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CopeNLU 20

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The recent interest in solar energy is increasing tremendously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The recent interest in solar energy is increasing tremendously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And the installation of large photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems, which are interconnected with the utility grid, is accelerating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "And the installation of large photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems, which are interconnected with the utility grid, is accelerating [1] , [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, the PV power generation systems may lead to instability when grid disturbances occur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the PV power generation systems may lead to instability when grid disturbances occur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mainly reason is that the photovoltaic grid-connected inverters (PGI) is sensitive to grid disturbances, especially, the voltage sags.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mainly reason is that the photovoltaic grid-connected inverters (PGI) is sensitive to grid disturbances, especially, the voltage sags [3] , [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ], [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]", "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, to maintain the stability of the power system, one important grid code issued in many countries is that the PGI should success riding through voltage sags.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, to maintain the stability of the power system, one important grid code issued in many countries is that the PGI should success riding through voltage sags [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "In order to meet the requirement of the grid code, firstly, PGI shouldn't disconnect from the grid by the reason of the fault current.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to meet the requirement of the grid code, firstly, PGI shouldn't disconnect from the grid by the reason of the fault current.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Studying the effect of 910-MHz radiation on rat bone marrow, we did not observe any alteration on the production rate of erythrocyte precursors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studying the effect of 910-MHz radiation on rat bone marrow, we did not observe any alteration on the production rate of erythrocyte precursors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proportion of PCEs and mature erythrocytes in the irradiated animals did not alter compared to controls.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proportion of PCEs and mature erythrocytes in the irradiated animals did not alter compared to controls.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been reported that there was no effect to the erythrocytopoiesis in mice even after 18 months exposure to 2450-MHz radiofrequency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported that there was no effect to the erythrocytopoiesis in mice even after 18 months exposure to 2450-MHz radiofrequency [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "However, in rats, in a shorter exposure period, an increased influx of immature erythrocytes, PCEs, into the peripheral circulation was observed over a period of 2 weeks that finally balanced to the physiological range by the fourth week of irradiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in rats, in a shorter exposure period, an increased influx of immature erythrocytes, PCEs, into the peripheral circulation was observed over a period of 2 weeks that finally balanced to the physiological range by the fourth week of irradiation [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "An adaptive or recovery mechanism has been proposed to be associated with subchronic radiation exposure to 2450-MHz radiofrequency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An adaptive or recovery mechanism has been proposed to be associated with subchronic radiation exposure to 2450-MHz radiofrequency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The proof of Theorem 1.3 uses the continuity of u outside of J, which is given in Theorem 1.2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proof of Theorem 1.3 uses the continuity of u outside of J, which is given in Theorem 1.2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For continuous solutions to conservation laws, we prove that there are well defined characteristic curves that are straight lines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For continuous solutions to conservation laws, we prove that there are well defined characteristic curves that are straight lines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lack of entropy dissipation follows from this characterization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lack of entropy dissipation follows from this characterization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This idea goes back to the work of C. Dafermos.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This idea goes back to the work of C. Dafermos [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "We prove Theorem 1.3 in Section 10.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We prove Theorem 1.3 in Section 10.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Current challenges of natural gas utilization processes correspond to designing new emerging and flexible systems that can produce chemicals, fuels, power, and heat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Current challenges of natural gas utilization processes correspond to designing new emerging and flexible systems that can produce chemicals, fuels, power, and heat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, these technologies are typically operated in highly constrained and integrated processes that are represented by complex nonlinear and high-dimensional models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these technologies are typically operated in highly constrained and integrated processes that are represented by complex nonlinear and high-dimensional models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As an approach for the design of chemical processes, process operability emerged in the last decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an approach for the design of chemical processes, process operability emerged in the last decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, process operability enables the verification of a design's ability to achieve the feasible region of operation associated with process specifications, considering the physical limitations of the process design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, process operability enables the verification of a design's ability to achieve the feasible region of operation associated with process specifications, considering the physical limitations of the process design (Vinson and Georgakis, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vinson and Georgakis, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Operability describes the relationship between the input (manipulated and/or disturbance) and output variables through a linear/nonlinear mapping obtained by employing the process model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Operability describes the relationship between the input (manipulated and/or disturbance) and output variables through a linear/nonlinear mapping obtained by employing the process model (Georgakis et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Georgakis et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "This paper presents the first process operability study to analyze the achievable spaces for a membrane reactor (MR) system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper presents the first process operability study to analyze the achievable spaces for a membrane reactor (MR) system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, it addresses the computation of feasible regions for the design and control of the direct methane aromatization (DMA) conversion process of natural gas to fuels and chemicals as an alternative to petroleum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, it addresses the computation of feasible regions for the design and control of the direct methane aromatization (DMA) conversion process of natural gas to fuels and chemicals as an alternative to petroleum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, we focus on the equilibrium-limited production of hydrogen (H 2 ) and benzene (C 6 H 6 ) from methane (CH 4 ) using a catalytic membrane reactor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, we focus on the equilibrium-limited production of hydrogen (H 2 ) and benzene (C 6 H 6 ) from methane (CH 4 ) using a catalytic membrane reactor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MR systems studies lack of systematic approaches to determine the output (e.g., specifications on reaction conversions and production rates) ranges that are achievable, considering the limited ranges available for the process inputs (e.g., operational variables and membrane characteristics) due to the physical limitations of the process design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MR systems studies lack of systematic approaches to determine the output (e.g., specifications on reaction conversions and production rates) ranges that are achievable, considering the limited ranges available for the process inputs (e.g., operational variables and membrane characteristics) due to the physical limitations of the process design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past, the concept of attainable region was applied to the oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-Butene membrane reactor considering one input and two output variables.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past, the concept of attainable region was applied to the oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-Butene membrane reactor considering one input and two output variables (Milne et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Milne et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "MRs are emerging systems that enable process intensification by combining phenomena of two unit operations (reaction and separation) in one process, resulting in higher efficiencies and lower costs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "MRs are emerging systems that enable process intensification by combining phenomena of two unit operations (reaction and separation) in one process, resulting in higher efficiencies and lower costs (Drioli et al., 2011; Brunetti et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Drioli et al., 2011; Brunetti et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "MRs allow higher conversions than conventional packed-bed reactors due to the reaction equilibrium shift towards the products caused by the selective removal of one of these products through the membrane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MRs allow higher conversions than conventional packed-bed reactors due to the reaction equilibrium shift towards the products caused by the selective removal of one of these products through the membrane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, in the DMA process, the reaction equilibrium is shifted towards products as H 2 is removed through a H 2 -selective membrane (ion transport-based).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, in the DMA process, the reaction equilibrium is shifted towards products as H 2 is removed through a H 2 -selective membrane (ion transport-based).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Restrictions on process target specifications, such as reaction conversions and production rates, as well as multiple challenges associated with controlling temperatures and compositions, make the problem of designing and controlling MRs for the DMA process a challenging area of research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Restrictions on process target specifications, such as reaction conversions and production rates, as well as multiple challenges associated with controlling temperatures and compositions, make the problem of designing and controlling MRs for the DMA process a challenging area of research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "That is, the delivery predictability between two nodes is calculated based on contact history between them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That is, the delivery predictability between two nodes is calculated based on contact history between them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, a higher delivery predictability implies a higher probability of future contacts between them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, a higher delivery predictability implies a higher probability of future contacts between them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A message is copied to a contact node only when the delivery predictability to a destination node of the contact node is larger than that of the transmitting node.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A message is copied to a contact node only when the delivery predictability to a destination node of the contact node is larger than that of the transmitting node.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This makes PRoPHET protocol improve the delivery probability with low overhead.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This makes PRoPHET protocol improve the delivery probability with low overhead [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "However, since delivery depends on the source and the destination eventually meeting, packets may never be delivered or may experience long latencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, since delivery depends on the source and the destination eventually meeting, packets may never be delivered or may experience long latencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Epidemic routing, on the other hand, forwards all its messages to intermediaries conceivably using N(M-1) bytes of bandwidth to transfer data in addition to the auxiliary information exchanged during encounters to determine which packets are non-duplicated and ready for transfer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Epidemic routing, on the other hand, forwards all its messages to intermediaries conceivably using N(M-1) bytes of bandwidth to transfer data in addition to the auxiliary information exchanged during encounters to determine which packets are non-duplicated and ready for transfer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to bandwidth, large buffers may be required to store in-transit packets to achieve minimum latency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to bandwidth, large buffers may be required to store in-transit packets to achieve minimum latency [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Single-copy and multi-copy routing protocols represent a natural trade-off in DTN networks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Single-copy and multi-copy routing protocols represent a natural trade-off in DTN networks [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In summary, patients should be evaluated for H. pylori when they have PUD or gastric cancer and the treatment of choice is either triple or quadruple therapy with subsequent documentation of eradication of infection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In summary, patients should be evaluated for H. pylori when they have PUD or gastric cancer and the treatment of choice is either triple or quadruple therapy with subsequent documentation of eradication of infection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in the era of antibiotic resistance these treatment options could soon become obsolete; thus new research is focusing on other antibiotic regiments along with vaccine development to combat this pathogen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in the era of antibiotic resistance these treatment options could soon become obsolete; thus new research is focusing on other antibiotic regiments along with vaccine development to combat this pathogen [47, 50, 76] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47", "BIBREF50", "BIBREF76" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[47, 50, 76]" ] }, { "text": "Other areas of study are attempting to elucidate the oncogenesis of H. pylori, finding that strains that carry cytotoxin-associated antigen A (cagA) gene are associated with gastric carcinoma.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other areas of study are attempting to elucidate the oncogenesis of H. pylori, finding that strains that carry cytotoxin-associated antigen A (cagA) gene are associated with gastric carcinoma [77] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF77" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[77]" ] }, { "text": "The new frontiers in H. pylori research will provide for better understanding of its impact on human health and allow for the development of targeted therapies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The new frontiers in H. pylori research will provide for better understanding of its impact on human health and allow for the development of targeted therapies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The Project will be equipped with key equipment such as DC circuit breakers, DC line fast protective devices, large-capacity converter valves, etc.; a DC coordination control system which integrates multiple kinds of energy sources will be constructed; and a flexible four-terminal loop DC power grid will be set up to delivery multiple energy generated from large-scale wind power, solar energy, pumped storage power, etc.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Project will be equipped with key equipment such as DC circuit breakers, DC line fast protective devices, large-capacity converter valves, etc.; a DC coordination control system which integrates multiple kinds of energy sources will be constructed; and a flexible four-terminal loop DC power grid will be set up to delivery multiple energy generated from large-scale wind power, solar energy, pumped storage power, etc [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "The Demonstration Project will use a loop power grid which has the following advantages: (a) highly reliable, able to realize the transfer of tide after failure; (b) flexible, able to realize flexible interaction among multiple energy resources and improve utilization efficiency; (c) good expandability, easy to expand new points at transmission and receiving ends.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Demonstration Project will use a loop power grid which has the following advantages: (a) highly reliable, able to realize the transfer of tide after failure; (b) flexible, able to realize flexible interaction among multiple energy resources and improve utilization efficiency; (c) good expandability, easy to expand new points at transmission and receiving ends.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "See Figure 1 for the AC-DC hybrid network of Phase I of the Demonstration Project.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "See Figure 1 for the AC-DC hybrid network of Phase I of the Demonstration Project [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The standard approach used on SMPs to prevent hate spreading is the suspension of user accounts or deletion of hate comments, while trying to weigh the right to freedom of speech.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard approach used on SMPs to prevent hate spreading is the suspension of user accounts or deletion of hate comments, while trying to weigh the right to freedom of speech.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another strategy, which has received little attention so far, is to use counter-narratives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another strategy, which has received little attention so far, is to use counter-narratives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A counternarrative (sometimes called counter-comment or counter-speech) is a response that provides nonnegative feedback through fact-bound arguments and is considered as the most effective approach to withstand hate speech.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A counternarrative (sometimes called counter-comment or counter-speech) is a response that provides nonnegative feedback through fact-bound arguments and is considered as the most effective approach to withstand hate speech (Benesch, 2014; Schieb and Preuss, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Benesch, 2014; Schieb and Preuss, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "In fact, it preserves the right to freedom of speech, counters stereotypes and misleading information with credible evidence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, it preserves the right to freedom of speech, counters stereotypes and misleading information with credible evidence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can also alter the viewpoints of haters and bystanders, by encouraging the exchange of opinions and mutual understanding, and can help de-escalating the conversation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can also alter the viewpoints of haters and bystanders, by encouraging the exchange of opinions and mutual understanding, and can help de-escalating the conversation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A counter-narrative such as the one in Sentence 2 is a non-negative, appropriate response to Sentence 1, while the one in 3 is not, since it escalates the conversation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A counter-narrative such as the one in Sentence 2 is a non-negative, appropriate response to Sentence 1, while the one in 3 is not, since it escalates the conversation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "For the pain-free scenario, the piglets were gently removed from their stalls and allocated in a corridor ( Figure 1A ), in which voice signal was recorded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the pain-free scenario, the piglets were gently removed from their stalls and allocated in a corridor ( Figure 1A ), in which voice signal was recorded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the extreme procedure scenarios, vocalizations recording were made during the farm management of tail trimming, marking and castration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the extreme procedure scenarios, vocalizations recording were made during the farm management of tail trimming, marking and castration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These procedures were done in this order and without interval between them, as usual.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These procedures were done in this order and without interval between them, as usual.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The duration of the signal was the time the pigs vocalized during the process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The duration of the signal was the time the pigs vocalized during the process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The caudectomy was performed using a device for cutting with a hot iron.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The caudectomy was performed using a device for cutting with a hot iron.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The castration carried out on males ( Figure 1B ) was done with a longitudinal incision on the scrotum to exteriorize the testicle, and then the spermatic cord was pulled out until its total rupture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The castration carried out on males ( Figure 1B ) was done with a longitudinal incision on the scrotum to exteriorize the testicle, and then the spermatic cord was pulled out until its total rupture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After that, they were marked in the ears with notches and holes ( Figure 1C) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After that, they were marked in the ears with notches and holes ( Figure 1C) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A unidirectional microphone (Yoga ® Electronics Co., Taipei, Taiwan) was positioned approximately 20 cm from the animals to record the acoustic signals, and a digital microphone recorder (Marantz ® PMD 660) was used to digitalize the signals at a frequency of up to 44,100 Hz.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A unidirectional microphone (Yoga ® Electronics Co., Taipei, Taiwan) was positioned approximately 20 cm from the animals to record the acoustic signals, and a digital microphone recorder (Marantz ® PMD 660) was used to digitalize the signals at a frequency of up to 44,100 Hz.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The signals were edited and analyzed using Praat ® (Free software, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) obtaining six attributes of each acoustic signal (Table 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The signals were edited and analyzed using Praat ® (Free software, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) obtaining six attributes of each acoustic signal (Table 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For comparing the recorded scenarios, ANOVA was applied to data, and mean values of each attribute were compared using Tukey test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For comparing the recorded scenarios, ANOVA was applied to data, and mean values of each attribute were compared using Tukey test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For identifying pain conditions data was processed using the software Weka ® 3.5 (Weka Freeware, The University of Waikato, New Zealand) using the algorithm of the decision tree C4.5, known as J48.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For identifying pain conditions data was processed using the software Weka ® 3.5 (Weka Freeware, The University of Waikato, New Zealand) using the algorithm of the decision tree C4.5, known as J48.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cross-validation was applied to 10% of samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cross-validation was applied to 10% of samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The statistical analysis was performed using Minitab ® 15 software (Minitab Inc., Pennsylvania, USA).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The statistical analysis was performed using Minitab ® 15 software (Minitab Inc., Pennsylvania, USA).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 2 shows ANOVA results for the four conditions evaluated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 2 shows ANOVA results for the four conditions evaluated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was the statistical difference for all parameters (p ≤0.05).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was the statistical difference for all parameters (p ≤0.05).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the duration of the signal was the only parameter that differed from all stressful situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the duration of the signal was the only parameter that differed from all stressful situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The length of the calls of the sound pig was higher (0.14 to 2.31 s) than that of the pig with arthritis (0.15 to 1.88 s).