }, { "text": "Since the reformation and opening up, China has entered the transition from a planned economy to a market economy with gradual institutional reform.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the reformation and opening up, China has entered the transition from a planned economy to a market economy with gradual institutional reform.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This transition has resulted in a dual-track mechanism-both government interventions and market forces come into play in the transformation of the social-economic system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This transition has resulted in a dual-track mechanism-both government interventions and market forces come into play in the transformation of the social-economic system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The balance between government forces and market forces will continue to be present, and the changes of residential locations and relocation of different social classes reflect the roles and interactions of government, market, and related social forces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The balance between government forces and market forces will continue to be present, and the changes of residential locations and relocation of different social classes reflect the roles and interactions of government, market, and related social forces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relocation of urban demolition displaced households (UDDH) and the floating population living in \"urban villages\" is closely related to the current market mechanisms and government interventions and power in China.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The relocation of urban demolition displaced households (UDDH) and the floating population living in \"urban villages\" is closely related to the current market mechanisms and government interventions and power in China [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "On behalf of the State in assigning resources, the three levels of government make full use of their power to choose desirable settlements for their employees, which shows the clear path dependence that they have inherited from the socialist period.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On behalf of the State in assigning resources, the three levels of government make full use of their power to choose desirable settlements for their employees, which shows the clear path dependence that they have inherited from the socialist period [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Residential units for EGD are generally close to their offices and the regions possessing beautiful natural environments, and historical and cultural heritage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Residential units for EGD are generally close to their offices and the regions possessing beautiful natural environments, and historical and cultural heritage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "EGD residential units are most often adjacent to the urban center and/or scenic spots in suburbs and/or in new urban areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "EGD residential units are most often adjacent to the urban center and/or scenic spots in suburbs and/or in new urban areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, these residential units are usually retained in places with convenient transportation, beautiful environments, and heritage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, these residential units are usually retained in places with convenient transportation, beautiful environments, and heritage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The provincial departments follow historical traditions, making use of the existing old government office sites, and also constructing new offices in or close to the city center in order to facilitate the management of the whole province.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The provincial departments follow historical traditions, making use of the existing old government office sites, and also constructing new offices in or close to the city center in order to facilitate the management of the whole province.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Municipal departments are generally in the vicinity of the provincial government units in the city center or in new urban areas in order to easily manage the whole city.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Municipal departments are generally in the vicinity of the provincial government units in the city center or in new urban areas in order to easily manage the whole city.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "District authorities are located in the district center or at sites with beautiful environments within their jurisdictions, which are convenient for jurisdictional service and management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "District authorities are located in the district center or at sites with beautiful environments within their jurisdictions, which are convenient for jurisdictional service and management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Urban spatial organization and remodeling essentially reflect political and socio-economic relationships and their changes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Urban spatial organization and remodeling essentially reflect political and socio-economic relationships and their changes [52] [53] [54] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF53", "BIBREF54", "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[52] [53] [54]" ] }, { "text": "The evolution of the social production model is a changeable spatial process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The evolution of the social production model is a changeable spatial process [54] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[54]" ] }, { "text": "China's gradual reform, under the multi-actor governance structure that involves complex relations among different stakeholders, has created an incomplete state-oriented socialist market which has led to the existence of an intermingled dual mechanism of market forces and administrative means.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "China's gradual reform, under the multi-actor governance structure that involves complex relations among different stakeholders, has created an incomplete state-oriented socialist market which has led to the existence of an intermingled dual mechanism of market forces and administrative means.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the flawed real estate market of China, governments can treat differently the residential relocations of employees in government departments (EGD) who are the part of the semi-marketization class, and the urban demolition displaced (UDDH) who are part of the marketization class, which has undoubtedly reduced the impartiality of urban space use in the urban residential spatial restructuring process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the flawed real estate market of China, governments can treat differently the residential relocations of employees in government departments (EGD) who are the part of the semi-marketization class, and the urban demolition displaced (UDDH) who are part of the marketization class, which has undoubtedly reduced the impartiality of urban space use in the urban residential spatial restructuring process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The structural changes in urban residential space are caused by gradual and complex institutional reform, which is closely related to political, economic, and social development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The structural changes in urban residential space are caused by gradual and complex institutional reform, which is closely related to political, economic, and social development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Current research indicates three types of study scenarios: the market force hypothesis, the government power hypothesis, and the synthesizing hypothesis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Current research indicates three types of study scenarios: the market force hypothesis, the government power hypothesis, and the synthesizing hypothesis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, some studies consider that it is market forces, namely social income polarization and the privatization reform of urban housing, after initial reformation and opening up, that has led to the large scale relocation and relational changes of urban residential space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, some studies consider that it is market forces, namely social income polarization and the privatization reform of urban housing, after initial reformation and opening up, that has led to the large scale relocation and relational changes of urban residential space [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "To some extent, market forces are a decisive factor which limit the availability of residential space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To some extent, market forces are a decisive factor which limit the availability of residential space [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The operators in Eq. (1.1) can modify the forward-coherent scattering (i.e., at zero momentum transfer) of neutrinos as they propagate through matter via so-called MikheevSmirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) mechanism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The operators in Eq. (1.1) can modify the forward-coherent scattering (i.e., at zero momentum transfer) of neutrinos as they propagate through matter via so-called MikheevSmirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) mechanism [6, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently their effect can be significantly enhanced in oscillation experiments where neutrinos travel large regions of matter, such as is the case for solar and atmospheric neutrinos.