Datasets:

copenlu

/

citeworth

like 2

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Career construction counselling (CCC) is based largely on the use of objective and subjective approaches to collect data and to enable clients to make well-informed decisions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Career construction counselling (CCC) is based largely on the use of objective and subjective approaches to collect data and to enable clients to make well-informed decisions (Hartung, 2011a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hartung, 2011a)" ] }, { "text": "Clients have to narrate the multiple mini (smaller) and macro (longer) stories that collectively constitute the evolving grand narrative of their lives so that they can reconnect with their innermost selves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clients have to narrate the multiple mini (smaller) and macro (longer) stories that collectively constitute the evolving grand narrative of their lives so that they can reconnect with their innermost selves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The idea is to construct a 'biographical' bridge between the past and the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The idea is to construct a 'biographical' bridge between the past and the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Clients (re)build their sense of self and restore a sense of unity in their multiple stories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clients (re)build their sense of self and restore a sense of unity in their multiple stories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "There is growing evidence that the same phenomenon holds locally in space-time neighborhoods of local singularities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is growing evidence that the same phenomenon holds locally in space-time neighborhoods of local singularities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, rotationally-symmetric solutions of Ricci flow that develop neckpinch singularities asymptotically acquire the additional translational symmetry of the cylinder soliton.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, rotationally-symmetric solutions of Ricci flow that develop neckpinch singularities asymptotically acquire the additional translational symmetry of the cylinder soliton [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "More recently, it has been shown that any complete noncompact 2-dimensional solution of mean curvature flow that is sufficiently C 3 -close to a standard round neck at some time will develop a finite-time singularity and become asymptotically rotationally symmetric in a space-time neighborhood of that singularity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, it has been shown that any complete noncompact 2-dimensional solution of mean curvature flow that is sufficiently C 3 -close to a standard round neck at some time will develop a finite-time singularity and become asymptotically rotationally symmetric in a space-time neighborhood of that singularity [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "As well, numerical experiments support the expectation that broader classes of mean curvature flow solutions asymptotically develop additional local symmetries as they become singular.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As well, numerical experiments support the expectation that broader classes of mean curvature flow solutions asymptotically develop additional local symmetries as they become singular [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "All of these results contribute to the developing heuristic principle that singularities of parabolic geometric evolution equations are nicer than one might naively expect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All of these results contribute to the developing heuristic principle that singularities of parabolic geometric evolution equations are nicer than one might naively expect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We used CAIC to analyze the associations between searching sex and each of the continuous variables, carapace width, burrow density, and clutch size.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We used CAIC to analyze the associations between searching sex and each of the continuous variables, carapace width, burrow density, and clutch size.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We assumed equal branch lengths (i.e., a model of punctuated evolution).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We assumed equal branch lengths (i.e., a model of punctuated evolution).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Though CAIC does not require a fully resolved tree, fewer soft polytomies lead to more contrasts, so we used the six most likely trees in this program as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though CAIC does not require a fully resolved tree, fewer soft polytomies lead to more contrasts, so we used the six most likely trees in this program as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This yielded six sets of contrasts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This yielded six sets of contrasts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We analyzed the contrasts generated in CAIC with one-sample t tests to test for deviations from a mean contrast value of zero.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We analyzed the contrasts generated in CAIC with one-sample t tests to test for deviations from a mean contrast value of zero (Purvis and Rambaut, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Purvis and Rambaut, 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Openness arrangements in emerging adulthood were associated with adoptees' age.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Openness arrangements in emerging adulthood were associated with adoptees' age.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Younger emerging adults were more likely than those who were older to be in continuously fully disclosed adoptions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Younger emerging adults were more likely than those who were older to be in continuously fully disclosed adoptions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may reflect trends toward openness in adoption that were increasing in the 1980s, when MTARP began.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This may reflect trends toward openness in adoption that were increasing in the 1980s, when MTARP began (Grotevant & McRoy, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Grotevant & McRoy, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Perhaps younger emerging adult adoptees were part of fully disclosed adoptions from the start, as compared with older adoptees, who may have had confidential adoptions or nonidentifying contact mediated by an agency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps younger emerging adult adoptees were part of fully disclosed adoptions from the start, as compared with older adoptees, who may have had confidential adoptions or nonidentifying contact mediated by an agency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "I have demonstrated, that friction parameters and laws in gravity currents can be estimated using data assimilation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "I have demonstrated, that friction parameters and laws in gravity currents can be estimated using data assimilation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results clearly show that friction follows a linear Rayleigh law for small Reynolds numbers and the estimated friction coefficient agrees well with the analytical value obtained for non-accelerating Ekman layers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results clearly show that friction follows a linear Rayleigh law for small Reynolds numbers and the estimated friction coefficient agrees well with the analytical value obtained for non-accelerating Ekman layers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A significant and sudden departure towards a quadratic drag law at Reynolds number of around 800 is shown, roughly in agreement with laboratory experiments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A significant and sudden departure towards a quadratic drag law at Reynolds number of around 800 is shown, roughly in agreement with laboratory experiments (Nikuradse, 1933; Schlichting and Gertsen, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nikuradse, 1933; Schlichting and Gertsen, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "It is the effective drag coefficient that is usually represented in diagrams like Fig. 2 (dashed line) by the engineering community.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is the effective drag coefficient that is usually represented in diagrams like Fig. 2 (dashed line) by the engineering community (Schlichting and Gertsen, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schlichting and Gertsen, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "When friction processes are considered experimentally, numerically or analytically the friction laws and coefficients depend on the Reynolds or surface Rossby number.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When friction processes are considered experimentally, numerically or analytically the friction laws and coefficients depend on the Reynolds or surface Rossby number.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The laws and coefficients are than compared in the different experiments and theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The laws and coefficients are than compared in the different experiments and theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Their overall behaviour consists always in a linear friction law for laminar flow (small Reynolds numbers) and a drag law (large Reynolds numbers) with a roughly constant drag coefficient for turbulent boundary layers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Their overall behaviour consists always in a linear friction law for laminar flow (small Reynolds numbers) and a drag law (large Reynolds numbers) with a roughly constant drag coefficient for turbulent boundary layers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For intermediate Reynolds numbers it is difficult to separate the two friction laws without using data assimilation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For intermediate Reynolds numbers it is difficult to separate the two friction laws without using data assimilation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the quadratic drag law is dominated by the linear friction at the Reynolds numbers considered in this study, the assimilation procedure clearly manages to detect its appearance and consistently estimate its value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the quadratic drag law is dominated by the linear friction at the Reynolds numbers considered in this study, the assimilation procedure clearly manages to detect its appearance and consistently estimate its value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is of paramount importance when it comes to comparing numerical simulations to observations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is of paramount importance when it comes to comparing numerical simulations to observations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the former, the Reynolds numbers typical for the latter are not attainable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the former, the Reynolds numbers typical for the latter are not attainable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present method allows to extract the value of the quadratic drag coefficient from simulations at Reynolds numbers where it is largely dominated by linear friction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present method allows to extract the value of the quadratic drag coefficient from simulations at Reynolds numbers where it is largely dominated by linear friction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An extrapolation to the drag at much higher Reynolds number is then possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An extrapolation to the drag at much higher Reynolds number is then possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our findings should be interpreted in the context of some recognized limitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our findings should be interpreted in the context of some recognized limitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, because this is a cross-sectional study, we are unable to draw causal inferences and can only suggest relationships between BMI and physical function and HRQOL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, because this is a cross-sectional study, we are unable to draw causal inferences and can only suggest relationships between BMI and physical function and HRQOL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, our study had an underrepresentation of men, although our sample was similar to other recent arthritis studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, our study had an underrepresentation of men, although our sample was similar to other recent arthritis studies [3, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 15]" ] }, { "text": "National surveys show that women have higher rates of arthritis than men, so the gender representation in our sample is not surprising.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "National surveys show that women have higher rates of arthritis than men, so the gender representation in our sample is not surprising [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Finally, our sample was limited to insufficiently active people, and it is possible that the associations found between BMI and physical function and HRQOL are not generalizable to physically active people with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, our sample was limited to insufficiently active people, and it is possible that the associations found between BMI and physical function and HRQOL are not generalizable to physically active people with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, even within our sample, there was a great deal of variability in terms of PA participation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, even within our sample, there was a great deal of variability in terms of PA participation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite these limitations, the relationship observed between BMI and physical function and HRQOL in this study offers evidence of the many areas of life that might be affected by the combination of being overweight and having arthritis and other rheumatic conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite these limitations, the relationship observed between BMI and physical function and HRQOL in this study offers evidence of the many areas of life that might be affected by the combination of being overweight and having arthritis and other rheumatic conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Strengths of the study sample include the relatively large number of participants ( = 401), the age range of participants (19 to 87 years), the use of objective measures of physical functioning and BMI, and the variety of physical function HRQOL measures collected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Strengths of the study sample include the relatively large number of participants ( = 401), the age range of participants (19 to 87 years), the use of objective measures of physical functioning and BMI, and the variety of physical function HRQOL measures collected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The use of fast neutrons for burning MAs in an ADS was first described by Rubbia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of fast neutrons for burning MAs in an ADS was first described by Rubbia [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "An ADS consists of three main parts: a high intensity proton accelerator, a target of heavy nuclei and a subcritical core where MAs and LLFPs are loaded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An ADS consists of three main parts: a high intensity proton accelerator, a target of heavy nuclei and a subcritical core where MAs and LLFPs are loaded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high-energy beam of protons is shot at the target of a heavy nuclei, producing neutrons by spallation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The high-energy beam of protons is shot at the target of a heavy nuclei, producing neutrons by spallation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those neutrons are used to drive the nuclear fission chain reaction in the subcritical core and, at the same time, to transmute both MAs and LLFPs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Those neutrons are used to drive the nuclear fission chain reaction in the subcritical core and, at the same time, to transmute both MAs and LLFPs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different high-Z materials can be used as targets, e. g. tungsten, tantalum, depleted uranium, thorium, zirconium, lead, lead-bismuth, mercury.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different high-Z materials can be used as targets, e. g. tungsten, tantalum, depleted uranium, thorium, zirconium, lead, lead-bismuth, mercury.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among those target materials, lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) which offers different advantages such as chemical stability, can be operated at low temperature due to its low melting temperature (396 K), high boiling point, low reactivity with water and air and a good neutronic performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among those target materials, lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) which offers different advantages such as chemical stability, can be operated at low temperature due to its low melting temperature (396 K), high boiling point, low reactivity with water and air and a good neutronic performance [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Thanks to those properties LBE can be used also as a reactor coolant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thanks to those properties LBE can be used also as a reactor coolant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The introduction of alien species (also known as exotic, introduced or non-native species) into European seas is a dynamic and ongoing process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The introduction of alien species (also known as exotic, introduced or non-native species) into European seas is a dynamic and ongoing process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of the 828 alien species reported from all European seas by 2004, the Mediterranean appears to be the major recipient area with 615 species, of which 60 % belong to zoobenthos.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Of the 828 alien species reported from all European seas by 2004, the Mediterranean appears to be the major recipient area with 615 species, of which 60 % belong to zoobenthos (Streftaris et al. 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Streftaris et al. 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Mollusca form a very important part of these as documented by the fact that 139 of the mollusc species in the Mediterranean by 2002 were exotics .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mollusca form a very important part of these as documented by the fact that 139 of the mollusc species in the Mediterranean by 2002 were exotics .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Use of semi-solid -rather than liquid -electrolytes in Electrochemical Capacitors would be of great interest to solve many concerns related to packing, corrosion, self-discharge or leakage currents issues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Use of semi-solid -rather than liquid -electrolytes in Electrochemical Capacitors would be of great interest to solve many concerns related to packing, corrosion, self-discharge or leakage currents issues [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The key issue is to maintain high ionic conductivity as well as good contact at the electrolyte-electrode interface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The key issue is to maintain high ionic conductivity as well as good contact at the electrolyte-electrode interface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This requirement is of particular importance in the case of Electrical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs), where high surface area carbons are used as active materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This requirement is of particular importance in the case of Electrical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs), where high surface area carbons are used as active materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A difficulty in researching the misuse of corporate vehicles is the lack of valid, systematic data and sources on misuse, meaning the extent of professional misconduct is unknown or unproven.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A difficulty in researching the misuse of corporate vehicles is the lack of valid, systematic data and sources on misuse, meaning the extent of professional misconduct is unknown or unproven (Middleton and Levi 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Middleton and Levi 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Cases that led to convictions of professionals for facilitating money laundering rarely involve corporate vehicles (Benson forthcoming) , implying the cases discussed here are going unprosecuted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cases that led to convictions of professionals for facilitating money laundering rarely involve corporate vehicles (Benson forthcoming) , implying the cases discussed here are going unprosecuted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in policy terms, it is clear that a plausible route to minimizing misuse is to focus on (1) those intermediaries by improving the regulation and supervision of third-party professionals to reduce opportunities for misuse by their clients and (2) tightening laws and regulations on how and where corporate vehicles can be created (e.g. requiring UK bank accounts, increased scrutiny of company data etc.).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in policy terms, it is clear that a plausible route to minimizing misuse is to focus on (1) those intermediaries by improving the regulation and supervision of third-party professionals to reduce opportunities for misuse by their clients and (2) tightening laws and regulations on how and where corporate vehicles can be created (e.g. requiring UK bank accounts, increased scrutiny of company data etc.).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Very little is known on the motivations and incentives for professionals to knowingly facilitate money laundering and their social/criminal networks; this is a necessary area for future research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Very little is known on the motivations and incentives for professionals to knowingly facilitate money laundering and their social/criminal networks; this is a necessary area for future research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is also important for governments to be challenged to take a much stronger position in the debate with regard to creating an attractive economic and fiscal climate for businesses and preventing the movement of illicit finances, and this implies the need for substantial financial investment in enforcement to support the punitive rhetoric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is also important for governments to be challenged to take a much stronger position in the debate with regard to creating an attractive economic and fiscal climate for businesses and preventing the movement of illicit finances, and this implies the need for substantial financial investment in enforcement to support the punitive rhetoric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "However, corporate vehicles also provide opportunities for those involved in serious crimes for gain to manage and obscure the illicit source of their finances and hide their identity, allowing them to avoid detection by law enforcement agencies and providing opportunities for managing illicit finances that individuals alone cannot access.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, corporate vehicles also provide opportunities for those involved in serious crimes for gain to manage and obscure the illicit source of their finances and hide their identity, allowing them to avoid detection by law enforcement agencies and providing opportunities for managing illicit finances that individuals alone cannot access (Lord et al. 2018) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lord et al. 2018)" ] }, { "text": "It is straightforward to create and/or dissolve a corporate vehicle in both 'onshore' and 'offshore' locations and create bank accounts for these vehicles without providing proof of identity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is straightforward to create and/or dissolve a corporate vehicle in both 'onshore' and 'offshore' locations and create bank accounts for these vehicles without providing proof of identity (Van de Bunt et al. 2007; Sharman 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Van de Bunt et al. 2007; Sharman 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Alongside the core function of corporate vehicles to conceal beneficial ownership, monies transferred via the accounts of corporate vehicles become effectively untraceable (Sharman 2010: 129) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alongside the core function of corporate vehicles to conceal beneficial ownership, monies transferred via the accounts of corporate vehicles become effectively untraceable (Sharman 2010: 129) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Concealment of monies and identities is enabled through the different organizational forms, organizational relations and organizational practices that can be concocted and fabricated by third-party specialists.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Concealment of monies and identities is enabled through the different organizational forms, organizational relations and organizational practices that can be concocted and fabricated by third-party specialists (Lord et al. 2018) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lord et al. 2018)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In general relativity, Λ is a free arbitrary parameter one can introduce, so its smallness can be accommodated but not explained within quantum field theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general relativity, Λ is a free arbitrary parameter one can introduce, so its smallness can be accommodated but not explained within quantum field theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, string theory has only a single parameter, namely the string scale M S = 1/ √ 2πα , so everything else should be calculable for each string theory solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, string theory has only a single parameter, namely the string scale M S = 1/ √ 2πα , so everything else should be calculable for each string theory solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "String theory has 9 spatial dimensions, 6 of them must be dynamically compactified to describe our universe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "String theory has 9 spatial dimensions, 6 of them must be dynamically compactified to describe our universe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since both M P and Λ are calculable, Λ can be determined in terms of M P dynamically in each local minimum compactification solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since both M P and Λ are calculable, Λ can be determined in terms of M P dynamically in each local minimum compactification solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This offers the possibility that we may find an explanation for a very small positive Λ. This happens if a good fraction of the meta-stable deSitter (dS) vacua in the landscape tend to have a very small Λ, as is the case in the few studies in flux compactification in string theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This offers the possibility that we may find an explanation for a very small positive Λ. This happens if a good fraction of the meta-stable deSitter (dS) vacua in the landscape tend to have a very small Λ, as is the case in the few studies in flux compactification in string theory [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "For evaluating and comparing the performance of different SBA schemes in a timed-token network, several metrics have been proposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For evaluating and comparing the performance of different SBA schemes in a timed-token network, several metrics have been proposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the most widely adopted is the Worst Case Achievable Utilization (WCAU).