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The length of the calls of the sound pig was higher (0.14 to 2.31 s) than that of the pig with arthritis (0.15 to 1.88 s) (Risi, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Risi, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "These results differ from those in the present study in which the duration of the signal was lower when pigs were under management stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results differ from those in the present study in which the duration of the signal was lower when pigs were under management stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sound pigs had a signal duration of 0.264 s while marking of pigs led to a signal duration of 4.131 s, tail trimming was 7.650 s, and 13.035 s recorded during the castration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sound pigs had a signal duration of 0.264 s while marking of pigs led to a signal duration of 4.131 s, tail trimming was 7.650 s, and 13.035 s recorded during the castration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "This paper proposes an approach to state based integration testing of classes that properly extends the early approach by Harrold and Rothermel: We use contextual information about method invocations to analyze state-dependent behavior of classes that can aggregate other classes as part of their state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper proposes an approach to state based integration testing of classes that properly extends the early approach by Harrold and Rothermel: We use contextual information about method invocations to analyze state-dependent behavior of classes that can aggregate other classes as part of their state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We share the main concept of contextual def-use associations with Souter and Pollock, but with different goals: Souter and Pollock pursue exhaustive analysis of single methods, while we focus on state based interactions between methods that can be independently invoked from outside the classes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We share the main concept of contextual def-use associations with Souter and Pollock, but with different goals: Souter and Pollock pursue exhaustive analysis of single methods, while we focus on state based interactions between methods that can be independently invoked from outside the classes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, differently from Souter and Pollock, we extend the algorithm proposed by Harrold and Soffa to capture inter-procedural propagations of definitions and uses by including contextual information.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, differently from Souter and Pollock, we extend the algorithm proposed by Harrold and Soffa to capture inter-procedural propagations of definitions and uses by including contextual information [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Our algorithm for contextual data flow analysis is more efficient, albeit less accurate, than the algorithm of Souter and Pollock: it is quadratic in the size of the program in the worst case, and more efficient in many practical cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our algorithm for contextual data flow analysis is more efficient, albeit less accurate, than the algorithm of Souter and Pollock: it is quadratic in the size of the program in the worst case, and more efficient in many practical cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Originally we had hypothesized that wild pigs consumed only herpetofauna that were encountered randomly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Originally we had hypothesized that wild pigs consumed only herpetofauna that were encountered randomly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, on the basis of our field observation of wild pigs actively searching for eastern spadefoot toads, we hypothesize that wild pigs may focus search patterns for specific prey items when conditions are optimal and rates of encounter are elevated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, on the basis of our field observation of wild pigs actively searching for eastern spadefoot toads, we hypothesize that wild pigs may focus search patterns for specific prey items when conditions are optimal and rates of encounter are elevated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Wild pigs are known to depredate snake-necked turtles (Chelodina rugosa) when the turtles are most vulnerable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Wild pigs are known to depredate snake-necked turtles (Chelodina rugosa) when the turtles are most vulnerable (Fordham et al. 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fordham et al. 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Species with breeding strategies similar to the eastern spadefoot toad, such as the threatened gopher frog (Rana capito), could be affected negatively when wild pigs occupy the same habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Species with breeding strategies similar to the eastern spadefoot toad, such as the threatened gopher frog (Rana capito), could be affected negatively when wild pigs occupy the same habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If a small population of gopher frogs is limited to a few breeding ponds, it may be possible that a local population of wild pigs could consume a significant number of breeding adult frogs when they are most vulnerable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If a small population of gopher frogs is limited to a few breeding ponds, it may be possible that a local population of wild pigs could consume a significant number of breeding adult frogs when they are most vulnerable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our findings also show that individuals affiliated with FONASA are more likely to use preventive health services than individuals affiliated with an ISAPRE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our findings also show that individuals affiliated with FONASA are more likely to use preventive health services than individuals affiliated with an ISAPRE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As seen previously, in order to access these services for free, FONASA affiliates have to go to the health facility where they are registered, while affiliates with an ISAPRE have to go to the providers defined by their ISAPRE; otherwise they have to pay.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As seen previously, in order to access these services for free, FONASA affiliates have to go to the health facility where they are registered, while affiliates with an ISAPRE have to go to the providers defined by their ISAPRE; otherwise they have to pay [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "However, ISAPRE affiliates, who usually enjoy a better socioeconomic status, often prefer going to their own doctors and health facilities, and therefore, take on an additional cost for their decision, thus paying for convenience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, ISAPRE affiliates, who usually enjoy a better socioeconomic status, often prefer going to their own doctors and health facilities, and therefore, take on an additional cost for their decision, thus paying for convenience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in 2015 only 27% of the preventive services undertaken by ISAPRE affiliates were performed completely free of charge; the vast majority paid a co-payment of a total of 3.8 billion Chilean pesos (about US$ 5.8 million, current prices).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in 2015 only 27% of the preventive services undertaken by ISAPRE affiliates were performed completely free of charge; the vast majority paid a co-payment of a total of 3.8 billion Chilean pesos (about US$ 5.8 million, current prices).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high amount of co-payments can be also due to the lack of information from the ISAPREs regarding the free preventive services to which their affiliates The general low percentage of Chilean adults undertaking preventive health services -estimated at around 13-14% of the total population -is a matter of concern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The high amount of co-payments can be also due to the lack of information from the ISAPREs regarding the free preventive services to which their affiliates The general low percentage of Chilean adults undertaking preventive health services -estimated at around 13-14% of the total population -is a matter of concern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the US, for example, about 20% of people use preventive health services every year, with utilisation rates depending on region and insurance type.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the US, for example, about 20% of people use preventive health services every year, with utilisation rates depending on region and insurance type [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[41]" ] }, { "text": "Another study showed that 50% of Austrian adults have at least one comprehensive preventive health check-up a year.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another study showed that 50% of Austrian adults have at least one comprehensive preventive health check-up a year [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Cigarette smoking has been called a pediatric disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cigarette smoking has been called a pediatric disease [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Worldwide, between 82,000 and 99,000 young people begin smoking every day, 80% of them from low-income countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Worldwide, between 82,000 and 99,000 young people begin smoking every day, 80% of them from low-income countries [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "If current trends continue, more than 200 million young people under the age of 20 will die prematurely from tobacco-related diseases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If current trends continue, more than 200 million young people under the age of 20 will die prematurely from tobacco-related diseases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More immediate effects on child health include higher rates of cough, fatigue and shortness of breath, and shortness of breath on exertion than youth who do not smoke.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More immediate effects on child health include higher rates of cough, fatigue and shortness of breath, and shortness of breath on exertion than youth who do not smoke.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those who smoke also are more prone to allergies, respiratory and ear infections, enhanced risk of asthma, and impaired lung growth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Those who smoke also are more prone to allergies, respiratory and ear infections, enhanced risk of asthma, and impaired lung growth [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Studies carried out in developing countries reveal the importance of boys' greater environmental exposure for a greater likelihood of suffering diarrhea.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies carried out in developing countries reveal the importance of boys' greater environmental exposure for a greater likelihood of suffering diarrhea [14, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 20]" ] }, { "text": "On this study, boys had a higher incidence and, more importantly, a longer duration of the episodes of diarrhea than girls.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On this study, boys had a higher incidence and, more importantly, a longer duration of the episodes of diarrhea than girls.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The importance of environmental exposition to the occurrence of more episodes of diarrhea is demonstrated by the four-time increased risk for boys living in community 1 to suffer more episodes of diarrhea than boys who live in community 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The importance of environmental exposition to the occurrence of more episodes of diarrhea is demonstrated by the four-time increased risk for boys living in community 1 to suffer more episodes of diarrhea than boys who live in community 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It may be attributed to the presence of a better sanitary system that theoretically decreases environmental exposition to pathogens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It may be attributed to the presence of a better sanitary system that theoretically decreases environmental exposition to pathogens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In the case of adaptation to climate change, using big data and culturomics approaches is widely applicable in many areas of decision-making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of adaptation to climate change, using big data and culturomics approaches is widely applicable in many areas of decision-making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Big data approaches such as those used in this study are flexible and can be used to rapidly run similar analyses using different climate, biodiversity, or biophysical data, or over different time periods, to reclassify countries to augment other information and facilitate decision-making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Big data approaches such as those used in this study are flexible and can be used to rapidly run similar analyses using different climate, biodiversity, or biophysical data, or over different time periods, to reclassify countries to augment other information and facilitate decision-making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, we acknowledge the limitations of such country-level approaches and the detail that can be overlooked at this scale due to making generalizations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we acknowledge the limitations of such country-level approaches and the detail that can be overlooked at this scale due to making generalizations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At a country-specific level, we also acknowledge that there are other governance processes, beyond funding, (e.g., regulatory quality, legal systems, rule of law (as per the World Governance Indicators)) that will influence resource mobility, priority setting, and resource allocation toward climate change budgets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At a country-specific level, we also acknowledge that there are other governance processes, beyond funding, (e.g., regulatory quality, legal systems, rule of law (as per the World Governance Indicators)) that will influence resource mobility, priority setting, and resource allocation toward climate change budgets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, information synthesized from Google should be taken with reservations in countries which place restrictions on internet search engines such as Google (e.g., China).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, information synthesized from Google should be taken with reservations in countries which place restrictions on internet search engines such as Google (e.g., China).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Google search data also does not provide insights into countries' policy positions on climate change-related issues, which can be more easily gleaned using other methods of data collection such as interviews, qualitative surveys, and polling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Google search data also does not provide insights into countries' policy positions on climate change-related issues, which can be more easily gleaned using other methods of data collection such as interviews, qualitative surveys, and polling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, Google search data may provide advantages over more traditional survey methods that may be limited by their infrequency (e.g., yearly polls), by the number of participants or by their reliance on stated preferences (e.g., using the Gallup World Poll).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Google search data may provide advantages over more traditional survey methods that may be limited by their infrequency (e.g., yearly polls), by the number of participants or by their reliance on stated preferences (e.g., using the Gallup World Poll) (Lee et al. 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lee et al. 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Google search queries are insights into revealed behaviors and can quantitatively measure the magnitude of awareness of an issue, rather than relying on stated preference type approaches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Google search queries are insights into revealed behaviors and can quantitatively measure the magnitude of awareness of an issue, rather than relying on stated preference type approaches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ideally, the two types of data collection approaches could be used together in a mixed-method approach to both quantitatively and qualitatively inform climate change awareness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ideally, the two types of data collection approaches could be used together in a mixed-method approach to both quantitatively and qualitatively inform climate change awareness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As technology and the internet become more accessible, leveraging Google search data to further assess awareness could be a useful tool alongside and to supplement other methods of assessing climate change awareness and countries' potential adaptive capacities to climate change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As technology and the internet become more accessible, leveraging Google search data to further assess awareness could be a useful tool alongside and to supplement other methods of assessing climate change awareness and countries' potential adaptive capacities to climate change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Mediating the impacts of climate change in vulnerable countries is a key priority for national and international policy makers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mediating the impacts of climate change in vulnerable countries is a key priority for national and international policy makers (Stadelmann et al. 2014; Muccione et al. 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stadelmann et al. 2014; Muccione et al. 2017)" ] }, { "text": "However, as 30% of countries within this study fall within the HRLA type, directing climate change adaption policy toward these countries may prove to be challenging due to those countries' poor relative awareness of the issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, as 30% of countries within this study fall within the HRLA type, directing climate change adaption policy toward these countries may prove to be challenging due to those countries' poor relative awareness of the issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most HRLA countries, such as Israel, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Malaysia, and the Netherlands, have high-or uppermiddle GNI, which could suggest that raising the relative awareness of the impacts of climate change within these countries could lead to a redirection of internal funds to finance climate change adaption nationally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most HRLA countries, such as Israel, France, Italy, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Malaysia, and the Netherlands, have high-or uppermiddle GNI, which could suggest that raising the relative awareness of the impacts of climate change within these countries could lead to a redirection of internal funds to finance climate change adaption nationally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fewer countries (27%), such as Indonesia, India, Morocco, and Pakistan, are lower-middle GNI countries within the HRLA type.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fewer countries (27%), such as Indonesia, India, Morocco, and Pakistan, are lower-middle GNI countries within the HRLA type.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such countries, with low awareness of climate change issues and low adaptive capacity due to lower GNI, are likely to be key areas where significant work is needed to facilitate climate change adaptation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such countries, with low awareness of climate change issues and low adaptive capacity due to lower GNI, are likely to be key areas where significant work is needed to facilitate climate change adaptation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interestingly, these HRLA countries have the highest CO 2 emissions of all typology groups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, these HRLA countries have the highest CO 2 emissions of all typology groups (Althor et al. 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Althor et al. 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Promoting climate change adaptation within these countries is vital, as they have a high-risk of climate impacts, but adaptation would require both the raising of awareness and financial aid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Promoting climate change adaptation within these countries is vital, as they have a high-risk of climate impacts, but adaptation would require both the raising of awareness and financial aid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Nanocomposite materials have been extensively investigated in bulk and thin film forms because of their wide range of applications, starting from traditional industries, such as general mechanics and automobiles, paper mills, textiles, and food industries, to high-technology industries, such as microelectronics and magnetoelectronics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nanocomposite materials have been extensively investigated in bulk and thin film forms because of their wide range of applications, starting from traditional industries, such as general mechanics and automobiles, paper mills, textiles, and food industries, to high-technology industries, such as microelectronics and magnetoelectronics [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, the applications of nanocomposite coatings include wear and abrasion-resistant surfaces, lubrication, high hardness tools, dispersion-strengthened alloys, and protection against oxidation and hot corrosion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the applications of nanocomposite coatings include wear and abrasion-resistant surfaces, lubrication, high hardness tools, dispersion-strengthened alloys, and protection against oxidation and hot corrosion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been also used to produce high surface area cathodes that have been used as electro catalysts for hydrogen electrodes in industrial water electrolysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been also used to produce high surface area cathodes that have been used as electro catalysts for hydrogen electrodes in industrial water electrolysis [25, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25, 26]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Obtaining gut fluid by dissection and conducting the sediment extractions under inert gas is considerably more difficult than the typical aerobic procedures that have been the norm in previous applications of the digestive fluid extraction technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Obtaining gut fluid by dissection and conducting the sediment extractions under inert gas is considerably more difficult than the typical aerobic procedures that have been the norm in previous applications of the digestive fluid extraction technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The additional effort to conduct the extractions anaerobically certainly is justified if the trace elements that appear to show the greater influence of oxygenation state (Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, As) are of concern, and if there is an implicit need to mimic in vivo processes with a high degree of accuracy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The additional effort to conduct the extractions anaerobically certainly is justified if the trace elements that appear to show the greater influence of oxygenation state (Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, As) are of concern, and if there is an implicit need to mimic in vivo processes with a high degree of accuracy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the in vitro extraction technique has been used to estimate digestive solubilization and compare it with ab-sorption efficiency to determine if all solubilized contaminant is absorbed subsequently.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the in vitro extraction technique has been used to estimate digestive solubilization and compare it with ab-sorption efficiency to determine if all solubilized contaminant is absorbed subsequently [3, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 31]" ] }, { "text": "In such applications where it is essential to estimate accurately in vivo solubilization, the additional effort of preventing oxygenation of the gut fluid is warranted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such applications where it is essential to estimate accurately in vivo solubilization, the additional effort of preventing oxygenation of the gut fluid is warranted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Moreover, by conducting an in-depth literature review, it is found that there is still a significant gap in information for using the other variables with demulsifier that can be used to enhance the oil recovery, depending on resolving the basic reason for water droplets stability in oil (asphaltenes) and providing the best condition for the demulsifier to achieve maximum separation in a short time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, by conducting an in-depth literature review, it is found that there is still a significant gap in information for using the other variables with demulsifier that can be used to enhance the oil recovery, depending on resolving the basic reason for water droplets stability in oil (asphaltenes) and providing the best condition for the demulsifier to achieve maximum separation in a short time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, asphaltenes in crude oil are the most problematic components through absorbing the molecules on the interface between oil and water which makes a high rigid film.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, asphaltenes in crude oil are the most problematic components through absorbing the molecules on the interface between oil and water which makes a high rigid film.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The highest level of stability emulsion can reach is when the asphaltenes are at precipitation point or close to it.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The highest level of stability emulsion can reach is when the asphaltenes are at precipitation point or close to it [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "As a result, reduction in asphaltene precipitation is a promising technique to enhanced oil recovery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, reduction in asphaltene precipitation is a promising technique to enhanced oil recovery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, this study investigates this hypothesis by using variables that reduce asphaltenes precipitation on the interfacial film between two phases with a demulsifier to achieve high demulsification efficiency in a short time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, this study investigates this hypothesis by using variables that reduce asphaltenes precipitation on the interfacial film between two phases with a demulsifier to achieve high demulsification efficiency in a short time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To the best of our knowledge, we could not detect a study on asphaltenes film with using a demulsifier, which can be a promising technique in maximising the separation efficiency of water from crude oil and using Glycerol as a demulsifier.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best of our knowledge, we could not detect a study on asphaltenes film with using a demulsifier, which can be a promising technique in maximising the separation efficiency of water from crude oil and using Glycerol as a demulsifier.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, according to previous literature, it can be concluded that temperature, sitting time, toluene solvent, and demulsifier dosage have a significant impact on the demulsification of a water-in-oil emulsion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, according to previous literature, it can be concluded that temperature, sitting time, toluene solvent, and demulsifier dosage have a significant impact on the demulsification of a water-in-oil emulsion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, this study also aims to investigate the pressure effect on the dehydration process due to a lack of studies in this area.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, this study also aims to investigate the pressure effect on the dehydration process due to a lack of studies in this area [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "The present work studies the influence of demulsifier dosage, toluene concentration, sitting time, pressure, and temperature on the demulsification of water-in-oil emulsion using the bottle test technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present work studies the influence of demulsifier dosage, toluene concentration, sitting time, pressure, and temperature on the demulsification of water-in-oil emulsion using the bottle test technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, Design Expert software was used following two steps-first, the significance of parameters was characterised using a Pareto chart.