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently their effect can be significantly enhanced in oscillation experiments where neutrinos travel large regions of matter, such as is the case for solar and atmospheric neutrinos.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, the global analysis of data from oscillation experiments in the framework of mass induced oscillations in presence of NSI currently provides some of the strongest constraints on the size of the NSI affecting neutrino propagation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, the global analysis of data from oscillation experiments in the framework of mass induced oscillations in presence of NSI currently provides some of the strongest constraints on the size of the NSI affecting neutrino propagation [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "With limited computing resources in a BMS for parameter estimation and model simulation, simplification of the electrochemical model can be done via the porous electrode model with a polynomial approximation model (PAM) and a single particle model (SPM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With limited computing resources in a BMS for parameter estimation and model simulation, simplification of the electrochemical model can be done via the porous electrode model with a polynomial approximation model (PAM) and a single particle model (SPM) [23, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 24]" ] }, { "text": "Although both PAM and SPM are computationally faster, they do not account for all physical processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although both PAM and SPM are computationally faster, they do not account for all physical processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the solution phase diffusion limitations are ignored, thus they have limitations in prediction of battery performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the solution phase diffusion limitations are ignored, thus they have limitations in prediction of battery performance [25, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25, 26]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Technological improvements in rechargeable solid-state batteries are recently being driven by an ever-increasing demand for electrical applications in automotive, power tools and communication systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Technological improvements in rechargeable solid-state batteries are recently being driven by an ever-increasing demand for electrical applications in automotive, power tools and communication systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among the various existing technologies, state-of-the-art lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technologies are the default choice, providing one of the best energy-to-weight ratios, offering flexible and lightweight design, having low self-discharge when not in use and exhibiting little to no memory effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the various existing technologies, state-of-the-art lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technologies are the default choice, providing one of the best energy-to-weight ratios, offering flexible and lightweight design, having low self-discharge when not in use and exhibiting little to no memory effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of these beneficial features, as well as decreasing costs, have made Li-ion batteries one of the primary candidates for the next generation of energy storage and delivery systems in portable electronics, electrified transportation, renewable energy integration, and smart grids.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All of these beneficial features, as well as decreasing costs, have made Li-ion batteries one of the primary candidates for the next generation of energy storage and delivery systems in portable electronics, electrified transportation, renewable energy integration, and smart grids [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "At present there is no known field theory analogue of necklaces formed from extra-dimensional windings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At present there is no known field theory analogue of necklaces formed from extra-dimensional windings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, there is no known way to produce string-monopole networks with time varying bead mass.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, there is no known way to produce string-monopole networks with time varying bead mass.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The question of whether a corresponding field theory model exists is important because, if the formation of necklace-type objects is specific to models with compact extra dimensions, their predicted impact on observable parameters could be used to obtain experimental evidence in favour of string theory, or at least in favour of higher-dimensional models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The question of whether a corresponding field theory model exists is important because, if the formation of necklace-type objects is specific to models with compact extra dimensions, their predicted impact on observable parameters could be used to obtain experimental evidence in favour of string theory, or at least in favour of higher-dimensional models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of such a configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of such a configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We seek to establish a relation between the topological winding number, (n), of a defect string (in four spacetime dimensions) and the physical winding number, (n w ), of an F /D-string in a higher-dimensional background.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We seek to establish a relation between the topological winding number, (n), of a defect string (in four spacetime dimensions) and the physical winding number, (n w ), of an F /D-string in a higher-dimensional background.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also seek to establish a field-theoretic model in which \"bead\"/\"pinch\" formation occurs dynamically, by analogy with the wound-string case.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We also seek to establish a field-theoretic model in which \"bead\"/\"pinch\" formation occurs dynamically, by analogy with the wound-string case [1] - [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The ever-growing repository of data in almost all fields contribute significantly towards future decision making provided appropriate knowledge discovery mechanisms are applied for extracting, hidden but potentially useful information embedded in the data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The ever-growing repository of data in almost all fields contribute significantly towards future decision making provided appropriate knowledge discovery mechanisms are applied for extracting, hidden but potentially useful information embedded in the data [4] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [9]" ] }, { "text": "A knowledge-discovery system employs a wide class of machine learning algorithm to explore the relationships among tuples and characterize the nature of relationships that exist between them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A knowledge-discovery system employs a wide class of machine learning algorithm to explore the relationships among tuples and characterize the nature of relationships that exist between them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Classification and clustering are two most commonly encountered knowledge discovery techniques that are applied to extract knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Classification and clustering are two most commonly encountered knowledge discovery techniques that are applied to extract knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Classificatory analysis refers to a set of supervised learning algorithms, which study pre -classified data sets in order to extract rules for classification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Classificatory analysis refers to a set of supervised learning algorithms, which study pre -classified data sets in order to extract rules for classification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Clustering on the other hard refers to unsupervised learning algorithms which aim is to partition a given set of data elements into homogeneous groups called clusters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clustering on the other hard refers to unsupervised learning algorithms which aim is to partition a given set of data elements into homogeneous groups called clusters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Clustering is one of the principal techniques applied for mining data arising from many fields some of which are banking or medical informatics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clustering is one of the principal techniques applied for mining data arising from many fields some of which are banking or medical informatics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Information retrieval in bio-informatics lack of any prior knowledge about the distribution of the data points makes the problem more complex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Information retrieval in bio-informatics lack of any prior knowledge about the distribution of the data points makes the problem more complex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Regarding the evolution of the density of pupae in the ground, we found live pupae since the end of November until March half in both stations S1 and S2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding the evolution of the density of pupae in the ground, we found live pupae since the end of November until March half in both stations S1 and S2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These pupae were not detected in the off-covered soils station S2 because the soil is permanently overhauled by ploughing, while in the station S1, the number decreased gradually in the off-covered soils.