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the most widely adopted is the Worst Case Achievable Utilization (WCAU) [9, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 16]" ] }, { "text": "The WCAU of an SBA scheme represents the largest utilization (U * ) of the network such that, for any real-time message set whose total network utilization is U ≤ U * , the SBA scheme can guarantee the timeliness of each single real-time message.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The WCAU of an SBA scheme represents the largest utilization (U * ) of the network such that, for any real-time message set whose total network utilization is U ≤ U * , the SBA scheme can guarantee the timeliness of each single real-time message.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a formal definition of the network utilization U see Section 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a formal definition of the network utilization U see Section 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "It is not only what physicians choose to say, but also how they say it that will really affect a patient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not only what physicians choose to say, but also how they say it that will really affect a patient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While breaking bad news is part of a physician's job, less than a quarter have the proper training to do so.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While breaking bad news is part of a physician's job, less than a quarter have the proper training to do so [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "A previous study had shown that even a physician's posture while delivering the news can affect how the patient feels about the situation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A previous study had shown that even a physician's posture while delivering the news can affect how the patient feels about the situation [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "It is clear that physicians need to keep in mind how their tone and mannerisms affect the start of what will most likely be an emotional journey for their patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is clear that physicians need to keep in mind how their tone and mannerisms affect the start of what will most likely be an emotional journey for their patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our study showed that those patients who were told in a calm and relaxing manner felt much better about the situation than those who were not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study showed that those patients who were told in a calm and relaxing manner felt much better about the situation than those who were not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was also found that patients understood that their family doctors did not have much in-depth knowledge of the subject of brain lesions, but those who found out that their doctors had done some research specifically for their case felt much happier and more informed with their doctors and with the finding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was also found that patients understood that their family doctors did not have much in-depth knowledge of the subject of brain lesions, but those who found out that their doctors had done some research specifically for their case felt much happier and more informed with their doctors and with the finding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even small changes in the physician's tone can drastically affect the patient's views of the issue, of their doctor, and most importantly whether or not they will follow through with the recommended medical route.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even small changes in the physician's tone can drastically affect the patient's views of the issue, of their doctor, and most importantly whether or not they will follow through with the recommended medical route [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Under these assumptions the operator H is bounded and self-adjoint.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under these assumptions the operator H is bounded and self-adjoint.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We remark that the operators H 12 and H * 12 are called annihilation and creation operators, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We remark that the operators H 12 and H * 12 are called annihilation and creation operators [8] , respectively.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In physics, an annihilation operator is an operator that lowers the number of particles in a given state by one, a creation operator is an operator that increases the number of particles in a given state by one, and it is the adjoint of the annihilation operator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In physics, an annihilation operator is an operator that lowers the number of particles in a given state by one, a creation operator is an operator that increases the number of particles in a given state by one, and it is the adjoint of the annihilation operator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Afterglow materials have a high importance for many applications such as security signs, watches or road surface marking.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Afterglow materials have a high importance for many applications such as security signs, watches or road surface marking [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "One of the most powerful afterglow materials is SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu:Dy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the most powerful afterglow materials is SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu:Dy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless the precise mechanism of the afterglow is not known yet, but due to its spectral properties it is very well understood that the emission comes from the europium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless the precise mechanism of the afterglow is not known yet, but due to its spectral properties it is very well understood that the emission comes from the europium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The monoclinic crystal structure of SrAl 2 O 4 contains two different sites for the strontium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The monoclinic crystal structure of SrAl 2 O 4 contains two different sites for the strontium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When SrAl 2 O 4 is doped with Eu 2+ the europium ions will substitute on the strontium sites, due to the very similar ion radius (146 pm and 147 pm respectively), hence the europium ions see two different chemical environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When SrAl 2 O 4 is doped with Eu 2+ the europium ions will substitute on the strontium sites, due to the very similar ion radius (146 pm and 147 pm respectively), hence the europium ions see two different chemical environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two emission bands of the 4f-5d transition of the Eu 2+ ions are observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two emission bands of the 4f-5d transition of the Eu 2+ ions are observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One in the blue region with a maximum around 450 nm and one in the green around 520 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One in the blue region with a maximum around 450 nm and one in the green around 520 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore one can observe spectral overlap of the excitation and emission spectra, which leads to energy transfer from the blue to the green emission, depending on the concentration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore one can observe spectral overlap of the excitation and emission spectra, which leads to energy transfer from the blue to the green emission, depending on the concentration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the fact, that the excited 5d-level of the blue emitting Eu 2+ ion is close to the conduction band one can observe also thermal quenching of the blue band at room temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the fact, that the excited 5d-level of the blue emitting Eu 2+ ion is close to the conduction band one can observe also thermal quenching of the blue band at room temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus the spectrum of the SrAl 2 O 4 doped with Eu 2+ is thermally as well as concentration dependent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus the spectrum of the SrAl 2 O 4 doped with Eu 2+ is thermally as well as concentration dependent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Since induction motors present numerous advantages due to their robustness and their power to weight ratio, they are widely used in the industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since induction motors present numerous advantages due to their robustness and their power to weight ratio, they are widely used in the industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, there is a considerable demand to reduce maintenance costs and prevent unscheduled downtimes for electrical drive systems, especially ac induction machine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, there is a considerable demand to reduce maintenance costs and prevent unscheduled downtimes for electrical drive systems, especially ac induction machine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past two decades, there have been many investigations on condition monitoring and fault diagnostics in electric machines, especially squirrel-cage induction motors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past two decades, there have been many investigations on condition monitoring and fault diagnostics in electric machines, especially squirrel-cage induction motors [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The increase of serum-creatinine by 0.14 mg/dL at a 2-year follow-up and a slight decrease in eGFR conforms to the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The increase of serum-creatinine by 0.14 mg/dL at a 2-year follow-up and a slight decrease in eGFR conforms to the literature [24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] }, { "text": "Ablative techniques have little impact on renal function in subjects with regular renal function as well as in those with a solitary kidney or renal insufficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ablative techniques have little impact on renal function in subjects with regular renal function as well as in those with a solitary kidney or renal insufficiency [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "Renal function is diminished less by ablative procedures than by partial or radical nephrectomy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Renal function is diminished less by ablative procedures than by partial or radical nephrectomy [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "This is of particular interest because the association between impaired renal function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well established.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is of particular interest because the association between impaired renal function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well established [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Within cluster I sequences from genotype CC-1 were numerically dominant, with five unique sequences recovered from a total of 67 nodules, derived from five Morella species at geographically dispersed sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Within cluster I sequences from genotype CC-1 were numerically dominant, with five unique sequences recovered from a total of 67 nodules, derived from five Morella species at geographically dispersed sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While soil conditions were not determined for all study sites, cluster I sequences were found in nodules from acidic soils exclusively (Table 1) , and were dominant in M. integra collected at riparian sites in the Cederberg mountains (Fig. 1, site A2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While soil conditions were not determined for all study sites, cluster I sequences were found in nodules from acidic soils exclusively (Table 1) , and were dominant in M. integra collected at riparian sites in the Cederberg mountains (Fig. 1, site A2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sequence CFN1 was also detected in six nodules from M. serrata (Fig. 1, site 6B) where this species inhabits a similar riparian habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sequence CFN1 was also detected in six nodules from M. serrata (Fig. 1, site 6B) where this species inhabits a similar riparian habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sequence CFN3 was detected in nodules from riparian M. integra, as well as nodules from M. diversifolia, M. quercifolia and M. kraussiana, all from montane habitats on the Table Mountain range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sequence CFN3 was detected in nodules from riparian M. integra, as well as nodules from M. diversifolia, M. quercifolia and M. kraussiana, all from montane habitats on the Table Mountain range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to both cluster and phylogenetic treeing analyses, CC-1 is a sister group to genotype KL8, recently described from four Alnus nodules collected in Mexico.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to both cluster and phylogenetic treeing analyses, CC-1 is a sister group to genotype KL8, recently described from four Alnus nodules collected in Mexico (Higgins and Kennedy 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Higgins and Kennedy 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Nodules from a M. serrata stand on the banks of the Eerste river (site B6) harbored sequence CFN1, identical to those dominant in M. integra nodules collected at riparian sites in the Cederberg mountains (Fig. 1, site A3) , exclusively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nodules from a M. serrata stand on the banks of the Eerste river (site B6) harbored sequence CFN1, identical to those dominant in M. integra nodules collected at riparian sites in the Cederberg mountains (Fig. 1, site A3) , exclusively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, sequence CFR2 was found in M. kraussiana, M. diversifolia and M. quercifolia nodules from acidic soils on Table Mountain , as well as M. integra nodules collected in the Cederberg (Fig. 1, site A3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, sequence CFR2 was found in M. kraussiana, M. diversifolia and M. quercifolia nodules from acidic soils on Table Mountain , as well as M. integra nodules collected in the Cederberg (Fig. 1, site A3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Myrica gale is known to be nodulated by cluster I strains exclusively in its natural habitats, where soils are typically acidic and water-logged , similar to the soil in which M. integra grew.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Myrica gale is known to be nodulated by cluster I strains exclusively in its natural habitats, where soils are typically acidic and water-logged , similar to the soil in which M. integra grew.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "After the development of polymeric RO membranes, the design of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes was a significant advancement in membrane technology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After the development of polymeric RO membranes, the design of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes was a significant advancement in membrane technology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TFC membranes are composed of an upper polyamide active layer fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) of m-phenylenediamine (MPDA) in an aqueous solution and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in an organic solution, a porous middle polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration (UF) support, and a non-woven fabric base.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TFC membranes are composed of an upper polyamide active layer fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) of m-phenylenediamine (MPDA) in an aqueous solution and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in an organic solution, a porous middle polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration (UF) support, and a non-woven fabric base [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "These membranes have been used widely in commercial water desalination processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These membranes have been used widely in commercial water desalination processes [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Analyses of the excess in the inner galaxy report a power law-like high-energy tail in the GCE spectrum beyond 10 GeV, possibly extending upwards of ∼ 20 − 100 GeV.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Analyses of the excess in the inner galaxy report a power law-like high-energy tail in the GCE spectrum beyond 10 GeV, possibly extending upwards of ∼ 20 − 100 GeV [13, 14, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14, 31]" ] }, { "text": "If the GCE is a bona fide signal from dark matter annihilations, multiple particle properties (mass, annihilation primaries, branching ratios) are encoded within the shape of its gamma-ray spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the GCE is a bona fide signal from dark matter annihilations, multiple particle properties (mass, annihilation primaries, branching ratios) are encoded within the shape of its gamma-ray spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inclusion or exclusion of the high-energy tail in the GCE spectrum can greatly affect the best fit dark matter mass and annihilation channel(s).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inclusion or exclusion of the high-energy tail in the GCE spectrum can greatly affect the best fit dark matter mass and annihilation channel(s).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the GCE has an astrophysical origin, the presence of high-energy emission could inform us about the processes that gave rise to it and perhaps rule out certain scenarios.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the GCE has an astrophysical origin, the presence of high-energy emission could inform us about the processes that gave rise to it and perhaps rule out certain scenarios.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Sections 3.4 and 4.1 we investigate whether the high-energy tail of the GCE spectrum originates from the same source that produces its spectrum below ∼10 GeV.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Sections 3.4 and 4.1 we investigate whether the high-energy tail of the GCE spectrum originates from the same source that produces its spectrum below ∼10 GeV.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Many studies of the galactic center emission, including this work, rely on spatial templatebased analyses in which the GCE spectrum is fit alongside the spectra of the background diffuse emission and point sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies of the galactic center emission, including this work, rely on spatial templatebased analyses in which the GCE spectrum is fit alongside the spectra of the background diffuse emission and point sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strengths of such analyses lie in their ability to effectively subtract out the bulk of the astrophysical backgrounds from the data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strengths of such analyses lie in their ability to effectively subtract out the bulk of the astrophysical backgrounds from the data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this method inherently introduces systematic effects by assuming a given spatial profile for each diffuse background source.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this method inherently introduces systematic effects by assuming a given spatial profile for each diffuse background source.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Potentially large errors in the best-fit GCE spectrum may arise if the spatial templates assumed for the backgrounds differ considerably from the true background emission.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Potentially large errors in the best-fit GCE spectrum may arise if the spatial templates assumed for the backgrounds differ considerably from the true background emission.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason we test three different diffuse background models (described below in Sec. 2.1) to estimate the systematic error in the GCE spectrum due to the uncertainty in our assumptions about the astrophysical background.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason we test three different diffuse background models (described below in Sec. 2.1) to estimate the systematic error in the GCE spectrum due to the uncertainty in our assumptions about the astrophysical background.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results are valid and robust under the three models tested below, but note that the range of backgrounds tested here is more limited than used in previous works.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results are valid and robust under the three models tested below, but note that the range of backgrounds tested here is more limited than used in previous works [11, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 13]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We find that the inclusion of an extended, spherically symmetric gamma-ray source with an NFW-like radial profile of ∼ r −(1.6−2.2) strongly increases the fit likelihood obtained through the template fitting procedure within ∼ 10 • − 15 • of the galactic center.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We find that the inclusion of an extended, spherically symmetric gamma-ray source with an NFW-like radial profile of ∼ r −(1.6−2.2) strongly increases the fit likelihood obtained through the template fitting procedure within ∼ 10 • − 15 • of the galactic center.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The galactic center excess spectrum obtained through the likelihood template fitting procedure is reasonably robust to variations in the NFW and background diffuse model templates used in this work, even in extreme cases where the background modeling is likely an unphysical description of the true extended gamma-ray sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The galactic center excess spectrum obtained through the likelihood template fitting procedure is reasonably robust to variations in the NFW and background diffuse model templates used in this work, even in extreme cases where the background modeling is likely an unphysical description of the true extended gamma-ray sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings are in agreement with many previous studies of the excess.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings are in agreement with many previous studies of the excess [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "If we compare the galactic center and inner galaxy spectra for γ = 1.1, the peak normalizations are consistent in both ROIs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If we compare the galactic center and inner galaxy spectra for γ = 1.1, the peak normalizations are consistent in both ROIs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Comorbidities related to obesity are numerous including reproductive disorder.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comorbidities related to obesity are numerous including reproductive disorder.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) has been described in male obesity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) has been described in male obesity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MOSH is characterized by low circulating testosterone levels along with low or inappropriately normal FSH and LH levels in the absence of pituitary disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MOSH is characterized by low circulating testosterone levels along with low or inappropriately normal FSH and LH levels in the absence of pituitary disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Prevalence of MOSH has been reported up to 40-50% in obese men.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Prevalence of MOSH has been reported up to 40-50% in obese men [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "STED microscopy has so far been mostly implemented in confocalized single-beam scanning setups using a conventionally focused excitation beam that is co-aligned with a doughnut-shaped beam for STED.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "STED microscopy has so far been mostly implemented in confocalized single-beam scanning setups using a conventionally focused excitation beam that is co-aligned with a doughnut-shaped beam for STED.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scanning the co-aligned beams across the sample automatically produces the state transitions required for feature separation and signaling, rendering the subdiffraction image as a result.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Scanning the co-aligned beams across the sample automatically produces the state transitions required for feature separation and signaling, rendering the subdiffraction image as a result.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resolution can be adjusted by tuning the intensity I at the doughnut crest, as indicated in the above equation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resolution can be adjusted by tuning the intensity I at the doughnut crest, as indicated in the above equation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both pulsed and continuous wave (CW) STED lasers can be used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both pulsed and continuous wave (CW) STED lasers can be used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whereas CW lasers are available in many wavelengths and do not necessitate synchronization between the processes of excitation and STED, they require higher average power to reach the same resolution value, as compared to standard 80 MHz pulsed lasers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Whereas CW lasers are available in many wavelengths and do not necessitate synchronization between the processes of excitation and STED, they require higher average power to reach the same resolution value, as compared to standard 80 MHz pulsed lasers [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, although CW lasers are in common use -most notably in commercial STED microscopes -pulsed laser sources are preferable for attaining high resolution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, although CW lasers are in common use -most notably in commercial STED microscopes -pulsed laser sources are preferable for attaining high resolution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since they minimize timing jitter, spurious multi-photon excitation, and photobleaching, STED pulse durations of 0.3-1 ns have proven particularly advantageous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since they minimize timing jitter, spurious multi-photon excitation, and photobleaching, STED pulse durations of 0.3-1 ns have proven particularly advantageous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Only the methanolic extract of Coptis chinensis showed a significant selectivity, but not the dichloromethane extract.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only the methanolic extract of Coptis chinensis showed a significant selectivity, but not the dichloromethane extract.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The IC 50 values of 81.8 µg/mL, 3.7 µg/mL and 0.4 µg/mL against HeLa, Cos7 and T. b. brucei respectively gave SI of 205 and 9 between HeLa and T. b. brucei and Cos7 and T. b. brucei respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The IC 50 values of 81.8 µg/mL, 3.7 µg/mL and 0.4 µg/mL against HeLa, Cos7 and T. b. brucei respectively gave SI of 205 and 9 between HeLa and T. b. brucei and Cos7 and T. b. brucei respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our analytical data confirmed berberine as the main alkaloid of C. chinensis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our analytical data confirmed berberine as the main alkaloid of C. chinensis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The toxicity of C. chinensis is probably an effect of the DNA intercalation of its alkaloids into the DNA double helix of T. b. brucei.