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, Design Expert software was used following two steps-first, the significance of parameters was characterised using a Pareto chart.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, a mathematical model was established to optimise the significant parameters, while the statistical analysis was conducted using CCD based on RSM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, a mathematical model was established to optimise the significant parameters, while the statistical analysis was conducted using CCD based on RSM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The influence of variables on the output response was also studied via CCD based on RSM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The influence of variables on the output response was also studied via CCD based on RSM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Linear quadratic regulator, as a representative optimal control, has been widely used for complex system control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Linear quadratic regulator, as a representative optimal control, has been widely used for complex system control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objective of LQR controller is to minimize the quadratic cost function with weighting matrices selected by engineers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective of LQR controller is to minimize the quadratic cost function with weighting matrices selected by engineers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Often this means that the controller synthesis will be an iterative process where an engineer should judge the produced \"optimal\" controller through simulation and then adjusts the weighting matrices to get a controller more in line with the specified design goals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Often this means that the controller synthesis will be an iterative process where an engineer should judge the produced \"optimal\" controller through simulation and then adjusts the weighting matrices to get a controller more in line with the specified design goals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This tedious process limits the application of the LQR-based controller synthesis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This tedious process limits the application of the LQR-based controller synthesis [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Distributed embedded systems employing wired networks have numerous potential vulnerabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Distributed embedded systems employing wired networks have numerous potential vulnerabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Anyone with physical access to the system, including the owner, can perform an attack to manipulate message traffic on the internal network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Anyone with physical access to the system, including the owner, can perform an attack to manipulate message traffic on the internal network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increasing connectivity to external networks, such as the Internet or wireless networks, can also make wired embedded networks susceptible to attacks originating from those external networks, making security a more significant consideration in embedded control system design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Increasing connectivity to external networks, such as the Internet or wireless networks, can also make wired embedded networks susceptible to attacks originating from those external networks, making security a more significant consideration in embedded control system design [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Plant growth and quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plant growth and quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Calibrachoa and marigold grew best if fertilized with chemical fertilizer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Calibrachoa and marigold grew best if fertilized with chemical fertilizer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The plant size was greatest, and the foliage was full and did not show any symptoms of deficiencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The plant size was greatest, and the foliage was full and did not show any symptoms of deficiencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In calibrachoa treated with chemical fertilizer, except for Ca, all tested nutrients were within or exceeded the range of optimal concentrations of nutrients for petunia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In calibrachoa treated with chemical fertilizer, except for Ca, all tested nutrients were within or exceeded the range of optimal concentrations of nutrients for petunia (Mills and Jones, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mills and Jones, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "The range of optimal concentrations of nutrients in petunia leaf tissue is used in this article to assess the nutrients' sufficiency because there are no similar data available for calibrachoa and because calibrachoa is a relative of petunia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The range of optimal concentrations of nutrients in petunia leaf tissue is used in this article to assess the nutrients' sufficiency because there are no similar data available for calibrachoa and because calibrachoa is a relative of petunia (Ellis, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ellis, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The slightly low concentration of Ca (1.05%) in calibrachoa fertilized with chemical fertilizer did not affect the size or quality of the plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The slightly low concentration of Ca (1.05%) in calibrachoa fertilized with chemical fertilizer did not affect the size or quality of the plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The main markets for natural fibers that still remain are predominantly based on developing countries where they are locally available and cheap to acquire.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main markets for natural fibers that still remain are predominantly based on developing countries where they are locally available and cheap to acquire.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the use of natural fibers in developed countries is still limited, as it has not been fully accepted as an alternative to synthetic fibers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the use of natural fibers in developed countries is still limited, as it has not been fully accepted as an alternative to synthetic fibers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The long-term durability of natural fiber-reinforced concrete (NFRC) is limited due to their high permeability and lack of resistance to crack growth, particularly fibers obtained from agricultural by-products.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The long-term durability of natural fiber-reinforced concrete (NFRC) is limited due to their high permeability and lack of resistance to crack growth, particularly fibers obtained from agricultural by-products (Stevulova et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stevulova et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "A major problem of natural plant fibers compared to synthetic fibers is the lack of material homogeneity and hydrophility of natural fibers resulting in high moisture absorption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A major problem of natural plant fibers compared to synthetic fibers is the lack of material homogeneity and hydrophility of natural fibers resulting in high moisture absorption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The poor state of solid waste management in cities of developing countries is fast becoming a social and environmental problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The poor state of solid waste management in cities of developing countries is fast becoming a social and environmental problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this regard, there has been continuous promotion of recycling-oriented practices to ensure sustainable growth by reducing the consumption of natural resources and lessening environmental burdens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this regard, there has been continuous promotion of recycling-oriented practices to ensure sustainable growth by reducing the consumption of natural resources and lessening environmental burdens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reverse logistics (RL) is the process of planning, implementing and controlling an efficient and cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reverse logistics (RL) is the process of planning, implementing and controlling an efficient and cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The first known definition of RL was by the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) in the United States during the early 1990s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first known definition of RL was by the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) in the United States during the early 1990s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The role of logistics is in terms of production returns, source reduction, materials reuse, recycling and replacement, waste disposal, clean up, repair and remanufacturing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of logistics is in terms of production returns, source reduction, materials reuse, recycling and replacement, waste disposal, clean up, repair and remanufacturing [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Reverse flow characteristics had uncertain paths, and RL channels might take several forms depending on waste size and volume, distance from markets, stakeholders and their experience.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reverse flow characteristics had uncertain paths, and RL channels might take several forms depending on waste size and volume, distance from markets, stakeholders and their experience [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The RL of waste management in Thailand involves many stakeholders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The RL of waste management in Thailand involves many stakeholders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Initial RL implementation in Thailand has been done by an informal sector.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Initial RL implementation in Thailand has been done by an informal sector [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "There is little guidance on the implementation of good practices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is little guidance on the implementation of good practices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a better understanding of RL systems in Thailand, the objective of the study was to investigate the current practice of RL of waste management in Thailand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a better understanding of RL systems in Thailand, the objective of the study was to investigate the current practice of RL of waste management in Thailand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was to learn which are the drivers pushing RL practices and the barriers to their practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was to learn which are the drivers pushing RL practices and the barriers to their practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Analysis of somatotype in the five-year periods revealed that the students examined in the second half of the 1980s displayed the lowest muscle level throughout the entire period under study (significantly lower in comparison to other groups), while the groups of male and female students examined in the 1990s displayed significantly different levels of endomorphy in comparison to other groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analysis of somatotype in the five-year periods revealed that the students examined in the second half of the 1980s displayed the lowest muscle level throughout the entire period under study (significantly lower in comparison to other groups), while the groups of male and female students examined in the 1990s displayed significantly different levels of endomorphy in comparison to other groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They were characterized by the lowest level of fatness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They were characterized by the lowest level of fatness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students who applied to the University during this time were born during the post-WWII baby boom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students who applied to the University during this time were born during the post-WWII baby boom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to be accepted by the University, they needed to pass physical fitness tests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to be accepted by the University, they needed to pass physical fitness tests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increased number of applicants could have caused students with better performance capabilities to have a considerable advantage over others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increased number of applicants could have caused students with better performance capabilities to have a considerable advantage over others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, many researchers also pointed to the influence of paragenetic factors (during pregnancy and in infancy) on ontogenetic processes in later development of the body.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, many researchers also pointed to the influence of paragenetic factors (during pregnancy and in infancy) on ontogenetic processes in later development of the body [28] [29] [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28] [29] [30]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, no sexual dimorphism was observed in the leanness level; both male and female students displayed similar mean values of ectomorphy (2.4-3.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, no sexual dimorphism was observed in the leanness level; both male and female students displayed similar mean values of ectomorphy (2.4-3.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such values indicate a tendency towards having a stocky and strong body build due to developed muscles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such values indicate a tendency towards having a stocky and strong body build due to developed muscles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The data obtained in this study supports previous conclusions and demonstrated the existence of secular trends in body build.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data obtained in this study supports previous conclusions and demonstrated the existence of secular trends in body build.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the detailed results obtained by different authors in themselves slightly differ, which confirms the fact that changes in body proportion and constitution observed in many generations are worth monitoring.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the detailed results obtained by different authors in themselves slightly differ, which confirms the fact that changes in body proportion and constitution observed in many generations are worth monitoring.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, research evaluating body build composition in adults and ageing people enables the control of undernourishment, malnourishment or eating disorders and facilitates the monitoring of health conditions within a population.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, research evaluating body build composition in adults and ageing people enables the control of undernourishment, malnourishment or eating disorders and facilitates the monitoring of health conditions within a population.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Likewise, it enables the determination of links between fat distribution and the risk of many diseases as well as the death rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Likewise, it enables the determination of links between fat distribution and the risk of many diseases as well as the death rate [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In the last two decades, multiple studies have shown that increased arterial stiffness is independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last two decades, multiple studies have shown that increased arterial stiffness is independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "A recent meta-analysis convincingly confirmed that increased arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in different patient cohorts with cardiovascular diseases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A recent meta-analysis convincingly confirmed that increased arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of morbidity and mortality in different patient cohorts with cardiovascular diseases [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Pathophysiologically, an increase in arterial stiffness is associated with (a) an increase in central pulse pressure, (b) an increase in cardiac afterload, and (c) reduced coronary perfusion due to a decrease in the central diastolic pressure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pathophysiologically, an increase in arterial stiffness is associated with (a) an increase in central pulse pressure, (b) an increase in cardiac afterload, and (c) reduced coronary perfusion due to a decrease in the central diastolic pressure [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "The current method of choice for the assessment of aortic stiffness is measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The current method of choice for the assessment of aortic stiffness is measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV) [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Velocity-encoded, phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging provides a feasible and robust method to assess PWV.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Velocity-encoded, phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging provides a feasible and robust method to assess PWV [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignant cancers and affects men and women almost equally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent malignant cancers and affects men and women almost equally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, approximately 1.25 million people in China are diagnosed with CRC, and the incidence of CRC increases annually and it will continue to rise in the next few years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, approximately 1.25 million people in China are diagnosed with CRC, and the incidence of CRC increases annually and it will continue to rise in the next few years [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, CRC is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality, and more than 600,000 patients will die from it every year worldwide.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, CRC is a major cause of cancer-associated mortality, and more than 600,000 patients will die from it every year worldwide [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In the USA and Europe, CRC is the second most frequent cancer that leads to death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the USA and Europe, CRC is the second most frequent cancer that leads to death [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "In recent years, significant advances have been made in targeted therapies of CRC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, significant advances have been made in targeted therapies of CRC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, better targeted drugs are required because the effects of existing drugs are not satisfactory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, better targeted drugs are required because the effects of existing drugs are not satisfactory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In optical design, we assume that the internal quantum efficiency IQE = 100%,while there are several kinds of carrier losses such as Auger and bimolecular radiative recombinations that should be considered on the design of thin film solar cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In optical design, we assume that the internal quantum efficiency IQE = 100%,while there are several kinds of carrier losses such as Auger and bimolecular radiative recombinations that should be considered on the design of thin film solar cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To understand the effect of enhanced solar absorption on photovoltaic devices, we conduct solar cells optoelectronic simulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To understand the effect of enhanced solar absorption on photovoltaic devices, we conduct solar cells optoelectronic simulation [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "Here, the carrier transport process is based on the carrier generation rates calculated from optical simulation shown in Figure 4 (Table 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, the carrier transport process is based on the carrier generation rates calculated from optical simulation shown in Figure 4 (Table 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All the diameter of hemisphere Ag back reflection layer = 300 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the diameter of hemisphere Ag back reflection layer = 300 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 5 (b) shows the current-voltage (I-V) simulation results of different optimized structure-based devices under AM1.5G solar spectrum illumination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 5 (b) shows the current-voltage (I-V) simulation results of different optimized structure-based devices under AM1.5G solar spectrum illumination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to flat silicon structure, 5 nm thick Au bowl shell with diameter = 300 nm exhibits an 88.8% increase in short-circuit density ( sc ) from 13.5 mA/cm 2 to 25.5 mA/cm 2 , 5% increase of open circuit voltage ( oc ), and significantly increased light-conversion efficiency ( ) from 6.3% to 12.6% in Figure 5 (c).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to flat silicon structure, 5 nm thick Au bowl shell with diameter = 300 nm exhibits an 88.8% increase in short-circuit density ( sc ) from 13.5 mA/cm 2 to 25.5 mA/cm 2 , 5% increase of open circuit voltage ( oc ), and significantly increased light-conversion efficiency ( ) from 6.3% to 12.6% in Figure 5 (c).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The variation in ploidy level (Table 1) of the SNPs mapped to LGs inside the HGs agrees with previously Fig. 1 QTLs identified (inverted triangles) and associated with stalk diameter (SD), stalk weight (SW), stalk height (SH), fiber, Pol and Brix in the full-sib sugarcane progeny published data indicating that the sugarcane homology groups have different numbers of chromosomes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The variation in ploidy level (Table 1) of the SNPs mapped to LGs inside the HGs agrees with previously Fig. 1 QTLs identified (inverted triangles) and associated with stalk diameter (SD), stalk weight (SW), stalk height (SH), fiber, Pol and Brix in the full-sib sugarcane progeny published data indicating that the sugarcane homology groups have different numbers of chromosomes (Grivet and Arruda 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Grivet and Arruda 2001)" ] }, { "text": "An estimation of the ploidy level for each SNP is essential for further analysis because saturated linkage maps cannot be obtained for sugarcane if molecular markers with higher doses are not considered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An estimation of the ploidy level for each SNP is essential for further analysis because saturated linkage maps cannot be obtained for sugarcane if molecular markers with higher doses are not considered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of these multiplex markers widely distributed throughout the genome will probably contribute to increased linkage map coverage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of these multiplex markers widely distributed throughout the genome will probably contribute to increased linkage map coverage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The valuation and hedging of commodity contingent claims has received a great amount of attention by both academics and practitioners, and has become an important area of financial economics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The valuation and hedging of commodity contingent claims has received a great amount of attention by both academics and practitioners, and has become an important area of financial economics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Inextricably interwoven with this issue is the modeling and estimation of the stochastic behavior of commodity prices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inextricably interwoven with this issue is the modeling and estimation of the stochastic behavior of commodity prices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The practical implication of having better models and estimation methodologies is that commodity producers and consumers, and also financial intermediaries, may implement sound investment and risk-management strategies with vast economic implications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The practical implication of having better models and estimation methodologies is that commodity producers and consumers, and also financial intermediaries, may implement sound investment and risk-management strategies with vast economic implications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the contrary, the application of naïve models can lead to unreliable results, which may include heavy financial losses to corporations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the contrary, the application of naïve models can lead to unreliable results, which may include heavy financial losses to corporations (Culp & Miller, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Culp & Miller, 1994)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The Surrey Space Centre set a long-term goal in 1999 of developing and flying the world's first satellite-on-a-chip, based on a true stand-alone SoC approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Surrey Space Centre set a long-term goal in 1999 of developing and flying the world's first satellite-on-a-chip, based on a true stand-alone SoC approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since that time, they have facilitated numerous research efforts towards that goal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since that time, they have facilitated numerous research efforts towards that goal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The monolithic SoC approach has been challenged by various packaging alternatives, including traditional printed circuit board (PCB), multichip module (MCM), system-inpackage (SiP), and now system-on-package (SOP); however, SoC's attraction is its low cost and massproducibility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The monolithic SoC approach has been challenged by various packaging alternatives, including traditional printed circuit board (PCB), multichip module (MCM), system-inpackage (SiP), and now system-on-package (SOP); however, SoC's attraction is its low cost and massproducibility [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the present paper, we report a rather general class of exact solutions for a doubly periodic array of steadily moving bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present paper, we report a rather general class of exact solutions for a doubly periodic array of steadily moving bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our generic solutions are valid in an unbounded Hele-Shaw cell, but there is a large subclass of solutions that correspond to a stream of bubbles in a Hele-Shaw channel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our generic solutions are valid in an unbounded Hele-Shaw cell, but there is a large subclass of solutions that correspond to a stream of bubbles in a Hele-Shaw channel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To render the problem analytically tractable, we neglect surface tension effects and suppose that the bubbles either are symmetrical with respect to the channel centreline or have fore-and-aft symmetry (or both), so that the flow domain can be reduced to a simply connected unit cell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To render the problem analytically tractable, we neglect surface tension effects and suppose that the bubbles either are symmetrical with respect to the channel centreline or have fore-and-aft symmetry (or both), so that the flow domain can be reduced to a simply connected unit cell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By using conformal-mapping techniques, a general solution for any number of bubbles per unit cell is obtained in integral form.