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These pupae were not detected in the off-covered soils station S2 because the soil is permanently overhauled by ploughing, while in the station S1, the number decreased gradually in the off-covered soils.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in soils of the station S1, they remain present until June because these soils are loose, well drained and always maintained at appropriate amplitudes relative humidity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in soils of the station S1, they remain present until June because these soils are loose, well drained and always maintained at appropriate amplitudes relative humidity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in Marrakech region (semi-arid to arid climate), the pupae are no longer found in the soil after the month of March.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in Marrakech region (semi-arid to arid climate), the pupae are no longer found in the soil after the month of March [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "The number of identified pupae reached its maximum value during the months of December and January, during which the L3 larvae leave infested olives that are still on the trees and which has been falling on the floor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The number of identified pupae reached its maximum value during the months of December and January, during which the L3 larvae leave infested olives that are still on the trees and which has been falling on the floor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The abundance of pupae is clearly important at the station in the station S1 S2, throughout the period of their existence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The abundance of pupae is clearly important at the station in the station S1 S2, throughout the period of their existence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Here we report two patients with advanced, highly symptomatic RET-altered cancers who progressed on such MKIs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we report two patients with advanced, highly symptomatic RET-altered cancers who progressed on such MKIs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both patients, significant RET target coverage was achieved with LOXO-292, following real-time, PKs-guided intrapatient dose escalation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both patients, significant RET target coverage was achieved with LOXO-292, following real-time, PKs-guided intrapatient dose escalation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consistent with its high selectivity for RET, LOXO-292 was well-tolerated, including at escalated doses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consistent with its high selectivity for RET, LOXO-292 was well-tolerated, including at escalated doses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This contrasts with MKIs, and further suggests that on-target toxicities from potent RET inhibition are unlikely to limit the development of selective RET inhibitors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This contrasts with MKIs, and further suggests that on-target toxicities from potent RET inhibition are unlikely to limit the development of selective RET inhibitors [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The DSM-V diagnostic criteria for PTSD stipulate that the exposure must be an inciting event that involves actual/expected death or serious injury.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The DSM-V diagnostic criteria for PTSD stipulate that the exposure must be an inciting event that involves actual/expected death or serious injury.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Symptoms include reexperiencing the traumatic event (intrusive recollection), avoiding stimuli associated with the event (avoidance/numbing), and hyper-arousal (persistent symptoms of increasing arousal).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Symptoms include reexperiencing the traumatic event (intrusive recollection), avoiding stimuli associated with the event (avoidance/numbing), and hyper-arousal (persistent symptoms of increasing arousal) [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Countless symptoms, from a persistent and distorted sense of blame of self, to a diminished interest in activities, to an inability to remember key aspects of the event, may occur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Countless symptoms, from a persistent and distorted sense of blame of self, to a diminished interest in activities, to an inability to remember key aspects of the event, may occur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Classification of Hopf algebras was developed and popularized in the last decade of the twentieth century, which would have applications to a number of other areas of mathematics, aside from its intrinsic algebraic interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Classification of Hopf algebras was developed and popularized in the last decade of the twentieth century, which would have applications to a number of other areas of mathematics, aside from its intrinsic algebraic interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In mathematical physics, Drinfeld's and Jambo's work was to provide solutions to quantum Yang-Baxter equation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In mathematical physics, Drinfeld's and Jambo's work was to provide solutions to quantum Yang-Baxter equation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In conformal field theory, I. Frenkel and Y. Zhu have shown how to assign a Hopf algebra to any conformal field theory model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In conformal field theory, I. Frenkel and Y. Zhu have shown how to assign a Hopf algebra to any conformal field theory model [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "In topology, quasi-triangular and ribbon Hopf algebras provide many invariants of knots, links, tangles and 3-manifolds [?, 13, ?, ?] .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In topology, quasi-triangular and ribbon Hopf algebras provide many invariants of knots, links, tangles and 3-manifolds [?, 13, ?, ?] .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In operator algebras, Hopf algebras can be assigned as an invariant for certain extensions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In operator algebras, Hopf algebras can be assigned as an invariant for certain extensions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The diagram presented in Fig. 3 illustrates the results of corrosion progress under thermal shock conditions of the X33CrNiMn23-8 steel, obtained in two different atmospheres (i.e. in combustion gases of oil fuel B5 and B10) at 1,173 K on the background of analogous results obtained in pure air.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The diagram presented in Fig. 3 illustrates the results of corrosion progress under thermal shock conditions of the X33CrNiMn23-8 steel, obtained in two different atmospheres (i.e. in combustion gases of oil fuel B5 and B10) at 1,173 K on the background of analogous results obtained in pure air [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "As can be seen, the corroded sample in pure air does not virtually change its mass during thermal shocks, indicating that under these conditions very thin scale does not crack and spall off, showing thus excellent adherence to the substrate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As can be seen, the corroded sample in pure air does not virtually change its mass during thermal shocks, indicating that under these conditions very thin scale does not crack and spall off, showing thus excellent adherence to the substrate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Combustion gasses, on the other hand, containing different concentrations of combustion products of bio- components show high aggressive properties, which increase with increasing content of bio-components in the fuel oil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Combustion gasses, on the other hand, containing different concentrations of combustion products of bio- components show high aggressive properties, which increase with increasing content of bio-components in the fuel oil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This conclusion follows directly from rapid decrease of mass of tested samples with increasing number of thermal shocks, clearly indicating that in these atmospheres the scales cracks and spall off from sample surface, showing thus much worse adherence to the substrate than that observed in pure oxygen atmospheres.