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The toxicity of C. chinensis is probably an effect of the DNA intercalation of its alkaloids into the DNA double helix of T. b. brucei [95, 96] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF82", "BIBREF83" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[95, 96]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Metastatic disease involving the stomach is a rare occurrence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Metastatic disease involving the stomach is a rare occurrence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a series of 771 patients with gastric tumors found at endoscopy, only 2.6% were secondary neoplasms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a series of 771 patients with gastric tumors found at endoscopy, only 2.6% were secondary neoplasms [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Although all primary malignancies can metastasize to the stomach, gastric metastases most often originate from malignant melanomas or carcinomas of the breast, lung, and esophagus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although all primary malignancies can metastasize to the stomach, gastric metastases most often originate from malignant melanomas or carcinomas of the breast, lung, and esophagus [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Interestingly, two-thirds of metastatic mammary cancers to the stomach are of lobular type.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, two-thirds of metastatic mammary cancers to the stomach are of lobular type [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The most common clinical presentations of gastric metastases include anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most common clinical presentations of gastric metastases include anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The most common endoscopic appearance is that of a submucosal nodule seen as a mass with a smooth surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most common endoscopic appearance is that of a submucosal nodule seen as a mass with a smooth surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively, metastatic lobular breast carcinoma may resemble advanced gastric cancer with features of linitis plastica.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, metastatic lobular breast carcinoma may resemble advanced gastric cancer with features of linitis plastica [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Kayaking is an outdoor activity that increases muscle strength and postural balance, and can be performed by physically able and disabled individuals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Kayaking is an outdoor activity that increases muscle strength and postural balance, and can be performed by physically able and disabled individuals [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, kayaking has a high metabolic demand and challenges the postural control system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, kayaking has a high metabolic demand and challenges the postural control system [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "The ability to maintain continuous postural balance is required to control the motion of the paddle and kayak in the water with the upper extremities and manipulate the paddle in the air.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The ability to maintain continuous postural balance is required to control the motion of the paddle and kayak in the water with the upper extremities and manipulate the paddle in the air [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "In a previous study, kayak training was used to enhance balance in patients with spinal cord injury.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a previous study, kayak training was used to enhance balance in patients with spinal cord injury [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "Kayaking is an effective workout that simultaneously requires enhanced endurance and strength to optimize performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Kayaking is an effective workout that simultaneously requires enhanced endurance and strength to optimize performance [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Increased shoulder muscle strength is another positive effect of kayak training that can be achieved without any shoulder problems or overload.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Increased shoulder muscle strength is another positive effect of kayak training that can be achieved without any shoulder problems or overload [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The trunk plays an important role in maintaining balance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The trunk plays an important role in maintaining balance [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Because of this, we expect that kayak training would improve postural stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of this, we expect that kayak training would improve postural stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, despite these numerous advantages, kayaking is not readily accessible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, despite these numerous advantages, kayaking is not readily accessible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Older adults may also be afraid of water and worry about safety issues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Older adults may also be afraid of water and worry about safety issues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A ground kayak paddling (GKP) exercise was developed to overcome these limitations while conferring the benefits of kayaking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A ground kayak paddling (GKP) exercise was developed to overcome these limitations while conferring the benefits of kayaking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of GKP exercise on postural balance, muscle performance, and cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of GKP exercise on postural balance, muscle performance, and cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Despite the inevitable limitations in developing and parameterising a realistic pertussis dynamic transmission model based on a long historical data set, our simulations provide valuable insights into the likely cause of the resurgence in England and Wales and of the relative merits of different control strategies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the inevitable limitations in developing and parameterising a realistic pertussis dynamic transmission model based on a long historical data set, our simulations provide valuable insights into the likely cause of the resurgence in England and Wales and of the relative merits of different control strategies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the elevated incidence of infant disease predicted to continue in the absence of a maternal immunisation programme, there will be a continuing need for this programme to protect vulnerable infants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the elevated incidence of infant disease predicted to continue in the absence of a maternal immunisation programme, there will be a continuing need for this programme to protect vulnerable infants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our model predicts that introduction of an adolescent booster would have little impact on infant disease, despite our favourable and probably unrealistic assumption that it provides a similar duration of protection as achieved with the three-dose primary infant course.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our model predicts that introduction of an adolescent booster would have little impact on infant disease, despite our favourable and probably unrealistic assumption that it provides a similar duration of protection as achieved with the three-dose primary infant course [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25] [26] [27] [28] [29]" ] }, { "text": "However, an adolescent booster may be justified in terms of the direct protection afforded to this age group who, while at very low risk of hospital admission and death, can have a distressing and prolonged cough that interferes with their sleep and daily activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, an adolescent booster may be justified in terms of the direct protection afforded to this age group who, while at very low risk of hospital admission and death, can have a distressing and prolonged cough that interferes with their sleep and daily activity [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "Our model provides a quantitative basis for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses of adding pertussis vaccine to the combined tetanus/low-dose diphtheria/inactivated polio booster vaccine currently offered to this age group in England and Wales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our model provides a quantitative basis for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses of adding pertussis vaccine to the combined tetanus/low-dose diphtheria/inactivated polio booster vaccine currently offered to this age group in England and Wales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our findings support the recent recommendation by the World Health Organisation that countries currently using wP vaccine for primary immunisation should continue to use wP vaccines, and a switch from wP to aP should only be considered when additional strategies to control infant disease such as maternal immunisation can be assured.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our findings support the recent recommendation by the World Health Organisation that countries currently using wP vaccine for primary immunisation should continue to use wP vaccines, and a switch from wP to aP should only be considered when additional strategies to control infant disease such as maternal immunisation can be assured [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Mechanical metamaterials are articial microstructures with mechanical properties dened by their structural conguration rather than intrinsic material properties of the constituent members.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mechanical metamaterials are articial microstructures with mechanical properties dened by their structural conguration rather than intrinsic material properties of the constituent members.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The global mechanical properties can be engineered by intelligently identifying the material microstructures of metamaterials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The global mechanical properties can be engineered by intelligently identifying the material microstructures of metamaterials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This novel class of structural materials with tailorable global mechanical properties (like equivalent elastic moduli, buckling, vibration and wave propagation characteristics) have tremendous potential applications for future aerospace, civil and mechanical structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This novel class of structural materials with tailorable global mechanical properties (like equivalent elastic moduli, buckling, vibration and wave propagation characteristics) have tremendous potential applications for future aerospace, civil and mechanical structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Development of such application-specic engineered materials have received immense attention from the concerned scientic community in last few years after the recent advancement in 3D printing technology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Development of such application-specic engineered materials have received immense attention from the concerned scientic community in last few years after the recent advancement in 3D printing technology [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Fascinating properties such as extremely lightweight, negative elastic moduli, negative mass density, pentamode material characteristic (meta-uids) can be obtained by cognitively identifying the material microstructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fascinating properties such as extremely lightweight, negative elastic moduli, negative mass density, pentamode material characteristic (meta-uids) can be obtained by cognitively identifying the material microstructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Considering hexagonal lattices, the structural congurations for obtaining negative and zero Poisson's ratios are depicted in gure 1 as an illustration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering hexagonal lattices, the structural congurations for obtaining negative and zero Poisson's ratios are depicted in gure 1 as an illustration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lattice in gure 1(a) has conventional positive Poisson's ratio, while by changing the microstructural conguration of the hexagonal lattice intuitively, negative (refer to gure 1(b)) and zero Poisson's ratio (refer to gure 1(ce)) can be obtained at a global scale of the material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lattice in gure 1(a) has conventional positive Poisson's ratio, while by changing the microstructural conguration of the hexagonal lattice intuitively, negative (refer to gure 1(b)) and zero Poisson's ratio (refer to gure 1(ce)) can be obtained at a global scale of the material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In case of a material with negative Poisson's ratio (auxetic), it thickens in the dimensions perpendicular to the direction of stretching and vice-versa, while the dimensions perpendicular to the direction of stretching/ compressing do not change for a material with zero Poisson's ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In case of a material with negative Poisson's ratio (auxetic), it thickens in the dimensions perpendicular to the direction of stretching and vice-versa, while the dimensions perpendicular to the direction of stretching/ compressing do not change for a material with zero Poisson's ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Natural materials can not exhibit such unusual properties that can have various favourable applications in wide range of structural systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural materials can not exhibit such unusual properties that can have various favourable applications in wide range of structural systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Nowadays, competition between companies mostly focuses on activities associated with supply chain (SC) operations, such as the transportation of raw materials and finished products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, competition between companies mostly focuses on activities associated with supply chain (SC) operations, such as the transportation of raw materials and finished products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these activities do not usually add any value to products, so they are an area of significant opportunities to reduce costs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these activities do not usually add any value to products, so they are an area of significant opportunities to reduce costs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Companies are currently looking for innovative business strategies that enable them to approach their target markets while reducing distances, which in turn will allow them to decrease production costs, deliver quality products in a timely manner, reduce cycle times, and thus improve the overall product quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Companies are currently looking for innovative business strategies that enable them to approach their target markets while reducing distances, which in turn will allow them to decrease production costs, deliver quality products in a timely manner, reduce cycle times, and thus improve the overall product quality [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Companies often respond to these globalization processes by establishing subsidiaries, especially manufacturing plants, in other countries as a means to obtain a better geographical position to reach their markets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Companies often respond to these globalization processes by establishing subsidiaries, especially manufacturing plants, in other countries as a means to obtain a better geographical position to reach their markets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Benefits from this trend include appropriate infrastructure, local skilled workforce, and low production costs, among others.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Benefits from this trend include appropriate infrastructure, local skilled workforce, and low production costs, among others [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Consistent with previously reported correlations in various populations, the SF-12v2® gives stable correlations in a previously unstudied Medicaid population with a combination of physical and behavioral conditions or SMI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consistent with previously reported correlations in various populations, the SF-12v2® gives stable correlations in a previously unstudied Medicaid population with a combination of physical and behavioral conditions or SMI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results encourage using the SF-12v2® to assess HRQOL in such cohorts with chronic health conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results encourage using the SF-12v2® to assess HRQOL in such cohorts with chronic health conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reliabilities of individual scales as well as the summary scores of SF-12 can be used to estimate the variability and covariance structure of the measures when estimating power or sample size for future studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reliabilities of individual scales as well as the summary scores of SF-12 can be used to estimate the variability and covariance structure of the measures when estimating power or sample size for future studies [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the modestly attenuated correlations in participants with combined physical and mental or behavioral conditions compared to that in the general population need to be considered in future study planning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the modestly attenuated correlations in participants with combined physical and mental or behavioral conditions compared to that in the general population need to be considered in future study planning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In terms of transparency, ESs, although often thought to be outdated, can be very valuable in providing insights of the system, as the if-then rules are normally implemented by using the existing knowledge from the human experts, which relies on a long-term accumulation of domainspecific experiences in the fault mechanisms, mechanical principles and other related expertise of the machine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of transparency, ESs, although often thought to be outdated, can be very valuable in providing insights of the system, as the if-then rules are normally implemented by using the existing knowledge from the human experts, which relies on a long-term accumulation of domainspecific experiences in the fault mechanisms, mechanical principles and other related expertise of the machine [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Taking these into consideration, this paper proposes a Knowledge Transfer Platform (KTP) for fault diagnosis, where the platform combines the strengths of both ES and SP techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Taking these into consideration, this paper proposes a Knowledge Transfer Platform (KTP) for fault diagnosis, where the platform combines the strengths of both ES and SP techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this way, the KTP will be able to deliver better efficiency and accountability in fault diagnosis, because it automates the diagnostic process with more consistency and robustness via the SP techniques, and it increases transparency in the process through the expert knowledge-based reasoning mechanisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, the KTP will be able to deliver better efficiency and accountability in fault diagnosis, because it automates the diagnostic process with more consistency and robustness via the SP techniques, and it increases transparency in the process through the expert knowledge-based reasoning mechanisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The key aspect here is not to replace humans, but instead to leverage computerised technologies to human experts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The key aspect here is not to replace humans, but instead to leverage computerised technologies to human experts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By retaining staff with valuable domain expertise, it makes their contributions even more vital in the subject area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By retaining staff with valuable domain expertise, it makes their contributions even more vital in the subject area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such manner, more work can be done quicker, since the computer performs the boring/tiring tasks, e.g. scanning and analysing large amount of data, while human experts review the outcomes, training the diagnostic agent to progress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such manner, more work can be done quicker, since the computer performs the boring/tiring tasks, e.g. scanning and analysing large amount of data, while human experts review the outcomes, training the diagnostic agent to progress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Intuitively, a simply connected manifold is formal if its rational homotopy type is determined by its rational cohomology algebra.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Intuitively, a simply connected manifold is formal if its rational homotopy type is determined by its rational cohomology algebra.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Simply connected compact manifolds of dimension less than or equal to 6 are formal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Simply connected compact manifolds of dimension less than or equal to 6 are formal [13, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 23]" ] }, { "text": "We shall say that M is formal if its minimal model is formal or, equivalently, if the de Rham complex (ΩM, d) of M and the algebra of the de Rham cohomology (H * (M ), d = 0) have the same minimal model (see section 2 for details).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We shall say that M is formal if its minimal model is formal or, equivalently, if the de Rham complex (ΩM, d) of M and the algebra of the de Rham cohomology (H * (M ), d = 0) have the same minimal model (see section 2 for details).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The wave equation for a massless scalar field probing the subtracted geometry exhibits SL(2, R R) 2 symmetry, by construction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The wave equation for a massless scalar field probing the subtracted geometry exhibits SL(2, R R) 2 symmetry, by construction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the geometrical interpretation of this symmetry remains obscure a priori.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the geometrical interpretation of this symmetry remains obscure a priori.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Progress can be made by lifting the geometry with subtracted conformal factor from 5D to 6D.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Progress can be made by lifting the geometry with subtracted conformal factor from 5D to 6D.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, the subtracted geometry is recognized after the lift as locally AdS 3 × S 3 geometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, the subtracted geometry is recognized after the lift as locally AdS 3 × S 3 geometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the global identifications are such that the AdS 3 factor is precisely the BTZ black hole; and the S 3 is fibered over the AdS 3 in the manner familiar from rotating black holes near extremality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the global identifications are such that the AdS 3 factor is precisely the BTZ black hole; and the S 3 is fibered over the AdS 3 in the manner familiar from rotating black holes near extremality [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "We stress again that, here, we identify these features in the geometry of black holes that are generally far from extremality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We stress again that, here, we identify these features in the geometry of black holes that are generally far from extremality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "An apparently unrelated clue to the internal structure of black holes involves a massless scalar field probing a general black hole background.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An apparently unrelated clue to the internal structure of black holes involves a massless scalar field probing a general black hole background.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was noticed a long time ago that the wave equation in this setting has remarkable simplifications even for general black holes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was noticed a long time ago that the wave equation in this setting has remarkable simplifications even for general black holes [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In particular there is an SL(2, R R) 2 symmetry, when certain terms are removed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular there is an SL(2, R R) 2 symmetry, when certain terms are removed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the first expression we rewrote the terms so that the limit of vanishing charge Π s → 0 is manifestly regular.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first expression we rewrote the terms so that the limit of vanishing charge Π s → 0 is manifestly regular.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the second expression we collected term to make is manifest that The wave equation for the full metric, without subtraction in the conformal factor, was presented in (3.6)(following).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second expression we collected term to make is manifest that The wave equation for the full metric, without subtraction in the conformal factor, was presented in (3.6)(following [1] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Simplifying properties i), ii), iii) remain; but there are additional terms that obstruct properties iv), v), vi).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simplifying properties i), ii), iii) remain; but there are additional terms that obstruct properties iv), v), vi).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Aging is caused by many factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aging is caused by many factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Excess sun exposure, smoking, or drinking may significantly age a person.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Excess sun exposure, smoking, or drinking may significantly age a person.