Datasets:

copenlu

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citeworth

like 2

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "To complement sensory test and physicochemical analysis to evaluate rice eating quality, we developed a number of molecular markers for rice eating quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To complement sensory test and physicochemical analysis to evaluate rice eating quality, we developed a number of molecular markers for rice eating quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These comprised microsatelite, indel (insertion/ deletion), STS (sequence tagged-site) as well as SNP markers related to rice palatability, amino sugar, amino acid and starch physicochemical properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These comprised microsatelite, indel (insertion/ deletion), STS (sequence tagged-site) as well as SNP markers related to rice palatability, amino sugar, amino acid and starch physicochemical properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some of the developed markers combined with the validated markes from previous studies have successfully evaluated japonica rice eating quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the developed markers combined with the validated markes from previous studies have successfully evaluated japonica rice eating quality (Lestari et al. 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lestari et al. 2009)" ] }, { "text": "In this study, we focused on the conversion of SNPs to CAPS/dCAPS and SNAP markers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we focused on the conversion of SNPs to CAPS/dCAPS and SNAP markers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this objective, identification of SNP residing in the sequence of the genes likely corresponding to eating quality among japonica and indica varieties was conducted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this objective, identification of SNP residing in the sequence of the genes likely corresponding to eating quality among japonica and indica varieties was conducted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The identified SNP was used to develop CAPS/dCAPS and the alternative marker, namely SNAP marker.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The identified SNP was used to develop CAPS/dCAPS and the alternative marker, namely SNAP marker.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The markers were to conduct genotyping and allow direct MAS for selection of rice according to eating quality traits at early growth stage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The markers were to conduct genotyping and allow direct MAS for selection of rice according to eating quality traits at early growth stage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The weighted least-squares optimization method is an efficient procedure which gives stable and accurate operators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The weighted least-squares optimization method is an efficient procedure which gives stable and accurate operators [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "By using a series expansion of the phase shift operator it is possible to reduce the computation time in comparison with a direct 2-Dimensional convolution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using a series expansion of the phase shift operator it is possible to reduce the computation time in comparison with a direct 2-Dimensional convolution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two expansions were discussed in this paper: one in k z and one in k Here a second-order scheme is shown.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two expansions were discussed in this paper: one in k z and one in k Here a second-order scheme is shown.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In preliminary testing at the beginning of the term, 88 introductory psychology students rated their familiarity (0 = no familiarity, 10 = a great deal of familiarity) with the materials, steps, and potential problems of 14 activities (e.g.. washing and waxing a car, writing a research paper) that varied in their association with masculine and feminine gender roles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In preliminary testing at the beginning of the term, 88 introductory psychology students rated their familiarity (0 = no familiarity, 10 = a great deal of familiarity) with the materials, steps, and potential problems of 14 activities (e.g.. washing and waxing a car, writing a research paper) that varied in their association with masculine and feminine gender roles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the basis of those anonymous ratings, we selected three tasks as discussion topics: automotive oil changing, for which men showed greater familiarity than did women (Ms = 7.0 vs. 2.4, p < .001); pattern sewing, for which women showed greater familiarity than did men (Ms = 6.4 vs. 1.4, p < .001); and vegetable gardening, for which men and women indicated equal familiarity (Ms = 6.5).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the basis of those anonymous ratings, we selected three tasks as discussion topics: automotive oil changing, for which men showed greater familiarity than did women (Ms = 7.0 vs. 2.4, p < .001); pattern sewing, for which women showed greater familiarity than did men (Ms = 6.4 vs. 1.4, p < .001); and vegetable gardening, for which men and women indicated equal familiarity (Ms = 6.5).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We drew the 24 men and 24 women who participated in our study from this pool of students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We drew the 24 men and 24 women who participated in our study from this pool of students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each mixed-sex dyad discussed the masculine topic (oil changing), the feminine topic (sewing), and the non-gender-linked topic (gardening).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each mixed-sex dyad discussed the masculine topic (oil changing), the feminine topic (sewing), and the non-gender-linked topic (gardening).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The primary dependent variables involved verbal and nonverbal power-related behaviors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The primary dependent variables involved verbal and nonverbal power-related behaviors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The assumption of independence of observations, which is important for most conventional statistical procedures, is likely to be violated when interacting subjects are observed; the behavior of one subject in a dyad depends partly on the behavior of the other subject.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The assumption of independence of observations, which is important for most conventional statistical procedures, is likely to be violated when interacting subjects are observed; the behavior of one subject in a dyad depends partly on the behavior of the other subject.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Violation of the assumption of the independence of observations generally produces too many Type I errors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Violation of the assumption of the independence of observations generally produces too many Type I errors (Kenny & Judd, 1986) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kenny & Judd, 1986)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, in this study, we used the dyad as the unit of analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in this study, we used the dyad as the unit of analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "RwLs do not exist in a vacuum, nor are they unique or completely new in what they pursue and in the ways they proceed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RwLs do not exist in a vacuum, nor are they unique or completely new in what they pursue and in the ways they proceed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are part of a larger development: the emergence of a family of transdisciplinary and experimental approaches to transformative research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are part of a larger development: the emergence of a family of transdisciplinary and experimental approaches to transformative research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is explicit in the fact that all approaches analyzed relate to the core characteristics proposed for RwLs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is explicit in the fact that all approaches analyzed relate to the core characteristics proposed for RwLs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Current trends in funding programs and research collaborations provide space to further explore the poten tial of experimental approaches in transformative research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Current trends in funding programs and research collaborations provide space to further explore the poten tial of experimental approaches in transformative research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Long-term evaluation and comparisons will show which approaches or combinations are most promising, in terms of real-world sustain ability transformation and acceleration in given contexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Long-term evaluation and comparisons will show which approaches or combinations are most promising, in terms of real-world sustain ability transformation and acceleration in given contexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This re quires transparent and structured comparisons between goals, assumptions, processes, and methodologies of different approaches in general and their specific applications, as well as a comparable analysis of context conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This re quires transparent and structured comparisons between goals, assumptions, processes, and methodologies of different approaches in general and their specific applications, as well as a comparable analysis of context conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If this is the case, the diverse emerging approaches may complement each other, rather than compete for being the \"best\" approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If this is the case, the diverse emerging approaches may complement each other, rather than compete for being the \"best\" approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This complementarity should, however, not be confused with an \"everything goes\" attitude towards transformative research, undermining quality and rigor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This complementarity should, however, not be confused with an \"everything goes\" attitude towards transformative research, undermining quality and rigor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet it acknowledges the complexity of sustainability challenges and solu tions, and the need for adequate, adapted approaches and under lying quality criteria.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet it acknowledges the complexity of sustainability challenges and solu tions, and the need for adequate, adapted approaches and under lying quality criteria (Fazey et al. 2018) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fazey et al. 2018)" ] }, { "text": "Transformative research thereby takes a particular stance, focusing challenges and solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Transformative research thereby takes a particular stance, focusing challenges and solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It needs to be complemented by other forms of research oriented towards understanding phenomena, for example, basic research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It needs to be complemented by other forms of research oriented towards understanding phenomena, for example, basic research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And, it needs to be guided by an attitude of humbleness and awareness of its own limitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And, it needs to be guided by an attitude of humbleness and awareness of its own limitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we shall study additive Jordan derivations of reflexive algebras on Banach spaces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we shall study additive Jordan derivations of reflexive algebras on Banach spaces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, we shall show that each additive Jordan derivation of a nest algebra on a Banach space is an additive derivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, we shall show that each additive Jordan derivation of a nest algebra on a Banach space is an additive derivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proof is idempotent-free.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proof is idempotent-free.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The idea we shall use is to gather together the kernel and range of a special class of operators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The idea we shall use is to gather together the kernel and range of a special class of operators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Roughly speaking, we shall prove that for some operators A, δ(A) maps the kernel of A into the range of A. This makes it possible to identify the behavior of the additive Jordan derivation on some special set of operators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Roughly speaking, we shall prove that for some operators A, δ(A) maps the kernel of A into the range of A. This makes it possible to identify the behavior of the additive Jordan derivation on some special set of operators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We note that this kind of machinery is also effective in describing the structure of derivation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We note that this kind of machinery is also effective in describing the structure of derivation [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Our results show that strain recovery occurs abruptly after imbibition, during loading (Fig. 3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results show that strain recovery occurs abruptly after imbibition, during loading (Fig. 3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Porosity, V s and V p (less significantly) show some degree of hysteresis (Fig. 4) , whereas the Q s /Q p ratio lies below unity although brine saturation during imbibition was below 0.9.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Porosity, V s and V p (less significantly) show some degree of hysteresis (Fig. 4) , whereas the Q s /Q p ratio lies below unity although brine saturation during imbibition was below 0.9.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter observation can be explained by the presence of (aligned) cracks that may change the Q s /Q p ratios defined originally for an isotropic rock.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter observation can be explained by the presence of (aligned) cracks that may change the Q s /Q p ratios defined originally for an isotropic rock (Amalokwu et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Amalokwu et al., 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The latest report by the American Brachytherapy Society Task Group have demonstrated that combined modality RT have superior biochemical control in high-risk PCa than dose-escalated EBRT.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The latest report by the American Brachytherapy Society Task Group have demonstrated that combined modality RT have superior biochemical control in high-risk PCa than dose-escalated EBRT [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "The report cited three randomized trials, one of which was the large ASCENDE-RT that found that combined EBRT with LDR-BT is twice as likely to be associated with b-RFS than dose-escalated EBRT alone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The report cited three randomized trials, one of which was the large ASCENDE-RT that found that combined EBRT with LDR-BT is twice as likely to be associated with b-RFS than dose-escalated EBRT alone [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "However, this trial also showed no statistically significant differences in overall survival between the two groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this trial also showed no statistically significant differences in overall survival between the two groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, similar to our results, the trial has found higher prevalence of genitourinary morbidity in the LDR-BT compared to escalated EBRT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, similar to our results, the trial has found higher prevalence of genitourinary morbidity in the LDR-BT compared to escalated EBRT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results raise the question if it is justifiable to give combining radiotherapy to only improve b-RFS, rather than improving disease-free survival which have been found to be a surrogate for overall survival in PCa.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results raise the question if it is justifiable to give combining radiotherapy to only improve b-RFS, rather than improving disease-free survival which have been found to be a surrogate for overall survival in PCa [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Our finding that TrpC3 is involved in regulating cardiac hypertrophy agrees with three recent studies that appeared during the preparation of this manuscript.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our finding that TrpC3 is involved in regulating cardiac hypertrophy agrees with three recent studies that appeared during the preparation of this manuscript [27] [28] [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27] [28] [29]" ] }, { "text": "While those studies identified a role for TrpC3 in inducing hypertrophy, our study extends these initial findings in several important ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While those studies identified a role for TrpC3 in inducing hypertrophy, our study extends these initial findings in several important ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, we identified TrpC3 from an unbiased screen for ion channel genes that regulate cardiac hypertrophy, providing independent confirmation that TrpC3 mediates hypertrophy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, we identified TrpC3 from an unbiased screen for ion channel genes that regulate cardiac hypertrophy, providing independent confirmation that TrpC3 mediates hypertrophy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, we have found that TrpC3 regulates gene expression independently of beat frequency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, we have found that TrpC3 regulates gene expression independently of beat frequency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As TrpC3 is localized in a subcellular domain that is different from the localization of Ca V 1.2, this provides strong evidence for the idea that Ca 2+ influx through different ion channels differentially regulates contraction and hypertrophy in ventricular myocytes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As TrpC3 is localized in a subcellular domain that is different from the localization of Ca V 1.2, this provides strong evidence for the idea that Ca 2+ influx through different ion channels differentially regulates contraction and hypertrophy in ventricular myocytes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Third, we show that TrpC3 is a common element in the signal transduction cascades activated by several agents that induce hypertrophy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, we show that TrpC3 is a common element in the signal transduction cascades activated by several agents that induce hypertrophy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we have found that TrpC3 strongly regulates hypertrophy-associated gene expression but has little effect on cell size, suggesting that these two pathways are at least partly independent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we have found that TrpC3 strongly regulates hypertrophy-associated gene expression but has little effect on cell size, suggesting that these two pathways are at least partly independent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two of the other recent papers found that overexpression of TrpC3 increased myocyte size.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two of the other recent papers found that overexpression of TrpC3 increased myocyte size [27, 28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, 28]" ] }, { "text": "These studies indicate that some levels of TrpC3 perturbation, at least overexpression, are able to affect cell size.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These studies indicate that some levels of TrpC3 perturbation, at least overexpression, are able to affect cell size.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, our results suggest that even strong TrpC3 knockdown has little effect on cell size while powerfully inhibiting hypertrophic gene expression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, our results suggest that even strong TrpC3 knockdown has little effect on cell size while powerfully inhibiting hypertrophic gene expression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Taken together, the experiments in this manuscript add significantly to our understanding of the signaling cascades that lead to cardiac hypertrophy and identify a new potential target for the development of pharmaceutical agents to treat heart disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Taken together, the experiments in this manuscript add significantly to our understanding of the signaling cascades that lead to cardiac hypertrophy and identify a new potential target for the development of pharmaceutical agents to treat heart disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, the 75-110 GHz band has received increased attention, because it can potentially provide the requested very high capacity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, the 75-110 GHz band has received increased attention, because it can potentially provide the requested very high capacity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "World wide spectrum regulations have allocated unprecedented large bandwidth for communications in this band.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "World wide spectrum regulations have allocated unprecedented large bandwidth for communications in this band [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, advances in high radio frequency devices, high speed optoelectronic components and photonic technologies are making it possible to realize multi-gigabit hybrid optical fibre wireless links.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, advances in high radio frequency devices, high speed optoelectronic components and photonic technologies are making it possible to realize multi-gigabit hybrid optical fibre wireless links [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Despite the impressive progress in multi-gigabit wireless links, achieving 100 Gbps data transmission at the 75-110 GHz band is still a challenge in terms of providing required power budgets, link linearity and efficient trade off between use of power and spectrum and practical implementation of advanced modulation formats.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the impressive progress in multi-gigabit wireless links, achieving 100 Gbps data transmission at the 75-110 GHz band is still a challenge in terms of providing required power budgets, link linearity and efficient trade off between use of power and spectrum and practical implementation of advanced modulation formats.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We reach the following conclusions based on the results above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We reach the following conclusions based on the results above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarity retrieval using quantized interest point descriptors is more effective and significantly more efficient than using full descriptors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarity retrieval using quantized interest point descriptors is more effective and significantly more efficient than using full descriptors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is true regardless of how the sets of full descriptors for the images are matched-minimum or completeand how the individual descriptors are compared-Euclidean or Mahalanobis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is true regardless of how the sets of full descriptors for the images are matched-minimum or completeand how the individual descriptors are compared-Euclidean or Mahalanobis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This finding is initially a bit surprising.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding is initially a bit surprising.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One might expect the loss of information from quantizing the descriptors to reduce performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One might expect the loss of information from quantizing the descriptors to reduce performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it seems that a binary comparison between quantized descriptors is more effective than an exact (Euclidean or Mahalanobis) comparison between full descriptors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it seems that a binary comparison between quantized descriptors is more effective than an exact (Euclidean or Mahalanobis) comparison between full descriptors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cosine distance can be viewed as comparing sets of descriptors in which individual descriptors are matched if they are quantized to the same cluster.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cosine distance can be viewed as comparing sets of descriptors in which individual descriptors are matched if they are quantized to the same cluster.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The exact distance between descriptors does not matter, only that they are in some sense closer to each other than they are to other descriptors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The exact distance between descriptors does not matter, only that they are in some sense closer to each other than they are to other descriptors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This actually agrees with how interest point descriptors are used to determine correspondences between stereo pairs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This actually agrees with how interest point descriptors are used to determine correspondences between stereo pairs [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "It is not the exact distance between a pair of descriptors that is used to assign a point in one image to a point in another but the ratio of this distance to that of the next closest point.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not the exact distance between a pair of descriptors that is used to assign a point in one image to a point in another but the ratio of this distance to that of the next closest point.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Image is divided into homogenous region for color image segmentation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Image is divided into homogenous region for color image segmentation [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "A co mmonly used technique, threshold is used in this work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A co mmonly used technique, threshold is used in this work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This technique assumes that the image presents number of co mponents of nearly homogenous value that can separate the components by a proper choice of intensity threshold.