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This conclusion follows directly from rapid decrease of mass of tested samples with increasing number of thermal shocks, clearly indicating that in these atmospheres the scales cracks and spall off from sample surface, showing thus much worse adherence to the substrate than that observed in pure oxygen atmospheres.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The situation is slightly different at lower temperature (973 K), as shown in Fig. 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The situation is slightly different at lower temperature (973 K), as shown in Fig. 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It follows from this diagram that the presence of 5 wt% of bio-components (B5) does not influence virtually the corrosion behavior of the X33CrNiMn23-8 steel under thermal shock conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It follows from this diagram that the presence of 5 wt% of bio-components (B5) does not influence virtually the corrosion behavior of the X33CrNiMn23-8 steel under thermal shock conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Higher concentration of bio-components (10 wt%), on the other hand, is reflected in mass decrease of corroded sample as a function of number thermal shocks, clearly indicating that at this concentration of bio-component the scale spallation is observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Higher concentration of bio-components (10 wt%), on the other hand, is reflected in mass decrease of corroded sample as a function of number thermal shocks, clearly indicating that at this concentration of bio-component the scale spallation is observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The discussed valve steels are working in very severe conditions due to rather high temperatures and in particular due to sudden temperature changes, described in the literature as thermal shocks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The discussed valve steels are working in very severe conditions due to rather high temperatures and in particular due to sudden temperature changes, described in the literature as thermal shocks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is well known that in this case, high thermal stresses are developed in the scale-substrate system, due to different thermal expansion coefficients of both materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that in this case, high thermal stresses are developed in the scale-substrate system, due to different thermal expansion coefficients of both materials [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "As a consequence, during heating and cooling of the engine, cracking and spalling of the scale is observed, considerably lowering the corrosion resistance of a given material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a consequence, during heating and cooling of the engine, cracking and spalling of the scale is observed, considerably lowering the corrosion resistance of a given material [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "Under those conditions the scale adherence to the substrate surface constitute the most important problem, determining in the first place the corrosion resistance of the material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under those conditions the scale adherence to the substrate surface constitute the most important problem, determining in the first place the corrosion resistance of the material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "This study pointed at some consensus regarding the translation process although most researchers did not use a translation guide.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study pointed at some consensus regarding the translation process although most researchers did not use a translation guide.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The consensus was especially centred on the use of forward/backwards-translations and use of Cronbach´s alpha when testing the internal validity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The consensus was especially centred on the use of forward/backwards-translations and use of Cronbach´s alpha when testing the internal validity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our hypothesis, that a guideline or checklist would affect which tests and methods that would be used, was not supported, as we did not detect any significant differences regarding this question.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our hypothesis, that a guideline or checklist would affect which tests and methods that would be used, was not supported, as we did not detect any significant differences regarding this question.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is interesting as many experts in the field strongly recommend this.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is interesting as many experts in the field strongly recommend this [5, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20]" ] }, { "text": "Yet the recommendations, guidelines and checklists did not seem to cover both the translation as well as testing of the translation, which might mask the fact that clinical researchers possibly need checklists that focus on the entire process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet the recommendations, guidelines and checklists did not seem to cover both the translation as well as testing of the translation, which might mask the fact that clinical researchers possibly need checklists that focus on the entire process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, the results of our study may reflect the actual use of guidelines and checklists, altogether missing either the translation or the testing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, the results of our study may reflect the actual use of guidelines and checklists, altogether missing either the translation or the testing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In dogs, bilateral orchiectomy is the treatment of choice, yet in breeders and in poor surgical candidates, medical therapy should be considered.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In dogs, bilateral orchiectomy is the treatment of choice, yet in breeders and in poor surgical candidates, medical therapy should be considered (SMITH, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(SMITH, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The most widely prescribed medications for canine BPH include antiestrogenic and estrogenic compounds, synthetic progestins, antiandrogens, 5α-reductase inhibitors, agonists and antagonists of GnRH.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most widely prescribed medications for canine BPH include antiestrogenic and estrogenic compounds, synthetic progestins, antiandrogens, 5α-reductase inhibitors, agonists and antagonists of GnRH.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, most of them are not exempt of adverse effects and may lead to aplastic anemia, testicular degeneration, decrease on semen volume, sperm concentration, total and progressive sperm motility, percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa and/or anejaculation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most of them are not exempt of adverse effects and may lead to aplastic anemia, testicular degeneration, decrease on semen volume, sperm concentration, total and progressive sperm motility, percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa and/or anejaculation (SMITH, 2008; LIMMANONT et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(SMITH, 2008; LIMMANONT et al., 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "High resolution monitoring studies make use of data with a short recording interval, for example minutely to hourly intervals, and a relatively small number of measured parameters, such as solar irradiance and electricity generation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "High resolution monitoring studies make use of data with a short recording interval, for example minutely to hourly intervals, and a relatively small number of measured parameters, such as solar irradiance and electricity generation (Drews et al., 2007; Oozeki et al., 2003; Pearsall and Hynes, 2003; Reinders et al., 1999; Baltus et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Drews et al., 2007; Oozeki et al., 2003; Pearsall and Hynes, 2003; Reinders et al., 1999; Baltus et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Energy losses in the PV systems are assessed by investigating the trends and patterns in the recorded data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy losses in the PV systems are assessed by investigating the trends and patterns in the recorded data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sometimes simulation tools are used to estimate energy losses where they are difficult to identify directly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sometimes simulation tools are used to estimate energy losses where they are difficult to identify directly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These studies often analyse the recorded data in sections, for example day-by-day or month-by-month sections, to investigate particular energy losses such as shading.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These studies often analyse the recorded data in sections, for example day-by-day or month-by-month sections, to investigate particular energy losses such as shading.