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using conformal-mapping techniques, a general solution for any number of bubbles per unit cell is obtained in integral form.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our solution represents the most general periodic solution for a stream of bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell, in the sense that all previously known periodic solutions are particular cases of the solutions reported here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our solution represents the most general periodic solution for a stream of bubbles in a Hele-Shaw cell, in the sense that all previously known periodic solutions are particular cases of the solutions reported here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, our solutions include several novel configurations that were not obtained before, such as the case of a staggered two-file array of bubbles in a channel which somewhat resembles the 'zipper'-like flows of red cells in capillaries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, our solutions include several novel configurations that were not obtained before, such as the case of a staggered two-file array of bubbles in a channel which somewhat resembles the 'zipper'-like flows of red cells in capillaries (Sugihara-Seki & Fu 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sugihara-Seki & Fu 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Also presented are solutions with 'mixed symmetry' in the channel geometry where, within a given bubble configuration, some bubbles have fore-andaft symmetry and others are symmetrical about the channel centreline.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also presented are solutions with 'mixed symmetry' in the channel geometry where, within a given bubble configuration, some bubbles have fore-andaft symmetry and others are symmetrical about the channel centreline.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examples are also given of solutions that cannot be restricted to the channel geometry and hence must necessarily be considered in an unbounded Hele-Shaw cell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Examples are also given of solutions that cannot be restricted to the channel geometry and hence must necessarily be considered in an unbounded Hele-Shaw cell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The rational model is a special kind of nonlinear systems which is defined as the ratio of two polynomial expressions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The rational model is a special kind of nonlinear systems which is defined as the ratio of two polynomial expressions [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This type of nonlinear models are widely existed in modern society, for example, in life science, in chemical engineering and in economic systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This type of nonlinear models are widely existed in modern society, for example, in life science, in chemical engineering and in economic systems [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Compared with the polynomial nonlinear model, the rational model provides a very concise and parsimonious representation for complex nonlinear systems and has excellent extrapolation properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with the polynomial nonlinear model, the rational model provides a very concise and parsimonious representation for complex nonlinear systems and has excellent extrapolation properties [4, 5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Though the rational model has many advantages over the polynomial model and is widely used in many fields, surprisingly, there is only scattered work reported in the literature on identification of rational models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though the rational model has many advantages over the polynomial model and is widely used in many fields, surprisingly, there is only scattered work reported in the literature on identification of rational models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difficulty in identifying the rational models is that the denominator polynomial terms make the rational model be nonlinear in both the parameters and the regression terms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difficulty in identifying the rational models is that the denominator polynomial terms make the rational model be nonlinear in both the parameters and the regression terms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus the traditional linear system and polynomial nonlinear system identification algorithms cannot be directly used for rational models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus the traditional linear system and polynomial nonlinear system identification algorithms cannot be directly used for rational models [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The development discourse, in search of solutions to economic progress often undervalues the rural people resource that is needed to take SE Asia into the 21 st Century.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development discourse, in search of solutions to economic progress often undervalues the rural people resource that is needed to take SE Asia into the 21 st Century.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rural outmigration to urban places has not been a pathway to prosperity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rural outmigration to urban places has not been a pathway to prosperity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rather data show rural people who remain in rural areas in SE Asia are more likely to be food secure and more likely to escape poverty than those who move to cities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rather data show rural people who remain in rural areas in SE Asia are more likely to be food secure and more likely to escape poverty than those who move to cities [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Rural household occupational multiplicity offers flexibility and resilience under social and technological change, drought, flooding, social conflict, and economic ups-and-downturns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rural household occupational multiplicity offers flexibility and resilience under social and technological change, drought, flooding, social conflict, and economic ups-and-downturns [4] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [12]" ] }, { "text": "This diversity in livelihood strategies can strengthen capacities to be more food secure and accumulate sufficient resources to take advantage of opportunities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This diversity in livelihood strategies can strengthen capacities to be more food secure and accumulate sufficient resources to take advantage of opportunities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "How can development projects build on rural cultural worldviews and their knowledge and experiences with river and floodplain systems of agriculture and fisheries?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "How can development projects build on rural cultural worldviews and their knowledge and experiences with river and floodplain systems of agriculture and fisheries?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And how can household livelihood goals be achieved while encouraging innovation and adoption of appropriate technologies that support better management of the Mekong landscape?", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "And how can household livelihood goals be achieved while encouraging innovation and adoption of appropriate technologies that support better management of the Mekong landscape [3] ?", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Mekong River Basin is experiencing many of the same social, economic and biophysical challenges associated with human settlement patterns, industrialization, climate change and political viewpoints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mekong River Basin is experiencing many of the same social, economic and biophysical challenges associated with human settlement patterns, industrialization, climate change and political viewpoints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the United States (US) the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has authority and oversight to manage flooding and balance the various social values of large and smaller river resources: navigation, agriculture, industrial uses, drinking water, and river ecosystems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the United States (US) the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has authority and oversight to manage flooding and balance the various social values of large and smaller river resources: navigation, agriculture, industrial uses, drinking water, and river ecosystems [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "The Mekong River Basin has similar challenges, but as a transboundary river has six countries with many more than six different goals and needs for the resource.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Mekong River Basin has similar challenges, but as a transboundary river has six countries with many more than six different goals and needs for the resource.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Mekong River Commission (MRC) is a fairly new governance structure, created to coordinate and assure the river is protected for future uses as well as current.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Mekong River Commission (MRC) is a fairly new governance structure, created to coordinate and assure the river is protected for future uses as well as current.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is only as powerful as the countries that fund it give respect and authority to its rules and regulations, even if they don't agree with them always.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is only as powerful as the countries that fund it give respect and authority to its rules and regulations, even if they don't agree with them always.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a difficult governance challenge which must be worked through if the Mekong River is to effectively and sustainably serve these many competing needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a difficult governance challenge which must be worked through if the Mekong River is to effectively and sustainably serve these many competing needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Many different types of electrode substrates and geometries have been used to fabricate electrochemical biosensors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many different types of electrode substrates and geometries have been used to fabricate electrochemical biosensors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, microelectrodes for biosensing have generated a big interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, microelectrodes for biosensing have generated a big interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They enable fast mass transport, high signal to noise ratio, short time to reach the steady-state signal, and ready production and need low concentrations of electroactive compounds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They enable fast mass transport, high signal to noise ratio, short time to reach the steady-state signal, and ready production and need low concentrations of electroactive compounds [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, a microelectrode array keeps the advantage to simultaneously perform a parallel detection of two or more analytes by different sensing sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, a microelectrode array keeps the advantage to simultaneously perform a parallel detection of two or more analytes by different sensing sites [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The development of new biosensors for monitoring various metabolites in the human body is very important because they can provide an indication of potential disorders or diseases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of new biosensors for monitoring various metabolites in the human body is very important because they can provide an indication of potential disorders or diseases [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, research efforts have been focused on the development of easy to use, accurate, low cost, portable, point of care sensors for efficient diagnoses and therapies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, research efforts have been focused on the development of easy to use, accurate, low cost, portable, point of care sensors for efficient diagnoses and therapies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Patients' autonomy into everyday life can be improved together with their health safety by using these types of sensors, integrated into a smart electronic device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Patients' autonomy into everyday life can be improved together with their health safety by using these types of sensors, integrated into a smart electronic device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "An additional advantage of such devices is the possibility of easy miniaturization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An additional advantage of such devices is the possibility of easy miniaturization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such case, detection mechanisms are performed with very small solution volumes in both clinical and in home use settings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such case, detection mechanisms are performed with very small solution volumes in both clinical and in home use settings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, implantable enzymatic electrochemical sensors for glucose monitoring that are commercially available are miniaturized.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, implantable enzymatic electrochemical sensors for glucose monitoring that are commercially available are miniaturized [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "For diagnostic purposes, it is also desirable to simultaneously monitor the concentration of two or more metabolites in human fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, subcutaneous interstitial fluid, and lymph.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For diagnostic purposes, it is also desirable to simultaneously monitor the concentration of two or more metabolites in human fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, subcutaneous interstitial fluid, and lymph.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, the levels of both glucose and glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid are important to control diseases such as meningitis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, the levels of both glucose and glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid are important to control diseases such as meningitis [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Among different biosensors, those based on amperometric transducers confer a high sensitivity and low detection limits.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among different biosensors, those based on amperometric transducers confer a high sensitivity and low detection limits [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The current is measured in response to a variety of applied potential waveforms with voltammetric methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current is measured in response to a variety of applied potential waveforms with voltammetric methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The generated electrical signal relates to the concentration of an analyte.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The generated electrical signal relates to the concentration of an analyte [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "These devices combine the analytical capability of electrochemical techniques with the specificity of biological recognition processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These devices combine the analytical capability of electrochemical techniques with the specificity of biological recognition processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the enzymatic activity guarantees excellent molecular specificity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the enzymatic activity guarantees excellent molecular specificity [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Fraser and Zeller use an idea similar to DSI in recent work on generalizing unit tests.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fraser and Zeller use an idea similar to DSI in recent work on generalizing unit tests [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "We aim to invalidate mined specifications; they aim to invalidate inferred assertions for unit tests, and both techniques use mutation as the underlying technique.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We aim to invalidate mined specifications; they aim to invalidate inferred assertions for unit tests, and both techniques use mutation as the underlying technique.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apart from the technical differences arising from the differing problem domains, DSI's general execution somewhat differs as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Apart from the technical differences arising from the differing problem domains, DSI's general execution somewhat differs as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Put plainly, we invalidate specifications when a known-violating program does not appear to be broken.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Put plainly, we invalidate specifications when a known-violating program does not appear to be broken.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They invalidate assertions when a known-broken program does not appear to violate the assertion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They invalidate assertions when a known-broken program does not appear to violate the assertion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Several QoS architectures for the Internet have been proposed, including Integrated Service (IntServ) and Di erentiated Services (Di Serv).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several QoS architectures for the Internet have been proposed, including Integrated Service (IntServ) and Di erentiated Services (Di Serv) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] 10]" ] }, { "text": "IntServ provides QoS on a per-ow basis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IntServ provides QoS on a per-ow basis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An end-to-end (source-to-destination) bandwidth reservation is required to ÿrmly guarantee service to an individual data ow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An end-to-end (source-to-destination) bandwidth reservation is required to ÿrmly guarantee service to an individual data ow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The implementation of IntServ requires the support of a range of complex mechanisms, such as packet scheduling, packet classiÿcation, admission control, and path reservation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The implementation of IntServ requires the support of a range of complex mechanisms, such as packet scheduling, packet classiÿcation, admission control, and path reservation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IntServ is not scalable because of the management overhead required to maintain the state of each ow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IntServ is not scalable because of the management overhead required to maintain the state of each ow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is not practical for the Internet, which carries a large number of individual ows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is not practical for the Internet, which carries a large number of individual ows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Di Serv addresses the scalability problem of IntServ by providing QoS on a per-aggregation basis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Di Serv addresses the scalability problem of IntServ by providing QoS on a per-aggregation basis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Di Serv divides the Internet into domains with edge and core routers that perform di erent functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Di Serv divides the Internet into domains with edge and core routers that perform di erent functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The edge routers of a domain classify, police, and mark data packets based on certain administrative policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The edge routers of a domain classify, police, and mark data packets based on certain administrative policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Core routers inside the domain provide per-hop QoS corresponding to the type of aggregate tra c. To di erentiate services for data packets with di erent classes of QoS requirements or service priorities in a core router, multiple queues are maintained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Core routers inside the domain provide per-hop QoS corresponding to the type of aggregate tra c. To di erentiate services for data packets with di erent classes of QoS requirements or service priorities in a core router, multiple queues are maintained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Packets are placed into queues corresponding to their class.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Packets are placed into queues corresponding to their class.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each queue services packets using FIFO.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each queue services packets using FIFO.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Di Serv, there is no need to reserve bandwidth on an end-to-end connection path.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Di Serv, there is no need to reserve bandwidth on an end-to-end connection path.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Zhang surveys a number of scheduling rules to provide per-connection end-to-end QoS in packetswitching networks (Internet).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Zhang surveys a number of scheduling rules to provide per-connection end-to-end QoS in packetswitching networks (Internet) [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Many scheduling rules and associated performance problems have also been studied in the context of real-time and queuing systems with the goals of optimizing various performance measures such as delay and throughput.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many scheduling rules and associated performance problems have also been studied in the context of real-time and queuing systems with the goals of optimizing various performance measures such as delay and throughput [9, 12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "However, existing job scheduling rules target the optimal performance on average, in sum or with an upper bound, for a population of jobs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, existing job scheduling rules target the optimal performance on average, in sum or with an upper bound, for a population of jobs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scheduling rules that optimize average performance do not necessarily produce performance stability, which also plays an important part in end-users' QoS satisfaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Scheduling rules that optimize average performance do not necessarily produce performance stability, which also plays an important part in end-users' QoS satisfaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, end users may feel more frustrated when delays vary to a large extent at di erent times than when delays stay at a stable and thus predictable level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, end users may feel more frustrated when delays vary to a large extent at di erent times than when delays stay at a stable and thus predictable level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Quality of service (QoS) requires the di erentiation of services for data packets with di erent priorities and the enhancement of performance metrics, such as delay, packet loss, throughput, and so on.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Quality of service (QoS) requires the di erentiation of services for data packets with di erent priorities and the enhancement of performance metrics, such as delay, packet loss, throughput, and so on [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "Various kinds of network applications run on the Internet, including email, web browsing, teleconferencing, IP telephony, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various kinds of network applications run on the Internet, including email, web browsing, teleconferencing, IP telephony, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Data packets for these applications have varying characteristics and QoS requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data packets for these applications have varying characteristics and QoS requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, some applications place no 'hard' constraints on delay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, some applications place no 'hard' constraints on delay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Others, such as audio and video applications, are time-dependent and place strict constraints on delay and packet loss.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Others, such as audio and video applications, are time-dependent and place strict constraints on delay and packet loss.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "QoS on the Internet requires that data packets with di erent QoS requirements are provided di erentiated services based on those requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "QoS on the Internet requires that data packets with di erent QoS requirements are provided di erentiated services based on those requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The FIFO scheduling rule provides services to data packets based on their arrival times without consideration of their QoS requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The FIFO scheduling rule provides services to data packets based on their arrival times without consideration of their QoS requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, if we consider the scheduling of services for data packets as a job scheduling problem, theories for job scheduling in the manufacturing domain show that FIFO does not achieve optimization of job scheduling performance with regard to QoS performance metrics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, if we consider the scheduling of services for data packets as a job scheduling problem, theories for job scheduling in the manufacturing domain show that FIFO does not achieve optimization of job scheduling performance with regard to QoS performance metrics [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, Internet routers using FIFO scheduling do not provide QoS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, Internet routers using FIFO scheduling do not provide QoS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A cryptographic hash function is a function which maps an input of arbitrary length to an output of fixed length.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A cryptographic hash function is a function which maps an input of arbitrary length to an output of fixed length.