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research suggests that smoking for 10 years ages a person by 2.5 years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research suggests that smoking for 10 years ages a person by 2.5 years [46] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, to inspect the applicability of the routing algorithm employing chaotic neural networks, we evaluated the chaotic routing algorithm for the communication networks to which realistic conditions were introduced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, to inspect the applicability of the routing algorithm employing chaotic neural networks, we evaluated the chaotic routing algorithm for the communication networks to which realistic conditions were introduced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, to improve the routing algorithm employing chaotic neural networks, we introduced information on the waiting time to transmit a packet at adjacent nodes into chaotic neurons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, to improve the routing algorithm employing chaotic neural networks, we introduced information on the waiting time to transmit a packet at adjacent nodes into chaotic neurons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, we examined the routing algorithms for the scale-free networks and showed that the improved chaotic routing algorithm has the highest arrival rate of packets, even if the density of the packets increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, we examined the routing algorithms for the scale-free networks and showed that the improved chaotic routing algorithm has the highest arrival rate of packets, even if the density of the packets increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, the improved chaotic routing algorithm exhibits lower congestion levels by effectively avoiding the impermeability of the communication networks using the refractory effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, the improved chaotic routing algorithm exhibits lower congestion levels by effectively avoiding the impermeability of the communication networks using the refractory effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the results of the numerical simulations indicate that the improved chaotic routing algorithm has higher performance for the lowcost communication networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the results of the numerical simulations indicate that the improved chaotic routing algorithm has higher performance for the lowcost communication networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, the obtained results indicate that the improved chaotic routing algorithm can possibly be applied to real communication networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, the obtained results indicate that the improved chaotic routing algorithm can possibly be applied to real communication networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our future work, the use of memory effect may be combined with the use of cellular automata for congestion elimination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our future work, the use of memory effect may be combined with the use of cellular automata for congestion elimination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While evaluating the performance of routing algorithms, an order parameter may be used to indicate the phase transition point between free state and congested state for the network under study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While evaluating the performance of routing algorithms, an order parameter may be used to indicate the phase transition point between free state and congested state for the network under study [1, [7] [8] [9] 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, [7] [8] [9] 30]" ] }, { "text": "A novel evaluation method may be proposed for routing algorithms using the order parameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A novel evaluation method may be proposed for routing algorithms using the order parameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Earlier studies have shown that NO mimetics reversed stress-induced anxiogenesis while elevating brain NOx levels thus indicating that NO may act as a crucial regulator of stress responses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Earlier studies have shown that NO mimetics reversed stress-induced anxiogenesis while elevating brain NOx levels thus indicating that NO may act as a crucial regulator of stress responses [2, [21] [22] [23] [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, [21] [22] [23] [24]" ] }, { "text": "In agreement with these findings, our present study showed that brain NOx levels (stable metabolites of NO) decreased after acute RS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In agreement with these findings, our present study showed that brain NOx levels (stable metabolites of NO) decreased after acute RS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar to that observed in behavioral studies, CPS resulted in reversals of brain NOx levels towards normalcy -the magnitude of changes being lesser than seen after acute RS, indicating adaptation to stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar to that observed in behavioral studies, CPS resulted in reversals of brain NOx levels towards normalcy -the magnitude of changes being lesser than seen after acute RS, indicating adaptation to stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, such adaptive changes were not seen after CUS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, such adaptive changes were not seen after CUS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "This sub-analysis of age-specific data from the A 1 chieve study showed that starting, or switching to, insulin therapy with biphasic insulin aspart 30 (±OGLDs) under routine clinical practice led to significant improvements in blood glucose levels (as measured by HbA 1c , FPG and PPG) across 3 age-groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This sub-analysis of age-specific data from the A 1 chieve study showed that starting, or switching to, insulin therapy with biphasic insulin aspart 30 (±OGLDs) under routine clinical practice led to significant improvements in blood glucose levels (as measured by HbA 1c , FPG and PPG) across 3 age-groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results are consistent with previous studies that showed in people with type 2 diabetes that starting insulin therapy with once-or twice-daily biphasic insulin aspart 30 led to effective glycemic control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results are consistent with previous studies that showed in people with type 2 diabetes that starting insulin therapy with once-or twice-daily biphasic insulin aspart 30 led to effective glycemic control [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Another study also showed that biphasic insulin aspart 30 may lead to improved PPG control compared with other insulin therapies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another study also showed that biphasic insulin aspart 30 may lead to improved PPG control compared with other insulin therapies [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the present paper we do not deal with the above two problems (only a small comment on 2 will be made at the end of the paper).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present paper we do not deal with the above two problems (only a small comment on 2 will be made at the end of the paper).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We plan to give a detailed discussion of them in too.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We plan to give a detailed discussion of them in [5] too.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "We just want to mention that the new algebraic approach has interesting geometrical applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We just want to mention that the new algebraic approach has interesting geometrical applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Thermally sprayed (TS) ceramic coatings are employed in many industrial applications, such as aerospace, transportation, petrochemical, electronics and medical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thermally sprayed (TS) ceramic coatings are employed in many industrial applications, such as aerospace, transportation, petrochemical, electronics and medical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The coatings provide surface protections/insulations against high temperature, wear, corrosion, oxidation, and electrical conduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The coatings provide surface protections/insulations against high temperature, wear, corrosion, oxidation, and electrical conduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the engineering application increases, their mechanical reliability becomes more critical to ensure designed performances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the engineering application increases, their mechanical reliability becomes more critical to ensure designed performances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The coating's properties, such as effective modulus, thermal conductivity and residual stresses, are key factors in understanding coating's reliability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The coating's properties, such as effective modulus, thermal conductivity and residual stresses, are key factors in understanding coating's reliability (Kesler et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kesler et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Often TS ceramic coatings are synthesized with plasma spray guns where feedstock particles are melted at extreme temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Often TS ceramic coatings are synthesized with plasma spray guns where feedstock particles are melted at extreme temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The molten or semi-molten splats solidify rapidly on substrate surfaces to form a coating.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The molten or semi-molten splats solidify rapidly on substrate surfaces to form a coating.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process generates lamellar microstructure as well as many defects such as pores and cracks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process generates lamellar microstructure as well as many defects such as pores and cracks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additional micro-cracks also form during cool down when large thermal stresses are generated due to the mismatch of thermal expansion with the substrate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional micro-cracks also form during cool down when large thermal stresses are generated due to the mismatch of thermal expansion with the substrate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These geometrical attributes make the TS coating's stiffness to be much lower than that of bulk material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These geometrical attributes make the TS coating's stiffness to be much lower than that of bulk material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "For the analysis of the large number of images recorded by a high-speed camera, a program for automatic digital image processing was developed for point contacts by the authors' research group.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the analysis of the large number of images recorded by a high-speed camera, a program for automatic digital image processing was developed for point contacts by the authors' research group [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "It was used for the analysis of interference images obtained in tests with constant load and geometry but variable speed using a ball-on-disc experimental apparatus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was used for the analysis of interference images obtained in tests with constant load and geometry but variable speed using a ball-on-disc experimental apparatus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A test rig was successively designed and realized for a more realistic simulation of gear teeth and cam-follower contacts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A test rig was successively designed and realized for a more realistic simulation of gear teeth and cam-follower contacts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The rig was tested using circular eccentric cams.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The rig was tested using circular eccentric cams [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Both emotional and evaluating support is the kind of psychological help, which strengthens the feeling of value among adolescents and reveals positive attitude of adults towards them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both emotional and evaluating support is the kind of psychological help, which strengthens the feeling of value among adolescents and reveals positive attitude of adults towards them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, both forms of support are about sending verbal and non-verbal messages which ensure closeness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, both forms of support are about sending verbal and non-verbal messages which ensure closeness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These messages occur most commonly and they are mostly awaited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These messages occur most commonly and they are mostly awaited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Informational (cognitive) support comes down to the exchange in the process of information interaction which fosters a better understanding of a situation and a problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Informational (cognitive) support comes down to the exchange in the process of information interaction which fosters a better understanding of a situation and a problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is about giving advice and information which can help in solving problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is about giving advice and information which can help in solving problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important to pass feedback information about the efficiency of the undertaken actions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to pass feedback information about the efficiency of the undertaken actions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Social support expressed by grandmothers in emotional and evaluating scope is mainly expressed in the aspect of a sex stereotype.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Social support expressed by grandmothers in emotional and evaluating scope is mainly expressed in the aspect of a sex stereotype.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to it, women are more aimed at building social bonds and they are more emotionally open.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to it, women are more aimed at building social bonds and they are more emotionally open (Cavanaugh, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cavanaugh, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "It is contradicted by the obtained results for the connections between evaluation of social support and life quality of grandchildren from a single mother family (table 3) , in which the social support given shows a negative relation with life quality of grandchildren.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is contradicted by the obtained results for the connections between evaluation of social support and life quality of grandchildren from a single mother family (table 3) , in which the social support given shows a negative relation with life quality of grandchildren.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet close emotional bond of a parental grandfather with grandchildren, their informational, emotional and general support shows a meaningful connection with their life quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet close emotional bond of a parental grandfather with grandchildren, their informational, emotional and general support shows a meaningful connection with their life quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As researchers suggest, it can be a consequence of allegiance relation which was created between them.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As researchers suggest, it can be a consequence of allegiance relation which was created between them (Tyszkowa, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tyszkowa, 1991)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Effects prove that low material status of a family is constantly seen by adolescents and it can lead to deprivation of mental needs: affiliation, meaningless, recognition in the eyes of others and it additionally solidifies passive and aggressive attitude in interpersonal relations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Effects prove that low material status of a family is constantly seen by adolescents and it can lead to deprivation of mental needs: affiliation, meaningless, recognition in the eyes of others and it additionally solidifies passive and aggressive attitude in interpersonal relations (Siwek, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Siwek, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "As a result, it can lead to lowering the meaning and withdrawal from the engagement in social life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, it can lead to lowering the meaning and withdrawal from the engagement in social life (Buhs and Ladd, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Buhs and Ladd, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Worse material family situation can result in social exclusion of adolescents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Worse material family situation can result in social exclusion of adolescents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Therefore, a conclusion can be formulated that there are no significant relations between social support by maternal grandparents and the quality of life of grandchildren both in two-parent and in single-mother families.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a conclusion can be formulated that there are no significant relations between social support by maternal grandparents and the quality of life of grandchildren both in two-parent and in single-mother families.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The evaluations of social support provided by grandparents that the grandchildren submitted during the study are similar to each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The evaluations of social support provided by grandparents that the grandchildren submitted during the study are similar to each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This conclusion does not apply to the evaluation of social support of a paternal grandfather, which clearly shows the connection between the life qualities of grandchildren regardless of family structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This conclusion does not apply to the evaluation of social support of a paternal grandfather, which clearly shows the connection between the life qualities of grandchildren regardless of family structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that if a parental grandfather engages in help and support of grandchildren, especially in a single mother family, he will thereby contribute to the better life satisfaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that if a parental grandfather engages in help and support of grandchildren, especially in a single mother family, he will thereby contribute to the better life satisfaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "He can act like a shield for grandchildren experiencing changes in a family structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "He can act like a shield for grandchildren experiencing changes in a family structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The conclusion contradicts the observations that grandchildren usually have better relations with maternal grandparents rather than the paternal ones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The conclusion contradicts the observations that grandchildren usually have better relations with maternal grandparents rather than the paternal ones (Hodgson, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hodgson, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "What is more, paternal grandmothers influence life quality of grandchildren but only in a full family.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What is more, paternal grandmothers influence life quality of grandchildren but only in a full family.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Specialized entities in gambling (e.g., Gamblers Anonymous and Families Anonymous) were asked to advertise for participants in the current study among their members.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specialized entities in gambling (e.g., Gamblers Anonymous and Families Anonymous) were asked to advertise for participants in the current study among their members.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The entities were provided with copies of the protocol, and the person in charge was asked to distribute these copies to anyone who was interested in participating.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The entities were provided with copies of the protocol, and the person in charge was asked to distribute these copies to anyone who was interested in participating.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This advertising resulted in the recruitment of seven PG and eight GS subjects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This advertising resulted in the recruitment of seven PG and eight GS subjects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, online dissemination of the research protocol (via social networks and email) was utilized using the virtual equivalent of the snowball method of recruitment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, online dissemination of the research protocol (via social networks and email) was utilized using the virtual equivalent of the snowball method of recruitment (Goodman, 1961) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Goodman, 1961)" ] }, { "text": "This online dissemination resulted in the recruitment of 12 PG and 5 GS subjects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This online dissemination resulted in the recruitment of 12 PG and 5 GS subjects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the PG group, there were no statistically significant differences between the two collection methods for any of the study variables ( p 4 .05).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the PG group, there were no statistically significant differences between the two collection methods for any of the study variables ( p 4 .05).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the GS group, there was one statistically significant difference with regard to Family Difficulties (SCORE-15), which had a lower score for the online participants (U(17) = 0.29, p = .008, r = .07).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the GS group, there was one statistically significant difference with regard to Family Difficulties (SCORE-15), which had a lower score for the online participants (U(17) = 0.29, p = .008, r = .07).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The following criteria were implemented for inclusion/exclusion in the current study: (1) being older than 18 years old; (2) having a diagnosis of pathological gambling; and (3) being married to or having a life partner who is a pathological gambler.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The following criteria were implemented for inclusion/exclusion in the current study: (1) being older than 18 years old; (2) having a diagnosis of pathological gambling; and (3) being married to or having a life partner who is a pathological gambler.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Sepsis is a \"life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sepsis is a \"life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection\" [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Both common and lethal, its estimated worldwide incidence is 31.5 million sepsis cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both common and lethal, its estimated worldwide incidence is 31.5 million sepsis cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of these, 19.4 million are severe, causing 5.3 million deaths annually.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Of these, 19.4 million are severe, causing 5.3 million deaths annually [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In the UK, it is estimated that 7.7 % of deaths are associated with sepsis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the UK, it is estimated that 7.7 % of deaths are associated with sepsis [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Reported mortality rates for all forms of sepsis vary by country and case mix, ranging from 15 to 80 %.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reported mortality rates for all forms of sepsis vary by country and case mix, ranging from 15 to 80 % [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Hospitalisation rates for sepsis in the developed world are increasing, and substantially outweigh those for stroke and myocardial infarction combined.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hospitalisation rates for sepsis in the developed world are increasing, and substantially outweigh those for stroke and myocardial infarction combined [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Sepsis also remains the leading cause of maternal mortality in the UK.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sepsis also remains the leading cause of maternal mortality in the UK [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In addition to its impact on mortality, the physical and psychosocial sequelae of sepsis have longterm consequences for survivors' quality of life.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to its impact on mortality, the physical and psychosocial sequelae of sepsis have longterm consequences for survivors' quality of life [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The study confirms the findings from studies in the general population that the use of NNS is high in overweight and obese adults.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study confirms the findings from studies in the general population that the use of NNS is high in overweight and obese adults [18] [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "Half of the subjects used more than 3.3 units of NNS per day, which corresponds to 330 ml beverages with NNS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Half of the subjects used more than 3.3 units of NNS per day, which corresponds to 330 ml beverages with NNS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An intake of 2 -4 l was not uncommon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An intake of 2 -4 l was not uncommon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Optimizing the catalyst in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) involves a better understanding of Pt utilization at the triple-phase boundary in the catalyst layer, where the reactant, the ionic conducting polymer, and the electronic conducting substrate are present on the same platinum (Pt) or Pt-alloy nanoparticle (NP).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Optimizing the catalyst in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) involves a better understanding of Pt utilization at the triple-phase boundary in the catalyst layer, where the reactant, the ionic conducting polymer, and the electronic conducting substrate are present on the same platinum (Pt) or Pt-alloy nanoparticle (NP) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Pt can only be utilized in the electrochemical reactions when it is in contact with both the membrane electrolyte and the support and at the same time accessible for the reactant gas and water to and from the reaction sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pt can only be utilized in the electrochemical reactions when it is in contact with both the membrane electrolyte and the support and at the same time accessible for the reactant gas and water to and from the reaction sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore the increase in the number of such active sites and the platinum utilization efficiency are essential for the enhancement of the cell performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore the increase in the number of such active sites and the platinum utilization efficiency are essential for the enhancement of the cell performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The challenge is to activate Pt as catalyst and to improve the catalytic performance by covering/impregnating the Pt NPs by a thin layer of ionomer film and at the same time to maintain their accessibility for the fuel gas and transport of water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The challenge is to activate Pt as catalyst and to improve the catalytic performance by covering/impregnating the Pt NPs by a thin layer of ionomer film and at the same time to maintain their accessibility for the fuel gas and transport of water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The best cell performance is always achieved with an optimal balance between catalytic activity and maximum Pt utilization, proton conductivity, and oxygen transport.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The best cell performance is always achieved with an optimal balance between catalytic activity and maximum Pt utilization, proton conductivity, and oxygen transport [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "More than half of the world's population lives today in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66% by 2050.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More than half of the world's population lives today in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66% by 2050 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Urbanization is causing a myriad of problems, such as the loss of green space, increased surface runoff and flooding hazards, which have a negative effect on people's well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Urbanization is causing a myriad of problems, such as the loss of green space, increased surface runoff and flooding hazards, which have a negative effect on people's well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The changes in land use associated with urban development have increased storm runoff and have degraded riparian areas and natural flows of rivers and streams.