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Few of the studies make use of high-resolution data recorded below hourly intervals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Few of the studies make use of high-resolution data recorded below hourly intervals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The MFE methods have provided an attractive framework for the solution of potential flow problems, like groundwater flow simulations: by simultaneously approximating the potentials and the normal fluxes, the computed normal fluxes are continuous across inter-element edges and the local and global mass balance are automatically achieved in the case of constant parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The MFE methods have provided an attractive framework for the solution of potential flow problems, like groundwater flow simulations: by simultaneously approximating the potentials and the normal fluxes, the computed normal fluxes are continuous across inter-element edges and the local and global mass balance are automatically achieved in the case of constant parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MFE methods have been extensively used for the solution of parabolic problem, but in elliptic problems (i.e. steady state problems) the matrix of the system becomes ill-conditioned, leading to saddle-point problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "MFE methods have been extensively used for the solution of parabolic problem, but in elliptic problems (i.e. steady state problems) the matrix of the system becomes ill-conditioned, leading to saddle-point problem [7, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 26]" ] }, { "text": "Hybridized formulation of MFE, MHFE methods represent a way to solve this problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hybridized formulation of MFE, MHFE methods represent a way to solve this problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the MHFE method, piezometric heads at element edges are assumed as additional variables to overcome this problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the MHFE method, piezometric heads at element edges are assumed as additional variables to overcome this problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The final linear algebraic systems are always symmetric and positive definite.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The final linear algebraic systems are always symmetric and positive definite.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In heterogeneous domains, the criterion to obtain an M-matrix with cell centred formulation depends not only on the geometry but also on the distribution of the permeability medium and the stiffness matrix could not be necessarily positive definite, contrarily to the first lumped formulation and to standard MHFE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In heterogeneous domains, the criterion to obtain an M-matrix with cell centred formulation depends not only on the geometry but also on the distribution of the permeability medium and the stiffness matrix could not be necessarily positive definite, contrarily to the first lumped formulation and to standard MHFE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This condition is very important when using iterative solvers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This condition is very important when using iterative solvers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, stiffness matrix of the cell centred formulation can be singular for triangles having one right angle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, stiffness matrix of the cell centred formulation can be singular for triangles having one right angle [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Anisotropy is the tendency of a transport phenomenon to align progressively along preferential directions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Anisotropy is the tendency of a transport phenomenon to align progressively along preferential directions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diffusion equation with anisotropic coefficients arises in many environmental topics, for example heat transfer, groundwater flow and transport problems, petroleum reservoir simulations, hydrodynamic simulations, . . .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Diffusion equation with anisotropic coefficients arises in many environmental topics, for example heat transfer, groundwater flow and transport problems, petroleum reservoir simulations, hydrodynamic simulations, . . .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In groundwater contaminant transport problems, principal directions of the diffusive tensor, representing mechanical dispersion, are the same velocity direction and other two directions lying in the normal plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In groundwater contaminant transport problems, principal directions of the diffusive tensor, representing mechanical dispersion, are the same velocity direction and other two directions lying in the normal plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Velocity fields varying in space and time cause (possibly sharp) changes of the anisotropy directions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Velocity fields varying in space and time cause (possibly sharp) changes of the anisotropy directions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These problems are characterized by a full rank diffusion tensor, that is diagonal only if the reference system is aligned with the principal anisotropy directions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These problems are characterized by a full rank diffusion tensor, that is diagonal only if the reference system is aligned with the principal anisotropy directions [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The anisotropy ratio is the ratio between the largest and the smallest tensor eigenvalue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The anisotropy ratio is the ratio between the largest and the smallest tensor eigenvalue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Substitution of the MHFE discretization in GMM with a standard linear (P1) Galerkin method, leads to sensibly different numerical concentration fields, without the flaw of spurious oscillations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Substitution of the MHFE discretization in GMM with a standard linear (P1) Galerkin method, leads to sensibly different numerical concentration fields, without the flaw of spurious oscillations [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "This latter approach is referred to as the Godunov-P1 Method (G-P1 M).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This latter approach is referred to as the Godunov-P1 Method (G-P1 M).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Resolving system of the G-P1 M has a much better spectral condition number (much closer to one) than the GMM system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Resolving system of the G-P1 M has a much better spectral condition number (much closer to one) than the GMM system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "G-P1 M does not show any mesh locking effect for the range of the anisotropy ratios which are typical of groundwater transport problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "G-P1 M does not show any mesh locking effect for the range of the anisotropy ratios which are typical of groundwater transport problems [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In today's highly competitive business environment, firms are not only concentrating on marketing their products and/or services but also on building strong relationships with customers to create their niche in the market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In today's highly competitive business environment, firms are not only concentrating on marketing their products and/or services but also on building strong relationships with customers to create their niche in the market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As much as fostering trust is important, reducing and alleviating distrust is also important when the firms are faced with negative images portrayed by the media.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As much as fostering trust is important, reducing and alleviating distrust is also important when the firms are faced with negative images portrayed by the media.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The global apparel industry has particularly suffered from consumers' distrust due to unethical business practices and untrustworthy supply chain issues in the past decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The global apparel industry has particularly suffered from consumers' distrust due to unethical business practices and untrustworthy supply chain issues in the past decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, Nike, a U.S.-based activewear company, has been accused of child labor practices on various occasions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, Nike, a U.S.