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It satisfies preimage resistance, secondpreimage resistance and collision resistance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It satisfies preimage resistance, secondpreimage resistance and collision resistance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is one of the most important primitives in cryptography.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is one of the most important primitives in cryptography [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "For simplicity, a cryptographic hash function is called a hash function in this article.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For simplicity, a cryptographic hash function is called a hash function in this article.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Terpenes, and their oxygenated derivatives, terpenoids, belong to what is probably the largest and most diverse class of natural compounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Terpenes, and their oxygenated derivatives, terpenoids, belong to what is probably the largest and most diverse class of natural compounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They occur in all organisms, being the vast majority found in higher plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They occur in all organisms, being the vast majority found in higher plants [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "As components of essential oils, most of them are extensively used in different industrial sectors such as flavours, fragrances, spices, perfumeries, cosmetics, or food additives, and due to their biological activity, used for pharmaceutical and medical purposes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As components of essential oils, most of them are extensively used in different industrial sectors such as flavours, fragrances, spices, perfumeries, cosmetics, or food additives, and due to their biological activity, used for pharmaceutical and medical purposes [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we introduce a Vietnamese text-based conversational agent architecture on a specific knowledge domain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we introduce a Vietnamese text-based conversational agent architecture on a specific knowledge domain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our system aims to direct the user's statement into an appropriate context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our system aims to direct the user's statement into an appropriate context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The contexts are structured in a hierarchy of scripts consisting of rules in FrameScript language.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The contexts are structured in a hierarchy of scripts consisting of rules in FrameScript language [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, our text-based conversational agent was constructed to integrate in a Vietnamese question answering system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, our text-based conversational agent was constructed to integrate in a Vietnamese question answering system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our conversational agent provides not only information related to user's statement but also provides necessary knowledge to support our question answering system when it is unable to find an answer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our conversational agent provides not only information related to user's statement but also provides necessary knowledge to support our question answering system when it is unable to find an answer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The Board on Science Education of the National Academies conducted during 2007 a study for analyzing some common places on the potentialities of children to learn the sciences and -accordingly -on the priority of the sciences in the elementary schools.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Board on Science Education of the National Academies conducted during 2007 a study for analyzing some common places on the potentialities of children to learn the sciences and -accordingly -on the priority of the sciences in the elementary schools (Duschl et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Duschl et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Adults play a central role in promoting children's curiosity and persistence by directing their attention, structuring their experiences, supporting their learning attempts, and regulating the complexity and difficulty of levels of information for them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adults play a central role in promoting children's curiosity and persistence by directing their attention, structuring their experiences, supporting their learning attempts, and regulating the complexity and difficulty of levels of information for them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the sciences, both teachers and peers can and must fill these critical roles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the sciences, both teachers and peers can and must fill these critical roles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To be successful in science, students must be engaged in carefully structured experiences that extend their learning well beyond that which could usually be achieved in traditional approaches.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To be successful in science, students must be engaged in carefully structured experiences that extend their learning well beyond that which could usually be achieved in traditional approaches.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All children bring basic reasoning skills, personal knowledge of the natural world, and curiosity, which can be built on to achieve proficiency in science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All children bring basic reasoning skills, personal knowledge of the natural world, and curiosity, which can be built on to achieve proficiency in science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Cooperative groups of 3 preferably needed to be made.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cooperative groups of 3 preferably needed to be made.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One approach to providing collaborative opportunities for students of biology is cooperative learning, a theoretically grounded and well-researched approach in education that can increase students' learning of subject matter and improve their attitudes toward both academics in general and the subject matter specifically.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One approach to providing collaborative opportunities for students of biology is cooperative learning, a theoretically grounded and well-researched approach in education that can increase students' learning of subject matter and improve their attitudes toward both academics in general and the subject matter specifically (Johnson et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Johnson et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Many students claimed initially that they cannot see the difference between their stock and wild-type.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many students claimed initially that they cannot see the difference between their stock and wild-type.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They then continued observations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They then continued observations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The basic scientific skills of reliability, consistency, and especially careful observations are strongly reinforced by these labs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic scientific skills of reliability, consistency, and especially careful observations are strongly reinforced by these labs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students later will do a search for current scientific informations on their topic and analyze these informations on how it relates to their topic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students later will do a search for current scientific informations on their topic and analyze these informations on how it relates to their topic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students were invited to proceed to write a procedure for an experiment that answered their research question and to perform the experiment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students were invited to proceed to write a procedure for an experiment that answered their research question and to perform the experiment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To conclude the project, students prepared their finding for a classroom science fair, including a group presentation of their research and a display board.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To conclude the project, students prepared their finding for a classroom science fair, including a group presentation of their research and a display board.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A formal write-up of all steps of the process has been a requirement, and helps students to realize the importance of written communication in the scientific process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A formal write-up of all steps of the process has been a requirement, and helps students to realize the importance of written communication in the scientific process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "However, very limited studies have investigated the characteristics and behaviors of a thermoelectric heat pump, despite of its advantages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, very limited studies have investigated the characteristics and behaviors of a thermoelectric heat pump, despite of its advantages [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "The thermoelectric heat pump is expected to show different thermal behaviors with a conventional heat pump because the heat absorption (i.e., evaporator) and rejection (i.e., condenser) are occurred just within 3.5 mm to 4 mm distance in the TEM, while the condenser and evaporator in the conventional heat pump are thermally well separated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The thermoelectric heat pump is expected to show different thermal behaviors with a conventional heat pump because the heat absorption (i.e., evaporator) and rejection (i.e., condenser) are occurred just within 3.5 mm to 4 mm distance in the TEM, while the condenser and evaporator in the conventional heat pump are thermally well separated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the cooling and heating effects of the thermoelectric heat pump are based on the Peltier effect, while those of the conventional heat pump are depending on the latent heat variation required in the phase change of a refrigerant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the cooling and heating effects of the thermoelectric heat pump are based on the Peltier effect, while those of the conventional heat pump are depending on the latent heat variation required in the phase change of a refrigerant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, in this study, the empirical models were developed to predict the heat exchange effectiveness of the thermoelectric heat pump at the hot and cold sides.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, in this study, the empirical models were developed to predict the heat exchange effectiveness of the thermoelectric heat pump at the hot and cold sides.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The outlet fluid temperatures at the hot and cold sides can also be predicted based on the heat exchange effectiveness, as determined by the proposed models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The outlet fluid temperatures at the hot and cold sides can also be predicted based on the heat exchange effectiveness, as determined by the proposed models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To develop the empirical models, the experimental data of a thermoelectric heat pump for simultaneous cooling and heating of a working fluid were collected during real operation under a controlled environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To develop the empirical models, the experimental data of a thermoelectric heat pump for simultaneous cooling and heating of a working fluid were collected during real operation under a controlled environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The impact of each design parameter and interactions between design parameters on the heat exchange effectiveness at the hot side and cold side were also evaluated by statistically analyzing the collected data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The impact of each design parameter and interactions between design parameters on the heat exchange effectiveness at the hot side and cold side were also evaluated by statistically analyzing the collected data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two quadratic equations predicting the heat exchange effectiveness of the thermoelectric heat pump at the hot side and cold side were derived as a function of the selected physical and dimensionless parameters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two quadratic equations predicting the heat exchange effectiveness of the thermoelectric heat pump at the hot side and cold side were derived as a function of the selected physical and dimensionless parameters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 shows the thermoelectric heat pump that is used in this study for the simultaneous cooling and heating of water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 shows the thermoelectric heat pump that is used in this study for the simultaneous cooling and heating of water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The water blocks, hollow aluminum blocks having channels for water flowing inside were attached onto both the hot and cold sides of the TEM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The water blocks, hollow aluminum blocks having channels for water flowing inside were attached onto both the hot and cold sides of the TEM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The water block works as a sensible heat exchanger between the water and the TEM surface at constant temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The water block works as a sensible heat exchanger between the water and the TEM surface at constant temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teflon insulation was inserted between two water blocks to minimize the heat conduction from the hot side to the cold side of the TEM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Teflon insulation was inserted between two water blocks to minimize the heat conduction from the hot side to the cold side of the TEM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The automotive supply chain consists of parties, links and logistical processes that function together to deliver the end product to the final customer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The automotive supply chain consists of parties, links and logistical processes that function together to deliver the end product to the final customer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Globally, the industry is very competitive, and world-class management philosophies and practices such as just-in-time production (JIT), total quality management (TQM) and continuous improvement (CI) are already in use in these supply chains, and have been for many decades.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Globally, the industry is very competitive, and world-class management philosophies and practices such as just-in-time production (JIT), total quality management (TQM) and continuous improvement (CI) are already in use in these supply chains, and have been for many decades (Naude, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Naude, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Despite the use of these management practices, the industry's supply chains face realities and challenges that have an impact on delivery in terms of components being delivered at the right place and time, and higher inventory holding at every stage of the supply chain if logistical services are unreliable and irregular.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the use of these management practices, the industry's supply chains face realities and challenges that have an impact on delivery in terms of components being delivered at the right place and time, and higher inventory holding at every stage of the supply chain if logistical services are unreliable and irregular.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The slip mostly appears in two situations (i) when the fluids have elastic character and (ii) in the case of field gases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The slip mostly appears in two situations (i) when the fluids have elastic character and (ii) in the case of field gases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both said cases slippage acts subject to the large tangential traction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both said cases slippage acts subject to the large tangential traction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through experimental studies it is perceived that an existence of slippage is also possible in the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids such as molten polymer and in the case of polymer solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Through experimental studies it is perceived that an existence of slippage is also possible in the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids such as molten polymer and in the case of polymer solutions [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42", "BIBREF43", "BIBREF44", "BIBREF45", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The 2D sensitive THCOBRA with resistive line readout system indicates good prospects for X-ray imaging purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 2D sensitive THCOBRA with resistive line readout system indicates good prospects for X-ray imaging purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results obtained have shown a fair energy resolution capability of about -9 - Figure 11 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results obtained have shown a fair energy resolution capability of about -9 - Figure 11 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Photo of the human tooth imaged.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Photo of the human tooth imaged.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "X-ray transmission image of the tooth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "X-ray transmission image of the tooth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "X-ray tube operation conditions: 16 kV; 20 µA. 22% (FWHM) for 5.9 keV, and a charge gain above 10 4 in Ne/5%CH 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "X-ray tube operation conditions: 16 kV; 20 µA. 22% (FWHM) for 5.9 keV, and a charge gain above 10 4 in Ne/5%CH 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the position resolution was limited to about 2.5 mm due to the high photoelectron range in the present mixture (Ne/5%CH 4 ), a recent study using a CsI photocathode and a 2D-THCOBRA structure, has achieved a spatial resolution below 0.5 mm for single photoelectron.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the position resolution was limited to about 2.5 mm due to the high photoelectron range in the present mixture (Ne/5%CH 4 ), a recent study using a CsI photocathode and a 2D-THCOBRA structure, has achieved a spatial resolution below 0.5 mm for single photoelectron [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The comb filter is the most popular decimation filter usually used in the first stage of the decimation process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The comb filter is the most popular decimation filter usually used in the first stage of the decimation process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The efficient implementation structure called Cascaded-Integrator-Comb (CIC) was proposed by Hogenauer (Hogenauer).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The efficient implementation structure called Cascaded-Integrator-Comb (CIC) was proposed by Hogenauer (Hogenauer [1] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The popularity of the comb filter is due to its simplicity, its linear phase response and the fact that it does not require multiplications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The popularity of the comb filter is due to its simplicity, its linear phase response and the fact that it does not require multiplications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, comb filters have a high passband droop and a poor attenuation in the so-called folding bands (bands around the zeros of comb filter).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, comb filters have a high passband droop and a poor attenuation in the so-called folding bands (bands around the zeros of comb filter).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Energy storage competes with other generation to sell electricity in markets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy storage competes with other generation to sell electricity in markets [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "A combination of high capital costs and regulatory barriers mean that energy storage is uncompetitive in most markets at present.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A combination of high capital costs and regulatory barriers mean that energy storage is uncompetitive in most markets at present.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In several countries, governments are considering options to increase energy storage deployment through regulatory changes [e.g. 7, 8].", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In several countries, governments are considering options to increase energy storage deployment through regulatory changes [e.g. 7, 8].", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There is a precedent in the gas markets for creating a unique asset definition for storage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a precedent in the gas markets for creating a unique asset definition for storage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Security of supply and system stability is a primary concern not only for gas storage in the gas market, but for electricity as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Security of supply and system stability is a primary concern not only for gas storage in the gas market, but for electricity as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While this has concentrated on research capacity margins for generators in the past, a more encompassing approach that considered energy storage, interconnection, demand-side response, network reinforcement and flexible generation would be more suitable to reflect the evolving UK electricity market and would help to reduce the costs of ensuring supply security in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While this has concentrated on research capacity margins for generators in the past, a more encompassing approach that considered energy storage, interconnection, demand-side response, network reinforcement and flexible generation would be more suitable to reflect the evolving UK electricity market and would help to reduce the costs of ensuring supply security in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The regulatory definition of storage in the electricity system is quite different to that of gas storage in the natural gas market, which is treated as an independent asset.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The regulatory definition of storage in the electricity system is quite different to that of gas storage in the natural gas market, which is treated as an independent asset [46] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46]" ] }, { "text": "Yet, experience from the gas market suggests that creating such a definition could be insufficient to meet the goal of realizing the value of storage and other complementary technologies to minimize electricity supply costs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, experience from the gas market suggests that creating such a definition could be insufficient to meet the goal of realizing the value of storage and other complementary technologies to minimize electricity supply costs [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Artificial saliva can be distinguished by the containing of mucins, which are linear, heavily O-glycosylated proteins with multiple biological roles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Artificial saliva can be distinguished by the containing of mucins, which are linear, heavily O-glycosylated proteins with multiple biological roles [24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] }, { "text": "In support of a possible role of mucins, recombinant mucin 1 increased expression of CXCL8 in gingival fibroblasts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In support of a possible role of mucins, recombinant mucin 1 increased expression of CXCL8 in gingival fibroblasts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, CXCL8 staining was increased in the epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis and co-localized with mucins.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, CXCL8 staining was increased in the epithelium of patients with cystic fibrosis and co-localized with mucins [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Mucins are correlated with the severity of periodontal disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mucins are correlated with the severity of periodontal disease [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Mucin 2 can even be inversely correlated with CXCL8 expression, at least in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mucin 2 can even be inversely correlated with CXCL8 expression, at least in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Also, splice variants differ in their ability to modulate CXCL8 expression.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, splice variants differ in their ability to modulate CXCL8 expression [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The role of the IGFBPs in the setting of CHF is complex because they may stimulate or inhibit IGF actions .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of the IGFBPs in the setting of CHF is complex because they may stimulate or inhibit IGF actions .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the first 3 days after myocardial microembolization in porcine heart, there are elevations in IGFBP-3 and -6 mRNA and a decline in IGFBP-5 mRNA in the ischemic tissue.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first 3 days after myocardial microembolization in porcine heart, there are elevations in IGFBP-3 and -6 mRNA and a decline in IGFBP-5 mRNA in the ischemic tissue (Kluge et al. 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kluge et al. 1997)" ] }, { "text": "In contrast, there were no changes in control tissue from the same heart.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, there were no changes in control tissue from the same heart.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, 6 months after MI, IGFBP-3, -5, and -6 mRNAs were elevated in the infarct and peri-infarct zone in CHF rats, and IG-FBP-4 was increased in the infarct/peri-infarct zone and in the hypertrophying LV.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, 6 months after MI, IGFBP-3, -5, and -6 mRNAs were elevated in the infarct and peri-infarct zone in CHF rats, and IG-FBP-4 was increased in the infarct/peri-infarct zone and in the hypertrophying LV.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complexes promote wound healing , elevated levels of IGFBP-3 and IGF-I mRNAs in the infarct and peri-infarct regions in CHF rats may be involved in scar formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complexes promote wound healing , elevated levels of IGFBP-3 and IGF-I mRNAs in the infarct and peri-infarct regions in CHF rats may be involved in scar formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IGFBP-4 is inhibitory in vitro , and therefore, the intense localization of IGFBP-4 mRNA to areas of chronic tissue damage and repair may represent an attempt to limit IGF action at these sites to prevent hyperproliferation and fibrosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "IGFBP-4 is inhibitory in vitro , and therefore, the intense localization of IGFBP-4 mRNA to areas of chronic tissue damage and repair may represent an attempt to limit IGF action at these sites to prevent hyperproliferation and fibrosis (Delafontaine 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Delafontaine 1995)" ] }, { "text": "IGFBP-5 mRNA was localized to the endothelial cells of vessels in the infarct/peri-infarct region but not in the hypertrophying LV or sham LV, where it may translocate systemic IGF-I into the heart.