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The changes in land use associated with urban development have increased storm runoff and have degraded riparian areas and natural flows of rivers and streams [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In the 19th and 20th centuries, many European cities channelled their streams into concrete sections or underground pipes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the 19th and 20th centuries, many European cities channelled their streams into concrete sections or underground pipes [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "These culverted rivers exhibit substantial flood risks due to the likelihood of blockages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These culverted rivers exhibit substantial flood risks due to the likelihood of blockages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The progressive surface cover modification of urban areas towards the predominance of non-evaporative surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt, has also contributed to the occurrence of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The progressive surface cover modification of urban areas towards the predominance of non-evaporative surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt, has also contributed to the occurrence of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Urban land uses with little vegetative cover are the most affected by the phenomenon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Urban land uses with little vegetative cover are the most affected by the phenomenon [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To measure element-fairness we use a microbenchmark with a sequentially-alternating access pattern.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To measure element-fairness we use a microbenchmark with a sequentially-alternating access pattern [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Each thread executes a loop of ten thousand iterations where in each iteration one element is enqueued and one element is dequeued.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each thread executes a loop of ten thousand iterations where in each iteration one element is enqueued and one element is dequeued.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, each thread enqueues two hundred elements before the loop and dequeues two hundred elements after the loop to avoid that the queue ever gets empty during the benchmark.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, each thread enqueues two hundred elements before the loop and dequeues two hundred elements after the loop to avoid that the queue ever gets empty during the benchmark.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To obtain zero-time linearizations we instrument the benchmark code such that the invocations of queue operations are time-stamped using the globally synchronized Time Stamp Counter of x86 processors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To obtain zero-time linearizations we instrument the benchmark code such that the invocations of queue operations are time-stamped using the globally synchronized Time Stamp Counter of x86 processors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the rare case when two operations get the same time stamp we consider the operation that is invoked by the thread with the lower thread ID as invoked first.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the rare case when two operations get the same time stamp we consider the operation that is invoked by the thread with the lower thread ID as invoked first.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Over the last few years, many archaeological sites suffered from many environmental risks due to unplanned urbanization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the last few years, many archaeological sites suffered from many environmental risks due to unplanned urbanization [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "This study provides a short overview of space-based tools today available for urban areas ranging from planning strategies to systematic monitoring activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study provides a short overview of space-based tools today available for urban areas ranging from planning strategies to systematic monitoring activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the last few decades, a rapid urbanization process occurred on the global scale, and it is still today increasing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last few decades, a rapid urbanization process occurred on the global scale, and it is still today increasing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Actually, over half of the world's population is living in urban areas and this is expected to further increase to 70% by 2050.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Actually, over half of the world's population is living in urban areas and this is expected to further increase to 70% by 2050.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the sustainable development of urban growth is a To face this challenge, updated maps and related information are very important for urban planners to design (urban and infrastructure) development plans sensitive to cultural heritage sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the sustainable development of urban growth is a To face this challenge, updated maps and related information are very important for urban planners to design (urban and infrastructure) development plans sensitive to cultural heritage sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the use of satellite technologies today can suitably support the development planning process, providing suitable free-of-charge tools useful for multitemporal analysis based on the past and the current conditions, capturing changes at diverse temporal and spatial scales from global down to a local level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the use of satellite technologies today can suitably support the development planning process, providing suitable free-of-charge tools useful for multitemporal analysis based on the past and the current conditions, capturing changes at diverse temporal and spatial scales from global down to a local level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The repair rate and area cost of the Built In Redundancy Analysis (BIRA) is mainly depends on the redundancy organization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The repair rate and area cost of the Built In Redundancy Analysis (BIRA) is mainly depends on the redundancy organization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The redundancy organization memory is divided into various segments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The redundancy organization memory is divided into various segments [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In which spare row and columns are used differently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In which spare row and columns are used differently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spare rows are used to replace entire row in the memory and the columns are divided in several spare column groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spare rows are used to replace entire row in the memory and the columns are divided in several spare column groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here the access time and area cost is induced due to additional multiplexers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here the access time and area cost is induced due to additional multiplexers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The main aim of the present research was to investigate the efficiency of flexible oil spill barriers in containment of slicks caused by marine accidents in the open seas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of the present research was to investigate the efficiency of flexible oil spill barriers in containment of slicks caused by marine accidents in the open seas (Amini 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Amini 2007)" ] }, { "text": "For this purpose, two-dimensional experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume with different barrier depths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this purpose, two-dimensional experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume with different barrier depths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To achieve a better understanding of the response of the barrier at different flow velocities, it was important to measure the velocity profiles in each fluid and to study the instability at the oil-water interface for different barrier geometries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To achieve a better understanding of the response of the barrier at different flow velocities, it was important to measure the velocity profiles in each fluid and to study the instability at the oil-water interface for different barrier geometries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years, wheat quality research has focused partly on correlations among flour and dough properties and end-use quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, wheat quality research has focused partly on correlations among flour and dough properties and end-use quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Large variation in dough rheological properties among some wheat cultivars in China has been found in different end-use products, such as Chinese steamed bread, dry white Chinese noodles, pan bread, and fresh white noodles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Large variation in dough rheological properties among some wheat cultivars in China has been found in different end-use products, such as Chinese steamed bread, dry white Chinese noodles, pan bread, and fresh white noodles [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "However, these studies do not represent a full evaluation of wheat quality among the numerous cultivars released in the long period from 1949 to 2010.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these studies do not represent a full evaluation of wheat quality among the numerous cultivars released in the long period from 1949 to 2010.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the experiments, PW, PPH and IPH were predicted separately.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the experiments, PW, PPH and IPH were predicted separately.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That is to say, three separate neural network models were trained independently for PW, PPH and IPH using the CURRENNT toolkit.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "That is to say, three separate neural network models were trained independently for PW, PPH and IPH using the CURRENNT toolkit [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "Each character in a sentence was assigned to one of the following three boundary tags: B for a prosodic boundary, NB for a non-boundary, and O for other symbols such as punctuation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each character in a sentence was assigned to one of the following three boundary tags: B for a prosodic boundary, NB for a non-boundary, and O for other symbols such as punctuation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Precision (P), recall (R) and F-score (F) were calculated as standard objective evaluation criteria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Precision (P), recall (R) and F-score (F) were calculated as standard objective evaluation criteria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Electromagnetic waves interact with charged particles in the ionosphere and only electrons can effectively respond to the fast oscillations of HF waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electromagnetic waves interact with charged particles in the ionosphere and only electrons can effectively respond to the fast oscillations of HF waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Neutral particles can also experience the presence of HF waves through elastic and inelastic collisions with charged particles (mainly electrons).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Neutral particles can also experience the presence of HF waves through elastic and inelastic collisions with charged particles (mainly electrons).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In D and E regions, the density of neutral particles is high, which results in a higher electron-neutral collision frequency than electron-electron and electron-ion collision frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In D and E regions, the density of neutral particles is high, which results in a higher electron-neutral collision frequency than electron-electron and electron-ion collision frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, in those regions, neutral particles can share a considerable percentage of wave energy with plasma.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, in those regions, neutral particles can share a considerable percentage of wave energy with plasma.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Neutral particles thermalize the indirectly absorbed wave energy rapidly; but neutral particles have much higher density that reduces the energy share of each one and thus limits their temperature increase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Neutral particles thermalize the indirectly absorbed wave energy rapidly; but neutral particles have much higher density that reduces the energy share of each one and thus limits their temperature increase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the HF modification in those regions is not expected to be effective, except that the electrojet current appearing in these regions can be modulated by intensity modulated HF heating to become a virtual antenna, which radiates ELF/VLF waves for underwater communications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the HF modification in those regions is not expected to be effective, except that the electrojet current appearing in these regions can be modulated by intensity modulated HF heating to become a virtual antenna, which radiates ELF/VLF waves for underwater communications [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, in most HF heating experiments the focus is on the F region modification, where the wave energy delivered to the plasma is mainly distributed in electrons, and non-thermal processes may prevail because the energy thermalization and temperature equilibrium time are much longer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, in most HF heating experiments the focus is on the F region modification, where the wave energy delivered to the plasma is mainly distributed in electrons, and non-thermal processes may prevail because the energy thermalization and temperature equilibrium time are much longer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, many nonlinear plasma processes occurring in this region have been observed in the heating experiments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, many nonlinear plasma processes occurring in this region have been observed in the heating experiments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "To our knowledge, this study is the first global attempt to test and validate the Hydrus-2D Model for simulating RWU under CA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To our knowledge, this study is the first global attempt to test and validate the Hydrus-2D Model for simulating RWU under CA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Higher RWU was observed in plots under PBB and PNB compared with CT (farmers' practice) and ZT plots, due to less drainage and better soil physical environment causing more root growth, along with more radiation interception.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Higher RWU was observed in plots under PBB and PNB compared with CT (farmers' practice) and ZT plots, due to less drainage and better soil physical environment causing more root growth, along with more radiation interception.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these factors led to more biomass and hence more transpiration and lower evaporation rates in PBB and PNB plots compared with CT and ZT plots.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these factors led to more biomass and hence more transpiration and lower evaporation rates in PBB and PNB plots compared with CT and ZT plots.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Residue retention in the PNB, PBB and ZT plots (CA practices) further improved RWU values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Residue retention in the PNB, PBB and ZT plots (CA practices) further improved RWU values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, this study explains the reason (physical processes in the soil and atmosphere) behind greater cotton productivity under PBB + R.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, this study explains the reason (physical processes in the soil and atmosphere) behind greater cotton productivity under PBB + R (Das et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Das et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Among all soil conservation practices, PBB + R plots used less water and had higher root water uptake, and increased productivity and water use efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among all soil conservation practices, PBB + R plots used less water and had higher root water uptake, and increased productivity and water use efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, PBB + R is a better environmental protection technology than the farmers' practice and is recommended under the cotton-wheat system in the region and similar agroecologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, PBB + R is a better environmental protection technology than the farmers' practice and is recommended under the cotton-wheat system in the region and similar agroecologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our previous study also showed that the blueberryblackberry wine contained high amounts of total anthocyanin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Our previous study also showed that the blueberryblackberry wine contained high amounts of total anthocyanin [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "However, correlation was not seen between Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 DPP-IV inhibitory effect and anthocyanin concentration in ANC fractions (P > 0.05) from berry wines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, correlation was not seen between Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 DPP-IV inhibitory effect and anthocyanin concentration in ANC fractions (P > 0.05) from berry wines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, ANC3, ANC4, and ANC5 from blackberry wine were of similar IC 50 values to inhibit DPP-IV, while the anthocyanin concentration was almost 4 times higher in ANC3 than in ANC4 and ANC5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, ANC3, ANC4, and ANC5 from blackberry wine were of similar IC 50 values to inhibit DPP-IV, while the anthocyanin concentration was almost 4 times higher in ANC3 than in ANC4 and ANC5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, ANC4 and ANC5 had the same IC 50 values and ANC concentration, but their anthocyanin compositions differed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, ANC4 and ANC5 had the same IC 50 values and ANC concentration, but their anthocyanin compositions differed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results indicate that delphinidin-3-arabinoside, as the major anthocyanin identified in blackberry blends, could contribute to the DPPIV inhibition, however, other ANC may also play an important role in DPP-IV inhibition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results indicate that delphinidin-3-arabinoside, as the major anthocyanin identified in blackberry blends, could contribute to the DPPIV inhibition, however, other ANC may also play an important role in DPP-IV inhibition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, DPP-IV inhibitory effect of ANC could depend on not only the concentration but the composition and structures of flavonoids present.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, DPP-IV inhibitory effect of ANC could depend on not only the concentration but the composition and structures of flavonoids present.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More research should be conducted to clarify the relationship between DPP-IV inhibitory effect and anthocyanin structure of ANC from berries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More research should be conducted to clarify the relationship between DPP-IV inhibitory effect and anthocyanin structure of ANC from berries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "All fatalities involving persons 50 years and older from the total population of cases were identified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All fatalities involving persons 50 years and older from the total population of cases were identified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those incidents that did not occur in a farm environment were excluded from further analyses e.g., roads, public areas, beaches etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Those incidents that did not occur in a farm environment were excluded from further analyses e.g., roads, public areas, beaches etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Denominator data to ascertain estimates on the number of farmers in this age cohort were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data for 2006 and 2011.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Denominator data to ascertain estimates on the number of farmers in this age cohort were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data for 2006 and 2011 [28, 29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28, 29]" ] }, { "text": "Changes in industry classification in the 2006 Census mean that previous data are not comparable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Changes in industry classification in the 2006 Census mean that previous data are not comparable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, there are no data available for the inter-census periods that specify the actual number of farmers over 50 years of age.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, there are no data available for the inter-census periods that specify the actual number of farmers over 50 years of age.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, population estimates were applied using the trend for 2006-2011.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, population estimates were applied using the trend for 2006-2011.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "For this sample, the variation between the primary cause of death for rollovers and non-rollovers was also statistically significant (X 2 = 15.2, df = 5, p = 0.01).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this sample, the variation between the primary cause of death for rollovers and non-rollovers was also statistically significant (X 2 = 15.2, df = 5, p = 0.01).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Asphyxiation was the single largest cause of fatalities by a considerable margin (20.7%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Asphyxiation was the single largest cause of fatalities by a considerable margin (20.7%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of the 17 recorded asphyxiation deaths, all resulted from traumatic/crush asphyxia, with the exception of one case involving positional asphyxia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of the 17 recorded asphyxiation deaths, all resulted from traumatic/crush asphyxia, with the exception of one case involving positional asphyxia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two further cases involved drowning after becoming entrapped under the quad.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two further cases involved drowning after becoming entrapped under the quad.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In conjunction, rollover events involving asphyxia and injuries to the thorax region (including crush injury), account for over one-third (40.2%) of all deaths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In conjunction, rollover events involving asphyxia and injuries to the thorax region (including crush injury), account for over one-third (40.2%) of all deaths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Injuries to the head also contribute considerably to fatality cases across both mechanisms, accounting for 15 cases (18.3%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Injuries to the head also contribute considerably to fatality cases across both mechanisms, accounting for 15 cases (18.3%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of these cases, 10 had no helmet and no information was available for the remaining five cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of these cases, 10 had no helmet and no information was available for the remaining five cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For 38 of the 60 rollover cases (63.3%), there was a protracted period exceeding one hour in duration between the occurrence of the event and the individual being found.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For 38 of the 60 rollover cases (63.3%), there was a protracted period exceeding one hour in duration between the occurrence of the event and the individual being found.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This definition for a \"protracted period\" was consistent with a large Australian study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This definition for a \"protracted period\" was consistent with a large Australian study [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Data for this variable could not be determined in 15 cases, and there were seven cases where the victim was located within the first hour post-incident.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data for this variable could not be determined in 15 cases, and there were seven cases where the victim was located within the first hour post-incident.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was no statistical difference for this variable between rollover and non-rollover cases (X 2 = 4.4, df = 2, p = 0.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was no statistical difference for this variable between rollover and non-rollover cases (X 2 = 4.4, df = 2, p = 0.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Within the agricultural sector in Australia, there has been considerable attention paid to fatal incidents involving quads (All Terrain Vehicles).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the agricultural sector in Australia, there has been considerable attention paid to fatal incidents involving quads (All Terrain Vehicles) [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "In Australia, quads have surpassed tractors as the leading cause of non-intentional farm related injury deaths in recent years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Australia, quads have surpassed tractors as the leading cause of non-intentional farm related injury deaths in recent years [16] [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16] [17] [18]" ] }, { "text": "Although developed as recreational vehicles, there are around 270,000 such vehicles in use in Australia, with the majority of these being used within agriculture for work-related purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although developed as recreational vehicles, there are around 270,000 such vehicles in use in Australia, with the majority of these being used within agriculture for work-related purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of quads in this context is framed in Australia under Work Health and Safety Regulations based on application of the hierarchy of controls.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of quads in this context is framed in Australia under Work Health and Safety Regulations based on application of the hierarchy of controls [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "That is, you must first try to manage risks by eliminating the hazard where reasonably practicable and if that is not possible, then attempt to substitute the hazard for one of a lower risk (e.g., in this instance use a farm utility or side-by-side vehicle instead of a quad).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, you must first try to manage risks by eliminating the hazard where reasonably practicable and if that is not possible, then attempt to substitute the hazard for one of a lower risk (e.g., in this instance use a farm utility or side-by-side vehicle instead of a quad).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Working further down the hierarchy, you can introduce engineering controls (e.g., a crush protection device), adopt administrative controls (e.g., training) and use personal protection equipment (e.g., helmet).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Working further down the hierarchy, you can introduce engineering controls (e.g., a crush protection device), adopt administrative controls (e.g., training) and use personal protection equipment (e.g., helmet).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The best results will be achieved when several of these hierarchy levels are used in conjunction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The best results will be achieved when several of these hierarchy levels are used in conjunction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, by law in Australia, you must first look to eliminate the risk if you can.