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This technique assumes that the image presents number of co mponents of nearly homogenous value that can separate the components by a proper choice of intensity threshold.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper presents and efficient iterative algorith m which can find the optimal thresholds value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper presents and efficient iterative algorith m which can find the optimal thresholds value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, color image is captured from the environ ment and then applied the edge detection method which can detect the edge of the color images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, color image is captured from the environ ment and then applied the edge detection method which can detect the edge of the color images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the second step, color image is converted into gradient map and then analyzed the regular experience values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second step, color image is converted into gradient map and then analyzed the regular experience values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the last step, they were selecting the best experience value iteratively to choose the best threshold of the gradient map.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the last step, they were selecting the best experience value iteratively to choose the best threshold of the gradient map.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They applied it the color images of cotton foreign fibers for segmenting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They applied it the color images of cotton foreign fibers for segmenting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Image is analyzed in a range of areas such as biology, med icine, physics astronomy, geography, chemistry, meteorology and industrial manufacturing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Image is analyzed in a range of areas such as biology, med icine, physics astronomy, geography, chemistry, meteorology and industrial manufacturing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inside an image analysis system, segmentation has been accounted for pattern recognition and image interpretation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Inside an image analysis system, segmentation has been accounted for pattern recognition and image interpretation [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "Many different approaches for image segmentation there are; which mainly differ in the criterion used to measure the similarity of two regions and in the strategy applied to guide the segmentation process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many different approaches for image segmentation there are; which mainly differ in the criterion used to measure the similarity of two regions and in the strategy applied to guide the segmentation process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The iterative algorithm based on the mean shift described in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The iterative algorithm based on the mean shift described in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A survey of image thresholding methods is conducted categorized and formu lated under a uniform notation and then evaluate the performance comparison presented in paper.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A survey of image thresholding methods is conducted categorized and formu lated under a uniform notation and then evaluate the performance comparison presented in paper [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "They categorized the thresholding methods such as histogram shape, measurement space clustering, entropy, object attributes, spatial correction and local-gray level surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They categorized the thresholding methods such as histogram shape, measurement space clustering, entropy, object attributes, spatial correction and local-gray level surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They also compared 40 selected thresholding methods from various categories are co mpared.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They also compared 40 selected thresholding methods from various categories are co mpared.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Global thresholding technique will not produce the desired output when pixels fro m different segments overlap in terms of intensities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Global thresholding technique will not produce the desired output when pixels fro m different segments overlap in terms of intensities [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "The overlapping of intensities may be caused due to (a) noise (b) variation in illu mination across the image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The overlapping of intensities may be caused due to (a) noise (b) variation in illu mination across the image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the first case, minimu m-error method can be used to estimate the underlying cluster parameters and the threshold is chosen to minimize the classification error.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first case, minimu m-error method can be used to estimate the underlying cluster parameters and the threshold is chosen to minimize the classification error.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Variab le thresholding technique is used for the latter case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Variab le thresholding technique is used for the latter case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Global thresholding is popular due to simplicity and easy implementation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Global thresholding is popular due to simplicity and easy implementation [7] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In point of fact, most applications of image thresholding are bounded to a particular do main where conditions are not as variable as in the normal case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In point of fact, most applications of image thresholding are bounded to a particular do main where conditions are not as variable as in the normal case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lighting conditions are one of those factors that are unpredictable and hard to model accurately.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lighting conditions are one of those factors that are unpredictable and hard to model accurately.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Segmentation techniques are grouped in three different classes: the first techniques named local techniques depends on the local properties of the pixels and their proximity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Segmentation techniques are grouped in three different classes: the first techniques named local techniques depends on the local properties of the pixels and their proximity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In next techniques an image can be segmented on the basis of informat ion about image histogram, global texture properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In next techniques an image can be segmented on the basis of informat ion about image histogram, global texture properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the last techniques to obtain good segmentation results are following the split, merge and g rowing techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last techniques to obtain good segmentation results are following the split, merge and g rowing techniques [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16] [17]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The electromagnetic spectrum has witness unprecedented utilization in the past years, with an ever-increasing number of communication systems sharing the same resource.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The electromagnetic spectrum has witness unprecedented utilization in the past years, with an ever-increasing number of communication systems sharing the same resource [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The augmentation in availability of wireless services has prompted engineers to look into the possibility of employing such systems to provide added in-flight services and to curtail the amount of cabling implemented in aircraft.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The augmentation in availability of wireless services has prompted engineers to look into the possibility of employing such systems to provide added in-flight services and to curtail the amount of cabling implemented in aircraft.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the adaptation of wireless communication inside aircraft is not straight forward, as the available technologies pose critical electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the adaptation of wireless communication inside aircraft is not straight forward, as the available technologies pose critical electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "This is evermore so, since safety of a commercial aircraft can only be guaranteed whilst preserving the integrity of the aircraft's communications and control equipment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is evermore so, since safety of a commercial aircraft can only be guaranteed whilst preserving the integrity of the aircraft's communications and control equipment [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The past years have thus attested escalated concerns for the penetration of high-intensity radiated fields (HIRF) into conducting enclosures, particularly after a number of aviation incidents have been attributed to the disruption of communications or loss of accuracy of the navigation equipment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The past years have thus attested escalated concerns for the penetration of high-intensity radiated fields (HIRF) into conducting enclosures, particularly after a number of aviation incidents have been attributed to the disruption of communications or loss of accuracy of the navigation equipment [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Since last decade, several molecular techniques have been developed for characterization of bacteria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since last decade, several molecular techniques have been developed for characterization of bacteria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study of non-coding RNAs is important in searching the function or role in cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of non-coding RNAs is important in searching the function or role in cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to understand the function, we may find the secondary structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to understand the function, we may find the secondary structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The family of tRNAs is a type of RNA molecules which has particular function to translate amino acids into protein-building machinery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The family of tRNAs is a type of RNA molecules which has particular function to translate amino acids into protein-building machinery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 16S, 23S, ITS, gyrase, RNA polymerase and DNA ligase are highly conserved gene of bacteria and used for molecular characterization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 16S, 23S, ITS, gyrase, RNA polymerase and DNA ligase are highly conserved gene of bacteria and used for molecular characterization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is also known as ISR present between 16S and 23S rDNA region of ribosomal genes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is also known as ISR present between 16S and 23S rDNA region of ribosomal genes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The arrangement of complete unit of ribosomal genes such as 16S-ITS-23S-ITS-5S are scattered in the genome of bacteria, which vary from 1 -15 copy numbers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The arrangement of complete unit of ribosomal genes such as 16S-ITS-23S-ITS-5S are scattered in the genome of bacteria, which vary from 1 -15 copy numbers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The recently developed DNA fingerprinting methods are based on enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC), the repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence (REP) and the BOX elements have been reported for the discrimination of bacterial strains.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The recently developed DNA fingerprinting methods are based on enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC), the repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence (REP) and the BOX elements have been reported for the discrimination of bacterial strains [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Freshwater reservoirs are decreasing due to growing populations, increased human consumption, urbanization and the lack of cost-effective sewage water treatment systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Freshwater reservoirs are decreasing due to growing populations, increased human consumption, urbanization and the lack of cost-effective sewage water treatment systems [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Several species of Aeromonas isolates were recovered from cultured fish and was characterized by biochemical as well as 16S rDNA sequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several species of Aeromonas isolates were recovered from cultured fish and was characterized by biochemical as well as 16S rDNA sequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pathogenicity assay has been performed in healthy fishes and found pathogenic bacteria such as A. hydrophila, A. bestiarum, A. salmonicida and A. veronii.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pathogenicity assay has been performed in healthy fishes and found pathogenic bacteria such as A. hydrophila, A. bestiarum, A. salmonicida and A. veronii.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these Aeromonas isolates were isolated from diseased trout except one which from carp fry.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All these Aeromonas isolates were isolated from diseased trout except one which from carp fry [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is urgent need to well characterize by molecular tools to discriminate pathogenic and non pathogenic isolates of A. hydrophila.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is urgent need to well characterize by molecular tools to discriminate pathogenic and non pathogenic isolates of A. hydrophila.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Kafirin was successfully isolated from the sorghum flours, though further purification steps will be necessary to increase the protein concentration for commercial pharmaceutical applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Kafirin was successfully isolated from the sorghum flours, though further purification steps will be necessary to increase the protein concentration for commercial pharmaceutical applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The higher protein digestibility in the isolated kafirin compared to the corresponding raw flours is presumably due to the disruption of the kafirin protein bodies found in raw sorghum grain, whereby cross-linked -and -kafirin form a protective layer around the more inherently digestible -kafirins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The higher protein digestibility in the isolated kafirin compared to the corresponding raw flours is presumably due to the disruption of the kafirin protein bodies found in raw sorghum grain, whereby cross-linked -and -kafirin form a protective layer around the more inherently digestible -kafirins [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "The lower in vitro protein digestibility of extracted kafirin and drug-loaded kafirin microparticles observed from cooked red sorghum compared to raw red sorghum is in agreement with previous reports.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The lower in vitro protein digestibility of extracted kafirin and drug-loaded kafirin microparticles observed from cooked red sorghum compared to raw red sorghum is in agreement with previous reports [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Moist cooking can reduce the digestibility of sorghum protein through increasing kafirin cross-linking and rearrangement of the secondary structure to -pleated sheets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moist cooking can reduce the digestibility of sorghum protein through increasing kafirin cross-linking and rearrangement of the secondary structure to -pleated sheets [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, the SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions of the raw and cooked kafirins were similar in overall banding patterns (Figure 3) , not supporting the formation of extensive new cross-links between kafirin subunits during the cooking process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions of the raw and cooked kafirins were similar in overall banding patterns (Figure 3) , not supporting the formation of extensive new cross-links between kafirin subunits during the cooking process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the present study differences in the in vitro protein digestibility International Journal of Polymer Science 7 of the drug-loaded microparticles did not translate into differences in their corresponding in vitro drug release profiles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study differences in the in vitro protein digestibility International Journal of Polymer Science 7 of the drug-loaded microparticles did not translate into differences in their corresponding in vitro drug release profiles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interaction between polyphenolics and kafirin is one proposed mechanism for the low protein digestibility of sorghum grain, interactions that can be enhanced by cooking.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Interaction between polyphenolics and kafirin is one proposed mechanism for the low protein digestibility of sorghum grain, interactions that can be enhanced by cooking [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "However, although the kafirin extracts from the hybrid red grain cultivar (MR Buster) had higher total polyphenolic contents than the white grain sorghum (Liberty), they also had higher protein digestibility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, although the kafirin extracts from the hybrid red grain cultivar (MR Buster) had higher total polyphenolic contents than the white grain sorghum (Liberty), they also had higher protein digestibility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The red commercial hybrid cultivar used in the present study is classified as tanninfree, and of all the classes of polyphenolics in sorghum grain, it is condensed tannins that most potently reduce protein digestibility, while nontannin polyphenolics may not appreciably reduce protein digestibility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The red commercial hybrid cultivar used in the present study is classified as tanninfree, and of all the classes of polyphenolics in sorghum grain, it is condensed tannins that most potently reduce protein digestibility, while nontannin polyphenolics may not appreciably reduce protein digestibility [4, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Drug loading and loading efficiency were highest using kafirin extracted from the white grain sorghum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Drug loading and loading efficiency were highest using kafirin extracted from the white grain sorghum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may be in part due to red grain sorghum cultivar containing significantly higher levels of total polyphenolics than the white grain sorghum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be in part due to red grain sorghum cultivar containing significantly higher levels of total polyphenolics than the white grain sorghum [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "These polyphenolic compounds, particularly those responsible for pigmentation (anthocyanins), are coextracted with kafirin when using ethanol.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These polyphenolic compounds, particularly those responsible for pigmentation (anthocyanins), are coextracted with kafirin when using ethanol [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Glacial acetic acid was used in this study to extract kafirin from the wholegrain, and it also coextracted the polyphenol pigments with the kafirin; an orange-red pigment was observed throughout the extraction process and in the final kafirin extract of the red grain sorghum but not the white grain, and the total polyphenolic content of the kafirin extracts from the red grain was significantly higher than that from the white grain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Glacial acetic acid was used in this study to extract kafirin from the wholegrain, and it also coextracted the polyphenol pigments with the kafirin; an orange-red pigment was observed throughout the extraction process and in the final kafirin extract of the red grain sorghum but not the white grain, and the total polyphenolic content of the kafirin extracts from the red grain was significantly higher than that from the white grain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The presence of more polyphenolic pigments in the red grain kafirin extracts may have interfered with prednisolone binding to the kafirin protein during the microparticle formation process, resulting in reduced drug loading into the microparticles formed using kafirin from the red grain compared to the white grain sorghum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of more polyphenolic pigments in the red grain kafirin extracts may have interfered with prednisolone binding to the kafirin protein during the microparticle formation process, resulting in reduced drug loading into the microparticles formed using kafirin from the red grain compared to the white grain sorghum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Overall, drug loading into microparticles described herein appears to be comparable to the corresponding microparticles formulated using distiller's dried grain kafirin (prednisolone loading 12.35% ± 0.43).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, drug loading into microparticles described herein appears to be comparable to the corresponding microparticles formulated using distiller's dried grain kafirin (prednisolone loading 12.35% ± 0.43) [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Despite the differences in the kafirin sources and the extraction methods used, this observed similarity in drug loading may be because the microparticles were formulated using the same method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the differences in the kafirin sources and the extraction methods used, this observed similarity in drug loading may be because the microparticles were formulated using the same method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scanning electron micrographs of the wholegrain kafirin microparticles and distiller's dried grain kafirin microparticles, both with and without drug, showed the presence of spherical microparticles that were varied in size.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Scanning electron micrographs of the wholegrain kafirin microparticles and distiller's dried grain kafirin microparticles, both with and without drug, showed the presence of spherical microparticles that were varied in size [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions, less prednisolone was released from kafirin microparticles (Figure 2 ) compared to zein microparticles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions, less prednisolone was released from kafirin microparticles (Figure 2 ) compared to zein microparticles [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "This difference might be explained by the more digestible and less hydrophobic nature of zein compared to kafirin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This difference might be explained by the more digestible and less hydrophobic nature of zein compared to kafirin [1, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 4]" ] }, { "text": "A lack of prednisolone release from kafirin microparticles in the simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions is desirable as it maximises the dose of encapsulated drug that reaches the target area of the lower GIT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A lack of prednisolone release from kafirin microparticles in the simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions is desirable as it maximises the dose of encapsulated drug that reaches the target area of the lower GIT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the drug release profile from the kafirin microparticles observed in the present study is promising in terms of its potential as an orally administered drug delivery system that targets the lower GIT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the drug release profile from the kafirin microparticles observed in the present study is promising in terms of its potential as an orally administered drug delivery system that targets the lower GIT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The negative externalities are characterized by proliferation of squatter settlements, air and water pollution, squalid condition of environmental sanitation, and breakdown of waste disposal arrangement to mention a few.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The negative externalities are characterized by proliferation of squatter settlements, air and water pollution, squalid condition of environmental sanitation, and breakdown of waste disposal arrangement to mention a few.