-based activewear company, has been accused of child labor practices on various occasions (Boje & Khan 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Boje & Khan 2009)" ] }, { "text": "A recent fire killing over 100 workers in a garment factory in Bangladesh in 2012 is another example of apparel businesses' untrustworthy practices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A recent fire killing over 100 workers in a garment factory in Bangladesh in 2012 is another example of apparel businesses' untrustworthy practices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "What is interesting here is that consumers may be affected by firms' benevolent or malevolent activities than credible or discredible activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What is interesting here is that consumers may be affected by firms' benevolent or malevolent activities than credible or discredible activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Credibility is related to contractual obligations; therefore, it is expected to be established between any legitimate firms and consumers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Credibility is related to contractual obligations; therefore, it is expected to be established between any legitimate firms and consumers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many firms claim they are credible, so it is difficult for consumers to recognize which one is more credible than others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many firms claim they are credible, so it is difficult for consumers to recognize which one is more credible than others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, firms' benevolent or malevolent activities are thought to arouse humans' emotional responses; benevolence in particular is known to be the most influential form of trust.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, firms' benevolent or malevolent activities are thought to arouse humans' emotional responses; benevolence in particular is known to be the most influential form of trust (Lewicki & Bunker 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lewicki & Bunker 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Yet, the different impact that benevolence and malevolence may have on consumers' perceived trust and purchase intention is little explored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, the different impact that benevolence and malevolence may have on consumers' perceived trust and purchase intention is little explored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, this study examined the impact of benevolent and malevolent apparel business practices on consumers' heart rates and perceived trust.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this study examined the impact of benevolent and malevolent apparel business practices on consumers' heart rates and perceived trust.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference in strengths of such impact between benevolent and malevolent practices was also evaluated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference in strengths of such impact between benevolent and malevolent practices was also evaluated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the psychophysiology literature a , when humans are exposed to emotionally arousing stimuli, such as malevolence in this study, they are believed to respond with a certain set of physiological reactions, including heart rate deceleration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the psychophysiology literature a , when humans are exposed to emotionally arousing stimuli, such as malevolence in this study, they are believed to respond with a certain set of physiological reactions, including heart rate deceleration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, by examining both physiological and psychometric data, the findings were expected to help provide deep insights into the role of benevolence and malevolence in consumers' purchase intentions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, by examining both physiological and psychometric data, the findings were expected to help provide deep insights into the role of benevolence and malevolence in consumers' purchase intentions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Milling of rice crop produced rice husk as agriculture waste material having no commercial significance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Milling of rice crop produced rice husk as agriculture waste material having no commercial significance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rice husks are commonly used as a low value energy resource, burned in the field, or discarded, which are unfavorable to the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rice husks are commonly used as a low value energy resource, burned in the field, or discarded, which are unfavorable to the environment (Chen et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chen et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "In China, the annual rice husks production is approximately 40 million tons and much of this amount is not utilized because of the poor protein and high ash content of rice husks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In China, the annual rice husks production is approximately 40 million tons and much of this amount is not utilized because of the poor protein and high ash content of rice husks (Qu et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Qu et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Rice husk primarily consists of ash and organic matter, which comprises cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rice husk primarily consists of ash and organic matter, which comprises cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (Liou and Wu, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liou and Wu, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "It also have a silica content of about 20%, which makes them valuable feed stock for the production of silica based materials that can be applied in separation, adsorption, catalysis and thermal insulation .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It also have a silica content of about 20%, which makes them valuable feed stock for the production of silica based materials that can be applied in separation, adsorption, catalysis and thermal insulation .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In humans and other mammals, DNA methylation takes place at carbon-5 of cytosine residues within cytosine-phosphatidyl-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In humans and other mammals, DNA methylation takes place at carbon-5 of cytosine residues within cytosine-phosphatidyl-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CpG dinucleotides are heterogeneously distributed in the human genome, often clustered in so-called CpG islands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CpG dinucleotides are heterogeneously distributed in the human genome, often clustered in so-called CpG islands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CpG islands are particularly present in promoter regions and first exons of genes that regulate important cell functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CpG islands are particularly present in promoter regions and first exons of genes that regulate important cell functions [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Shallow tunneling in soft ground inevitably results in ground movements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Shallow tunneling in soft ground inevitably results in ground movements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These movements may deform, rotate, distort, and irrevocably damage adjacent surface buildings in urban environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These movements may deform, rotate, distort, and irrevocably damage adjacent surface buildings in urban environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, there are five different categories of tunnel collapses according to different factors as follows: daylight collapse, underground collapse, rock burst, inrush of water, and portal collapse.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, there are five different categories of tunnel collapses according to different factors as follows: daylight collapse, underground collapse, rock burst, inrush of water, and portal collapse [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In the event of a daylight collapse (i.e., a tunnel collapse that reaches the ground surface), the ground is unraveled to the surface and the propagation of the failure to the surface can be extremely quick.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the event of a daylight collapse (i.e., a tunnel collapse that reaches the ground surface), the ground is unraveled to the surface and the propagation of the failure to the surface can be extremely quick.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some examples of daylight collapse induced by shallow tunneling are shown in Figure 1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some examples of daylight collapse induced by shallow tunneling are shown in Figure 1 [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Hence, tunnel stability is a main concern for the design and construction of shallow tunnels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, tunnel stability is a main concern for the design and construction of shallow tunnels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The inherent uncertainties related to the natural surrounding rock may complicate the precise prediction of tunnel collapse.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inherent uncertainties related to the natural surrounding rock may complicate the precise prediction of tunnel collapse.