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, by law in Australia, you must first look to eliminate the risk if you can.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "During the Denominator data to ascertain estimates on the number of farmers in this age cohort were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data for 2006 and 2011.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the Denominator data to ascertain estimates on the number of farmers in this age cohort were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data for 2006 and 2011 [28, 29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28, 29]" ] }, { "text": "Changes in industry classification in the 2006 Census mean that previous data are not comparable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Changes in industry classification in the 2006 Census mean that previous data are not comparable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, there are no data available for the inter-census periods that specify the actual number of farmers over 50 years of age.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, there are no data available for the inter-census periods that specify the actual number of farmers over 50 years of age.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, population estimates were applied using the trend for 2006-2011.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, population estimates were applied using the trend for 2006-2011.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "There are increasing concerns regarding this demographic shift within agriculture, including questions regarding the longer-term viability of the industry as a result of this workforce ageing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are increasing concerns regarding this demographic shift within agriculture, including questions regarding the longer-term viability of the industry as a result of this workforce ageing [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, there is also growing understanding regarding the impact that ageing has on health and safety for those older persons continuing to work in agriculture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is also growing understanding regarding the impact that ageing has on health and safety for those older persons continuing to work in agriculture [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "These impacts centre on normal physiological changes including reductions in strength, flexibility and balance, plus issues with sight, hearing, and memory among others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These impacts centre on normal physiological changes including reductions in strength, flexibility and balance, plus issues with sight, hearing, and memory among others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The typical incident in this case series involves an individual farmer working in isolation, rolling the quad and becoming entrapped under or crushed by the vehicle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The typical incident in this case series involves an individual farmer working in isolation, rolling the quad and becoming entrapped under or crushed by the vehicle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In around two-thirds of cases, there was a significant period (>1 h) between the incident occurring and location of the victim.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In around two-thirds of cases, there was a significant period (>1 h) between the incident occurring and location of the victim.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With an average quad weighing around 300 kg, entrapment or crushing quickly becomes a life and death scenario.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With an average quad weighing around 300 kg, entrapment or crushing quickly becomes a life and death scenario.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A recent Australian review drawing on hard copy coronial records, indicated that many of the fatalities involving asphyxia (approximately 20), would have survived if someone was present to extract the individual as no other injuries were present.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A recent Australian review drawing on hard copy coronial records, indicated that many of the fatalities involving asphyxia (approximately 20), would have survived if someone was present to extract the individual as no other injuries were present [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, riders would undoubtedly benefit from the use of helmets, as in the 10 cases involving head injury where helmet status was known, no helmets were worn.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, riders would undoubtedly benefit from the use of helmets, as in the 10 cases involving head injury where helmet status was known, no helmets were worn.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Thin-walled, perforated cold-formed steel (PCFS) sections are frequently used as structural members in residential buildings and for storage rack constructions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thin-walled, perforated cold-formed steel (PCFS) sections are frequently used as structural members in residential buildings and for storage rack constructions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in low and mid-rise building construction holes are pre-punched in structural studs to accommodate the passage of utilities in the walls and ceilings of buildings; whereas in steel storage rack constructions columns perforation patterns are provided to allow for variable shelf configurations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in low and mid-rise building construction holes are pre-punched in structural studs to accommodate the passage of utilities in the walls and ceilings of buildings; whereas in steel storage rack constructions columns perforation patterns are provided to allow for variable shelf configurations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The buckling behaviour of PCFS sections is influenced not only by the reduction of cross-sectional properties but also by the stress concentration caused due to perforations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The buckling behaviour of PCFS sections is influenced not only by the reduction of cross-sectional properties but also by the stress concentration caused due to perforations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar to common cold-formed steel (CFS) sections, PCFS sections may also exhibit local, distortional, and global buckling modes when they are subjected to compressive and/or bending loads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar to common cold-formed steel (CFS) sections, PCFS sections may also exhibit local, distortional, and global buckling modes when they are subjected to compressive and/or bending loads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, because of the wide variety in the size and configuration of perforations, it is rather difficult to directly calculate the critical buckling stresses of PCFS sections.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because of the wide variety in the size and configuration of perforations, it is rather difficult to directly calculate the critical buckling stresses of PCFS sections [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Usually, the diversity of zooplankton in the estuarine mangrove-salt marsh habitats is rich elsewhere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, the diversity of zooplankton in the estuarine mangrove-salt marsh habitats is rich elsewhere [50] [51] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47", "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[50] [51]" ] }, { "text": "This present study found that copepod is the dominant group in the abundance and composition of zooplankton, which plays an important role in this estuarine food chain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This present study found that copepod is the dominant group in the abundance and composition of zooplankton, which plays an important role in this estuarine food chain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As dominant species, copepod could be useful for coastal and estuarine fishery resources in this estuary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As dominant species, copepod could be useful for coastal and estuarine fishery resources in this estuary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generally, copepod has an important role in the food web, linking primary producers and higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, copepod has an important role in the food web, linking primary producers and higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems [52] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[52]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent form of malignant bone tumor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent form of malignant bone tumor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Pulmonary metastasis is the principal cause of mortality in patients with osteosarcoma, therefore, identification of metastasis-related factors involved in the process is critical for defining an efficacious therapy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pulmonary metastasis is the principal cause of mortality in patients with osteosarcoma, therefore, identification of metastasis-related factors involved in the process is critical for defining an efficacious therapy [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Currently, osteosarcoma is staged by anatomical characteristics which do not include molecular or cytological factors and hence we cannot accurately understand the existence of the tumor state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, osteosarcoma is staged by anatomical characteristics which do not include molecular or cytological factors and hence we cannot accurately understand the existence of the tumor state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The detection of pulmonary metastasis generally relies on the examination of images such as those from X-rays, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)-CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and detection of minimal lesions at an early stage are not trivial when using these methodologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The detection of pulmonary metastasis generally relies on the examination of images such as those from X-rays, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)-CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and detection of minimal lesions at an early stage are not trivial when using these methodologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several molecular markers have been investigated as diagnostic and prognostic markers for osteosarcoma.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several molecular markers have been investigated as diagnostic and prognostic markers for osteosarcoma [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] }, { "text": "However, the majority of currently available markers are derived from the primary tumor which may not reveal information about the cells that are responsible for metastasis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the majority of currently available markers are derived from the primary tumor which may not reveal information about the cells that are responsible for metastasis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CTCs are tumor cells that are shed from primary or metastatic tumors which circulate in the blood stream.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CTCs are tumor cells that are shed from primary or metastatic tumors which circulate in the blood stream.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They may lead to a new metastatic lesion and this is a major reason for tumor-related death.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They may lead to a new metastatic lesion and this is a major reason for tumor-related death.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, CTCs have been evaluated as a new diagnostic and prognostic tool for various types of solid tumor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, CTCs have been evaluated as a new diagnostic and prognostic tool for various types of solid tumor [37] [38] [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37] [38] [39]" ] }, { "text": "With the development of multidisciplinary studies including materials science, biology, medicine and oncology, the detection technologies of CTCs have developed rapidly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the development of multidisciplinary studies including materials science, biology, medicine and oncology, the detection technologies of CTCs have developed rapidly [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, we have assessed a method for enriching CTCs based on the principle of separation by osteosarcoma cell size, with subsequent multiplex RNA-in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) for the identification of specific markers, including CD45, EpCAM, CKs, twist and vimentin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we have assessed a method for enriching CTCs based on the principle of separation by osteosarcoma cell size, with subsequent multiplex RNA-in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) for the identification of specific markers, including CD45, EpCAM, CKs, twist and vimentin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CTCs are classified as epithelial, mesenchymal or biphenotypic (epithelial/mesenchymal) by virtue of their specific markers described above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CTCs are classified as epithelial, mesenchymal or biphenotypic (epithelial/mesenchymal) by virtue of their specific markers described above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of the spiking experiment demonstrated that the CanPatrol™ system could efficiently enrich osteosarcoma cells from peripheral blood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the spiking experiment demonstrated that the CanPatrol™ system could efficiently enrich osteosarcoma cells from peripheral blood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In previous studies, the CTC count has been reported to correlate with tumor metastasis and prognosis in a number of types of tumor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In previous studies, the CTC count has been reported to correlate with tumor metastasis and prognosis in a number of types of tumor [11, 41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 41]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, the results revealed that a significantly greater number of CTCs were detected in metastatic patients than in localized osteosarcoma patients at initial diagnosis (p = 0.0025).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, the results revealed that a significantly greater number of CTCs were detected in metastatic patients than in localized osteosarcoma patients at initial diagnosis (p = 0.0025).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results also demonstrated that the variation in CTC count was related to the patients' response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.0016).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results also demonstrated that the variation in CTC count was related to the patients' response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.0016).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The CTC count decreased significantly after chemotherapy in patients where a positive response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was observed, demonstrating that variation in CTC count could be a supplementary means of evaluating the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The CTC count decreased significantly after chemotherapy in patients where a positive response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was observed, demonstrating that variation in CTC count could be a supplementary means of evaluating the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, post-surgical CTC count could assist in predicting prognosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, post-surgical CTC count could assist in predicting prognosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results suggest that a cut-off of 7 CTCs per 5.0 mL after surgery could be adopted to distinguish a favorable or unfavorable prognosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results suggest that a cut-off of 7 CTCs per 5.0 mL after surgery could be adopted to distinguish a favorable or unfavorable prognosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Patients with <7 CTCs per 5.0 mL of peripheral blood had a longer PFS than those with ≧7 CTCs (p = 0.0116).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Patients with <7 CTCs per 5.0 mL of peripheral blood had a longer PFS than those with ≧7 CTCs (p = 0.0116).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Data refinement for state-based formalisms is usually checked by proving that the concrete system simulates the abstract one.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Data refinement for state-based formalisms is usually checked by proving that the concrete system simulates the abstract one [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The notion of simulation is captured by downward and upward simulation rules comprising conditions relating the possible initialisations and transitions of the concrete and abstract systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The notion of simulation is captured by downward and upward simulation rules comprising conditions relating the possible initialisations and transitions of the concrete and abstract systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Proving these conditions by hand, even for simple systems, is at best tedious and at worst error-prone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Proving these conditions by hand, even for simple systems, is at best tedious and at worst error-prone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, tool support for proving data refinements is generally considered necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, tool support for proving data refinements is generally considered necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "An alternative method for detecting and characterizing the harmonic ultrasonic field in a material involves the use of laser interferometry techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An alternative method for detecting and characterizing the harmonic ultrasonic field in a material involves the use of laser interferometry techniques [8, 9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "Laser interferometry has long been used for dynamic motion measurements, and it offers several advantages for making nonlinear ultrasonic measurements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Laser interferometry has long been used for dynamic motion measurements, and it offers several advantages for making nonlinear ultrasonic measurements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because coherent light is used as the probe, measurements can be made in a non-contact, remote, and non-intrusive manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because coherent light is used as the probe, measurements can be made in a non-contact, remote, and non-intrusive manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High spatial resolutions are also possible (1-10 microns) without reductions in measurement sensitivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High spatial resolutions are also possible (1-10 microns) without reductions in measurement sensitivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interferometric measurements are also directly related to the optical wavelength used, which provides an absolute measure of the ultrasonic displacement levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interferometric measurements are also directly related to the optical wavelength used, which provides an absolute measure of the ultrasonic displacement levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They also have a truly broadband frequency response, which is difficult to achieve with piezoelectric probes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They also have a truly broadband frequency response, which is difficult to achieve with piezoelectric probes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And finally, by raster-scanning the laser beam position with respect to the material surface, a high resolution 'image' of the harmonic (and fundamental) ultrasonic displacement field(s) can be created.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And finally, by raster-scanning the laser beam position with respect to the material surface, a high resolution 'image' of the harmonic (and fundamental) ultrasonic displacement field(s) can be created.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The present method adopts a bottom-up approach that emphasizes on understanding the local context and building on it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present method adopts a bottom-up approach that emphasizes on understanding the local context and building on it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such an approach is credited with having a high potential to result in socially and technologically appropriate solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such an approach is credited with having a high potential to result in socially and technologically appropriate solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such solutions, in turn, have a greater probability of widespread adoption and long-term sustainability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such solutions, in turn, have a greater probability of widespread adoption and long-term sustainability [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Towards this end, people's participation, not only in terms of involvement but also in terms of their control in deciding and planning, was sought in every field-level step that was adopted to develop the fuel-efficient cookstove.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Towards this end, people's participation, not only in terms of involvement but also in terms of their control in deciding and planning, was sought in every field-level step that was adopted to develop the fuel-efficient cookstove.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These steps involved goal setting, study of existing practice, field-level tests, and feedbacks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These steps involved goal setting, study of existing practice, field-level tests, and feedbacks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An emphasis was placed on the study of existing cooking practices after the appreciation of its importance in the present context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An emphasis was placed on the study of existing cooking practices after the appreciation of its importance in the present context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To ensure a high degree of social adoption and so to bear minimal variation from the existing cooking practice, it was decided to make small changes in the existing cookstoves by adopting a few guidelines from existing improved cookstove technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To ensure a high degree of social adoption and so to bear minimal variation from the existing cooking practice, it was decided to make small changes in the existing cookstoves by adopting a few guidelines from existing improved cookstove technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In Asian countries, intensive animal production systems are developing fast due to shortage of grazing land.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Asian countries, intensive animal production systems are developing fast due to shortage of grazing land (Sheen and Hong, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sheen and Hong, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Concentrated animal operations generate substantial amounts of manure that are rich in plant nutrients including nitrogen (N) and potassium (K).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Concentrated animal operations generate substantial amounts of manure that are rich in plant nutrients including nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) (Harada, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Harada, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Excessive manure is often applied on limited areas of forage crop fields resulting in high to excessively high applications of N and K. Forage crops take up N and K easily, and accumulate them abundantly in the aboveground parts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Excessive manure is often applied on limited areas of forage crop fields resulting in high to excessively high applications of N and K. Forage crops take up N and K easily, and accumulate them abundantly in the aboveground parts (Harada, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Harada, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Experiments carried out with tropical grasses showed that soluble oxalate content increased with increasing levels of N fertilizer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Experiments carried out with tropical grasses showed that soluble oxalate content increased with increasing levels of N fertilizer (Jones and Ford, 1972; Mani and Kothandaraman, 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jones and Ford, 1972; Mani and Kothandaraman, 1980)" ] }, { "text": "It was also shown that soluble oxalate content correlates highly with K concentration in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was also shown that soluble oxalate content correlates highly with K concentration in napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) (Rahman et al., 2008b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rahman et al., 2008b)" ] }, { "text": "These findings suggest that high application rates of animal manure may enhance the soluble oxalate content that can cause oxalate toxicity in animals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings suggest that high application rates of animal manure may enhance the soluble oxalate content that can cause oxalate toxicity in animals (Dhillon et al., 1971; Sidhu et al., 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dhillon et al., 1971; Sidhu et al., 1996)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Non-ruminants are usually more susceptible to oxalate toxicity than ruminants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Non-ruminants are usually more susceptible to oxalate toxicity than ruminants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When a ruminant consumes an oxalate-containing plant, the oxalate is metabolized in four possible ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When a ruminant consumes an oxalate-containing plant, the oxalate is metabolized in four possible ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, soluble oxalate may be degraded by rumen microflora.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First, soluble oxalate may be degraded by rumen microflora (Allison et al., 1977) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Allison et al., 1977)" ] }, { "text": "Second, soluble oxalate may combine chemically with calcium (Ca) to become insoluble oxalate, which is excreted in feces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, soluble oxalate may combine chemically with calcium (Ca) to become insoluble oxalate, which is excreted in feces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, absorption of Ca is reduced.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, absorption of Ca is reduced.