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other side are positive externalities such as good roads, schools, shopping facilities, and accessibility to good health care facilities etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other side are positive externalities such as good roads, schools, shopping facilities, and accessibility to good health care facilities etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These immediate influences of environmental characteristics are therefore, manifested in the form of pull and push effect of the neighbourhood on the prospective buyer or occupant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These immediate influences of environmental characteristics are therefore, manifested in the form of pull and push effect of the neighbourhood on the prospective buyer or occupant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A push effect like the presence of waste dump site may affect property value and the satisfaction the occupants derive from the environment and the property they occupy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A push effect like the presence of waste dump site may affect property value and the satisfaction the occupants derive from the environment and the property they occupy (Jackson, 2001c) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jackson, 2001c)" ] }, { "text": "Hence, occupant's satisfaction of their dwellings and environment is influenced not only by the engineering elements, but also by the social, behavioural, cultural, and environmental variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, occupant's satisfaction of their dwellings and environment is influenced not only by the engineering elements, but also by the social, behavioural, cultural, and environmental variables (Michelson, 1970; Philips, 1967; Onibokun, 1974) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Michelson, 1970; Philips, 1967; Onibokun, 1974)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "This work is an extension of a previous workshop paper by the same authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This work is an extension of a previous workshop paper by the same authors [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper we provide more details of the implementation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we provide more details of the implementation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular this paper describes further work with the PRISM model checker which adds a new case study and discusses the time and memory resources used during verification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular this paper describes further work with the PRISM model checker which adds a new case study and discusses the time and memory resources used during verification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We have presented some of the ideas described here in a poster paper.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have presented some of the ideas described here in a poster paper [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "CoReDac also includes multi-channel support that is described elsewhere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CoReDac also includes multi-channel support that is described elsewhere [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "The new contributions of this paper include the detailed description of CoReDac's slot assignment procedure as well as the command phase that we introduce and evaluate in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The new contributions of this paper include the detailed description of CoReDac's slot assignment procedure as well as the command phase that we introduce and evaluate in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To the best of our knowledge CoReDac is the first protocol for collision-free command-response convergecast.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best of our knowledge CoReDac is the first protocol for collision-free command-response convergecast.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Conventional techniques for identifying microorganisms are phenotypic, biochemical or genotypic assays including culturing, immunological methods such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in-situ hybridization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conventional techniques for identifying microorganisms are phenotypic, biochemical or genotypic assays including culturing, immunological methods such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in-situ hybridization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These techniques are accurate, but none of these techniques are readily automated for rapid (<1 min) identification under industrial or field conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These techniques are accurate, but none of these techniques are readily automated for rapid (<1 min) identification under industrial or field conditions [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "However, the FT-IR method is rapid and non-invasive, permitting users to collect full spectra in a few seconds per sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the FT-IR method is rapid and non-invasive, permitting users to collect full spectra in a few seconds per sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Differences in the structure and quantity of cell wall polysaccharides, lipids and proteins are reflected in the FT-IR spectra.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Differences in the structure and quantity of cell wall polysaccharides, lipids and proteins are reflected in the FT-IR spectra.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These data provide fingerprint-like patterns which are highly reproducible and typical for different bacteria.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These data provide fingerprint-like patterns which are highly reproducible and typical for different bacteria [17] [18] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17] [18] [19]" ] }, { "text": "Compared to conventional methods, FT-IR identification is not only based on cell characteristics, but is achieved by selecting discriminating features from a large amount of spectral information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to conventional methods, FT-IR identification is not only based on cell characteristics, but is achieved by selecting discriminating features from a large amount of spectral information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The technique is applicable to all microorganisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes (e.g. fungi) that can be grown in culture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The technique is applicable to all microorganisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes (e.g. fungi) that can be grown in culture [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Fibrous structures are common in biological tissues, like the actin network as a supporting structure in eucaryotic cells, and in industrial materials, like the network of wood fibres in paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fibrous structures are common in biological tissues, like the actin network as a supporting structure in eucaryotic cells, and in industrial materials, like the network of wood fibres in paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Less known examples include networks of fibres such as, for instance, those formed by electrically conducting fibres, and needed in applications like reinforcement elements, smart clothing, electromagnetic shields or armors, and textile based sensors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Less known examples include networks of fibres such as, for instance, those formed by electrically conducting fibres, and needed in applications like reinforcement elements, smart clothing, electromagnetic shields or armors, and textile based sensors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among such fibres the exceptional mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes make them particularly interesting (Fig. 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among such fibres the exceptional mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes make them particularly interesting (Fig. 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here they were embedded in a polymer matrix and melt spun to form electrically conducting fibres.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Here they were embedded in a polymer matrix and melt spun to form electrically conducting fibres (Pötschke et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pötschke et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "General background risk factors for heavy drinking were consistent with our hypotheses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "General background risk factors for heavy drinking were consistent with our hypotheses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Young age, being male and lower education showed similar odds ratios of heavy drinking in siblings and national controls with one exception.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Young age, being male and lower education showed similar odds ratios of heavy drinking in siblings and national controls with one exception.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While early age of drinking initiation (ages 15-16) placed both populations at risk for adult heavy drinking, siblings who started drinking at a young age were (marginally) more likely to engage in adult heavy drinking compared to national controls who initiated drinking at that same age.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While early age of drinking initiation (ages 15-16) placed both populations at risk for adult heavy drinking, siblings who started drinking at a young age were (marginally) more likely to engage in adult heavy drinking compared to national controls who initiated drinking at that same age.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, early age of first drink is an independent predictor for later alcohol problems, even while controlling for other explanations including family adversity, parental alcohol use, genetic susceptibility or psychopathology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, early age of first drink is an independent predictor for later alcohol problems, even while controlling for other explanations including family adversity, parental alcohol use, genetic susceptibility or psychopathology [74] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF75" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[74]" ] }, { "text": "Heavy alcohol use at young ages often establishes a longer term pattern of alcohol use and is strongly associated with lifetime alcohol disorders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Heavy alcohol use at young ages often establishes a longer term pattern of alcohol use and is strongly associated with lifetime alcohol disorders [75, 76] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF76", "BIBREF77" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[75, 76]" ] }, { "text": "For young drinkers family environment, including low parental monitoring or family closeness, plays a critical role in the initiation of drinking but genetics may play a stronger role in continued drinking once it has started.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For young drinkers family environment, including low parental monitoring or family closeness, plays a critical role in the initiation of drinking but genetics may play a stronger role in continued drinking once it has started [77] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF78" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[77]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Conductive TPE composites exhibit excellent mechanical and electrical properties and can be used as artificial muscles, electromechanical actuators, touch control, switches and shapememory polymers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Conductive TPE composites exhibit excellent mechanical and electrical properties and can be used as artificial muscles, electromechanical actuators, touch control, switches and shapememory polymers [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Small amounts of CNT incorporated in the matrix can enhance the mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Small amounts of CNT incorporated in the matrix can enhance the mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The filler can be randomly distributed or oriented within the TPE matrix, by applying a magnetic or electric field, in order to optimize the piezoresistive properties in the desire direction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The filler can be randomly distributed or oriented within the TPE matrix, by applying a magnetic or electric field, in order to optimize the piezoresistive properties in the desire direction [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The length of hospital stay has been reported to be an important measure of morbidity among trauma patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The length of hospital stay has been reported to be an important measure of morbidity among trauma patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Prolonged hospitalization is associated with an unacceptable burden on resources for health and undermines the productive capacity of the population through time lost during hospitalization and disability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Prolonged hospitalization is associated with an unacceptable burden on resources for health and undermines the productive capacity of the population through time lost during hospitalization and disability [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "The overall length of hospitalization for both survivors and nonsurvivors in our study were found to be higher than that reported by other authors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The overall length of hospitalization for both survivors and nonsurvivors in our study were found to be higher than that reported by other authors [17, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 22]" ] }, { "text": "This can be explained by the presence of severe trauma patients and large number of patients with associated injuries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be explained by the presence of severe trauma patients and large number of patients with associated injuries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Decomposability is not just the algebraic properties for some lattices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Decomposability is not just the algebraic properties for some lattices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There exist in other algebraic areas, such as rings, modules and lattice-ordered group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There exist in other algebraic areas, such as rings, modules and lattice-ordered group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We will see examples in section 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will see examples in section 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Decomposable lattice is the common tool to understand these properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Decomposable lattice is the common tool to understand these properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the characterizations of prime ideals, minimal prime ideals and special ideals in the decomposable lattice are explicit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the characterizations of prime ideals, minimal prime ideals and special ideals in the decomposable lattice are explicit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More details will be seen in later.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More details will be seen in later.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, these characterizations can be our main technical tool for the further study of the structure of such lattices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, these characterizations can be our main technical tool for the further study of the structure of such lattices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, with the help of the results of the present paper, the structure of decomposable lattices determined by their prime ideals, minimal prime ideals and special ideals can be developed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, with the help of the results of the present paper, the structure of decomposable lattices determined by their prime ideals, minimal prime ideals and special ideals can be developed [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "One approach that can be used to overcome the problem of using AHP method is by applying one of machine learning methods, where the developed system will be able to learn based on existing data samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One approach that can be used to overcome the problem of using AHP method is by applying one of machine learning methods, where the developed system will be able to learn based on existing data samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the availability of data on the main producing regions of a rice variety can be used as a reference to predict other similar areas, so it is expected to provide high rice productivity as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the availability of data on the main producing regions of a rice variety can be used as a reference to predict other similar areas, so it is expected to provide high rice productivity as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In machine learning, this approach is called as classification problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In machine learning, this approach is called as classification problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, combining the machine learning algorithm with the remote sensing images will As the machine learning algorithm, we implemented Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), since it has been implemented to predict 12 kinds of food plants with the high accuracy value, i.e. 100%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, combining the machine learning algorithm with the remote sensing images will As the machine learning algorithm, we implemented Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), since it has been implemented to predict 12 kinds of food plants with the high accuracy value, i.e. 100% [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, LVQ processing time is relatively faster than other artificial neural network methods because the LVQ network architecture consists of only 2 layers, that are, the input layer and the output layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, LVQ processing time is relatively faster than other artificial neural network methods because the LVQ network architecture consists of only 2 layers, that are, the input layer and the output layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Rice (Oryza sativa) is a kind of foods derived from grass family.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rice (Oryza sativa) is a kind of foods derived from grass family.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Indonesia, rice is the main food of most Indonesian.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Indonesia, rice is the main food of most Indonesian.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This makes the need for rice in Indonesia continues to increase as the population growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This makes the need for rice in Indonesia continues to increase as the population growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this condition is not matched by increasing rice production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this condition is not matched by increasing rice production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, maintaining the stability of rice production in Indonesia becomes an important issue for further study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, maintaining the stability of rice production in Indonesia becomes an important issue for further study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the solutions that can be implemented is by applying precision agriculture (PA) in rice sector production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the solutions that can be implemented is by applying precision agriculture (PA) in rice sector production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PA is a technology that enhances farming techniques, starting from the pre-planting, during in-season growth, through harvest and post-harvest stages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PA is a technology that enhances farming techniques, starting from the pre-planting, during in-season growth, through harvest and post-harvest stages [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Due to a condition that pre-planting stage is an initial stage of PA, then the success of rice varieties determination at pre-planting stage become the main factor of PA's success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to a condition that pre-planting stage is an initial stage of PA, then the success of rice varieties determination at pre-planting stage become the main factor of PA's success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, PA technologies include Remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS), Soil Testing, Yield Monitors, and Variable Rate Technology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, PA technologies include Remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS), Soil Testing, Yield Monitors, and Variable Rate Technology [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "As radio spectrum is expensive and band-limited, centralized LTE advanced-radio over fiber (ROF) has attracted significant research interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As radio spectrum is expensive and band-limited, centralized LTE advanced-radio over fiber (ROF) has attracted significant research interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It focuses on the optimum construction and utilization of the hardware resources to cater an area of high traffic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It focuses on the optimum construction and utilization of the hardware resources to cater an area of high traffic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A typical design uses optical fiber to move analog or digitized radiofrequency (RF) between the central facility and the remote sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical design uses optical fiber to move analog or digitized radiofrequency (RF) between the central facility and the remote sites [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Choosing optical fiber over conventional coaxial cables enables the usage of the enormous bandwidth provided by the fiber as well as almost error-free transmission for short ranges in a metro area network (MAN).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Choosing optical fiber over conventional coaxial cables enables the usage of the enormous bandwidth provided by the fiber as well as almost error-free transmission for short ranges in a metro area network (MAN).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Software-defined radio (SDR) provides efficient, cost-effective and easy-tohandle deployment architecture for the LTE A-ROF system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Software-defined radio (SDR) provides efficient, cost-effective and easy-tohandle deployment architecture for the LTE A-ROF system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It follows a normal server/multi-client IT network and provides flexibility in architecture deployment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It follows a normal server/multi-client IT network and provides flexibility in architecture deployment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It also provides big savings of operational and infrastructure cost for service providers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It also provides big savings of operational and infrastructure cost for service providers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We also implemented our XML data warehouse in a relational, XML-compatible DBMS: SQL Server.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We also implemented our XML data warehouse in a relational, XML-compatible DBMS: SQL Server (Rys 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rys 2004)" ] }, { "text": "SQL Server 2005 handles XML data through an XML type field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SQL Server 2005 handles XML data through an XML type field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It integrates XQuery queries with the help of a function called query that is embedded into SQL Select clauses (Figure 7 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It integrates XQuery queries with the help of a function called query that is embedded into SQL Select clauses (Figure 7 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The variability of evapotranspiration (ET) on shorter timescales is poorly constrained, but is critical for the coupled cycling of water, energy, and carbon in arid and semi-arid environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The variability of evapotranspiration (ET) on shorter timescales is poorly constrained, but is critical for the coupled cycling of water, energy, and carbon in arid and semi-arid environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the variability of evapotranspiration affects (1) the amount of precipitation partitioned into runoff and recharge; (2) how land-atmosphere interactions influence weather and climate; and (3) processes, such as plant productivity, soil respiration, and biogeochemical cycling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the variability of evapotranspiration affects (1) the amount of precipitation partitioned into runoff and recharge; (2) how land-atmosphere interactions influence weather and climate; and (3) processes, such as plant productivity, soil respiration, and biogeochemical cycling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering the broad importance of evapotranspiration, ecosystem-level observations of evapotranspiration from semiarid environments are surprisingly limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the broad importance of evapotranspiration, ecosystem-level observations of evapotranspiration from semiarid environments are surprisingly limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The limited field studies that have been completed in semiarid environments demonstrate that evapotranspiration varies greatly with time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The limited field studies that have been completed in semiarid environments demonstrate that evapotranspiration varies greatly with time (Fernandez-Illescas et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fernandez-Illescas et al., 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our approach uses a scenario-driven combination of information retrieval (IR), dynamic analysis, and mining software repositories techniques (MSR).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our approach uses a scenario-driven combination of information retrieval (IR), dynamic analysis, and mining software repositories techniques (MSR).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We chose a history-based mining technique, as we share a prevalent view in MSR that the information in software repositories is an extension of the collective developer or development knowledge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We chose a history-based mining technique, as we share a prevalent view in MSR that the information in software repositories is an extension of the collective developer or development knowledge [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Given a textual change request, an IR (e.g., Latent Semantic Indexing or simply, LSI) indexed single release of source code is used to estimate the impact set.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given a textual change request, an IR (e.g., Latent Semantic Indexing or simply, LSI) indexed single release of source code is used to estimate the impact set.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Should the execution information be made available for the same snapshot associated with the change request, methods in the trace are also obtained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Should the execution information be made available for the same snapshot associated with the change request, methods in the trace are also obtained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A combination of IR and dynamic analyses is favored over IR to estimate the impact set in such cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A combination of IR and dynamic analyses is favored over IR to estimate the impact set in such cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "For restoring symmetry, we see the following two possible extensions to the basic scheme as promising avenues for further work: First, the scheme could be extended to allow individuals to team with others in order to join the club as one group, whose total contribution would match its consumption.