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Sections 13 and 14 investigate the crucial properties of stability (surveyed in Section 12) for our classes of S-acts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sections 13 and 14 investigate the crucial properties of stability (surveyed in Section 12) for our classes of S-acts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We remarked above that although a parallel can be drawn between some problems in the model theory of modules and that for S-acts, the theories soon diverge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We remarked above that although a parallel can be drawn between some problems in the model theory of modules and that for S-acts, the theories soon diverge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is immediately apparent when stability comes into question.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is immediately apparent when stability comes into question.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each complete theory of an R-module over a ring R is stable, whereas there are S-acts with unstable theories.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Each complete theory of an R-module over a ring R is stable, whereas there are S-acts with unstable theories [18, 9, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 9, 23]" ] }, { "text": "We consider questions of stability for classes of strongly flat, projective and free left S-acts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We consider questions of stability for classes of strongly flat, projective and free left S-acts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Let us say that a class C of structures is stable (superstable, ω-stable) if for any A ∈ C the set of sentences true in A (which is a complete theory) is stable (superstable, ω-stable).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let us say that a class C of structures is stable (superstable, ω-stable) if for any A ∈ C the set of sentences true in A (which is a complete theory) is stable (superstable, ω-stable).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is proved that if the class of strongly flat left S-acts is axiomatisable and S satisfies an additional finitary condition known as Condition (A), then the class is superstable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is proved that if the class of strongly flat left S-acts is axiomatisable and S satisfies an additional finitary condition known as Condition (A), then the class is superstable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, if the class of projective (free) left S-acts is axiomatisable, then it is superstable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, if the class of projective (free) left S-acts is axiomatisable, then it is superstable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally we consider the question of ω-stability for an axiomatisable class of strongly flat left S-acts, given that S is countable and satisfies Condition (A).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally we consider the question of ω-stability for an axiomatisable class of strongly flat left S-acts, given that S is countable and satisfies Condition (A).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, if the class of projective (free) left S-acts is axiomatisable for a countable monoid S, then it is ω-stable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, if the class of projective (free) left S-acts is axiomatisable for a countable monoid S, then it is ω-stable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The conducted research has shown that the use of gamification methods allows for much more effective stimulation in the field of PV installations than simple quota subsidies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The conducted research has shown that the use of gamification methods allows for much more effective stimulation in the field of PV installations than simple quota subsidies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important to compare the results of this methodology with analogous activities carried out in various countries around the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to compare the results of this methodology with analogous activities carried out in various countries around the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several attempts to predict solar PV installations in residential areas have been made.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several attempts to predict solar PV installations in residential areas have been made.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Kwan investigated the influence of different variables on the distribution of residential solar PV in the US with the use of ZIP code level data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Kwan investigated the influence of different variables on the distribution of residential solar PV in the US with the use of ZIP code level data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Four groups of variables were studied: Environmental (average annual solar radiation data), social (race, age, education, housing density, and the urbanization of the ZIP code), economic (the cost of electricity, average state solar PV incentives, the median household income, and median home value), and political (registered voter party affiliation and city membership of the ICLEI-'Local Governments for Sustainability' organization).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Four groups of variables were studied: Environmental (average annual solar radiation data), social (race, age, education, housing density, and the urbanization of the ZIP code), economic (the cost of electricity, average state solar PV incentives, the median household income, and median home value), and political (registered voter party affiliation and city membership of the ICLEI-'Local Governments for Sustainability' organization).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We ran a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model to evaluate the influence of selected variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We ran a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model to evaluate the influence of selected variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This allowed us to select (using partial correlation coefficient) the most important parameters for the model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This allowed us to select (using partial correlation coefficient) the most important parameters for the model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of the model indicate that solar insolation, the cost of electricity, and the amount of available financial incentives are important factors influencing the adoption of residential solar PV arrays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the model indicate that solar insolation, the cost of electricity, and the amount of available financial incentives are important factors influencing the adoption of residential solar PV arrays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model also shows that strategic government intervention can also be an effective method of promoting solar PV installations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The model also shows that strategic government intervention can also be an effective method of promoting solar PV installations [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "The prediction methodology proposed in the article does not exhaust all analytical possibilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The prediction methodology proposed in the article does not exhaust all analytical possibilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible to take into account more parameters (e.g., demographic, spatial, etc.), as well as other methods of predicting the increase in the number of solar panels in the city.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible to take into account more parameters (e.g., demographic, spatial, etc.), as well as other methods of predicting the increase in the number of solar panels in the city.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the proposed approach is easy to parameterize and can be extended with additional elements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the proposed approach is easy to parameterize and can be extended with additional elements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In 2017, the number of subsidies granted to Warsaw residents by the Warsaw City Hall for home-made, renewable energy installations almost doubled, and in the city, the number of applications for projects in renewable energy sources (primarily solar farms but also heat pumps and solar collectors) increases every year.