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Third, soluble oxalate may be absorbed from the rumen into the blood stream where it can combine with serum Ca to form insoluble oxalate crystals, leading to hypocalcemia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, soluble oxalate may be absorbed from the rumen into the blood stream where it can combine with serum Ca to form insoluble oxalate crystals, leading to hypocalcemia (Blaney et al., 1982) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Blaney et al., 1982)" ] }, { "text": "This crystal may then precipitate in the kidneys and can cause kidney failure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This crystal may then precipitate in the kidneys and can cause kidney failure (Lincoln and Black, 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lincoln and Black, 1980)" ] }, { "text": "Fourth, ingested insoluble oxalate from plants may pass through the digestive tract without a harmful effect on body metabolism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fourth, ingested insoluble oxalate from plants may pass through the digestive tract without a harmful effect on body metabolism (Ward et al., 1979) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ward et al., 1979)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "First, our discipline has a strong focus on natural setting environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, our discipline has a strong focus on natural setting environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is pursued primarily through different kinds of field studies and secondarily through action research and case studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is pursued primarily through different kinds of field studies and secondarily through action research and case studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strong focus on natural settings and field studies is in deep contrast to the survey study on mobile technologies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The strong focus on natural settings and field studies is in deep contrast to the survey study on mobile technologies [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Kjeldskov and Graham found that very few studies on mobile technologies moved into a real world context for any research purpose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Kjeldskov and Graham found that very few studies on mobile technologies moved into a real world context for any research purpose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One identified problem was the lack of control in a real world setting, e.g. when evaluating a product in the field it could be difficult to judge influence of contextual factors when assessing the mobile system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One identified problem was the lack of control in a real world setting, e.g. when evaluating a product in the field it could be difficult to judge influence of contextual factors when assessing the mobile system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this lack of control does not seem to influence the evaluation setting for many studies on children's technology design as many would evaluate their design solution through a field study evaluation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this lack of control does not seem to influence the evaluation setting for many studies on children's technology design as many would evaluate their design solution through a field study evaluation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rather than viewing the dynamics of the real world context as problematic, more research studies on children's technology design regard this influence as useful and necessary for understanding the usefulness and usability of the produced solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rather than viewing the dynamics of the real world context as problematic, more research studies on children's technology design regard this influence as useful and necessary for understanding the usefulness and usability of the produced solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the strong focus on field studies may also come from the fact that when evaluating children's technologies the most obvious way to recruit subjects is to place the evaluation in a school environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the strong focus on field studies may also come from the fact that when evaluating children's technologies the most obvious way to recruit subjects is to place the evaluation in a school environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In the last years, the availability of hyperspectral sensors has widened the potential for plant status characterization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last years, the availability of hyperspectral sensors has widened the potential for plant status characterization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hyperspectral (HS) narrowbands provide, in comparison to broadbands, a significant improvement in information content and detection accuracy for discriminating land cover types, identifying small differences in green vegetation cover and crop moisture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hyperspectral (HS) narrowbands provide, in comparison to broadbands, a significant improvement in information content and detection accuracy for discriminating land cover types, identifying small differences in green vegetation cover and crop moisture (Jain et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jain et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In addition, they have proven to be of great utility in detecting plant stress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, they have proven to be of great utility in detecting plant stress (Carter and Knapp, 2001; Ray et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Carter and Knapp, 2001; Ray et al., 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "No Cloninger's model character dimension predicted for either BIS or BAS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No Cloninger's model character dimension predicted for either BIS or BAS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The three character dimensions refer to acquired aspects of personality, related to learning and environment, with SD, C and ST referring to individual, social and spiritual achievement, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The three character dimensions refer to acquired aspects of personality, related to learning and environment, with SD, C and ST referring to individual, social and spiritual achievement, respectively (Cloninger et al., 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cloninger et al., 1993)" ] }, { "text": "Although their influence on behaviors are a function of temperamental basis, so that they modulate the expression of temperaments, they are theoretically independent from the innate part of personality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although their influence on behaviors are a function of temperamental basis, so that they modulate the expression of temperaments, they are theoretically independent from the innate part of personality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lack of relationship between Cloninger's character dimensions and the BIS/BAS scales reported here give some support to Cloninger's distinction between innate (i.e., temperaments) and acquired (i.e., characters) aspects of personality, with only temperamental dimensions being related to the innate and neurobiologically-based BIS and BAS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lack of relationship between Cloninger's character dimensions and the BIS/BAS scales reported here give some support to Cloninger's distinction between innate (i.e., temperaments) and acquired (i.e., characters) aspects of personality, with only temperamental dimensions being related to the innate and neurobiologically-based BIS and BAS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The emphasis of USP development has been initially placed on the ballasted tracks for highspeed trains where they induce high dynamic forces onto the track.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The emphasis of USP development has been initially placed on the ballasted tracks for highspeed trains where they induce high dynamic forces onto the track.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ballast could be damaged and densified by this impulsive force.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ballast could be damaged and densified by this impulsive force.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So it is necessary to introduce additional elasticity in the highspeed track, but on the other hand the rail deflection should be controlled to avoid rail breaking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So it is necessary to introduce additional elasticity in the highspeed track, but on the other hand the rail deflection should be controlled to avoid rail breaking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, the elasticity can be inserted between rail and sleeper (e.g. rail pads, elastomeric pads), or between base plate and sleeper, or between sleeper and ballast (i.e. USP), or between ballast and subgrade (i.e. ballast mat, shock mat).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the elasticity can be inserted between rail and sleeper (e.g. rail pads, elastomeric pads), or between base plate and sleeper, or between sleeper and ballast (i.e. USP), or between ballast and subgrade (i.e. ballast mat, shock mat).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important to note that special care must be taken about the contribution of the elasticity to these single parts because trade-off effects may incur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note that special care must be taken about the contribution of the elasticity to these single parts because trade-off effects may incur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Europe, it has been reported that the under sleeper pads (USP) in high speed tracks yield an effective solution combining technical and economic efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Europe, it has been reported that the under sleeper pads (USP) in high speed tracks yield an effective solution combining technical and economic efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 1 displays a classification of the USP stiffness introduced by UIC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 1 displays a classification of the USP stiffness introduced by UIC [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "It has previously been shown that during steady state, particles are repelled by the propagating interface and are concentrated between the growing crystals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has previously been shown that during steady state, particles are repelled by the propagating interface and are concentrated between the growing crystals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Particles concentration increases up to the breakthrough concentration, where the interface moves into the interparticle space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Particles concentration increases up to the breakthrough concentration, where the interface moves into the interparticle space [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "This situation corresponds to the propagation of a solidification interface in a porous medium and has been greatly investigated, both theoretically and experimentally.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This situation corresponds to the propagation of a solidification interface in a porous medium and has been greatly investigated, both theoretically and experimentally [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The rankings of the means of the responses, given in Table 5 , show how much influence the factor has on the potential success of m-Learning, according to the learners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rankings of the means of the responses, given in Table 5 , show how much influence the factor has on the potential success of m-Learning, according to the learners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is seen that content is considered to have the most influence, followed by technical competence of learners, user friendly design, learner community development, and ownership.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is seen that content is considered to have the most influence, followed by technical competence of learners, user friendly design, learner community development, and ownership.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The next step is to find if the factors are seen to positively affect learner perceptions of m-Learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The next step is to find if the factors are seen to positively affect learner perceptions of m-Learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As discussed earlier, correlation of the CSFs with learner perceptions is a means of judging the success factors of m-Learning from learner perspectives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As discussed earlier, correlation of the CSFs with learner perceptions is a means of judging the success factors of m-Learning from learner perspectives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both content and user friendly design have highly positive correlations with learner perceptions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both content and user friendly design have highly positive correlations with learner perceptions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means that both good content and user friendly design of the content are essential to learners if they are to choose an m-Learning platform in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that both good content and user friendly design of the content are essential to learners if they are to choose an m-Learning platform in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ownership, i.e., flexibility to use m-Learning anytime and anyplace, and learner community development, i.e., using the m-Learning platform to connect with other learners or educators, are also positively related with learner perceptions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ownership, i.e., flexibility to use m-Learning anytime and anyplace, and learner community development, i.e., using the m-Learning platform to connect with other learners or educators, are also positively related with learner perceptions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This means that learners view both of these factors as important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that learners view both of these factors as important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interestingly, technical competence is negatively correlated with learner perceptions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, technical competence is negatively correlated with learner perceptions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Developing the right evaluation framework will enable researchers and m-Learning stakeholders to get a true picture of the current status of mLearning implementation and adoption within the educational institution; it can then also be used as a roadmap for success that includes adoption of m-Learning at important milestones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Developing the right evaluation framework will enable researchers and m-Learning stakeholders to get a true picture of the current status of mLearning implementation and adoption within the educational institution; it can then also be used as a roadmap for success that includes adoption of m-Learning at important milestones (Alrasheedi & Capretz, 2013c) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Alrasheedi & Capretz, 2013c)" ] }, { "text": "This means that learners consider that they already have technical capabilities (since mobile phones are ubiquitous in the present day world), and so the factor is not critically important in their choice for selecting the m-Learning platform in future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This means that learners consider that they already have technical capabilities (since mobile phones are ubiquitous in the present day world), and so the factor is not critically important in their choice for selecting the m-Learning platform in future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "All these factors should mean that the rate of adoption of m-Learning platforms in universities should be at least on a scale similar to its overall growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these factors should mean that the rate of adoption of m-Learning platforms in universities should be at least on a scale similar to its overall growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Statistics show that this is not the case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Statistics show that this is not the case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Campuses have been relatively slow to adopt m-Learning as a mainstream platform.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Campuses have been relatively slow to adopt m-Learning as a mainstream platform.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, the 2010 Campus Computing survey showed that only 13.1% of higher educational institutions have already developed or enabled m-Learning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, the 2010 Campus Computing survey showed that only 13.1% of higher educational institutions have already developed or enabled m-Learning (Quinn, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Quinn, 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Considering that the microbiology of the cheeses produced with raw milk without starters can be unpredictable, the addition of selected LAB may drive the fermentation process in an appropriate direction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering that the microbiology of the cheeses produced with raw milk without starters can be unpredictable, the addition of selected LAB may drive the fermentation process in an appropriate direction (Caplice & Fitzgerald, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Caplice & Fitzgerald, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Raw milk is generally used to produce extra-hard cheeses that are ripened for a long period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Raw milk is generally used to produce extra-hard cheeses that are ripened for a long period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, some hygienic issues with respect to the presence of some pathogenic bacteria have been found during the long ripening of traditional cheeses, such as protected denomination of origin (PDO) Pecorino Siciliano, an extra-hard Italian cheese produced with raw ewes' milk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some hygienic issues with respect to the presence of some pathogenic bacteria have been found during the long ripening of traditional cheeses, such as protected denomination of origin (PDO) Pecorino Siciliano, an extra-hard Italian cheese produced with raw ewes' milk (Todaro et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Todaro et al., 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Pozzolans might be natural occurring or industrial by-products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pozzolans might be natural occurring or industrial by-products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Variations in both mineralogical composition and particle characteristics heavily influence the efficiency of their pozzolanic properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Variations in both mineralogical composition and particle characteristics heavily influence the efficiency of their pozzolanic properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some pozzolans are able to enhance the quality of hardened concrete, including durability, compressive strength, shrinkage, creep and permeability, and to reduce cracking.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some pozzolans are able to enhance the quality of hardened concrete, including durability, compressive strength, shrinkage, creep and permeability, and to reduce cracking [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Some are also capable of making fresh concrete more cohesive and thus less prone to segregation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some are also capable of making fresh concrete more cohesive and thus less prone to segregation [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Several test methods are standardized for making such comparisons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several test methods are standardized for making such comparisons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Though test methods are standardized, not all constituents included in the test procedures are precisely specified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though test methods are standardized, not all constituents included in the test procedures are precisely specified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One investigation comparing three alternative methods of determining pozzolanic activity executed on four materials expected to be pozzolanic, demonstrated that two of the methods showed good correlation, while the third method did not correlate at all.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One investigation comparing three alternative methods of determining pozzolanic activity executed on four materials expected to be pozzolanic, demonstrated that two of the methods showed good correlation, while the third method did not correlate at all [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "This indicates that comparative results can be influenced by choice of the test method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This indicates that comparative results can be influenced by choice of the test method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Based on the most recent data from 2007 to 2011, the United States (US) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program reports an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.9 per 100,000 people per year for liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer, with a corresponding death rate of 5.8 per 100,000 people per year, resulting in a relatively high mortality ratio of 73 %.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the most recent data from 2007 to 2011, the United States (US) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program reports an age-adjusted incidence rate of 7.9 per 100,000 people per year for liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer, with a corresponding death rate of 5.8 per 100,000 people per year, resulting in a relatively high mortality ratio of 73 %.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examination of trends in incidence from the SEER database shows that the age-adjusted incidence rate per year is rising and almost doubled between 1992 and 2011.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Examination of trends in incidence from the SEER database shows that the age-adjusted incidence rate per year is rising and almost doubled between 1992 and 2011 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Similar trends have been observed in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Western Europe.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar trends have been observed in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Western Europe [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Further, despite the recent decrease in new cases in Japan, the Philippines, and China, East Asia has the highest overall incidence rate in the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, despite the recent decrease in new cases in Japan, the Philippines, and China, East Asia has the highest overall incidence rate in the world [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "After East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa has the next highest incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the world, but due to the limited medical and research infrastructure in this region, data on trends in incidence is very limited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa has the next highest incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the world, but due to the limited medical and research infrastructure in this region, data on trends in incidence is very limited [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The results of the study have some implications for teacher education institutions and partner schools in Turkey and elsewhere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the study have some implications for teacher education institutions and partner schools in Turkey and elsewhere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The findings about pre-service teachers' professional development reported here may contribute to the development of advanced teaching practices which is debatable in Turkish education faculties but have been employed in the Western countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings about pre-service teachers' professional development reported here may contribute to the development of advanced teaching practices which is debatable in Turkish education faculties but have been employed in the Western countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is recommended that procedures of teaching practices should be re-examined and restructured in order to obtain more productive outcomes in terms of student teachers' professional development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is recommended that procedures of teaching practices should be re-examined and restructured in order to obtain more productive outcomes in terms of student teachers' professional development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Firstly, the duration of student teachers' presence in the classroom should be extended, rather than being in a class one day in a week.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, the duration of student teachers' presence in the classroom should be extended, rather than being in a class one day in a week.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As in the UK's Post-graduate Certificate Education (PGCE), student teachers should be given more opportunities (more time with pupils, flexibility, freedom in the class) to act as a real teacher in practice schools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As in the UK's Post-graduate Certificate Education (PGCE), student teachers should be given more opportunities (more time with pupils, flexibility, freedom in the class) to act as a real teacher in practice schools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The number of courses they take at the faculty in the last semester should be lessened (or should be removed completely) and they should be allocated to stay in schools during the whole semester (14 weeks) in order to make student teachers feel fully integrated in schools and classrooms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The number of courses they take at the faculty in the last semester should be lessened (or should be removed completely) and they should be allocated to stay in schools during the whole semester (14 weeks) in order to make student teachers feel fully integrated in schools and classrooms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, a shared vision and understanding between faculty and school management and mentors should be created in order to ensure schools are learning communities and places for student teachers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, a shared vision and understanding between faculty and school management and mentors should be created in order to ensure schools are learning communities and places for student teachers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, student teachers' reflections on personal teaching practices in different contexts should be taken by the faculty as the main source of data for future arrangements of teaching practices in schools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, student teachers' reflections on personal teaching practices in different contexts should be taken by the faculty as the main source of data for future arrangements of teaching practices in schools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may make a contribution to professional development and teaching improvement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may make a contribution to professional development and teaching improvement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this way pre-service teachers may be able to reflect and discover their own conceptions of excellent teaching that have been shaping their daily teaching.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way pre-service teachers may be able to reflect and discover their own conceptions of excellent teaching that have been shaping their daily teaching (Chen et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chen et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "The findings of the current study may also alert researchers and policymakers to design and implement effective professional development programs which could result in changes in primary pre-service teachers' conceptions about classroom culture that may contribute to improve their actual teaching practices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings of the current study may also alert researchers and policymakers to design and implement effective professional development programs which could result in changes in primary pre-service teachers' conceptions about classroom culture that may contribute to improve their actual teaching practices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The growing body of literature on teacher professional development suggests that having both quality initial teacher education and a coherent process of continuous professional development to keep teachers up to date with the skills required in a knowledge based society is a necessity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The growing body of literature on teacher professional development suggests that having both quality initial teacher education and a coherent process of continuous professional development to keep teachers up to date with the skills required in a knowledge based society is a necessity (OECD, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(OECD, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "It is emphasized that the level of teachers' educational attainment is a combination of their pre-service training and additional qualifications they may have acquired in-service.