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For restoring symmetry, we see the following two possible extensions to the basic scheme as promising avenues for further work: First, the scheme could be extended to allow individuals to team with others in order to join the club as one group, whose total contribution would match its consumption [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Grouping individuals in teams would also make practical sense, for example, for families and roommates that share the same residence and collectively own only one Wi-Fi router.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Grouping individuals in teams would also make practical sense, for example, for families and roommates that share the same residence and collectively own only one Wi-Fi router.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teammates can also be geographically distributed, and pool their Wi-Fi routers, enabling the team to provide service in more than one location.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Teammates can also be geographically distributed, and pool their Wi-Fi routers, enabling the team to provide service in more than one location.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With teams, we would need to replace the member identifiers with team identifiers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With teams, we would need to replace the member identifiers with team identifiers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But also, instead of letting all teammates share the private signing key of the team, it would be interesting to explore specific ways a teammate can consume and contribute in the name of the team, but still maintain accountability within the team.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But also, instead of letting all teammates share the private signing key of the team, it would be interesting to explore specific ways a teammate can consume and contribute in the name of the team, but still maintain accountability within the team.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "CPCs generally consist of a mixture of a calcium-phosphate powder and an aqueous solution, and they are classified into two types.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CPCs generally consist of a mixture of a calcium-phosphate powder and an aqueous solution, and they are classified into two types.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One type is based on hydrolysis of -tricalcium phosphate ( -Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ; -TCP) put forward by Monma and Kanazawa.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One type is based on hydrolysis of -tricalcium phosphate ( -Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ; -TCP) put forward by Monma and Kanazawa [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The other type is based on acid-base reaction of tetracalcium phosphate (Ca 4 O(PO 4 ) 2 ; TTCP) and acidic dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO 4 ⋅ 2H 2 O; DCPD) put forward by Brown and Chow.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The other type is based on acid-base reaction of tetracalcium phosphate (Ca 4 O(PO 4 ) 2 ; TTCP) and acidic dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO 4 ⋅ 2H 2 O; DCPD) put forward by Brown and Chow [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Both CPCs are set by precipitation of calcium-deficient HAp (CDHA) or HAp; thus, they are stable in a host body for a long time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both CPCs are set by precipitation of calcium-deficient HAp (CDHA) or HAp; thus, they are stable in a host body for a long time [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ; HAp) has been used as bioceramics for bone grafting due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ; HAp) has been used as bioceramics for bone grafting due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "HAp is used clinically in the following forms: granule, dense ceramics, porous ceramics, and cement (paste-like artificial bone).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "HAp is used clinically in the following forms: granule, dense ceramics, porous ceramics, and cement (paste-like artificial bone).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the cement, that is, calcium-phosphate cement (CPC), has an advantage in that desired shape can be easily formed during surgery operation and has therefore received much attention.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the cement, that is, calcium-phosphate cement (CPC), has an advantage in that desired shape can be easily formed during surgery operation and has therefore received much attention [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In Fig.1 , for the query scene image, local patches/regions are first obtained by sampling the image, features are then extracted from these patches, such as the visual features (color histogram, wavelet coefficient, etc.) and scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) descriptor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Fig.1 , for the query scene image, local patches/regions are first obtained by sampling the image, features are then extracted from these patches, such as the visual features (color histogram, wavelet coefficient, etc.) and scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) descriptor [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "These features are then forward to the trained classifiers (such as the support vector machine (SVM)) for matching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These features are then forward to the trained classifiers (such as the support vector machine (SVM)) for matching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the recognition results are returned to the client, e.g., the category of the scene, the name of the scene, and other information related to the scene.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the recognition results are returned to the client, e.g., the category of the scene, the name of the scene, and other information related to the scene.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, many scene recognition works adopt bags-of-words (BoW) method as the framework.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, many scene recognition works adopt bags-of-words (BoW) method as the framework [5] - [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ], [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]", "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The PDA is treated via a thoraco-or sternotomy occlusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The PDA is treated via a thoraco-or sternotomy occlusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Percutaneous interventional occlusion by unfastened coil or Amplatzer occluder are currently more and more frequent reference techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Percutaneous interventional occlusion by unfastened coil or Amplatzer occluder are currently more and more frequent reference techniques [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "About 20% of non-treated PDA patients die before reaching the age of 30.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "About 20% of non-treated PDA patients die before reaching the age of 30 [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Generally, the best way of controlling pollution of the environment by landfill leachate is treating the leachate to remove or convert the hazardous components into non-hazardous ones before it enters the water system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, the best way of controlling pollution of the environment by landfill leachate is treating the leachate to remove or convert the hazardous components into non-hazardous ones before it enters the water system [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "To do so, fluidized anaerobic treatment promises both pollution reduction of leachate and biogas production as energy source since it is used the same way in other biotechnological processes such as the fermentation and production of enzymes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To do so, fluidized anaerobic treatment promises both pollution reduction of leachate and biogas production as energy source since it is used the same way in other biotechnological processes such as the fermentation and production of enzymes [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "This process is considered more efficient than the conventional method using a pond system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This process is considered more efficient than the conventional method using a pond system [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Anaerobic digestion is a technologically simple process with low energy requirement for converting organic material from a wide range of wastewater types, solid wastes and biomass into methane.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Anaerobic digestion is a technologically simple process with low energy requirement for converting organic material from a wide range of wastewater types, solid wastes and biomass into methane [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "No upper bound is given in Theorem 1, and the only rigorous upper bound we know of is that given by Jaffuel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "No upper bound is given in Theorem 1, and the only rigorous upper bound we know of is that given by Jaffuel [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "In fact, as mentioned above, Jaffuel considered branching random walks, but it is not difficult either to adapt his proof, or to apply his result together with standard tightness properties of Brownian motion, to achieve the same upper bound for BBM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, as mentioned above, Jaffuel considered branching random walks, but it is not difficult either to adapt his proof, or to apply his result together with standard tightness properties of Brownian motion, to achieve the same upper bound for BBM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A finer upper bound appears to be difficult to prove.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A finer upper bound appears to be difficult to prove.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this work, we introduced a hybrid segmentation/classification approach which improves the automatic segmentation of nuclei for the purpose of the Papanicolaou test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work, we introduced a hybrid segmentation/classification approach which improves the automatic segmentation of nuclei for the purpose of the Papanicolaou test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, a classification factor was introduced during the process of merging neighboring segments during the hierarchical segmentation process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, a classification factor was introduced during the process of merging neighboring segments during the hierarchical segmentation process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second we introduced a non supervised approach for the selection of the best hierarchical segmentation level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second we introduced a non supervised approach for the selection of the best hierarchical segmentation level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, to prune most of the wrongly segmented cells and avoid over/under segmentation, we introduced a region-based SVM classifier able of improving the performance of the resulting segmentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, to prune most of the wrongly segmented cells and avoid over/under segmentation, we introduced a region-based SVM classifier able of improving the performance of the resulting segmentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The SVM classifier was used to separate the two classes of regions: nucleus and no nucleus regions (cytoplasm and background) using an appropriate set of region features (morphometrics, edge-based, and convex hull-based).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The SVM classifier was used to separate the two classes of regions: nucleus and no nucleus regions (cytoplasm and background) using an appropriate set of region features (morphometrics, edge-based, and convex hull-based).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our method is adapted to the segmentation of cellular objects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our method is adapted to the segmentation of cellular objects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A leave-one-out cross-validation approach allowed proving that the proposed approach produces a segmentation closer to what is expected by human experts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A leave-one-out cross-validation approach allowed proving that the proposed approach produces a segmentation closer to what is expected by human experts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to improve the segmentation results (separating cells) we will consider applying vector image restoration based on Partial Differential Equations (PDE).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to improve the segmentation results (separating cells) we will consider applying vector image restoration based on Partial Differential Equations (PDE) [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "When using pooling to estimate recall it is difficult to ascertain whether the majority of relevant documents have been discovered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When using pooling to estimate recall it is difficult to ascertain whether the majority of relevant documents have been discovered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There have been a number of empirical studies that have attempted this across collections such as TREC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There have been a number of empirical studies that have attempted this across collections such as TREC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Zobel defined a method to extrapolate the potential numbers of unassessed relevant documents, concluding that the assumption of unassessed documents being not relevant was unfounded.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Zobel defined a method to extrapolate the potential numbers of unassessed relevant documents, concluding that the assumption of unassessed documents being not relevant was unfounded [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "He approximated that a large percentage of relevant documents were still to be discovered, especially across topics where a large number of relevant documents were already found through pooling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "He approximated that a large percentage of relevant documents were still to be discovered, especially across topics where a large number of relevant documents were already found through pooling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is not clear what impact the potential proportion of relevant unassessed documents may have on system comparisons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is not clear what impact the potential proportion of relevant unassessed documents may have on system comparisons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Airborne prokaryotes abundance-Collected material from filters was re-suspended in 3 mL of filtered seawater (0.2 µm) from the study site and sonicated (Symphony) for 1 min.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Airborne prokaryotes abundance-Collected material from filters was re-suspended in 3 mL of filtered seawater (0.2 µm) from the study site and sonicated (Symphony) for 1 min.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The filtered seawater was then preserved with microscopy-grade glutaraldehyde solution (Sigma-Aldrich G7651, final concentration 0.2%) and frozen in liquid nitrogen before being transferred to −80 • C. Before analyses, samples were defrosted in a 37 • C water bath, well mixed for 30 s, and 100 µL aliquot was stained with SYTO9 (1:10 5 v:v) for 10 min in the dark.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The filtered seawater was then preserved with microscopy-grade glutaraldehyde solution (Sigma-Aldrich G7651, final concentration 0.2%) and frozen in liquid nitrogen before being transferred to −80 • C. Before analyses, samples were defrosted in a 37 • C water bath, well mixed for 30 s, and 100 µL aliquot was stained with SYTO9 (1:10 5 v:v) for 10 min in the dark.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cell counts in the samples were determined using an Attune®Acoustic Focusing Flow Cytometer (Applied Biosystems) equipped with 488 and 405-nm lasers at 25 µL min −1 using a discrimination threshold of green fluorescence and forward-scatter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cell counts in the samples were determined using an Attune®Acoustic Focusing Flow Cytometer (Applied Biosystems) equipped with 488 and 405-nm lasers at 25 µL min −1 using a discrimination threshold of green fluorescence and forward-scatter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cyanobacterial abundance was determined on non-stained samples at 100 µL min −1 with taxonomic discrimination set on the orange and red fluorescence, on side-scatter and on forward-scatter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cyanobacterial abundance was determined on non-stained samples at 100 µL min −1 with taxonomic discrimination set on the orange and red fluorescence, on side-scatter and on forward-scatter [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "Beads (0.93 µm, Polysciences) were used as a size standard.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Beads (0.93 µm, Polysciences) were used as a size standard.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three filters in each event (out of total 4 collected) were used for bacterial abundance measurements and 1 filter served as a negative control where no air was pumped through it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three filters in each event (out of total 4 collected) were used for bacterial abundance measurements and 1 filter served as a negative control where no air was pumped through it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, the reads retrieved from the filtered seawater (<10% of total events) were also used as a negative control and were subtracted from the total cell reads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, the reads retrieved from the filtered seawater (<10% of total events) were also used as a negative control and were subtracted from the total cell reads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "It can be seen from the above that there is a significant need for methods to locate and recognise the text in images in Web documents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be seen from the above that there is a significant need for methods to locate and recognise the text in images in Web documents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering traditional optical character recognition (OCR), one may initially think that Web images present some advantages over scanned documents, such as the lack of digitisation-induced noise and skew.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering traditional optical character recognition (OCR), one may initially think that Web images present some advantages over scanned documents, such as the lack of digitisation-induced noise and skew.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the task is considerably difficult for traditional OCR for a number of reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the task is considerably difficult for traditional OCR for a number of reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, these (often complex) colour images tend to be of low resolution (usually just 72 dpi) and the font size used for text is very small (about 5-7pt).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, these (often complex) colour images tend to be of low resolution (usually just 72 dpi) and the font size used for text is very small (about 5-7pt).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such conditions clearly pose a challenge to traditional OCR, which works with 300 dpi images (typically bilevel) and character sizes of usually 10pt or larger.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such conditions clearly pose a challenge to traditional OCR, which works with 300 dpi images (typically bilevel) and character sizes of usually 10pt or larger.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, images on Web documents tend to have various artefacts introduced by the authoring software (e.g., by performing colour quantization and lossy compression).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, images on Web documents tend to have various artefacts introduced by the authoring software (e.g., by performing colour quantization and lossy compression) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "A comparison of the characteristics faced by the task of analysing text in Web images versus the input expected by traditional OCR can be seen in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A comparison of the characteristics faced by the task of analysing text in Web images versus the input expected by traditional OCR can be seen in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The performance of the segmentation method has been evaluated using a dataset created by the authors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The performance of the segmentation method has been evaluated using a dataset created by the authors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Significant attention has been paid to design the dataset to be as representative as (realistically) possible of the variations of text in image form present on the Web.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant attention has been paid to design the dataset to be as representative as (realistically) possible of the variations of text in image form present on the Web.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To that effect, two issues play an important role in the selection of images.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To that effect, two issues play an important role in the selection of images.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, the size of the dataset is determined by balancing the specific evaluation needs with the difficulty in its creation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, the size of the dataset is determined by balancing the specific evaluation needs with the difficulty in its creation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For segmentation evaluation (as opposed to OCR or text retrieval evaluation, for instance) a relatively compact dataset is generally sufficient in representing the difficulties at the pixel level (a consideration shared by previous approaches as well).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For segmentation evaluation (as opposed to OCR or text retrieval evaluation, for instance) a relatively compact dataset is generally sufficient in representing the difficulties at the pixel level (a consideration shared by previous approaches as well [3, 9] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 9]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The data used for the case study refer to a wind farm (whose location is not disclosed for confidentiality reasons) and the available data set comprises a wind speed time series (one whole year) measured by an anemometer located at 50 m above the ground level (a.g.l.), as well as the power produced by each of the wind turbines, collected by a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems at the wind farm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data used for the case study refer to a wind farm (whose location is not disclosed for confidentiality reasons) and the available data set comprises a wind speed time series (one whole year) measured by an anemometer located at 50 m above the ground level (a.g.l.), as well as the power produced by each of the wind turbines, collected by a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems at the wind farm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the aim of the study was modelling the power curve of the wind farm as a whole, the sum of the power produced by all the turbines was used for the application of the proposed algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the aim of the study was modelling the power curve of the wind farm as a whole, the sum of the power produced by all the turbines was used for the application of the proposed algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A training and a test set containing respectively 90% and 10% of the entire time series available (randomly selected across the whole data set) were created.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A training and a test set containing respectively 90% and 10% of the entire time series available (randomly selected across the whole data set) were created.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to speed up the training, a sampling of one datum out of three was then made on the training set (TS), so to select a smaller subset (that was used as the actual TS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to speed up the training, a sampling of one datum out of three was then made on the training set (TS), so to select a smaller subset (that was used as the actual TS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Before starting the training phase, the data which had been clearly recorded erroneously, due to a malfunctioning of the SCADA system, were filtered out (namely, data with an abscissa greater than the cut-in speed of the wind turbines and with a null ordinate).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Before starting the training phase, the data which had been clearly recorded erroneously, due to a malfunctioning of the SCADA system, were filtered out (namely, data with an abscissa greater than the cut-in speed of the wind turbines and with a null ordinate).