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IGFBP-5 mRNA was localized to the endothelial cells of vessels in the infarct/peri-infarct region but not in the hypertrophying LV or sham LV, where it may translocate systemic IGF-I into the heart.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although their precise roles cannot be defined from this study, increased expression of IGFBPs in specific locations in the CHF heart is likely to finely regulate IGF-I effects on remodeling and tissue repair.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although their precise roles cannot be defined from this study, increased expression of IGFBPs in specific locations in the CHF heart is likely to finely regulate IGF-I effects on remodeling and tissue repair.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Changes in the expression of the IGF system in this model may be the result of either ischemia-induced CHF or a response to injury.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Changes in the expression of the IGF system in this model may be the result of either ischemia-induced CHF or a response to injury.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, regulation of mRNA away from the ischemic area, such as an increase in IGFBP-4 mRNA in the hypertrophying LV, suggests that this is not merely a response to injury.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, regulation of mRNA away from the ischemic area, such as an increase in IGFBP-4 mRNA in the hypertrophying LV, suggests that this is not merely a response to injury.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The effect of alkaline episodes may be particularly important within the study site for areas sensitive to acid deposition such as alpine lakes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of alkaline episodes may be particularly important within the study site for areas sensitive to acid deposition such as alpine lakes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Estimating the contribution of dust to the chemical variability of these ecosystems is not easy, owing to the lack of quantitative studies in remote areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Estimating the contribution of dust to the chemical variability of these ecosystems is not easy, owing to the lack of quantitative studies in remote areas (Psenner, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Psenner, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the frequency and magnitude of dust events and their effects in terms of alkalinity inputs through atmospheric deposition cannot be neglected when dealing with acidification and recovery processes at acid-sensitive sites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the frequency and magnitude of dust events and their effects in terms of alkalinity inputs through atmospheric deposition cannot be neglected when dealing with acidification and recovery processes at acid-sensitive sites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high calcium content of Saharan aerosols as well as the dissolution and release of calcium from the snowpack may be important for biogeochemical cycles involving acid neutralization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high calcium content of Saharan aerosols as well as the dissolution and release of calcium from the snowpack may be important for biogeochemical cycles involving acid neutralization (De Angelis and Gaudichet, 1991; Delmas et al., 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(De Angelis and Gaudichet, 1991; Delmas et al., 1996)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The contributions of Saharan events to the total annual fluxes of ionic species dissolved in rain are shown in prior to 1984 were not considered owing to the use of different methods for the analysis of major anions and cations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The contributions of Saharan events to the total annual fluxes of ionic species dissolved in rain are shown in prior to 1984 were not considered owing to the use of different methods for the analysis of major anions and cations (Tartari and Mosello, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tartari and Mosello, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "In some cases, although Saharan events occurred, no chemical analysis was performed owing to the low volume of precipitation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In some cases, although Saharan events occurred, no chemical analysis was performed owing to the low volume of precipitation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In spite of the low amount of precipitation (3-17% of the annual amount), these events carry from 12% to 76% of the calcium deposition and from 32 to 100% of the alkalinity deposition (Table 4) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In spite of the low amount of precipitation (3-17% of the annual amount), these events carry from 12% to 76% of the calcium deposition and from 32 to 100% of the alkalinity deposition (Table 4) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A weak correlation was found between the number of Saharan events per year and the annual deposition of the major chemical compounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A weak correlation was found between the number of Saharan events per year and the annual deposition of the major chemical compounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some years received 1984 3 9 9 55 51 18 22 100 12 10 17 1985 2 11 6 72 13 33 5 -8 5 6 1986 0 ----------1987 1 6 9 47 15 21 12 -12 7 22 1988 4 8 10 34 22 15 12 100 9 7 15 1989 1 ----------1990 1 3 3 24 13 7 4 82 4 3 5 1991 1 12 16 62 30 44 18 100 18 10 34 1992 3 ----------1993 2 10 18 40 24 29 15 98 14 17 31 1994 3 13 21 48 27 19 19 91 19 18 17 1995 1 ----------1996 3 8 16 34 19 29 17 48 14 12 25 1997 0 ----------1998 1 ----------1999 4 6 10 21 13 10 10 32 10 10 9 2000 5 17 12 39 25 26 21 70 17 17 24 2001 4 6 4 12 8 7 5 41 5 4 5 2002 8 24 34 76 55 49 52 88 31 28 48 a few events (one or two) but with a high load of calcium and alkalinity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some years received 1984 3 9 9 55 51 18 22 100 12 10 17 1985 2 11 6 72 13 33 5 -8 5 6 1986 0 ----------1987 1 6 9 47 15 21 12 -12 7 22 1988 4 8 10 34 22 15 12 100 9 7 15 1989 1 ----------1990 1 3 3 24 13 7 4 82 4 3 5 1991 1 12 16 62 30 44 18 100 18 10 34 1992 3 ----------1993 2 10 18 40 24 29 15 98 14 17 31 1994 3 13 21 48 27 19 19 91 19 18 17 1995 1 ----------1996 3 8 16 34 19 29 17 48 14 12 25 1997 0 ----------1998 1 ----------1999 4 6 10 21 13 10 10 32 10 10 9 2000 5 17 12 39 25 26 21 70 17 17 24 2001 4 6 4 12 8 7 5 41 5 4 5 2002 8 24 34 76 55 49 52 88 31 28 48 a few events (one or two) but with a high load of calcium and alkalinity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As an example, only one event occurred in 1991, with 32 and 24 meq m −2 yr −1 of calcium and alkalinity deposition, accounting for over 60% and 100% of the annual fluxes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As an example, only one event occurred in 1991, with 32 and 24 meq m −2 yr −1 of calcium and alkalinity deposition, accounting for over 60% and 100% of the annual fluxes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Several studies of rain chemistry were performed in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s, with special attention being paid to the acidification processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several studies of rain chemistry were performed in Italy in the 1970s and 1980s, with special attention being paid to the acidification processes (Marchetto et al., 1994; Mosello and Marchetto, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Marchetto et al., 1994; Mosello and Marchetto, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "The results showed that the highest acidity levels and concentrations of acidifying pollutants (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium) were found in Northwestern Italy .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results showed that the highest acidity levels and concentrations of acidifying pollutants (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium) were found in Northwestern Italy .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this area the deposition values were close to those found in the most polluted areas of Europe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this area the deposition values were close to those found in the most polluted areas of Europe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the area within the Lake Maggiore watershed borders to the north of the most densely inhabited part of the Po Plain, which receives the highest sulfur and nitrogen loads in Italy .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the area within the Lake Maggiore watershed borders to the north of the most densely inhabited part of the Po Plain, which receives the highest sulfur and nitrogen loads in Italy .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is due to the high amount of precipitation (up to 2000 mm yr −1 ) and to the precipitation in this area, which mostly occurs when the wind blows from the south.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is due to the high amount of precipitation (up to 2000 mm yr −1 ) and to the precipitation in this area, which mostly occurs when the wind blows from the south.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous studies have dealt with the long-term trends of nitrogen, sulfate and acidity deposition in this region and with the chemical evolution of streams and lakes in the alpine and subalpine area.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous studies have dealt with the long-term trends of nitrogen, sulfate and acidity deposition in this region and with the chemical evolution of streams and lakes in the alpine and subalpine area (Mosello et al., 2000; Rogora et al. 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mosello et al., 2000; Rogora et al. 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Studies performed over the past two decades have demonstrated that large amounts of soil dust are moved by winds, mostly from arid regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies performed over the past two decades have demonstrated that large amounts of soil dust are moved by winds, mostly from arid regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "North Africa is one of the largest sources of mineral dust in the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "North Africa is one of the largest sources of mineral dust in the world (Prospero, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Prospero, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Dust sources are active all year, especially in summer, when they feed strong pulses across the Mediterranean to Europe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dust sources are active all year, especially in summer, when they feed strong pulses across the Mediterranean to Europe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Generation, transport and deposition of Saharan dust over the Mediterranean area depend on the prevailing wind circulation and climatic conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generation, transport and deposition of Saharan dust over the Mediterranean area depend on the prevailing wind circulation and climatic conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The process is highly variable across space and time, first of all because dust outbreaks are related to the occurrence of a southerly flow ahead of synoptic frontal systems which move eastwards across the Mediterranean or originate in the North Sahara and move northeastwards.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The process is highly variable across space and time, first of all because dust outbreaks are related to the occurrence of a southerly flow ahead of synoptic frontal systems which move eastwards across the Mediterranean or originate in the North Sahara and move northeastwards (Bergametti et al., 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bergametti et al., 1987)" ] }, { "text": "Saharan dust pulses are also highly dependent on any climatological changes which may occur in the Mediterranean region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Saharan dust pulses are also highly dependent on any climatological changes which may occur in the Mediterranean region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The frequency and magnitude of dust storm events can be affected by changes in storm tracks as well as by changes in the vertical stability of the atmosphere and in the precipitation regime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The frequency and magnitude of dust storm events can be affected by changes in storm tracks as well as by changes in the vertical stability of the atmosphere and in the precipitation regime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further modifications in the pattern of dust deposition are determined by variations in the atmospheric circulation at a regional and local level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further modifications in the pattern of dust deposition are determined by variations in the atmospheric circulation at a regional and local level (Giorgi, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Giorgi, 1996)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Several factors are involved in this notion of profitability and production control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several factors are involved in this notion of profitability and production control (Sigurgisladottir, Torrissen, Lie, Thomassen, & Hafsteinsson, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF54" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sigurgisladottir, Torrissen, Lie, Thomassen, & Hafsteinsson, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "The most important ones are processing yields and a respect for the characteristics of the finished product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most important ones are processing yields and a respect for the characteristics of the finished product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter, independently of health considerations, concern chemical (salt, water, lipid and phenol contents), physical (texture and colour) and sensory aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter, independently of health considerations, concern chemical (salt, water, lipid and phenol contents), physical (texture and colour) and sensory aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Let G = (V, E) be a connected simple graph on n vertices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let G = (V, E) be a connected simple graph on n vertices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The distance between two vertices u, v ∈ V is denoted by d uv and is defined as the length of the shortest path between u and v in G. The distance matrix D = (d uv ) u,v∈V is a symmetric real matrix, with real eigenvalues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The distance between two vertices u, v ∈ V is denoted by d uv and is defined as the length of the shortest path between u and v in G. The distance matrix D = (d uv ) u,v∈V is a symmetric real matrix, with real eigenvalues [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The distance spectral radius ρ(G) = ρ G of G is the largest eigenvalue of the distance matrix D of the graph G.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The distance spectral radius ρ(G) = ρ G of G is the largest eigenvalue of the distance matrix D of the graph G.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Using municipality and street name evacuation messages resulted in higher evacuation intentions than messages about evacuations in flood zones and floodprone areas across all respondents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using municipality and street name evacuation messages resulted in higher evacuation intentions than messages about evacuations in flood zones and floodprone areas across all respondents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was surprising that specifying that the respondent's street name was being evacuated did not result in higher evacuation intentions than specifying the respondent's municipality, as this could be seen as likely to increase perceived personal relevance of the message, which has been shown to increase evacuation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was surprising that specifying that the respondent's street name was being evacuated did not result in higher evacuation intentions than specifying the respondent's municipality, as this could be seen as likely to increase perceived personal relevance of the message, which has been shown to increase evacuation (Mileti and O'Brien 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mileti and O'Brien 1992)" ] }, { "text": "This finding suggests that it may not be worth the resources for emergency managers to create targeted street-level messages, as we did not find evidence that they would yield additional evacuations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This finding suggests that it may not be worth the resources for emergency managers to create targeted street-level messages, as we did not find evidence that they would yield additional evacuations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, additional study of targeted street-level messages is needed before concluding that they do not increase evacuation in a real world context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, additional study of targeted street-level messages is needed before concluding that they do not increase evacuation in a real world context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, while we did find main effects for these location-based messages, overall these messages had only a small effect (explaining 2.8% of variance in evacuation intentions).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, while we did find main effects for these location-based messages, overall these messages had only a small effect (explaining 2.8% of variance in evacuation intentions).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Evacuation messages are often provided in inconsistent ways across municipalities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Evacuation messages are often provided in inconsistent ways across municipalities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A recent winter coastal storm forecasted to affect NJ shore towns provides a clear example of how neighboring municipalities can send very different messages in advance of a storm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A recent winter coastal storm forecasted to affect NJ shore towns provides a clear example of how neighboring municipalities can send very different messages in advance of a storm (Kopp et al. 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kopp et al. 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Figure 1 illustrates that although geographically proximate municipalities faced a similar storm threat, the information provided in the evacuation notices varied in terms of content and wording.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 illustrates that although geographically proximate municipalities faced a similar storm threat, the information provided in the evacuation notices varied in terms of content and wording.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One town in Ocean County issued a ''mandatory'' evacuation notice, while others in the same county issued ''voluntary'' evacuation notices, and other towns ''encouraged'' residents to evacuate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One town in Ocean County issued a ''mandatory'' evacuation notice, while others in the same county issued ''voluntary'' evacuation notices, and other towns ''encouraged'' residents to evacuate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to variation in the evacuation notice level, there are a number of different of ways of describing the geographic locations to be evacuated, ranging from the entire municipality (e.g., city or township), low-lying areas, and flood zones, as well as identifying the evacuation area in terms of border streets and listing the names of specific streets to be evacuated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to variation in the evacuation notice level, there are a number of different of ways of describing the geographic locations to be evacuated, ranging from the entire municipality (e.g., city or township), low-lying areas, and flood zones, as well as identifying the evacuation area in terms of border streets and listing the names of specific streets to be evacuated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Decisions to evacuate as a hurricane approaches are complex and influenced by many factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Decisions to evacuate as a hurricane approaches are complex and influenced by many factors (Hasan et al. 2011; Lazo et al. 2015; Lindell and Perry 2012; Morss et al. 2015; Whitehead et al. 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hasan et al. 2011; Lazo et al. 2015; Lindell and Perry 2012; Morss et al. 2015; Whitehead et al. 2000)" ] }, { "text": "One influential factor is the information that people receive related to the approaching hurricane, including evacuation notices and other risk messages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One influential factor is the information that people receive related to the approaching hurricane, including evacuation notices and other risk messages (Gladwin et al. 2001; Burnside et al. 2007; Dow and Cutter 1998; Morss and Hayden 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gladwin et al. 2001; Burnside et al. 2007; Dow and Cutter 1998; Morss and Hayden 2010)" ] }, { "text": "In addition, unlike many other factors that influence evacuation decisions, those issuing risk messages often have control over which messages are developed, how they are worded, and to which residents they are disseminated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, unlike many other factors that influence evacuation decisions, those issuing risk messages often have control over which messages are developed, how they are worded, and to which residents they are disseminated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In this work we do not undertake a systematic development of the representation theory of 2-groups on Kapranov and Voevodsky's 2-vector spaces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work we do not undertake a systematic development of the representation theory of 2-groups on Kapranov and Voevodsky's 2-vector spaces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, we do not consider analogs of the notions of direct sum, irreducibility and character of an arbitrary representation and do not try to state and prove results similar to those established in classical linear representation theory of groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, we do not consider analogs of the notions of direct sum, irreducibility and character of an arbitrary representation and do not try to state and prove results similar to those established in classical linear representation theory of groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We do not consider either the important question of the monoidal structure on the obtained 2-category of representations (some work in this direction appears in the above mentioned work by Barrett and Mackaay).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We do not consider either the important question of the monoidal structure on the obtained 2-category of representations (some work in this direction appears in the above mentioned work by Barrett and Mackaay [3] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Instead, this paper is intended as a first step towards this representation theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead, this paper is intended as a first step towards this representation theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main results we get can be stated as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main results we get can be stated as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The testing methods and procedure for the measurement of the TCC are also complicated and time-consuming.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The testing methods and procedure for the measurement of the TCC are also complicated and time-consuming.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, there are three methods of measuring the TCC: the two-linear parallel probe method, the plane heat source method, and the hot guarded plate method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, there are three methods of measuring the TCC: the two-linear parallel probe method, the plane heat source method, and the hot guarded plate method (Morabito 1989; Carslaw and Jaeger 1959; Nevile 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Morabito 1989; Carslaw and Jaeger 1959; Nevile 1995)" ] }, { "text": "All the three methods based on similar basic principles require additional efforts to cut the specimen thin and firmly place the thermal probe on/in the specimen, as well as long time control of the dependent and independent variables during the entire testing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the three methods based on similar basic principles require additional efforts to cut the specimen thin and firmly place the thermal probe on/in the specimen, as well as long time control of the dependent and independent variables during the entire testing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the conditions of concrete structures exposed to real environmental conditions might differ from those experimentally controlled.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the conditions of concrete structures exposed to real environmental conditions might differ from those experimentally controlled.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, for the evaluation of temperature distributions and thermal behaviors in the current state of concrete structures, an accurate prediction of the value of the TCC that can account for all these characteristics of the concrete is essential but very complex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, for the evaluation of temperature distributions and thermal behaviors in the current state of concrete structures, an accurate prediction of the value of the TCC that can account for all these characteristics of the concrete is essential but very complex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, to investigate the complexity and influences of numerous factors on the TCC, we have employed a backpropagation neural algorithm that emerged as a new alternative to complicated pattern recognition in many fields such as the medical and biochemistry field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, to investigate the complexity and influences of numerous factors on the TCC, we have employed a backpropagation neural algorithm that emerged as a new alternative to complicated pattern recognition in many fields such as the medical and biochemistry field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The neural network, a prediction method for the estimation of the TCC, was constructed and trained using 124 experimental data obtained by previous studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The neural network, a prediction method for the estimation of the TCC, was constructed and trained using 124 experimental data obtained by previous studies (Kim et al. 2003; Morabito 1989; Harmathy 1983; Yamazaki et al. 1995; Lie and Kodur 1996; Van Geem et al. 1997; Khan et al. 1998; Khan 2002; Kodur and Sultan 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kim et al. 2003; Morabito 1989; Harmathy 1983; Yamazaki et al. 1995; Lie and Kodur 1996; Van Geem et al. 1997; Khan et al. 1998; Khan 2002; Kodur and Sultan 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Based on their data sets, the developed neural network model was trained with regard to eleven parameters: nine parameters representing the composition of concrete constituents, which were the water-cement ratio, the fine aggregate percentage, the coarse aggregate percentage, the unit water weight, the unit cement weight, the unit fine aggregate weight, the unit coarse aggregate weight, the unit fly ash weight, and the unit silica fume weight, and two parameters representing the state of concrete, which were the temperature of the concrete and the water content in the concrete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on their data sets, the developed neural network model was trained with regard to eleven parameters: nine parameters representing the composition of concrete constituents, which were the water-cement ratio, the fine aggregate percentage, the coarse aggregate percentage, the unit water weight, the unit cement weight, the unit fine aggregate weight, the unit coarse aggregate weight, the unit fly ash weight, and the unit silica fume weight, and two parameters representing the state of concrete, which were the temperature of the concrete and the water content in the concrete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the TCC estimated by the neural network model was compared with 28 randomlyselected measured data not included in the neural network training.