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is emphasized that the level of teachers' educational attainment is a combination of their pre-service training and additional qualifications they may have acquired in-service.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is clearly documented that the quality of teachers' initial education is critical in shaping their work once they begin teaching in schools and should influence their further education and training requirements and other aspects of their development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is clearly documented that the quality of teachers' initial education is critical in shaping their work once they begin teaching in schools and should influence their further education and training requirements and other aspects of their development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inadequate initial training may increase teachers' need for professional development once they enter the profession (OECD, 2009, p. 28) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inadequate initial training may increase teachers' need for professional development once they enter the profession (OECD, 2009, p. 28) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "PSO has been used for the synthesis of circular and hexagonal arrays for smart antenna applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PSO has been used for the synthesis of circular and hexagonal arrays for smart antenna applications [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "PSO and modified PSO has been used for the cylindrical conformal array synthesis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PSO and modified PSO has been used for the cylindrical conformal array synthesis [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "PSO has also been used for the synthesis of phased arrays.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PSO has also been used for the synthesis of phased arrays [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "The PSO has been used in electromagnetics for breast cancer detection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The PSO has been used in electromagnetics for breast cancer detection [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Recently, PSO has been used for the synthesis of linear arrays of isotropic radiators, with minimum side lobe level (SLL) and null control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, PSO has been used for the synthesis of linear arrays of isotropic radiators, with minimum side lobe level (SLL) and null control [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, PSO is used to optimize the spacings between the elements of the linear array of half wave parallel dipoles to produce a radiation pattern with minimum SLL and null placement control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, PSO is used to optimize the spacings between the elements of the linear array of half wave parallel dipoles to produce a radiation pattern with minimum SLL and null placement control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In general, linear, homogeneous, isotropic material properties simplify the analysis and the design considerably.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, linear, homogeneous, isotropic material properties simplify the analysis and the design considerably.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, one often tries to exclusively work with such materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, one often tries to exclusively work with such materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, these simplifications exclude attractive effects that might be exploited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, these simplifications exclude attractive effects that might be exploited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, when admitting anisotropic material properties, the quality of electromagnetic absorbers may be improved, which is well-known from the design of the so-called Uniaxial Perfectly Matched Layers (UPMLs) for absorbing outgoing waves in finite differences, finite elements and other methods for computational electromagnetic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, when admitting anisotropic material properties, the quality of electromagnetic absorbers may be improved, which is well-known from the design of the so-called Uniaxial Perfectly Matched Layers (UPMLs) for absorbing outgoing waves in finite differences, finite elements and other methods for computational electromagnetic [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "In the last few years, metamaterial research focused much more on transformation optics for molding the flow of light and so-called cloaking applications which are based on inhomogeneous MMs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last few years, metamaterial research focused much more on transformation optics for molding the flow of light and so-called cloaking applications which are based on inhomogeneous MMs [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "It should be mentioned that inhomogeneous AMs and MMs are easily obtained when the size and geometry of the AAs depend on the location in space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be mentioned that inhomogeneous AMs and MMs are easily obtained when the size and geometry of the AAs depend on the location in space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, AMs and MMs usually become anisotropic when all of the AAs are oriented in one and the same direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, AMs and MMs usually become anisotropic when all of the AAs are oriented in one and the same direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, it is reasonable to take advantage of anisotropy and inhomogeneity in the design of AMs and MMs for specific applications as demonstrated in this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it is reasonable to take advantage of anisotropy and inhomogeneity in the design of AMs and MMs for specific applications as demonstrated in this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We will explain all relevant concepts for our exposition on the way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will explain all relevant concepts for our exposition on the way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lattice polytopes have also become an important subject in other areas of mathematics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lattice polytopes have also become an important subject in other areas of mathematics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Enumerating non-negative solutions of Diophantine equations can be interpreted as counting lattice points in a polyhedron.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Enumerating non-negative solutions of Diophantine equations can be interpreted as counting lattice points in a polyhedron [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "Contingency tables in statistics can be modeled by lattice polytopes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Contingency tables in statistics can be modeled by lattice polytopes [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Sampling then corresponds to finding integral points in the polytope.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sampling then corresponds to finding integral points in the polytope.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our results do not support current policies for wait time benchmarks such as 60 days from a positive FOBT until colonoscopy or 30 days to see a new consultation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results do not support current policies for wait time benchmarks such as 60 days from a positive FOBT until colonoscopy or 30 days to see a new consultation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We recognize, however, that policy benchmarks may reflect other considerations such as perceptions of customer service and satisfaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We recognize, however, that policy benchmarks may reflect other considerations such as perceptions of customer service and satisfaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future research should directly investigate the impact of wait times on outcomes such as patient satisfaction, anxiety, and adherence to physician recommendations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future research should directly investigate the impact of wait times on outcomes such as patient satisfaction, anxiety, and adherence to physician recommendations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If a 3-or 4-month wait time does not negatively impact these outcomes compared to a 1-or 2-month wait time, then it may be a better use of resources to improve the screening rates among asymptomatic patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If a 3-or 4-month wait time does not negatively impact these outcomes compared to a 1-or 2-month wait time, then it may be a better use of resources to improve the screening rates among asymptomatic patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, having a cancer diagnosed via screening was the only factor associated with stage at diagnosis, but only 39% of participants were diagnosed via screening.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, having a cancer diagnosed via screening was the only factor associated with stage at diagnosis, but only 39% of participants were diagnosed via screening.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although screen-detected patients could have had slower-growing disease, screening practice guidelines are based, in part, on prospective randomized trials, which also found screening to detect cancer at an earlier stage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although screen-detected patients could have had slower-growing disease, screening practice guidelines are based, in part, on prospective randomized trials, which also found screening to detect cancer at an earlier stage [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "Future research should also address why over half of VA patients were not diagnosed via screening and investigate the process of colorectal cancer diagnosis in other medical systems as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future research should also address why over half of VA patients were not diagnosed via screening and investigate the process of colorectal cancer diagnosis in other medical systems as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results support that it makes an important clinical difference whether a person is diagnosed when asymptomatic or after symptoms or abnormal tests are noted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results support that it makes an important clinical difference whether a person is diagnosed when asymptomatic or after symptoms or abnormal tests are noted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we aim to draw on and contribute to this tradition of thought by highlighting the role of organizational history in making sense of both technological trajectories and discourses related to sustainability in ICT companies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we aim to draw on and contribute to this tradition of thought by highlighting the role of organizational history in making sense of both technological trajectories and discourses related to sustainability in ICT companies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In earlier research, we described how the history of energy saving as well as the various climate change mitigation policies operational in the Japanese context fundamentally shaped the translation of Green IT into Japan.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In earlier research, we described how the history of energy saving as well as the various climate change mitigation policies operational in the Japanese context fundamentally shaped the translation of Green IT into Japan [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Similar historical processes have been investigated in other publications in a Swedish context.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar historical processes have been investigated in other publications in a Swedish context [8, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 11]" ] }, { "text": "However, the historical processes described in this research are often undertheorized, which might imply that the perspective adopted is too linear and deterministic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the historical processes described in this research are often undertheorized, which might imply that the perspective adopted is too linear and deterministic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This has resulted in downplaying the role of history to mere past events that have implication for the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This has resulted in downplaying the role of history to mere past events that have implication for the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We see this tendency not only in our own research, briefly mentioned above, but also as a general tendency in qualitative publications within fields related to ICT and environmental aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We see this tendency not only in our own research, briefly mentioned above, but also as a general tendency in qualitative publications within fields related to ICT and environmental aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "While this paper has mainly been concerned with one specific technology (i.e., heat recovery systems) within one specific organization (i.e., Tieto), we can see how other more specific issues within Sustainable ICT can be approached with similar research methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While this paper has mainly been concerned with one specific technology (i.e., heat recovery systems) within one specific organization (i.e., Tieto), we can see how other more specific issues within Sustainable ICT can be approached with similar research methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One such example could be the development of green technologies within the field of communication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One such example could be the development of green technologies within the field of communication [60] [61] [62] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54", "BIBREF55", "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[60] [61] [62]" ] }, { "text": "Since the world during the last decades has become increasingly networked and interconnected, it is also important to follow the environmental impacts of this development from a historical perspective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the world during the last decades has become increasingly networked and interconnected, it is also important to follow the environmental impacts of this development from a historical perspective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is likely that historical processes shape technological choices rather than technical/rational factors only, but that history is also re-created from the vantage point of the networked and interconnected present.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is likely that historical processes shape technological choices rather than technical/rational factors only, but that history is also re-created from the vantage point of the networked and interconnected present.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Obesity has been shown to lead to functional and morphological damage to remote tissues via circulating factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Obesity has been shown to lead to functional and morphological damage to remote tissues via circulating factors [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Hotasmiligil first proposed, in 1994, that inflammation is a key component of the obesity-diabetes link.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hotasmiligil first proposed, in 1994, that inflammation is a key component of the obesity-diabetes link [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, we demonstrated that a mild state of inflammation precedes and predicts type 2 diabetes, independently of other risk factors, including obesity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, we demonstrated that a mild state of inflammation precedes and predicts type 2 diabetes, independently of other risk factors, including obesity [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The last decade has witnessed a considerable number of investigations in humans and animals to support the role of inflammation and adipokines in the development of diabetes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The last decade has witnessed a considerable number of investigations in humans and animals to support the role of inflammation and adipokines in the development of diabetes [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "However, to our knowledge, to what degree inflammatory processes and insulin resistance contribute to the association of obesity and diabetes has not been evaluated in an epidemiologic context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, to our knowledge, to what degree inflammatory processes and insulin resistance contribute to the association of obesity and diabetes has not been evaluated in an epidemiologic context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Alcohols are self-associated organic liquids, used for the synthesis of other organic compounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alcohols are self-associated organic liquids, used for the synthesis of other organic compounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are also widely used as coupling and dispersing agents in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and household industries and as carrier and extraction solvents for natural products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are also widely used as coupling and dispersing agents in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and household industries and as carrier and extraction solvents for natural products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cyclohexanone and its derivatives are used for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, herbicides, pesticides, plasticizers, and rubber chemicals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cyclohexanone and its derivatives are used for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, herbicides, pesticides, plasticizers, and rubber chemicals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ketones are a class of an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group and two aliphatic or aromatic substituents containing the chemical formula RCOR 1 (general chemical formula of Ketones).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ketones are a class of an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group and two aliphatic or aromatic substituents containing the chemical formula RCOR 1 (general chemical formula of Ketones).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The chemical reactivity of the carbonyl group plays vital role in chemical reactions and is influenced considerably by steric effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The chemical reactivity of the carbonyl group plays vital role in chemical reactions and is influenced considerably by steric effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The greater electronegativity of O − and high dipole moment value make Cyclohexanone polar.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The greater electronegativity of O − and high dipole moment value make Cyclohexanone polar.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scheme 1 illustrates this polarity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Scheme 1 illustrates this polarity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further the presence of oxygen with its nonbonding electron pairs makes cyclohexanone H-bond acceptors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further the presence of oxygen with its nonbonding electron pairs makes cyclohexanone H-bond acceptors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus a study on thermophysical properties data of binary liquid mixtures containing ketones has attracted considerable interest in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus a study on thermophysical properties data of binary liquid mixtures containing ketones has attracted considerable interest in the literature [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "There has been a wealth of recent research into methods for handling interference in randomized experiments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been a wealth of recent research into methods for handling interference in randomized experiments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In some cases it is possible to make reasonable structural assumptions about the nature of interference.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In some cases it is possible to make reasonable structural assumptions about the nature of interference.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most well-studied such assumption, known as partial interference, is the case in which individuals can be partitioned naturally into groups, like households or schools, such that interference may exist arbitrarily between individuals within the same group but not between individuals of different groups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most well-studied such assumption, known as partial interference, is the case in which individuals can be partitioned naturally into groups, like households or schools, such that interference may exist arbitrarily between individuals within the same group but not between individuals of different groups (Sobel 2006; Hudgens and Halloran 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sobel 2006; Hudgens and Halloran 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Partial interference is often paired with an additional exchangeability assumption known as stratified interference, which assumes that the potential outcomes are only a function of the number of within-group treated individuals and not the identity of those individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Partial interference is often paired with an additional exchangeability assumption known as stratified interference, which assumes that the potential outcomes are only a function of the number of within-group treated individuals and not the identity of those individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this setting, sizable contributions have been made regarding how best to use two-stage randomized designs or random saturation designs to estimate a variety of direct and indirect effects and, more generally, dose-response curves.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this setting, sizable contributions have been made regarding how best to use two-stage randomized designs or random saturation designs to estimate a variety of direct and indirect effects and, more generally, dose-response curves (VanderWeele and Tchetgen 2011; Tchetgen and VanderWeele 2012; Liu and Hudgens 2014; Baird et al. 2016; Basse et al. 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47", "BIBREF44", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(VanderWeele and Tchetgen 2011; Tchetgen and VanderWeele 2012; Liu and Hudgens 2014; Baird et al. 2016; Basse et al. 2017)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The high Mn indices recorded for all microlayer water samples (Table 4) in the absence of correspondingly high surface pressures indicate the presence of amphiphilic, humified compounds that may be too heterogeneous in chemical structure to produce the tight packing required to uniformly increase surface pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The high Mn indices recorded for all microlayer water samples (Table 4) in the absence of correspondingly high surface pressures indicate the presence of amphiphilic, humified compounds that may be too heterogeneous in chemical structure to produce the tight packing required to uniformly increase surface pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under laboratory conditions, monolayers of pure, long-chain fatty alcohols such as hexadecanol compress to 10 mNm -1 and greater, decreasing evaporative loss by 60 to 90%.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under laboratory conditions, monolayers of pure, long-chain fatty alcohols such as hexadecanol compress to 10 mNm -1 and greater, decreasing evaporative loss by 60 to 90% (Gladyshev 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gladyshev 2002)" ] }, { "text": "However, the addition of shortchain alcohols or other amphiphilic impurities within the monolayer can substantially increase the loss of water vapour through 'holes' formed in the physical structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the addition of shortchain alcohols or other amphiphilic impurities within the monolayer can substantially increase the loss of water vapour through 'holes' formed in the physical structure (Barnes 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barnes 1997)" ] }, { "text": "The poor performance of the artificial monolayer applied to the Agricultural Plot water tank during field trials (unpublished data), may have been due to pre-existing microlayer compounds disrupting the monolayer structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The poor performance of the artificial monolayer applied to the Agricultural Plot water tank during field trials (unpublished data), may have been due to pre-existing microlayer compounds disrupting the monolayer structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "However, despite the burgeoning literature regarding saving behavior, the main determinants of private saving and their net effects have yet to be agreed on conclusively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, despite the burgeoning literature regarding saving behavior, the main determinants of private saving and their net effects have yet to be agreed on conclusively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, although the literature regarding saving behavior is extensive and the potential factors affecting saving decisions well known, there is significant disagreement about the significance and even the sign of (some of these) variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, although the literature regarding saving behavior is extensive and the potential factors affecting saving decisions well known, there is significant disagreement about the significance and even the sign of (some of these) variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is not hugely surprising in relation to the empirical literature, because the findings obtained by any given study are highly dependent on the estimation method employed (e.g., time-series or cross-sectional estimation), as well as the time period and country/countries analyzed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not hugely surprising in relation to the empirical literature, because the findings obtained by any given study are highly dependent on the estimation method employed (e.g., time-series or cross-sectional estimation), as well as the time period and country/countries analyzed (Masson & Bayoumi & Samiei, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Masson & Bayoumi & Samiei, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A significant volume of pharmaceuticals are used by humans for the treatment of diseases, injuries, or illnesses, in addition to their use as personal care products.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A significant volume of pharmaceuticals are used by humans for the treatment of diseases, injuries, or illnesses, in addition to their use as personal care products [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "At the consumer level, we are mostly concerned about the use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in making our lives healthier, and are less concerned about the fate of PPCPs after consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the consumer level, we are mostly concerned about the use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in making our lives healthier, and are less concerned about the fate of PPCPs after consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the occurrence of PPCPs in our water environment [2-5, 6•, 7] opens up new discussions on the fate of PPCPs post-consumption, and the repercussions of their presence in water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the occurrence of PPCPs in our water environment [2-5, 6•, 7] opens up new discussions on the fate of PPCPs post-consumption, and the repercussions of their presence in water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]