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2017, the number of subsidies granted to Warsaw residents by the Warsaw City Hall for home-made, renewable energy installations almost doubled, and in the city, the number of applications for projects in renewable energy sources (primarily solar farms but also heat pumps and solar collectors) increases every year [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "We believe that strengthening this process requires proposing a new approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We believe that strengthening this process requires proposing a new approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The approach proposed in this article establishes an important innovation in a smart city, both in terms of increasing the use of renewable energy and levels of social innovation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The approach proposed in this article establishes an important innovation in a smart city, both in terms of increasing the use of renewable energy and levels of social innovation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Concerning the use of different energy carriers, tapping into the distributed renewable energy network is an attractive way to maximize urban energy and development sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Concerning the use of different energy carriers, tapping into the distributed renewable energy network is an attractive way to maximize urban energy and development sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solar energy is well-suited to the built environment; in particular, PV is a highly promising urban energy alternative that requires hardly any new infrastructure and offers synergy with building components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar energy is well-suited to the built environment; in particular, PV is a highly promising urban energy alternative that requires hardly any new infrastructure and offers synergy with building components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fast-growing PV market and resulting reduction in cost could significantly impact energy, also by reducing CO 2 emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fast-growing PV market and resulting reduction in cost could significantly impact energy, also by reducing CO 2 emissions [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "From similar historical observations of earlier energy technologies, Lund investigated the prospects of new energy technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From similar historical observations of earlier energy technologies, Lund investigated the prospects of new energy technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A hypothetical fast-track case for PVs, assuming an expansion like that of nuclear energy and oil, would result in it having a 20-25% share of all electricity by 2050.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A hypothetical fast-track case for PVs, assuming an expansion like that of nuclear energy and oil, would result in it having a 20-25% share of all electricity by 2050 [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The fields of deductive databases and logic programming are closely related.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fields of deductive databases and logic programming are closely related.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, many of the results from one discipline are directly applicable also in the other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, many of the results from one discipline are directly applicable also in the other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objective of this paper is to shed some light on the relationship between abstract interpretations of logic programs and the magic templates method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective of this paper is to shed some light on the relationship between abstract interpretations of logic programs and the magic templates method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The area of abstract interpretation was founded by Cousot and Cousot.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The area of abstract interpretation was founded by Cousot and Cousot [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "It is an attempt to provide a unifying framework for the great variety of data-flow analysis methods developed in the 1970s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is an attempt to provide a unifying framework for the great variety of data-flow analysis methods developed in the 1970s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ideas were adopted and adapted by the logic programming community to provide a basis for inferring run-time properties of logic programs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ideas were adopted and adapted by the logic programming community to provide a basis for inferring run-time properties of logic programs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Plasma surface modification is one of the processes with high potential that can be used to raise the utility of membrane materials in diverse technical applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plasma surface modification is one of the processes with high potential that can be used to raise the utility of membrane materials in diverse technical applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Glow discharge plasma at low pressures is one of the several physical techniques utilized to modify the morphology and properties of polymeric membrane surfaces.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Glow discharge plasma at low pressures is one of the several physical techniques utilized to modify the morphology and properties of polymeric membrane surfaces [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Most glow discharge plasmas used for these aims are generated from radio frequency (13.56 MHz) and microwave (2.45 GHz) power sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most glow discharge plasmas used for these aims are generated from radio frequency (13.56 MHz) and microwave (2.45 GHz) power sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, DC glow discharge is the easiest among these techniques as there is no need for complex electronic circuits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, DC glow discharge is the easiest among these techniques as there is no need for complex electronic circuits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As already presented by various references, polymeric membrane modification is the integration of chemical and physical techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As already presented by various references, polymeric membrane modification is the integration of chemical and physical techniques [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "Addition of organic or inorganic particle as a third component of the casting solution is one of the most important chemical techniques, while the plasma surface modification is a physical (plasma treatment) and physicochemical (plasma polymerization and grafting) technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Addition of organic or inorganic particle as a third component of the casting solution is one of the most important chemical techniques, while the plasma surface modification is a physical (plasma treatment) and physicochemical (plasma polymerization and grafting) technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Membrane performance obtained by the incorporation of these two techniques is quite high.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Membrane performance obtained by the incorporation of these two techniques is quite high [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Typically, the permeability of asymmetric polymeric gas separation membranes prepared by phase inversion techniques is quite low and unsuitable for practical use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Typically, the permeability of asymmetric polymeric gas separation membranes prepared by phase inversion techniques is quite low and unsuitable for practical use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to increase the permeability of gas, hydrophilic properties, selective layer thickness, and porosity of the membranes have to be improved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to increase the permeability of gas, hydrophilic properties, selective layer thickness, and porosity of the membranes have to be improved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, to increase the permeation rate, the selective layer should be thin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, to increase the permeation rate, the selective layer should be thin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the CO 2 /CH 4 separation, the hydrophilic property of the membrane surface has an influence on the CO 2 permeation rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the CO 2 /CH 4 separation, the hydrophilic property of the membrane surface has an influence on the CO 2 permeation rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, 2 International Journal of Polymer Science the permeation rate of CO 2 was enhanced by increasing the hydrophilic property of the membrane surface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, 2 International Journal of Polymer Science the permeation rate of CO 2 was enhanced by increasing the hydrophilic property of the membrane surface [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "However, the increase of gas permeation rate depends on many parameters like kinetic diameter, quadrupole moment, and polarizability of gas, as well as the polarity of polymeric membrane surfaces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the increase of gas permeation rate depends on many parameters like kinetic diameter, quadrupole moment, and polarizability of gas, as well as the polarity of polymeric membrane surfaces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, etching and deposition processes occur at the same time when the polymeric membranes are treated with the discharge plasma from non-polymer forming gases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, etching and deposition processes occur at the same time when the polymeric membranes are treated with the discharge plasma from non-polymer forming gases [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, these processes are depended on the initial plasma conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, these processes are depended on the initial plasma conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]