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The remaining data were normalized in the interval [−1; +1] and denoised using the Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) technique with a bandwidth of the Gaussian kernel = 0.4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The remaining data were normalized in the interval [−1; +1] and denoised using the Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) technique with a bandwidth of the Gaussian kernel = 0.4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "KPCA is a generically nonlinear signal processing technique; it is often used for denoising in image applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "KPCA is a generically nonlinear signal processing technique; it is often used for denoising in image applications [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "The denoised TS used to train GMR contains 2828 observations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The denoised TS used to train GMR contains 2828 observations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A test data set containing 876 observations has been used in the recalling phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A test data set containing 876 observations has been used in the recalling phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 2 shows the data before (a) and after (b) the normalization and denoising procedure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2 shows the data before (a) and after (b) the normalization and denoising procedure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data showed in Fig. 2(a) have been previously rescaled, only for visualization purposes, in order to protect data confidentiality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data showed in Fig. 2(a) have been previously rescaled, only for visualization purposes, in order to protect data confidentiality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Due to the dearth of correlations between generation of solution alternatives and group effectiveness, more primary studies should be conducted on this particular task-related function and then aggregated in a meta-analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the dearth of correlations between generation of solution alternatives and group effectiveness, more primary studies should be conducted on this particular task-related function and then aggregated in a meta-analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This future research might show that the relatively low true-score correlation found in this study is not simply due to second-order sampling error.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This future research might show that the relatively low true-score correlation found in this study is not simply due to second-order sampling error.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second-order sampling error can still remain in meta-analyses correcting for (first-order) sampling error in primary studies, if the number of aggregated correlation coefficients (k; see Tables 2 and 3 ) is small.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second-order sampling error can still remain in meta-analyses correcting for (first-order) sampling error in primary studies, if the number of aggregated correlation coefficients (k; see Tables 2 and 3 ) is small.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sampling error in the meta-analytic estimates of mean correlations and their standard deviations are called second-order sampling error.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sampling error in the meta-analytic estimates of mean correlations and their standard deviations are called second-order sampling error.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our reluctance to be overly inclusive with respect to operationalization of communication functions may explain some of this second-order sampling error.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our reluctance to be overly inclusive with respect to operationalization of communication functions may explain some of this second-order sampling error.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, we traded external validity of our meta-analytic sample for operational comparability of communi-cation functions (and thus construct validity).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, we traded external validity of our meta-analytic sample for operational comparability of communi-cation functions (and thus construct validity) (Bangert-Drowns, 1986) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bangert-Drowns, 1986)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Despite these limitations, the present meta-analysis provides empirical support for the functional theory of group decision-making effectiveness-for some task-communication functions more than for others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite these limitations, the present meta-analysis provides empirical support for the functional theory of group decision-making effectiveness-for some task-communication functions more than for others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It suggests the importance of group communication concerning negative decision attributes, especially in the case of equivocal tasks, and the importance of thorough problem analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It suggests the importance of group communication concerning negative decision attributes, especially in the case of equivocal tasks, and the importance of thorough problem analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on our meta-analysis, the communication processes that managers and supervisors ought to emphasize most are assessment of negative solution attributes and thorough understanding and analysis of the task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on our meta-analysis, the communication processes that managers and supervisors ought to emphasize most are assessment of negative solution attributes and thorough understanding and analysis of the task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, on one hand, we emphasize the importance of negative evaluation of solution alternatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, on one hand, we emphasize the importance of negative evaluation of solution alternatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, however, group members ought not to forget that negativity in general, or personally disconfirmatory messages more specifically, may be unproductive.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, however, group members ought not to forget that negativity in general, or personally disconfirmatory messages more specifically, may be unproductive (Mabry & Attridge, 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mabry & Attridge, 1990)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In the twenty-first century, urban sustainability has become a very important factor in urban policy discussions, urban development sustainability policy decisions, and environmental planning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the twenty-first century, urban sustainability has become a very important factor in urban policy discussions, urban development sustainability policy decisions, and environmental planning [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Rapid urban development in China has led to the expansion of urban spaces, the enlargement of city scales, and changes to resident lifestyles, and has had wide ranging effects, all of which have led to increased attention being paid to sustainable city development, especially on reasonable methods for measuring sustainable urban development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rapid urban development in China has led to the expansion of urban spaces, the enlargement of city scales, and changes to resident lifestyles, and has had wide ranging effects, all of which have led to increased attention being paid to sustainable city development, especially on reasonable methods for measuring sustainable urban development [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Sustainable urban development emphasizes a coordinated development of the city's economy, society, and ecology, and its core purpose is, through regional co-ordination, resource conservation, and other means, to promote harmony between the urban economy, the residents' lives, and the ecological resources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sustainable urban development emphasizes a coordinated development of the city's economy, society, and ecology, and its core purpose is, through regional co-ordination, resource conservation, and other means, to promote harmony between the urban economy, the residents' lives, and the ecological resources [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Another barrier to M2T transformation reuse is the lack of contextual information about the conditions and requirements of reuse.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another barrier to M2T transformation reuse is the lack of contextual information about the conditions and requirements of reuse (Wimmer et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wimmer et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "While not fully elaborated in this paper, we enumerate working assumptions on the structural semantics of metamodel transformations (e.g., cardinality classes supported) in Section 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While not fully elaborated in this paper, we enumerate working assumptions on the structural semantics of metamodel transformations (e.g., cardinality classes supported) in Section 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These working assumptions can be formalized into executable preand post-conditions (e.g., OCL expressions) stored at the model-level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These working assumptions can be formalized into executable preand post-conditions (e.g., OCL expressions) stored at the model-level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The conditions can then be evaluated based on the transformation traces generated during metamodel composition to establish whether the rewriting transformations are applicable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The conditions can then be evaluated based on the transformation traces generated during metamodel composition to establish whether the rewriting transformations are applicable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We argue that the health of Africa's population has improved much less than improvements in child mortality or life expectancy at birth suggest and this is why its fertility transition has been slower, yielded little economic benefit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We argue that the health of Africa's population has improved much less than improvements in child mortality or life expectancy at birth suggest and this is why its fertility transition has been slower, yielded little economic benefit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our explanation draws on the twin transitions of mortality and morbidity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our explanation draws on the twin transitions of mortality and morbidity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the epidemiological transition that underlies the mortality transition, infectious disease mortality among the young and elderly falls, followed by noninfectious disease mortality among older adults.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the epidemiological transition that underlies the mortality transition, infectious disease mortality among the young and elderly falls, followed by noninfectious disease mortality among older adults (Omran, 1971) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Omran, 1971)" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, falling infectious disease mortality is typically associated with falling morbidity as younger adults become healthier and fewer older adults suffer from non-infectious disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, falling infectious disease mortality is typically associated with falling morbidity as younger adults become healthier and fewer older adults suffer from non-infectious disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is this link between mortality and morbidity that has weakened during sub-Saharan Africa's mortality transition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is this link between mortality and morbidity that has weakened during sub-Saharan Africa's mortality transition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In a columnar transposition, the message is written out in rows of a fixed length, and then read out again column by column, and the columns are chosen in some scrambled order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a columnar transposition, the message is written out in rows of a fixed length, and then read out again column by column, and the columns are chosen in some scrambled order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the width of the rows and the permutation of the columns are usually defined by a keyword.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the width of the rows and the permutation of the columns are usually defined by a keyword [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Advanced forms of columnar encryption techniques are used for encryption in a matrix representation form.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Advanced forms of columnar encryption techniques are used for encryption in a matrix representation form [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Forest soil is poly-dispersive system, where the basic is in spatial arrangement of primary and secondary structure of elements; those elements compose from soil particles of diff erent size, shape and characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Forest soil is poly-dispersive system, where the basic is in spatial arrangement of primary and secondary structure of elements; those elements compose from soil particles of diff erent size, shape and characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From this point of view the forest soil can be described using physical characteristics which are colour, texture, porosity, consistence and structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From this point of view the forest soil can be described using physical characteristics which are colour, texture, porosity, consistence and structure (Rejšek, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rejšek, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Those specifi c characteristics are dependent on interaction between solid, liquid and fl uid elements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Those specifi c characteristics are dependent on interaction between solid, liquid and fl uid elements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The case of a discrete symmetry G has been studied much less.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The case of a discrete symmetry G has been studied much less.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a theory of free fermions or a small deformation thereof, one can compute the 't Hooft anomaly by reducing to the case of a compact connected Lie group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a theory of free fermions or a small deformation thereof, one can compute the 't Hooft anomaly by reducing to the case of a compact connected Lie group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such theories anomalies arise only from the chiral action of G on the fermions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such theories anomalies arise only from the chiral action of G on the fermions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the action of G on fermions is linear and unitary, G comes with a distinguished embedding into U(N).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the action of G on fermions is linear and unitary, G comes with a distinguished embedding into U(N).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The anomaly can be computed by evaluating the U(N) anomaly and then restricting it to G. The resulting anomaly takes values in H d+2 (BG, Z) ≃ H d+1 (BG, U (1)) and can be canceled by anomaly inflow from d + 1 dimensions, where the d + 1-dimensional topological gauge theory is of the Dijkgraaf-Witten type.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The anomaly can be computed by evaluating the U(N) anomaly and then restricting it to G. The resulting anomaly takes values in H d+2 (BG, Z) ≃ H d+1 (BG, U (1)) and can be canceled by anomaly inflow from d + 1 dimensions, where the d + 1-dimensional topological gauge theory is of the Dijkgraaf-Witten type [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "By construction, anomalies in theories of weakly-coupled fermions occur only for even d, because only in even d one can have a chiral action of G on fermions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By construction, anomalies in theories of weakly-coupled fermions occur only for even d, because only in even d one can have a chiral action of G on fermions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "PSE meat is internationally recognized as severe problem for the meat industry, and has been studied for many years due to its considerable economic importance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PSE meat is internationally recognized as severe problem for the meat industry, and has been studied for many years due to its considerable economic importance (Fletcher et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fletcher et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "The first studies were carried out with pigs, and then expanded to turkeys.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first studies were carried out with pigs, and then expanded to turkeys.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was verified that 41% of turkey meat may present PSE characteristics, and, recently, that in chickens, this percentage may reach 47%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was verified that 41% of turkey meat may present PSE characteristics, and, recently, that in chickens, this percentage may reach 47% (Woelfel et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Woelfel et al., 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, a consensus algorithm for the decentralized secondary coordinated control is implemented as an extension of our previous work.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, a consensus algorithm for the decentralized secondary coordinated control is implemented as an extension of our previous work [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Firstly, the hierarchical structure based on ESS and RES coordinated control is presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, the hierarchical structure based on ESS and RES coordinated control is presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dynamic consensus method is utilized in secondary level to avoid the out-of-synchronization distributed units.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dynamic consensus method is utilized in secondary level to avoid the out-of-synchronization distributed units.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this way, the hierarchical control of ESS and RES units can be decentralized not only in primary level but throughout hierarchical level, which adopts only a sparse communication network spanned across microgrid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, the hierarchical control of ESS and RES units can be decentralized not only in primary level but throughout hierarchical level, which adopts only a sparse communication network spanned across microgrid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, the weight calculation procedure for optimal converging speed is also presented, so that the overall system can find out converged variables in a fast way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the weight calculation procedure for optimal converging speed is also presented, so that the overall system can find out converged variables in a fast way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, realtime simulation results based on an islanded microgrid are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, realtime simulation results based on an islanded microgrid are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Another indicator of soil physical quality is the least limiting water range (LLWR), which can be used to identify soil physical limitations and thus assist producers in choosing better management techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another indicator of soil physical quality is the least limiting water range (LLWR), which can be used to identify soil physical limitations and thus assist producers in choosing better management techniques (Bergamin et al., 2010a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bergamin et al., 2010a)" ] }, { "text": "The LLWR is a good indicator of soil physical quality because it incorporates the plant growth limitations due to aeration, water availability and soil penetration resistance in a single parameter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The LLWR is a good indicator of soil physical quality because it incorporates the plant growth limitations due to aeration, water availability and soil penetration resistance in a single parameter (Silva et al., 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Silva et al., 1994)" ] }, { "text": "This indicator is correlated with plant growth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This indicator is correlated with plant growth (Tormena et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tormena et al., 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The study has been based on the Problematic Internet use (PIU) as described in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study has been based on the Problematic Internet use (PIU) as described in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Twenty schools were selected among which ten were boys' and ten were girls' schools, located in 5 districts and schematic sampling procedure presented in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Twenty schools were selected among which ten were boys' and ten were girls' schools, located in 5 districts and schematic sampling procedure presented in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have computed the sample size based on 50% prevalence of students might have access to internet services and addict, assuming 3.2% bound on error estimation, and taking 99% confidence level, the required minimum sample size for this study was N= 1,624.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have computed the sample size based on 50% prevalence of students might have access to internet services and addict, assuming 3.2% bound on error estimation, and taking 99% confidence level, the required minimum sample size for this study was N= 1,624.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Second, those respondents who answered to the assignments (10/17) reported as top reasons for carrying out the assignments the interestingness of the assignments (7/10), enjoyment of searching for a suitable subject to photograph (5/10), and wanting to earn some money (5/10).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, those respondents who answered to the assignments (10/17) reported as top reasons for carrying out the assignments the interestingness of the assignments (7/10), enjoyment of searching for a suitable subject to photograph (5/10), and wanting to earn some money (5/10).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The top reasons reported for not carrying out assignments (7/17) were not finding a suitable subject (5/7) and not being in the vicinity of the assignment or suitable location (4/7).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The top reasons reported for not carrying out assignments (7/17) were not finding a suitable subject (5/7) and not being in the vicinity of the assignment or suitable location (4/7).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to the task relevance and engagingness of the assignments our results emphasize the enjoyment of the activity, monetary incentives and vicinity to a suitable location as important factors similarly to previous studies in mobile crowdsourcing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the task relevance and engagingness of the assignments our results emphasize the enjoyment of the activity, monetary incentives and vicinity to a suitable location as important factors similarly to previous studies in mobile crowdsourcing [10, [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, [17] [18]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "There are especially rich possibilities to utilize UGC and crowdsourcing in the field of hyperlocal news, which are most often distributed free of charge to the readers in print or online.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are especially rich possibilities to utilize UGC and crowdsourcing in the field of hyperlocal news, which are most often distributed free of charge to the readers in print or online.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By hyperlocal news content we refer in this paper to content that pertains to a town, village, suburb, or other small, geographically defined community.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By hyperlocal news content we refer in this paper to content that pertains to a town, village, suburb, or other small, geographically defined community [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "There are already numerous hyperlocal outlets for example in the UK which rely heavily on the readers' content, such as stories, photos and videos.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are already numerous hyperlocal outlets for example in the UK which rely heavily on the readers' content, such as stories, photos and videos [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Especially hyperlocal newspapers collaborate with readers in content creation, because their editorial staff is few in number and the readers are well-informed of the hyperlocal, interesting and timely issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Especially hyperlocal newspapers collaborate with readers in content creation, because their editorial staff is few in number and the readers are well-informed of the hyperlocal, interesting and timely issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, other readers' material is considered trustworthy and authentic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, other readers' material is considered trustworthy and authentic [1, [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, [7] [8]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The application of natural fibre composites to 3D printing technology is a relatively new field with an absence found by the authors in the literature showing applications in standard fused deposition modelling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The application of natural fibre composites to 3D printing technology is a relatively new field with an absence found by the authors in the literature showing applications in standard fused deposition modelling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Over the past few years, there has been growing popularity of FDM in the consumer market.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past few years, there has been growing popularity of FDM in the consumer market [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "When coupled with an increasing awareness of our effect on the environment, natural fibre composite filaments have a promising future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When coupled with an increasing awareness of our effect on the environment, natural fibre composite filaments have a promising future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the filament also exhibits superior properties typical to composites, this would provide a competitive advantage against other print filaments currently on offer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the filament also exhibits superior properties typical to composites, this would provide a competitive advantage against other print filaments currently on offer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Hailed as the third industrial revolution and recognised as a textbook disruptive technology, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is changing the way we think about manufacturing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hailed as the third industrial revolution and recognised as a textbook disruptive technology, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is changing the way we think about manufacturing [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "To manufacture a component using this technology, modelling software is first used to generate a virtual component.