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the TCC estimated by the neural network model was compared with 28 randomlyselected measured data not included in the neural network training.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the neural network model, trained by the eleven parameters, accurately estimated the values of the TCC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the neural network model, trained by the eleven parameters, accurately estimated the values of the TCC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, this study demonstrated that the proposed prediction method based on a neural network algorithm could be used as a reliable and effective technique for determining thermal conductivity in the thermal design and analysis of concrete structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this study demonstrated that the proposed prediction method based on a neural network algorithm could be used as a reliable and effective technique for determining thermal conductivity in the thermal design and analysis of concrete structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "On the basis of our findings, we think such a division of teacher education is not fruitful.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the basis of our findings, we think such a division of teacher education is not fruitful.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We argue for a more integrative model, as the question of sustainability is not just about values and ethics; it is about content, pedagogy and didactics as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We argue for a more integrative model, as the question of sustainability is not just about values and ethics; it is about content, pedagogy and didactics as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The literature on teacher professionalism and teacher education has, however, primarily been interested in how to make a bridge between theory and practice in teacher education.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The literature on teacher professionalism and teacher education has, however, primarily been interested in how to make a bridge between theory and practice in teacher education [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42]" ] }, { "text": "There are now many studies that show how different teacher education programmes make such an integration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are now many studies that show how different teacher education programmes make such an integration [19] [20] [21] [22] 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21] [22] 43]" ] }, { "text": "Our data shows there is still a job to do to make education for sustainability a standard element in teacher professionalism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data shows there is still a job to do to make education for sustainability a standard element in teacher professionalism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Both nationally and at an EU level there is a drive to raise the quality of teaching and to \"revise and strengthen the professional profile of all teaching professions\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both nationally and at an EU level there is a drive to raise the quality of teaching and to \"revise and strengthen the professional profile of all teaching professions\" [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Our data indicates that teacher education is following this drive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data indicates that teacher education is following this drive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Students feel prepared to meet the demands of being a professional teacher in that they feel they can cope with the differences among pupils and are thus prepared to work as teacher in schools and classes with large variety among students regarding their abilities and needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students feel prepared to meet the demands of being a professional teacher in that they feel they can cope with the differences among pupils and are thus prepared to work as teacher in schools and classes with large variety among students regarding their abilities and needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Student teachers also feel they are prepared to be critical of their own practice and reflect on what they are doing, and, in line with the ideas of professionalism drawn from the European commission and OECD, they feel prepared to work collaboratively and to learn and develop themselves as teachers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Student teachers also feel they are prepared to be critical of their own practice and reflect on what they are doing, and, in line with the ideas of professionalism drawn from the European commission and OECD, they feel prepared to work collaboratively and to learn and develop themselves as teachers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "However, views on how teacher education prepares them to educate for sustainability varied strongly among the students from the different teacher programmes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, views on how teacher education prepares them to educate for sustainability varied strongly among the students from the different teacher programmes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Strong variation was also found among European teachers concerning their awareness of environmental problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Strong variation was also found among European teachers concerning their awareness of environmental problems [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44]" ] }, { "text": "Perhaps cultural and economic traits can explain this variation, both in teacher education programmes and among teachers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps cultural and economic traits can explain this variation, both in teacher education programmes and among teachers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our study does, to some extent, support such a thesis, but we also found that making demands of teacher education curricula to deal with education for sustainability may positively affect change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study does, to some extent, support such a thesis, but we also found that making demands of teacher education curricula to deal with education for sustainability may positively affect change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This calls for curriculum studies of teacher education programmes to determine where and to what extent the issues of sustainability have a place.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This calls for curriculum studies of teacher education programmes to determine where and to what extent the issues of sustainability have a place.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "But what should future teachers be able to do?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But what should future teachers be able to do?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the need for more sustainable ways of living becomes more documented, it is clear that education must focus on environmental issues and build competence among students so that future citizens can contribute to reducing the human degradation of the natural environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the need for more sustainable ways of living becomes more documented, it is clear that education must focus on environmental issues and build competence among students so that future citizens can contribute to reducing the human degradation of the natural environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, teacher education must train student teachers to have the ability to teach in ways that value sustainability and promote environmentally sound ways of living.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, teacher education must train student teachers to have the ability to teach in ways that value sustainability and promote environmentally sound ways of living.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The question about sustainability is mostly addressed in discussions about school curriculums, not teacher education curriculums, but there is growing literature on \"Teacher education for sustainability\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The question about sustainability is mostly addressed in discussions about school curriculums, not teacher education curriculums, but there is growing literature on \"Teacher education for sustainability\" [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Various kinds of electrodes have been used to sample the ECG signal, and the electrodes that are most commonly used to monitor Electrocardiogram (ECG) are gel-type silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various kinds of electrodes have been used to sample the ECG signal, and the electrodes that are most commonly used to monitor Electrocardiogram (ECG) are gel-type silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although such electrodes have been widely used, they are limited in their long-term usage because they usually cause irritation to the skin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although such electrodes have been widely used, they are limited in their long-term usage because they usually cause irritation to the skin [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the gel also dries over time, which will cause a dramatic decrease in the signal quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the gel also dries over time, which will cause a dramatic decrease in the signal quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, signal noise is enhanced by the space charge layer at the interface between the skin and the electrode paste.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, signal noise is enhanced by the space charge layer at the interface between the skin and the electrode paste.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, sweat is another source of signal degradation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, sweat is another source of signal degradation [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The increased appreciation of these ecological concepts has led scientists to broaden their thinking about connectivity restoration beyond corridors and into the paradigm of structural vs. functional connectivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The increased appreciation of these ecological concepts has led scientists to broaden their thinking about connectivity restoration beyond corridors and into the paradigm of structural vs. functional connectivity [36] [37] [38] [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36] [37] [38] [39]" ] }, { "text": "Under this paradigm, structural connectivity is anything that physically links separate populations, and it may consist of just about any kind of landscape heterogeneity in between occupied patches of habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under this paradigm, structural connectivity is anything that physically links separate populations, and it may consist of just about any kind of landscape heterogeneity in between occupied patches of habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Examples of structural connectivity include corridors and partially vegetated drainage lines or fence lines, but also more subtle habitat elements such as scattered trees or shrubs, or even scattered clumps of tussock grass or coarse woody debris.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Examples of structural connectivity include corridors and partially vegetated drainage lines or fence lines, but also more subtle habitat elements such as scattered trees or shrubs, or even scattered clumps of tussock grass or coarse woody debris.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, functional connectivity refers to the outcome we desire from these structural features-the degree to which movement and dispersal actually occur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, functional connectivity refers to the outcome we desire from these structural features-the degree to which movement and dispersal actually occur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research is now focused on trying to understand the relationships between structural and functional connectivity, which includes work on corridors but is more broadly focused on movement and gene flow in heterogeneous landscapes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Research is now focused on trying to understand the relationships between structural and functional connectivity, which includes work on corridors but is more broadly focused on movement and gene flow in heterogeneous landscapes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ideally, this research will reveal which types of structural connectivity really do provide functional connectivity (dispersal in the landscape) for the majority of species in an ecosystem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ideally, this research will reveal which types of structural connectivity really do provide functional connectivity (dispersal in the landscape) for the majority of species in an ecosystem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Despite a lack of government guidelines, two further reasonable assumptions can be made regarding the purpose of bursaries: to promote access and improve the university attainment of disadvantaged students, and to promote choice between universities through price differentials (the latter was formally tested in an OFFA commissioned report).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite a lack of government guidelines, two further reasonable assumptions can be made regarding the purpose of bursaries: to promote access and improve the university attainment of disadvantaged students, and to promote choice between universities through price differentials (the latter was formally tested in an OFFA commissioned report [4] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Testing the impact of bursary aid on student participation and/or attainment is beyond the scope of this paper (the causal relationship between bursary aid and university outcomes (completion, annual module scores and degree classification) will be explored in a forthcoming companion paper).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Testing the impact of bursary aid on student participation and/or attainment is beyond the scope of this paper (the causal relationship between bursary aid and university outcomes (completion, annual module scores and degree classification) will be explored in a forthcoming companion paper [5] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "However, given the amount of money spent on these forms of aid, understanding how universities have used and continue to use bursaries, and which students have benefitted from these forms of aid is of importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, given the amount of money spent on these forms of aid, understanding how universities have used and continue to use bursaries, and which students have benefitted from these forms of aid is of importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), is a distinct marine ecoregion encompassing continental shore between southern Baja California to northern Peru including oceanic island groups such as Cocos, Malpelo, and Galápagos oceanic islands.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), is a distinct marine ecoregion encompassing continental shore between southern Baja California to northern Peru including oceanic island groups such as Cocos, Malpelo, and Galápagos oceanic islands (Spalding et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Spalding et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "However, within this broader region, the Pacific waters of Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia and Ecuador ( Fig. 1) share particular conservation significance by containing a cluster of World Heritage Sites.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, within this broader region, the Pacific waters of Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia and Ecuador ( Fig. 1) share particular conservation significance by containing a cluster of World Heritage Sites (Edgar et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Edgar et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "This area, termed in this study as the ETP, is an important biogeographical region in terms of marine resource productivity and biodiversity, supporting a range of rich fisheries and exhibiting many endemic species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This area, termed in this study as the ETP, is an important biogeographical region in terms of marine resource productivity and biodiversity, supporting a range of rich fisheries and exhibiting many endemic species (Fiedler and Talley, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fiedler and Talley, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "In this paper we use retrospective techniques to reconstruct mangrove forest history in ETP countries, with the aim of understanding the historical reasons behind mangrove deforestation in the region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we use retrospective techniques to reconstruct mangrove forest history in ETP countries, with the aim of understanding the historical reasons behind mangrove deforestation in the region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, we review available estimates of mangrove area from recent years and evaluate the representation of mangroves in the marine protected areas of four countries, examining existing policies regarding mangrove conservation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, we review available estimates of mangrove area from recent years and evaluate the representation of mangroves in the marine protected areas of four countries, examining existing policies regarding mangrove conservation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The historical timeline of ETP mangrove forests and their current protection status that we present improves our understanding of the relationship dynamics between mangroves and humans, and provides a regional information baseline from which governments can build improved management strategies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The historical timeline of ETP mangrove forests and their current protection status that we present improves our understanding of the relationship dynamics between mangroves and humans, and provides a regional information baseline from which governments can build improved management strategies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The evaluation of substation reliability is based on analysis of its electrical diagrams and of the impact of its emergency regimes on the operational reliability of the whole EPS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The evaluation of substation reliability is based on analysis of its electrical diagrams and of the impact of its emergency regimes on the operational reliability of the whole EPS [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "The development of EPS and the renovation of its primary and secondary equipment cause changes in the reliability factors of some substations and, as a result, of the whole EPS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of EPS and the renovation of its primary and secondary equipment cause changes in the reliability factors of some substations and, as a result, of the whole EPS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the reliability evaluation of existing substations is a topical problem of practical importance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the reliability evaluation of existing substations is a topical problem of practical importance [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Participants and procedure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants and procedure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Participants comprised a national sample of 1,609 workers stratified by state population (55% male).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants comprised a national sample of 1,609 workers stratified by state population (55% male).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We stratified the sample to obtain sufficient representation from states with lower populations and to oversample minority workers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We stratified the sample to obtain sufficient representation from states with lower populations and to oversample minority workers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Within stratifications, sampling was random.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Within stratifications, sampling was random.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Responses resulted from a mailed distribution of 7,000 surveys, for a 23% response rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Responses resulted from a mailed distribution of 7,000 surveys, for a 23% response rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "No incentive was offered for survey completion, and all surveys remained anonymous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "No incentive was offered for survey completion, and all surveys remained anonymous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The response rate we obtained compares favorably with other organizationally relevant research that used mail administration of paper-and-pencil survey instruments without direct participant incentives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The response rate we obtained compares favorably with other organizationally relevant research that used mail administration of paper-and-pencil survey instruments without direct participant incentives (Roth & BeVier, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roth & BeVier, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "This paper aims at assessing suitable modeling approaches to the issues of annual crop mixtures and at highlighting issues that cannot be addressed by current models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper aims at assessing suitable modeling approaches to the issues of annual crop mixtures and at highlighting issues that cannot be addressed by current models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Annual crop mixtures are classified based on spatio-temporal heterogeneity and the assumption that agroecosystem heterogeneity influences the types of models and their corresponding formalisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Annual crop mixtures are classified based on spatio-temporal heterogeneity and the assumption that agroecosystem heterogeneity influences the types of models and their corresponding formalisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A universal model applicable to all agroecosystems is not feasible; therefore, model development depends on the system and the issues considered.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A universal model applicable to all agroecosystems is not feasible; therefore, model development depends on the system and the issues considered (Sinclair and Seligman 1996; Affholder et al. 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF168", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sinclair and Seligman 1996; Affholder et al. 2012)" ] }, { "text": "The key ecological processes within crop mixtures are discussed, focusing on the spatial scale at which they occur and their relative importance as a function of the type of crop mixture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The key ecological processes within crop mixtures are discussed, focusing on the spatial scale at which they occur and their relative importance as a function of the type of crop mixture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, the paper focuses on the ability of existing models (crop models and IBMs) to represent the types of crop mixtures identified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, the paper focuses on the ability of existing models (crop models and IBMs) to represent the types of crop mixtures identified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main features and applications of each modeling approach are discussed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main features and applications of each modeling approach are discussed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our review focuses particularly on analyzing strengths, weaknesses, and the complementarity of existing models as an initial step to help improving them in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our review focuses particularly on analyzing strengths, weaknesses, and the complementarity of existing models as an initial step to help improving them in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) belong to the sort of photodetectors with single-photon detection capability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) belong to the sort of photodetectors with single-photon detection capability [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "These devices consist in a monolithic array of multiple single avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operated in Geiger mode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These devices consist in a monolithic array of multiple single avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operated in Geiger mode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each component or pixel produces a pulse of constant amplitude regardless of the number of impinging photons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each component or pixel produces a pulse of constant amplitude regardless of the number of impinging photons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All pixels are connected to the same output channel providing a total output signal equal to the sum of those from the individual pixels, which enables a large dynamic range and photon counting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All pixels are connected to the same output channel providing a total output signal equal to the sum of those from the individual pixels, which enables a large dynamic range and photon counting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SiPMs offer desirable properties like high gain and sensitivity, and very good time and photon-counting resolutions, which have increased interest in the use of these photodetectors in numerous applications displacing more traditional ones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SiPMs offer desirable properties like high gain and sensitivity, and very good time and photon-counting resolutions, which have increased interest in the use of these photodetectors in numerous applications displacing more traditional ones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, their photon-counting ability is seriously limited by optical crosstalk, which affects the linearity of the detector, in particular, causing a significant excess noise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, their photon-counting ability is seriously limited by optical crosstalk, which affects the linearity of the detector, in particular, causing a significant excess noise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The very relevant influence of crosstalk on the performance of SiPMs has been contemplated in most characterization studies of these devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The very relevant influence of crosstalk on the performance of SiPMs has been contemplated in most characterization studies of these devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a more accurate description of this effect is still necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a more accurate description of this effect is still necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Instance-based matching is needed in many applications, such as data and schema integration, ecommerce, evolution of schemas and applications, warehousing, designing of databases, creation and management of websites and component-based development ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instance-based matching is needed in many applications, such as data and schema integration, ecommerce, evolution of schemas and applications, warehousing, designing of databases, creation and management of websites and component-based development ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Suppose two companies decided to corporate with each other; in this case, they need to integrate their databases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Suppose two companies decided to corporate with each other; in this case, they need to integrate their databases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As it is known that every company has documents stored in the databases with different schemas and to integrate these schemas, the detecting of the matched candidates is needed for the merging process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As it is known that every company has documents stored in the databases with different schemas and to integrate these schemas, the detecting of the matched candidates is needed for the merging process (Shvaiko and Euzenat, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shvaiko and Euzenat, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In this approach we focus on schema matching problem which is the first step in schema integration task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this approach we focus on schema matching problem which is the first step in schema integration task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The schema matching is the process of finding semantic relationships between schema elements that existing in distinct data sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The schema matching is the process of finding semantic relationships between schema elements that existing in distinct data sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be defined as the process that its input is two schemas and returns a mapping that identifies corresponding elements in the two schemas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be defined as the process that its input is two schemas and returns a mapping that identifies corresponding elements in the two schemas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instance-based matching is used to increase the accuracy especially in some cases like when the element names in abbreviation form.