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To manufacture a component using this technology, modelling software is first used to generate a virtual component.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 3D model is then divided into incremental layers in the xy-plane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 3D model is then divided into incremental layers in the xy-plane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Precision machinery is then used to deposit or solidify material in these layers matching the geometric model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Precision machinery is then used to deposit or solidify material in these layers matching the geometric model [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Collectively, the layers form a solid replica of the three-dimensional model which is then ready for use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Collectively, the layers form a solid replica of the three-dimensional model which is then ready for use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are numerous advantages to this process as opposed to traditional manufacturing, such as up to 90% material savings, accelerated product prototyping, and practically no limit to the complexity of the product.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are numerous advantages to this process as opposed to traditional manufacturing, such as up to 90% material savings, accelerated product prototyping, and practically no limit to the complexity of the product [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The ICSD third edition recognizes 10 core categories of parasomnias.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ICSD third edition recognizes 10 core categories of parasomnias.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The State Dissociation paradigm allows workable conceptualization of parasomnias as changing unstable oscillatory admixtures of Wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The State Dissociation paradigm allows workable conceptualization of parasomnias as changing unstable oscillatory admixtures of Wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As our understanding of the neurophysiologic systems accounting for parasomnias deepens, we continue to refine the classification of these disorders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As our understanding of the neurophysiologic systems accounting for parasomnias deepens, we continue to refine the classification of these disorders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This classification allows us to identify disease states which drive therapeutic strategies for effective outcomes, define appropriate avenues for future research and public education, and guide the legal system on complex and oft-confused disorders to help determine appropriate standards.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This classification allows us to identify disease states which drive therapeutic strategies for effective outcomes, define appropriate avenues for future research and public education, and guide the legal system on complex and oft-confused disorders to help determine appropriate standards [64] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF63" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[64]" ] }, { "text": "Further research will hopefully continue to deepen our understanding of disorders of arousals and RBD and associated conditions with a focus on neuroprotective therapies, clarify the neurophysiologic mechanisms linking pharmacology with untoward parasomnias, and allow us to better define these behaviors across the spectrum of human existence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further research will hopefully continue to deepen our understanding of disorders of arousals and RBD and associated conditions with a focus on neuroprotective therapies, clarify the neurophysiologic mechanisms linking pharmacology with untoward parasomnias, and allow us to better define these behaviors across the spectrum of human existence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The current iteration of the ICSD third edition recognizes 10 core categories of parasomnias (Table 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current iteration of the ICSD third edition recognizes 10 core categories of parasomnias (Table 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only one of the core categories, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), requires video polysomnographic documentation as one of the essential diagnostic criteria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only one of the core categories, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), requires video polysomnographic documentation as one of the essential diagnostic criteria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, for most of the other parasomnias, polysomnographic monitoring can provide corroborative documentation in support of the clinical diagnosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for most of the other parasomnias, polysomnographic monitoring can provide corroborative documentation in support of the clinical diagnosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ICSD third edition is largely based upon peer-reviewed consensus-driven clinicalbased evidence in conjunction with up-to-date pathophysiologic developments in somnology and neuroscience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ICSD third edition is largely based upon peer-reviewed consensus-driven clinicalbased evidence in conjunction with up-to-date pathophysiologic developments in somnology and neuroscience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Any classification system of disorders in medicine would appear to play several key roles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Any classification system of disorders in medicine would appear to play several key roles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, it serves as a guide for healthcare providers in the identification of specific disease states which in turn would drive focused therapeutic strategies resulting in effective clinical outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, it serves as a guide for healthcare providers in the identification of specific disease states which in turn would drive focused therapeutic strategies resulting in effective clinical outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One should also recognize that formal recognition of a disease state by a medical professional society also may influence future research agendas and mobilize funding subsequently improving personal and public health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One should also recognize that formal recognition of a disease state by a medical professional society also may influence future research agendas and mobilize funding subsequently improving personal and public health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lastly, particularly, in the realm of parasomnias with its potential for sleep-related violence, formal recognition of certain conditions, including sleep-related abnormal sexual behavior (sexsomnia), can now be considered in the development of legal arguments and admissible in a court of law as these uphold the Daubert Standard in criminal cases where a sleep disorder or condition may be involved.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lastly, particularly, in the realm of parasomnias with its potential for sleep-related violence, formal recognition of certain conditions, including sleep-related abnormal sexual behavior (sexsomnia), can now be considered in the development of legal arguments and admissible in a court of law as these uphold the Daubert Standard in criminal cases where a sleep disorder or condition may be involved [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The most current version of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD third Edition) now recognizes State Dissociation as the paradigm for parasomnias [3••] .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most current version of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD third Edition) now recognizes State Dissociation as the paradigm for parasomnias [3••] .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previously, wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) were thought to be the three states that were essentially mutually exclusive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previously, wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) were thought to be the three states that were essentially mutually exclusive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent research has shown that combinations of one or more of these states is possible and may result in unusual unstable states that potentially manifest as parasomnias or as altered levels of awareness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent research has shown that combinations of one or more of these states is possible and may result in unusual unstable states that potentially manifest as parasomnias or as altered levels of awareness [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "Appreciation for the State Dissociation paradigm facilitates a neurophysiologic mechanistic approach to understand parasomnias as well as a refinement of its classifications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Appreciation for the State Dissociation paradigm facilitates a neurophysiologic mechanistic approach to understand parasomnias as well as a refinement of its classifications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NREM-related parasomnias are an admixture of wakefulness and NREM sleep and include confusional arousals, somnambulism, and sleep terrors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NREM-related parasomnias are an admixture of wakefulness and NREM sleep and include confusional arousals, somnambulism, and sleep terrors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, the prefrontal cortex is considered to be Boffline^with subsequent severe impairment, or absence, of higher executive cognitive functioning while potential for motor capacity may be retained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, the prefrontal cortex is considered to be Boffline^with subsequent severe impairment, or absence, of higher executive cognitive functioning while potential for motor capacity may be retained [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "REM-related parasomnias are an admixture of the elements of REM sleep together with wakefulness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "REM-related parasomnias are an admixture of the elements of REM sleep together with wakefulness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast with NREM-related parasomnias, these individuals often recollect emotionally dysphoric dreams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast with NREM-related parasomnias, these individuals often recollect emotionally dysphoric dreams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Aside from REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), the admixture of REM sleep and wakefulness explains the experiences of sleep paralysis, cataplexy, and hypnagogic hallucinations which are seen in narcolepsy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aside from REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), the admixture of REM sleep and wakefulness explains the experiences of sleep paralysis, cataplexy, and hypnagogic hallucinations which are seen in narcolepsy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All three states may be present in the same individual as overlap disorders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All three states may be present in the same individual as overlap disorders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As parasomnias arise from the platform of sleep, behaviors attributed to this condition are performed without awareness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As parasomnias arise from the platform of sleep, behaviors attributed to this condition are performed without awareness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The double strand DNA helix presents a diameter of 2 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The double strand DNA helix presents a diameter of 2 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a typical Auger radiation decay, the highest energy deposition occurs in spheres of 1-2 nm, as described elsewhere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a typical Auger radiation decay, the highest energy deposition occurs in spheres of 1-2 nm, as described elsewhere [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This means that the calculated local energy deposition of an Auger emitter incorporated into DNA would hit both DNA strands with an energy of 1.6 MGy or higher.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that the calculated local energy deposition of an Auger emitter incorporated into DNA would hit both DNA strands with an energy of 1.6 MGy or higher.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This radiation energy is therefore largely sufficient to disrupt both DNA strands over distances of several nucleotides.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This radiation energy is therefore largely sufficient to disrupt both DNA strands over distances of several nucleotides [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Auger electron emitting radionuclides in cancer therapy offer the opportunity to deliver a high radiation dose to the tumor cells with high radiotoxicity while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Auger electron emitting radionuclides in cancer therapy offer the opportunity to deliver a high radiation dose to the tumor cells with high radiotoxicity while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Besides the direct effect of Auger electrons on DNA double strands, an indirect radiation effect of Auger energy deposition will occur via production of radicals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides the direct effect of Auger electrons on DNA double strands, an indirect radiation effect of Auger energy deposition will occur via production of radicals [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The radicals diffuse freely in the intracellular space and can cause further DNA damage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The radicals diffuse freely in the intracellular space and can cause further DNA damage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even a bystander effect by diffusion of radicals through gap junctions has been described.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even a bystander effect by diffusion of radicals through gap junctions has been described [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Only very few radionuclides exists that decay exclusively by EC-mode without any accompanying radiation, 165 Er is one of them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only very few radionuclides exists that decay exclusively by EC-mode without any accompanying radiation, 165 Er is one of them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Auger electrons are emitted by isotopes that decay by electron capture (EC) or have internal conversion (IC) in their decay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Auger electrons are emitted by isotopes that decay by electron capture (EC) or have internal conversion (IC) in their decay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In each decay of these isotopes, a cascade of very low energy electrons is emitted.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In each decay of these isotopes, a cascade of very low energy electrons is emitted [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The results we have obtained in this paper rely on the split E cl = E 0 + E IR and are mathematically valid in the case the IR component contributes the most; since it is somewaht unrealistic that this is the case, our quantitative conclusions will not apply exactly in nature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results we have obtained in this paper rely on the split E cl = E 0 + E IR and are mathematically valid in the case the IR component contributes the most; since it is somewaht unrealistic that this is the case, our quantitative conclusions will not apply exactly in nature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of course, a fully consistent approach requires introducing stochastic noise, both gauge field noise and scalar field noise, into the (classical) field equations and deal with the full solutions for the inflaton as well as the vector (which in general can not be expected to coincide with E 0 + E IR ) -a task which is far beyond the scope of this paper, and in fact poorly understood even in simpler cases of single field inflation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of course, a fully consistent approach requires introducing stochastic noise, both gauge field noise and scalar field noise, into the (classical) field equations and deal with the full solutions for the inflaton as well as the vector (which in general can not be expected to coincide with E 0 + E IR ) -a task which is far beyond the scope of this paper, and in fact poorly understood even in simpler cases of single field inflation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, we believe the picture we have described in this paper is sufficiently accurate to be relevantfor sure qualitatively, but hopefully also quantitatively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, we believe the picture we have described in this paper is sufficiently accurate to be relevantfor sure qualitatively, but hopefully also quantitatively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Especially the multi-vector case is interesting in the context of this issue, since the background attractor is free of anisotropic stress and hence the only anisotropic correction to the power spectrum comes from the infrared component.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Especially the multi-vector case is interesting in the context of this issue, since the background attractor is free of anisotropic stress and hence the only anisotropic correction to the power spectrum comes from the infrared component [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "In that case our results are mathematically correct also in the safe regime |E IR | ≪ |E 0 |.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In that case our results are mathematically correct also in the safe regime |E IR | ≪ |E 0 |.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the parametrization we have developed for the power spectrum is model-independent and from the phenomenological point of view we believe it is important to constrain a general quadrupole (g, χ) experimentally without the presumption of axial symmetry (χ = 0): in particular it would be interesting to see how the limit on the amplitude g depends on the shape parameter χ.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the parametrization we have developed for the power spectrum is model-independent and from the phenomenological point of view we believe it is important to constrain a general quadrupole (g, χ) experimentally without the presumption of axial symmetry (χ = 0): in particular it would be interesting to see how the limit on the amplitude g depends on the shape parameter χ.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In this light, as well as from the results of our work, the role of the intermediary becomes more important than ever.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this light, as well as from the results of our work, the role of the intermediary becomes more important than ever.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Undeniably, it acts as a center for the collection and analysis of all relevant information, which is useful to the voters for the elaboration of an informed and conscious choice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Undeniably, it acts as a center for the collection and analysis of all relevant information, which is useful to the voters for the elaboration of an informed and conscious choice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In political debates, this role is played by the companies doing fact checking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In political debates, this role is played by the companies doing fact checking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, they can be seen as a kind of rational consciousness of the \"predictably irrational\" voter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, they can be seen as a kind of rational consciousness of the \"predictably irrational\" voter [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "These devices were developed for dedicated tasks and fulfill their requirements quite well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These devices were developed for dedicated tasks and fulfill their requirements quite well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, some of the existing devices can be used with a quite satisfying quality for some specific simulations, such as minimal invasive surgery simulations for instance, where high precision and dexterity is needed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, some of the existing devices can be used with a quite satisfying quality for some specific simulations, such as minimal invasive surgery simulations for instance, where high precision and dexterity is needed [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The PHANToM or the CyberGrasp for example, both commercially available devices, can be well used for dedicated tasks, where dexterity and applied forces are in well known and defined ranges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The PHANToM or the CyberGrasp for example, both commercially available devices, can be well used for dedicated tasks, where dexterity and applied forces are in well known and defined ranges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Studying the serum protein profile during the infection will yield important information regarding the pathogenesis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studying the serum protein profile during the infection will yield important information regarding the pathogenesis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This information can be used for identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This information can be used for identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Detailed proteomic studies of human body fluids in the recent past have resulted in identifying potential biomarker candidates for many conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Detailed proteomic studies of human body fluids in the recent past have resulted in identifying potential biomarker candidates for many conditions [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In the past, studies examining the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in visceral leishmaniasis have reported decreased serum albumin and increased serum immunoglobulin levels which are used as a supporting evidence for diagnosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past, studies examining the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in visceral leishmaniasis have reported decreased serum albumin and increased serum immunoglobulin levels which are used as a supporting evidence for diagnosis [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Proteomic techniques have also been used to investigate leishmaniasis in recent studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Proteomic techniques have also been used to investigate leishmaniasis in recent studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using 2-dimensional western blot analyses with patient's sera and parasites isolated from visceral leishmaniasis patients, immune responses for 330 different leishmania antigens was detected and six antigens were identified.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Using 2-dimensional western blot analyses with patient's sera and parasites isolated from visceral leishmaniasis patients, immune responses for 330 different leishmania antigens was detected and six antigens were identified [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, there has been no significant study examining the global proteome profile of the visceral leishmaniasis patients' sera.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there has been no significant study examining the global proteome profile of the visceral leishmaniasis patients' sera.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, we report, for the first time, the difference-in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis of sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients and the mass spectrometric identification of the differentially expressed proteins.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we report, for the first time, the difference-in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis of sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients and the mass spectrometric identification of the differentially expressed proteins.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The machines' effectiveness evaluation was carried out with TPM coefficients, which are defined as work machinery and equipment maintenance implemented in the entire enterprise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The machines' effectiveness evaluation was carried out with TPM coefficients, which are defined as work machinery and equipment maintenance implemented in the entire enterprise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TPM is broader than the traditional maintenance needed to be involved in the planning and performing of overhaul, repair and legalization of instruments and apparatus, repairing machinery and equipment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TPM is broader than the traditional maintenance needed to be involved in the planning and performing of overhaul, repair and legalization of instruments and apparatus, repairing machinery and equipment (Mielczarek and Borkowski 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mielczarek and Borkowski 2008)" ] }, { "text": "On the basis of machine working time, taking into account failures and other outages, the analysis for TPM coefficients was calculated: coefficient of operation (WE), coefficient of the speed (WPD), coefficient of utilization (WW) and coefficient of useful operating time (UCD), calculated according to formulas (1), (2), (3), and (4).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the basis of machine working time, taking into account failures and other outages, the analysis for TPM coefficients was calculated: coefficient of operation (WE), coefficient of the speed (WPD), coefficient of utilization (WW) and coefficient of useful operating time (UCD), calculated according to formulas (1), (2), (3), and (4) (Borkowski and Selejdak 2007; Jostes and Helms 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Borkowski and Selejdak 2007; Jostes and Helms 1994)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The glial reaction is generally a well-known consequence of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The glial reaction is generally a well-known consequence of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Post mortem examinations of patients demonstrated massive neuronal cell loss surrounded by a severe astrogliosis and an increase of activated microglial cells, therefore strongly supporting the hypothesis that the glial reaction may be deleterious for damaged neurons in Parkinson disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Post mortem examinations of patients demonstrated massive neuronal cell loss surrounded by a severe astrogliosis and an increase of activated microglial cells, therefore strongly supporting the hypothesis that the glial reaction may be deleterious for damaged neurons in Parkinson disease [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, a higher density of glial cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as caspase proteins have been reported in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, a higher density of glial cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as caspase proteins have been reported in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson patients [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "Activation of the TNF-α receptor transduction pathways seems to be of particular relevance for the progression of Parkinson disease by initiating caspase 3 and caspase 8 activation and thereby inducing apoptotic cell death.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Activation of the TNF-α receptor transduction pathways seems to be of particular relevance for the progression of Parkinson disease by initiating caspase 3 and caspase 8 activation and thereby inducing apoptotic cell death.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, based on a theoretical cutting model, a comprehensive list of performance parameters were investigated, and then a systematic evaluation method was employed which could simultaneously review the parameters for all geological conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, based on a theoretical cutting model, a comprehensive list of performance parameters were investigated, and then a systematic evaluation method was employed which could simultaneously review the parameters for all geological conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To solve these unique geology-related multi-factor optimization problems for TBM cutters, a novel design optimization methodology for different geological conditions, named Multiobjective & Multi-geologic Conditions Optimization (MMCO) was then developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To solve these unique geology-related multi-factor optimization problems for TBM cutters, a novel design optimization methodology for different geological conditions, named Multiobjective & Multi-geologic Conditions Optimization (MMCO) was then developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, a case study was present.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, a case study was present.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is worth noting that in this paper we only focus our investigations on constant cross-section (CCS) cutters as they have higher cutting efficiency and longer-term durability comparing with V-shaped cutters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth noting that in this paper we only focus our investigations on constant cross-section (CCS) cutters as they have higher cutting efficiency and longer-term durability comparing with V-shaped cutters [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The dimensional parameters of a CCS cutter are shown in Figure 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dimensional parameters of a CCS cutter are shown in Figure 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Anomaly detection is an important application of statistical testing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Anomaly detection is an important application of statistical testing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Classical hypothesis testing approaches for detecting anomalous data samples often rely on known or partially known statistical models of anomalous vs. nonanomalous instances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Classical hypothesis testing approaches for detecting anomalous data samples often rely on known or partially known statistical models of anomalous vs. nonanomalous instances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in many real-world applications, these models may not be known and so must be learned from data before deployment or may be refined in an online manner after deployment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in many real-world applications, these models may not be known and so must be learned from data before deployment or may be refined in an online manner after deployment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, spam filters for email may be trained on an existing corpus and then tuned based on user feedback.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, spam filters for email may be trained on an existing corpus and then tuned based on user feedback [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Data-driven machine learning approaches can yield effective anomaly detectors in a wide range of applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Data-driven machine learning approaches can yield effective anomaly detectors in a wide range of applications [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Ecosystem services are benefits provided by organisms that interact with each other for human welfare.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ecosystem services are benefits provided by organisms that interact with each other for human welfare (Daily, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Daily, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Among them, pollination has proven to be an essential service, especially that performed by insects, accounting for approximately 35% of global agricultural production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among them, pollination has proven to be an essential service, especially that performed by insects, accounting for approximately 35% of global agricultural production (Klein et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Klein et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In this context, bees play a key role in various ecosystems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, bees play a key role in various ecosystems (Bawa, 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bawa, 1990)" ] }, { "text": "They have increasingly been spotlighted as the main agent responsible for pollinating many species of native and cultivated plants, since they ensure the maintenance of genetic variability in the former and the productivity and fruits quality in the latter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They have increasingly been spotlighted as the main agent responsible for pollinating many species of native and cultivated plants, since they ensure the maintenance of genetic variability in the former and the productivity and fruits quality in the latter (Kremen, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kremen, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "As can be seen, there is no significant difference between XRD patterns of the fabric samples treated at different reaction times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As can be seen, there is no significant difference between XRD patterns of the fabric samples treated at different reaction times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 14.78°, 16.49°, and 22.76°corresponding to the diffractions planes (1 0 1), (1 0 1), and (0 0 2) are present in the structure of the cellulosic cotton fiber.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The diffraction peaks at 2θ values of 14.78°, 16.49°, and 22.76°corresponding to the diffractions planes (1 0 1), (1 0 1), and (0 0 2) are present in the structure of the cellulosic cotton fiber [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "The other diffraction peaks (2θ = 31.84°, 34.54°, 36.29°, 47.58°, 56.71°, 62.98°, and Journal of Nanomaterials 67.98°) present in the XRD patterns can be indexed to the hexagonal ZnO with a wurtzite structure (ICSD card No. 57450).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The other diffraction peaks (2θ = 31.84°, 34.54°, 36.29°, 47.58°, 56.71°, 62.98°, and Journal of Nanomaterials 67.98°) present in the XRD patterns can be indexed to the hexagonal ZnO with a wurtzite structure (ICSD card No. 57450).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results indicated the successful formation of ZnO on the surface of the cotton fabric samples treated in the solochemical process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results indicated the successful formation of ZnO on the surface of the cotton fabric samples treated in the solochemical process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The crystallite size of the ZnO present on the cotton fabrics was calculated from its higher intense peak in the XRD patterns using Debye Scherrer's equation (i.e., D = K * λ / β * cos θ , where D is the average crystallite size, λ is the X-ray wavelength of Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1 54 Å), K is a constant taken as 0.89, θ is the diffraction angle, and β is the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) in radians).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The crystallite size of the ZnO present on the cotton fabrics was calculated from its higher intense peak in the XRD patterns using Debye Scherrer's equation (i.e., D = K * λ / β * cos θ , where D is the average crystallite size, λ is the X-ray wavelength of Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1 54 Å), K is a constant taken as 0.89, θ is the diffraction angle, and β is the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) in radians [34] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "For sample A, the peak used to calculate the crystallite size was (1 0 1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For sample A, the peak used to calculate the crystallite size was (1 0 1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For samples B and C, the crystallite sizes were obtained using the diffraction peak (0 0 2).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For samples B and C, the crystallite sizes were obtained using the diffraction peak (0 0 2).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The estimated average crystallite sizes were 28.83 nm, 30.68 nm, and 24.09 nm for the ZnO structures formed on the surface of the cotton fabrics after 0 h, 1 h, and 2 h of solochemical reaction, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The estimated average crystallite sizes were 28.83 nm, 30.68 nm, and 24.09 nm for the ZnO structures formed on the surface of the cotton fabrics after 0 h, 1 h, and 2 h of solochemical reaction, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 2 shows the SEM images of the treated and untreated cotton fabric samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2 shows the SEM images of the treated and untreated cotton fabric samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As can be seen in these images, there is a clear difference between the treated and untreated cotton substrates in terms of the morphology of the fiber surfaces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As can be seen in these images, there is a clear difference between the treated and untreated cotton substrates in terms of the morphology of the fiber surfaces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The untreated cotton fibers exhibit a smooth texture with some cavities (Figure 2(a) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The untreated cotton fibers exhibit a smooth texture with some cavities (Figure 2(a) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the fabrics treated in the reaction solution at different aging times have several ZnO structures on the surface of their fibers (Figures 2(b)-2(d) ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the fabrics treated in the reaction solution at different aging times have several ZnO structures on the surface of their fibers (Figures 2(b)-2(d) ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Battery management systems (BMSs) are an important part of the battery system in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Battery management systems (BMSs) are an important part of the battery system in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of the BMS is to protect the battery system from damage, to predict and increase batteries life, and to maintain the battery system in an accurate and reliable operational condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of the BMS is to protect the battery system from damage, to predict and increase batteries life, and to maintain the battery system in an accurate and reliable operational condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The BMS performs several tasks, such as measuring the system voltage, current and temperature (VIT), the cells' state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH) and remaining useful life (RUL) determination, protecting the cells, thermal management, controlling the charge/discharge procedure, monitoring, storing historical data, data acquisition, communication with on-board and off-board modules (may be charger), and most importantly is the cell balancing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The BMS performs several tasks, such as measuring the system voltage, current and temperature (VIT), the cells' state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH) and remaining useful life (RUL) determination, protecting the cells, thermal management, controlling the charge/discharge procedure, monitoring, storing historical data, data acquisition, communication with on-board and off-board modules (may be charger), and most importantly is the cell balancing [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The synthesis of graphene is possible either via physical methods such as mechanical exfoliation or via chemical methods such as Hummer's Methods and chemical vapour deposition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The synthesis of graphene is possible either via physical methods such as mechanical exfoliation or via chemical methods such as Hummer's Methods and chemical vapour deposition [14] [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14] [15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "However, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is one of the mostly preferred methods to synthesize large single layer graphene.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is one of the mostly preferred methods to synthesize large single layer graphene [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "During the CVD process hydrocarbon gas like methane or acetylene is firstly decomposed under high temperature, then collected on copper or nickel substrate surface where the graphene formation starts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the CVD process hydrocarbon gas like methane or acetylene is firstly decomposed under high temperature, then collected on copper or nickel substrate surface where the graphene formation starts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The solubility of carbon in nickel is better than that of copper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The solubility of carbon in nickel is better than that of copper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because of this, copper substrate is preferred for single layer graphene.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of this, copper substrate is preferred for single layer graphene.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The formation mechanism is strongly depend on the affinity between carbon and substrate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The formation mechanism is strongly depend on the affinity between carbon and substrate [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Advances in Fracture and Damage Mechanics III volume elements (RVEs) containing just one inclusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Advances in Fracture and Damage Mechanics III volume elements (RVEs) containing just one inclusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Real microstructures are appropriate to obtain additionally local field quantities present in the composite.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Real microstructures are appropriate to obtain additionally local field quantities present in the composite [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The advantage of single inclusion type RVEs are reduced computation times and modelling efforts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The advantage of single inclusion type RVEs are reduced computation times and modelling efforts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, while real microstructural models automatically contain a large part of the complexity of the phase characteristics, simple RVEs can include the three-dimensionality in a much simpler way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, while real microstructural models automatically contain a large part of the complexity of the phase characteristics, simple RVEs can include the three-dimensionality in a much simpler way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A recently developed self-consistent numerical scheme was shown to be able in representing even the randomness of the particle distributions by some realistic averaging algorithm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A recently developed self-consistent numerical scheme was shown to be able in representing even the randomness of the particle distributions by some realistic averaging algorithm [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, a comparison with surface deformation characteristics showed even good agreement with local strain distributions, as measured in experiments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, a comparison with surface deformation characteristics showed even good agreement with local strain distributions, as measured in experiments [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the past decade, indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) technique has been one of the prevalent control techniques widely implemented in industrial LIM drives and it has been proved that it is appropriate for a wide range of technological applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past decade, indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) technique has been one of the prevalent control techniques widely implemented in industrial LIM drives and it has been proved that it is appropriate for a wide range of technological applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main idea of IFOC is to decouple torque and flux, which can be implemented by forcing the secondary flux of the -axis to be a constant and setting the secondary flux of the -axis to zero.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main idea of IFOC is to decouple torque and flux, which can be implemented by forcing the secondary flux of the -axis to be a constant and setting the secondary flux of the -axis to zero.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through this method, the system structure can be simplified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through this method, the system structure can be simplified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the performance of the system is sensitive to the variations of motor parameters and the rotor time constant which fluctuates notably with the saturation of the magnetizing inductance and the temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the performance of the system is sensitive to the variations of motor parameters and the rotor time constant which fluctuates notably with the saturation of the magnetizing inductance and the temperature [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Our conclusions provide at least two directions for further work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our conclusions provide at least two directions for further work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One direction should attempt to formally prove some of our conjectures, thus increasing our theoretical understanding of multiobjective landscapes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One direction should attempt to formally prove some of our conjectures, thus increasing our theoretical understanding of multiobjective landscapes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A second direction should try to extend our experimental analysis to additional problems, different neighborhoods and other order-preserving indicators, to corroborate that our conjectures indeed generalize as expected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A second direction should try to extend our experimental analysis to additional problems, different neighborhoods and other order-preserving indicators, to corroborate that our conjectures indeed generalize as expected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of particular interest is the extension of our work to LO-sets for continuous problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Of particular interest is the extension of our work to LO-sets for continuous problems [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, there are other factors that were not considered here, such as the size of the search space and the correlation between objectives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, there are other factors that were not considered here, such as the size of the search space and the correlation between objectives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "ACL rupture is the most relevant injury of the knee.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "ACL rupture is the most relevant injury of the knee.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The incidence is approximately 0.5-1 injuries per 1000/year.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The incidence is approximately 0.5-1 injuries per 1000/year [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Arthroscopy of the knee is one of the most frequently applied surgeries worldwide and is often used to treat ACL injuries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Arthroscopy of the knee is one of the most frequently applied surgeries worldwide and is often used to treat ACL injuries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some studies tackle the validity and frequency of these procedures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some studies tackle the validity and frequency of these procedures [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, some reports and studies have revealed that the posterior collateral ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), the menisci and the ACL are able to heal spontaneously.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, some reports and studies have revealed that the posterior collateral ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), the menisci and the ACL are able to heal spontaneously [5, 9, 10, 13, 21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 9, 10, 13, 21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "If it could be shown that a noninvasive procedure might have equal or even better outcome in the treatment of knee injuries especially of the ACL, it would highly reduce costs and complications at the same time increase patients' quality of life and speed up his functional recovery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If it could be shown that a noninvasive procedure might have equal or even better outcome in the treatment of knee injuries especially of the ACL, it would highly reduce costs and complications at the same time increase patients' quality of life and speed up his functional recovery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Rapid growth in science, technology, and industry has increased electric energy needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rapid growth in science, technology, and industry has increased electric energy needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "About 87% of the world's energy consumption comes from fossils (oil, natural gas, and coal) which are a natural resource that cannot be renewed and lead to negative impact on the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "About 87% of the world's energy consumption comes from fossils (oil, natural gas, and coal) which are a natural resource that cannot be renewed and lead to negative impact on the environment [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, developing electric energy from other natural resources which is eco-friendly is urgently required, such as the development of electric energy from solar energy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, developing electric energy from other natural resources which is eco-friendly is urgently required, such as the development of electric energy from solar energy [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Technically, solar energy can be converted into electric energy with a solar cell.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Technically, solar energy can be converted into electric energy with a solar cell [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The solar cell is a device for green and clean electric power generation from solar energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The solar cell is a device for green and clean electric power generation from solar energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solar cells have continued to evolve from single crystal silicon, thin film, organic solar cell, dyesensitized solar cell (DSSC), and perovskite solar cell (PSC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar cells have continued to evolve from single crystal silicon, thin film, organic solar cell, dyesensitized solar cell (DSSC), and perovskite solar cell (PSC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solar cell performance is continuously studied to raise conversion efficiency and capacity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar cell performance is continuously studied to raise conversion efficiency and capacity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The intrinsic solar cell parameters have been extracted from any method, such as a manual method with ideality factor approximation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The intrinsic solar cell parameters have been extracted from any method, such as a manual method with ideality factor approximation [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "So, R s and R sh values correspond to the slope near V oc and I sc , respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So, R s and R sh values correspond to the slope near V oc and I sc , respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By using this technique, many other parameters have not been found, such as I ph , I 0 , and n. Many researchers have done extraction of the solar cell parameter from the I-V curve.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using this technique, many other parameters have not been found, such as I ph , I 0 , and n. Many researchers have done extraction of the solar cell parameter from the I-V curve.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The parameters from (1) were extracted using the nonlinear fitting technique on a single I-V curve.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The parameters from (1) were extracted using the nonlinear fitting technique on a single I-V curve [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "However, the stability of the extraction results is difficult to achieve.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the stability of the extraction results is difficult to achieve.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, to extract the solar cell parameters like I ph , I 0 , R s , R sh , and n, the orthogonal distance regression with implicit equation model of the Shockley equation using origin lab was implemented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, to extract the solar cell parameters like I ph , I 0 , R s , R sh , and n, the orthogonal distance regression with implicit equation model of the Shockley equation using origin lab was implemented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In the standard opening-wedge HTO, it is necessary to preserve the lateral cortical bone of the tibia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the standard opening-wedge HTO, it is necessary to preserve the lateral cortical bone of the tibia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bone fracture to the lateral cortical bone or the lateral compartment due to an inappropriate osteotomy can result in non-union or lateral OA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Bone fracture to the lateral cortical bone or the lateral compartment due to an inappropriate osteotomy can result in non-union or lateral OA [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, in the standard HTO, it is necessary to perform osteotomy in two planes to preserve the tibial tuberosity, and there is a risk of fracture of the tibial tuberosity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, in the standard HTO, it is necessary to perform osteotomy in two planes to preserve the tibial tuberosity, and there is a risk of fracture of the tibial tuberosity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These major technical complications of HTO are not seen in TCVO.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These major technical complications of HTO are not seen in TCVO.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The network behaviour with medium traffic generates a peculiar behaviour in the delay and the loss of deadlines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The network behaviour with medium traffic generates a peculiar behaviour in the delay and the loss of deadlines (6) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(6)" ] }, { "text": "The time delay increases at the start of traffic with a maximum of 31 ms and average of 5 ms, but as the traffic increases, delays become deadlines with a 5.8% and average of 132 ms between missed deadlines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The time delay increases at the start of traffic with a maximum of 31 ms and average of 5 ms, but as the traffic increases, delays become deadlines with a 5.8% and average of 132 ms between missed deadlines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The upper graph shows the time delay where the average traffic starts in 50 s, however, the effect starts seconds later and decreases around the second 55, giving rise to an increase in the lost deadlines (80 s), but its effect extends to the 85s because the switch continues to empty the queue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The upper graph shows the time delay where the average traffic starts in 50 s, however, the effect starts seconds later and decreases around the second 55, giving rise to an increase in the lost deadlines (80 s), but its effect extends to the 85s because the switch continues to empty the queue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Formulating policy to improve antibiotic stewardship is best accomplished by beginning with a broad analysis of a country and its health system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Formulating policy to improve antibiotic stewardship is best accomplished by beginning with a broad analysis of a country and its health system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first iteration of such an analysis was produced for Viet Nam in 2009, when it became one of the first countries to join the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first iteration of such an analysis was produced for Viet Nam in 2009, when it became one of the first countries to join the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "This paper considers policy recommendations made in light of that analysis and highlights existing challenges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper considers policy recommendations made in light of that analysis and highlights existing challenges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In reference-based systems, mobile entities use landmarks in the region for correct positioning and orientation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In reference-based systems, mobile entities use landmarks in the region for correct positioning and orientation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Landmarks can be active beacons, such as sensor nodes and satellites, or physical structures, such as mountains and buildings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Landmarks can be active beacons, such as sensor nodes and satellites, or physical structures, such as mountains and buildings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A common use for reference-based systems is model-matching, also referred to as mapping.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A common use for reference-based systems is model-matching, also referred to as mapping [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Mapping requires the ability to detect landmarks in the environment and match them to a representation of the environment that was obtained a priori and stored in the memory of the mobile device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mapping requires the ability to detect landmarks in the environment and match them to a representation of the environment that was obtained a priori and stored in the memory of the mobile device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For mobile robots, landmarks are typically detected using cameras.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For mobile robots, landmarks are typically detected using cameras.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Landmarks do not need to be structural, however.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Landmarks do not need to be structural, however.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Received signal strength (RSS) profiling is a type of model-matching technique, in which the observed signal strengths from multiple wireless access points are used to estimate position.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Received signal strength (RSS) profiling is a type of model-matching technique, in which the observed signal strengths from multiple wireless access points are used to estimate position [19, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 20]" ] }, { "text": "Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is also a type of mapping, in which the mobile device builds a map of the environment at the same time as it determines its position.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is also a type of mapping, in which the mobile device builds a map of the environment at the same time as it determines its position [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, simultaneous localization and tracking (SLAT) is a technique to localize a mobile entity while keeping track of the path it has taken to arrive at its present position.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, simultaneous localization and tracking (SLAT) is a technique to localize a mobile entity while keeping track of the path it has taken to arrive at its present position [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Evaluation was performed at day one after surgery, at the discharge and one month after surgery; the patients were also invited to contact us if pain occurred in 4 months after.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Evaluation was performed at day one after surgery, at the discharge and one month after surgery; the patients were also invited to contact us if pain occurred in 4 months after.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We used definition proposed in prevention of chronic postoperative pain guidelines, in which chronic pain was defined as pain that persists for more than six months after the operation and that is due to synthetic material (mesh and fixing devices) used to repair the defect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We used definition proposed in prevention of chronic postoperative pain guidelines, in which chronic pain was defined as pain that persists for more than six months after the operation and that is due to synthetic material (mesh and fixing devices) used to repair the defect [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Exclusion criteria were: patients with American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score > 3, urgent approach and neoplastic patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Exclusion criteria were: patients with American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score > 3, urgent approach and neoplastic patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In dogs with unilateral complete CR, the risk for contralateral CR ranges from 22-54% at 6 to 17 months after diagnosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In dogs with unilateral complete CR, the risk for contralateral CR ranges from 22-54% at 6 to 17 months after diagnosis [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]" ] }, { "text": "Stifle synovitis is associated with partial fiber rupture in the cruciate ligament complex and an increased risk of subsequent contralateral CR.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Stifle synovitis is associated with partial fiber rupture in the cruciate ligament complex and an increased risk of subsequent contralateral CR [3, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 16]" ] }, { "text": "The relationship between the radiographic stifle effusion and OA in dogs with unilateral In the partial CR stifle, a larger number of positive correlations were identified that formed four clusters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relationship between the radiographic stifle effusion and OA in dogs with unilateral In the partial CR stifle, a larger number of positive correlations were identified that formed four clusters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Suppurative inflammation was positively correlated with CrCL ligament volume, assessed by MR imaging, and functional length of the ligament, suggesting that acute inflammation is related to ligament edema and loss of mechanical properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Suppurative inflammation was positively correlated with CrCL ligament volume, assessed by MR imaging, and functional length of the ligament, suggesting that acute inflammation is related to ligament edema and loss of mechanical properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a second cluster, synovial and serum CRP concentrations were correlated with stifle TNCC, indicating that biochemical markers of inflammation correlate with inflammatory cell counts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a second cluster, synovial and serum CRP concentrations were correlated with stifle TNCC, indicating that biochemical markers of inflammation correlate with inflammatory cell counts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a third cluster, the synovial to serum CRP ratio was positively correlated several histologic markers of inflammation, suggesting that the synovial to serum CRP ratio is likely a clinically useful marker of stifle synovitis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a third cluster, the synovial to serum CRP ratio was positively correlated several histologic markers of inflammation, suggesting that the synovial to serum CRP ratio is likely a clinically useful marker of stifle synovitis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a fourth cluster, arthroscopic variables of inflammation were correlated with MR imaging measures of ligament fluid content, as measured by grayscale value, suggesting that early in the CR condition, synovitis may result in increased ligament fluid content.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a fourth cluster, arthroscopic variables of inflammation were correlated with MR imaging measures of ligament fluid content, as measured by grayscale value, suggesting that early in the CR condition, synovitis may result in increased ligament fluid content.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Diagnostic imaging of partial cruciate rupture in dogs complete CR and contralateral partial CR provides a means to identify patients with an increased risk of contralateral CR.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Diagnostic imaging of partial cruciate rupture in dogs complete CR and contralateral partial CR provides a means to identify patients with an increased risk of contralateral CR [1, 3, [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3, [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "In the present study, we found that radiographic OA was highly correlated with CrCL fiber damage in partial CR stifles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, we found that radiographic OA was highly correlated with CrCL fiber damage in partial CR stifles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Emotional abuse is the exposure of a child or an adolescent to humiliating and insulting comments, to verbal threats that would put his or her emotional or mental health into danger.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Emotional abuse is the exposure of a child or an adolescent to humiliating and insulting comments, to verbal threats that would put his or her emotional or mental health into danger (Zoroğlu et al., 2001; Şimşek, Cenkseven, & Önder, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zoroğlu et al., 2001; Şimşek, Cenkseven, & Önder, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Emotional abuse not only can be seen solely but can be accompanied with other physical and sexual abuse types as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Emotional abuse not only can be seen solely but can be accompanied with other physical and sexual abuse types as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effects of emotional abuse can continue even after the effects of physical and sexual abuse disappear.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effects of emotional abuse can continue even after the effects of physical and sexual abuse disappear (Polat, 2001; Katz & Arias, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Polat, 2001; Katz & Arias, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "In this sense emotional abuse is considered as a distinguishing state which is at the center of all types of abuse.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this sense emotional abuse is considered as a distinguishing state which is at the center of all types of abuse (Iwaniec, Larkin, & Higgins, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Iwaniec, Larkin, & Higgins, 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "It is estimated that there is a significant negative relation at the medium level between the levels of the perceived emotional abuse and psychological well being of teacher candidates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is estimated that there is a significant negative relation at the medium level between the levels of the perceived emotional abuse and psychological well being of teacher candidates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the basis of these findings it can be said that as long as the level of emotional abuse perceived by all teacher candidates that take place in the study group increases their psychological well being decreases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the basis of these findings it can be said that as long as the level of emotional abuse perceived by all teacher candidates that take place in the study group increases their psychological well being decreases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This finding is not surprising.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding is not surprising (Ryff & Keyes, 1995; Hefferon & Boniwell, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ryff & Keyes, 1995; Hefferon & Boniwell, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "As a result of the studies done in order to understand the direction of the relation in between, it is seen that the perceived emotional abuse explains 12% of psychological well being in counselor teacher candidates, 22% of education of religion and ethics teacher candidates and 24% of the other teacher candidates that take place in the study group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result of the studies done in order to understand the direction of the relation in between, it is seen that the perceived emotional abuse explains 12% of psychological well being in counselor teacher candidates, 22% of education of religion and ethics teacher candidates and 24% of the other teacher candidates that take place in the study group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fact that the variance explained in other teacher candidates that take place in the study group is high indicates that teacher candidates in this group are more sensitive than the other teacher candidates in other fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that the variance explained in other teacher candidates that take place in the study group is high indicates that teacher candidates in this group are more sensitive than the other teacher candidates in other fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also since they have more naive characteristics emotionally, it is expected that their perceived emotional abuse levels will be higher on their psychological well being.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also since they have more naive characteristics emotionally, it is expected that their perceived emotional abuse levels will be higher on their psychological well being (Çeliköz & Çetin, 2004; Arslan & Balkıs, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Çeliköz & Çetin, 2004; Arslan & Balkıs, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "The fact that in counselor teacher candidates the levels of perceived emotional abuse explains only 12% of their psychological well being gives rise to thought that other variables can be more effective on the well being of this group rather than perceived emotional abuse.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that in counselor teacher candidates the levels of perceived emotional abuse explains only 12% of their psychological well being gives rise to thought that other variables can be more effective on the well being of this group rather than perceived emotional abuse.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The word meaning of abuse is \"utilization, employment, to take advantage of something, exploitation\" (Türkçe Sözlük, 2005, p. 991) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The word meaning of abuse is \"utilization, employment, to take advantage of something, exploitation\" (Türkçe Sözlük, 2005, p. 991) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Abuse is the violation of fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Abuse is the violation of fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a wide range of conditions from emotional abuse to sexual abuse and from rape to torture, physical and mental disorder even loss of life can emerge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a wide range of conditions from emotional abuse to sexual abuse and from rape to torture, physical and mental disorder even loss of life can emerge (Arslan, 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Arslan, 2015)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A previous study in Canada investigated the possibility that both personality and reported parenting styles are related to adjustment to college in a sample of largely non-traditional freshmen living at home.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A previous study in Canada investigated the possibility that both personality and reported parenting styles are related to adjustment to college in a sample of largely non-traditional freshmen living at home (Wintre & Sugar, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wintre & Sugar, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The authors reported correlations separately for men and women as well as for maternal and paternal parenting styles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The authors reported correlations separately for men and women as well as for maternal and paternal parenting styles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They reported low but significant correlations between parenting styles and aspects of college adjustment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They reported low but significant correlations between parenting styles and aspects of college adjustment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With regard to the Big Five personality factors, each of the five factors was correlated with multiple types of adjustment (ranging from r = −0.68 to r = 0.59), with Openness to Experience correlating with the fewest adjustment variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With regard to the Big Five personality factors, each of the five factors was correlated with multiple types of adjustment (ranging from r = −0.68 to r = 0.59), with Openness to Experience correlating with the fewest adjustment variables (Wintre & Sugar, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wintre & Sugar, 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A second goal of the study was to assess if personality traits were related to adjustment variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A second goal of the study was to assess if personality traits were related to adjustment variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Numerous statistically significant differences were found in relationships between personality traits and aspects of adjustment for college students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerous statistically significant differences were found in relationships between personality traits and aspects of adjustment for college students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The magnitudes of the relationships were found to be robust and clinically meaningful.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The magnitudes of the relationships were found to be robust and clinically meaningful.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, poor academic performance was found to be related to low levels of Conscientiousness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, poor academic performance was found to be related to low levels of Conscientiousness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is believed that administrators can make fairly good predictions about different aspects of adjustment to college based on students' personality traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is believed that administrators can make fairly good predictions about different aspects of adjustment to college based on students' personality traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present study also confirmed previous findings, such that Neuroticism is linked to poorer adjustment and Extraversion is related to positive adjustment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The present study also confirmed previous findings, such that Neuroticism is linked to poorer adjustment and Extraversion is related to positive adjustment (Bardi & Ryff, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bardi & Ryff, 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "While parenting styles have been demonstrated to be related to the well-being of their offspring, some studies have investigated the effect that parenting styles have on the personality traits of their children.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While parenting styles have been demonstrated to be related to the well-being of their offspring, some studies have investigated the effect that parenting styles have on the personality traits of their children (Baldwin, McIntyre, & Hardaway, 2007; Heaven & Ciarrochi, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Baldwin, McIntyre, & Hardaway, 2007; Heaven & Ciarrochi, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The studies suggested that an authoritative parenting style may be related to positive personality traits, including optimism and conscientiousness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The studies suggested that an authoritative parenting style may be related to positive personality traits, including optimism and conscientiousness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite these findings, little research has investigated the relationship between perceived parenting style and personality as measured by the five factor model of personality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite these findings, little research has investigated the relationship between perceived parenting style and personality as measured by the five factor model of personality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Trichothecenes are multi-ring sesquiterpenes with a common 12,13-epoxytrichothecene ring.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Trichothecenes are multi-ring sesquiterpenes with a common 12,13-epoxytrichothecene ring (Krska et al. 2007; Yazar and Omurtag 2008; Monaci et al. 2011; Mateo et al. 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Krska et al. 2007; Yazar and Omurtag 2008; Monaci et al. 2011; Mateo et al. 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Because of some subtle but significant differences in basic chemical structures, they have been classified into four types referred to as types A, B, C and D trichothecenes, of which the first two are the most important ones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of some subtle but significant differences in basic chemical structures, they have been classified into four types referred to as types A, B, C and D trichothecenes, of which the first two are the most important ones (Berthiller et al. 2005; Charlton and Holstege 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Berthiller et al. 2005; Charlton and Holstege 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Each type B trichothecene has at its C-8 position the carbonyl group, whilst the group is absent in type A trichothecenes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each type B trichothecene has at its C-8 position the carbonyl group, whilst the group is absent in type A trichothecenes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Type A trichothecenes include such compounds as scirpentriol, 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol, DAS, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol and neosolaniol (NEO).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Type A trichothecenes include such compounds as scirpentriol, 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol, DAS, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol and neosolaniol (NEO).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Type B trichothecenes include such compounds as DON, , NIV and FUS-X. Basic chemical structure and functional groups of the most important trichothecenes are shown in Fig. 1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Type B trichothecenes include such compounds as DON, , NIV and FUS-X. Basic chemical structure and functional groups of the most important trichothecenes are shown in Fig. 1 (Schollenberger et al. 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schollenberger et al. 2008)" ] } ]