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instance-based matching is used to increase the accuracy especially in some cases like when the element names in abbreviation form.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore recently, concerns have been put on instancebased matching.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore recently, concerns have been put on instancebased matching (Madhavan et al., 2001; Gomes de Carvalho et al., 2012; Mehdi et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Madhavan et al., 2001; Gomes de Carvalho et al., 2012; Mehdi et al., 2012)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Consider a comparison of shopping website is needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consider a comparison of shopping website is needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case we need to collect the product offers from multiple independent online stores and perform the comparison process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case we need to collect the product offers from multiple independent online stores and perform the comparison process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The comparison site developers need to match the product categories of each store against the categories of the other stores.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The comparison site developers need to match the product categories of each store against the categories of the other stores.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, the product_code field in one schema may match the product_ID fields in the other schema.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, the product_code field in one schema may match the product_ID fields in the other schema.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also the merger between two companies, both of which need to combine their relational databases that propagated by different departments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also the merger between two companies, both of which need to combine their relational databases that propagated by different departments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In integration applications and in other data warehousing applications, matching process of relational schemas is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In integration applications and in other data warehousing applications, matching process of relational schemas is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Schema matching is used for a variety of other types of schemas such as UML class taxonomies, ER diagrams and ontologies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Schema matching is used for a variety of other types of schemas such as UML class taxonomies, ER diagrams and ontologies (Melnik et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Melnik et al., 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Some experimental studies have also been carried out.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some experimental studies have also been carried out.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The field angular dependence of a racetrack coil has been measured, in which the critical current variation showed a good agreement with that of a single tape.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The field angular dependence of a racetrack coil has been measured, in which the critical current variation showed a good agreement with that of a single tape [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The critical current for different radial parts (from inner sections to outer sections) of a pancake coil has also been measured, suggesting that the inner layers contribute much more to the resulting end-to-end voltage drop than the outer layers do, when the applied current is greater than a critical value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The critical current for different radial parts (from inner sections to outer sections) of a pancake coil has also been measured, suggesting that the inner layers contribute much more to the resulting end-to-end voltage drop than the outer layers do, when the applied current is greater than a critical value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This could jeopardize the smooth operation of a superconducting coil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This could jeopardize the smooth operation of a superconducting coil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, more adequate criteria for determining the critical current of a superconducting coil was proposed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, more adequate criteria for determining the critical current of a superconducting coil was proposed [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Rapid developments have been made in superconducting coil fabrication processes and technology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rapid developments have been made in superconducting coil fabrication processes and technology [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Initially, the dry winding technique was widely used, which wound superconducting coil without any filler material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Initially, the dry winding technique was widely used, which wound superconducting coil without any filler material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main drawback of this technique is the motion and friction of the conductor within the coil windings caused by the Lorentz force, even though global winding motions can be controlled over a macroscopic scale by mechanical reinforcement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main drawback of this technique is the motion and friction of the conductor within the coil windings caused by the Lorentz force, even though global winding motions can be controlled over a macroscopic scale by mechanical reinforcement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the heat generated by conductor motion can be effectively taken away by cryogenic coolant irrigation of the porous windings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the heat generated by conductor motion can be effectively taken away by cryogenic coolant irrigation of the porous windings [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Coil based superconductors can therefore be safely used for most purposes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Coil based superconductors can therefore be safely used for most purposes [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Impregnation of coil windings with filler materials is an alternative approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Impregnation of coil windings with filler materials is an alternative approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The material fills the winding voids and thereby prevents the Lorentz force-induced conductor motion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The material fills the winding voids and thereby prevents the Lorentz force-induced conductor motion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Materials with low moduli of elasticity have been used and evaluated as impregnates, and epoxy resin was proven to be the most successful candidate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Materials with low moduli of elasticity have been used and evaluated as impregnates, and epoxy resin was proven to be the most successful candidate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this is by no means a flawless solution, as the critical current of an epoxyimpregnated YBCO coil can be substantially degraded.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this is by no means a flawless solution, as the critical current of an epoxyimpregnated YBCO coil can be substantially degraded [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "Currently there is no standard way of producing superconducting coils and the most desired solution is usually realized based on case-specific analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently there is no standard way of producing superconducting coils and the most desired solution is usually realized based on case-specific analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, a new type of superconducting coils, the square coil, has aroused great interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, a new type of superconducting coils, the square coil, has aroused great interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a Helmholtz coil, they have been proven to be better candidates than circular windings in generating a more uniform magnetic field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For a Helmholtz coil, they have been proven to be better candidates than circular windings in generating a more uniform magnetic field [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "However, this geometry also results in a concentration of the coil self-field in certain regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this geometry also results in a concentration of the coil self-field in certain regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Investigation into the field distribution is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Investigation into the field distribution is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The situation becomes even more complicated if a square coil is in the presence of an external magnetic field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The situation becomes even more complicated if a square coil is in the presence of an external magnetic field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At present, few studies have been done with respect to a square or rectangular superconducting coils.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, few studies have been done with respect to a square or rectangular superconducting coils.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A deep insight into the factors that determine the critical current of such coils would be extremely beneficial.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A deep insight into the factors that determine the critical current of such coils would be extremely beneficial.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Cytochrome P450 19A1 (CYP19A1; EC 1.14.14.1), commonly known as aromatase, is an enzyme located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells that functions in the conversion of androgens to estrogens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cytochrome P450 19A1 (CYP19A1; EC 1.14.14.1), commonly known as aromatase, is an enzyme located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogen-producing cells that functions in the conversion of androgens to estrogens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is comprised of a polypeptide chain of 503 amino-acid residues and a prosthetic heme group at its active site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is comprised of a polypeptide chain of 503 amino-acid residues and a prosthetic heme group at its active site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An androgen-specific cleft consisting of hydrophobic and polar residues is situated within the confinement of the aromatase binding site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An androgen-specific cleft consisting of hydrophobic and polar residues is situated within the confinement of the aromatase binding site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such cleft is specific for androstenedione binding to catalyze androgen to estrogen via a three-step process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such cleft is specific for androstenedione binding to catalyze androgen to estrogen via a three-step process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each step requires one mol of O 2 , one mol of NADPH and NADPH cytochrome reductase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each step requires one mol of O 2 , one mol of NADPH and NADPH cytochrome reductase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This reaction converts androstenedione, testosterone and 16α-hydroxytestosterone to estrone, 17β-estradiol and 17β,16α-estriol, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This reaction converts androstenedione, testosterone and 16α-hydroxytestosterone to estrone, 17β-estradiol and 17β,16α-estriol, respectively [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The two initial steps are the typical C19-methyl hydroxylation, while aromatization of the steroid A-ring is catalyzed at the final step ( Figure 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two initial steps are the typical C19-methyl hydroxylation, while aromatization of the steroid A-ring is catalyzed at the final step ( Figure 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To block estrogen production, it is necessary to inhibit the enzyme through the use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To block estrogen production, it is necessary to inhibit the enzyme through the use of aromatase inhibitors (AIs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "AIs are only effective for post-menopausal women since they do not block estrogen production in the ovaries but act only on the local estrogen produced by breast cancer cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "AIs are only effective for post-menopausal women since they do not block estrogen production in the ovaries but act only on the local estrogen produced by breast cancer cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, AIs serve as front-line therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, AIs serve as front-line therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Here we will be studying topological changes of vortex lines in three dimensions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we will be studying topological changes of vortex lines in three dimensions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interactions between vortex points in the plane are much simpler: generically, points can appear or annihilate in pairs of opposite strength, these events occurring in the presence of phase saddles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Interactions between vortex points in the plane are much simpler: generically, points can appear or annihilate in pairs of opposite strength, these events occurring in the presence of phase saddles [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "If the plane being considered is an observation screen {x, y} in threedimensional space {x, y, z} (for example in paraxial optics), interactions of points on the screen as z varies can give the illusion of a three-dimensional interaction, when all that is really happening is a tangency between the screen and a smoothly curved vortex line in space.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "If the plane being considered is an observation screen {x, y} in threedimensional space {x, y, z} (for example in paraxial optics), interactions of points on the screen as z varies can give the illusion of a three-dimensional interaction, when all that is really happening is a tangency between the screen and a smoothly curved vortex line in space [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper an economic and cost analysis of several PV grid-connected systems on greenhouses has been carried out, similarly to other studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper an economic and cost analysis of several PV grid-connected systems on greenhouses has been carried out, similarly to other studies [14, [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, [26] [27] [28]" ] }, { "text": "It has been assumed that PV systems have access to net metering, so that the electricity fed into the grid could be economically offset with the value of electricity withdrawn from the grid service.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been assumed that PV systems have access to net metering, so that the electricity fed into the grid could be economically offset with the value of electricity withdrawn from the grid service.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this way, we assumed that all the PV-generated electricity is self-consumed by solar greenhouses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this way, we assumed that all the PV-generated electricity is self-consumed by solar greenhouses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, national incentives to electricity production were considered absent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, national incentives to electricity production were considered absent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Anyway, as of July 2013 the Italian feed-in scheme has no longer been in effect, since PV incentives reached their critical annual cost of 6.7 billion Euros.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Anyway, as of July 2013 the Italian feed-in scheme has no longer been in effect, since PV incentives reached their critical annual cost of 6.7 billion Euros [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "However, the present Italian regulatory framework allows PV systems to take advantage of net metering, facilitating energy self-consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the present Italian regulatory framework allows PV systems to take advantage of net metering, facilitating energy self-consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this context, it is essential to assess whether unsubsidized electricity production from PV plants remains economically convenient, in order to provide a real measure of the competitiveness of photovoltaic technologies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, it is essential to assess whether unsubsidized electricity production from PV plants remains economically convenient, in order to provide a real measure of the competitiveness of photovoltaic technologies [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The main aim of this paper was to assess the economic feasibility of unsubsidized PV systems on greenhouses, in the post feed-in Italian scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of this paper was to assess the economic feasibility of unsubsidized PV systems on greenhouses, in the post feed-in Italian scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This could represent important savings for the whole electric system, even in the absence of incentives, since large amounts of electricity can be used from renewable sources at a much lower cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This could represent important savings for the whole electric system, even in the absence of incentives, since large amounts of electricity can be used from renewable sources at a much lower cost [56] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[56]" ] }, { "text": "In fact, if on the one hand the Italian PV energy policy reached and exceeded in a short time the legislators' objectives in terms of installed capacity, also creating new job opportunities, on the other hand it entailed a drawback in terms of public spending, as the same targets could have be achieved with a lower burden in terms of public funds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, if on the one hand the Italian PV energy policy reached and exceeded in a short time the legislators' objectives in terms of installed capacity, also creating new job opportunities, on the other hand it entailed a drawback in terms of public spending, as the same targets could have be achieved with a lower burden in terms of public funds [57] [58] [59] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56", "BIBREF57", "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[57] [58] [59]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "A reversed micelle is a good choice as medium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A reversed micelle is a good choice as medium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is composed of oil, water, surfactant and/or cosurfactant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is composed of oil, water, surfactant and/or cosurfactant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because of its peculiar microenvironment, enzymes hosted in such medium are usually catalytically active.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of its peculiar microenvironment, enzymes hosted in such medium are usually catalytically active [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "In reversed micellar medium the degradation efficiency could be greatly improved due to high substrate concentration and high enzyme dispersion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In reversed micellar medium the degradation efficiency could be greatly improved due to high substrate concentration and high enzyme dispersion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Studies on the catalytic performance of LiP in reversed micellar medium have been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies on the catalytic performance of LiP in reversed micellar medium have been reported [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "Recently we have found that LiP exhibits high activity in a mixed reversed micellar system-bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium (AOT)/polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij30) mixed reversed micelles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently we have found that LiP exhibits high activity in a mixed reversed micellar system-bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium (AOT)/polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij30) mixed reversed micelles [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The use of white rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, in the degradation of environmental pollutants is a hot topic in the field of environmental science and engi-neering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of white rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, in the degradation of environmental pollutants is a hot topic in the field of environmental science and engi-neering [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Their ability to degrade aromatic pollutants comes from the extracellular enzymes produced under ligninolytic conditions, such as lignin peroxidase (LiP).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Their ability to degrade aromatic pollutants comes from the extracellular enzymes produced under ligninolytic conditions, such as lignin peroxidase (LiP) [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "The LiP catalyzed oxidative degradation of the aromatic pollutants is correlated with the one-electron oxidation mechanism of LiP as well as with the similarity in structure unit between the aromatic compounds and lignin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The LiP catalyzed oxidative degradation of the aromatic pollutants is correlated with the one-electron oxidation mechanism of LiP as well as with the similarity in structure unit between the aromatic compounds and lignin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Natural gums derived from plants have many potentially valuable uses as food additives and pharmaceutical ingredients as well as stabilising, suspending, gelling, emulsifying, thickening, binding, and coating agents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural gums derived from plants have many potentially valuable uses as food additives and pharmaceutical ingredients as well as stabilising, suspending, gelling, emulsifying, thickening, binding, and coating agents [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In recent years, much research has been undertaken on the application and physicochemical, morphological, and structural properties of exudate gums, such as gum arabic, gum tragacanth, gum karaya, and gum kondagogu.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, much research has been undertaken on the application and physicochemical, morphological, and structural properties of exudate gums, such as gum arabic, gum tragacanth, gum karaya, and gum kondagogu [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Natural biopolymers based on plant exudates have already been used in the preparation of nanoparticles, with gum arabic, for example, having been assessed as a nontoxic phytochemical scaffold for the production of biocompatible gold nanoparticles, which have diagnosis and therapeutic applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural biopolymers based on plant exudates have already been used in the preparation of nanoparticles, with gum arabic, for example, having been assessed as a nontoxic phytochemical scaffold for the production of biocompatible gold nanoparticles, which have diagnosis and therapeutic applications [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Natural treebased hydrocolloids serve as both an environmentally benign medium and as a chemical reductant, as they have extensive numbers of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxylic groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural treebased hydrocolloids serve as both an environmentally benign medium and as a chemical reductant, as they have extensive numbers of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxylic groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Remanufacturing is an important approach in attaining a more circular economy and has seen an upward growth owing to its main advantages -low cost and its ability to produce equipment and parts which at as new as or better than the original product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Remanufacturing is an important approach in attaining a more circular economy and has seen an upward growth owing to its main advantages -low cost and its ability to produce equipment and parts which at as new as or better than the original product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As it is labour intensive, it is also a job-creator; it directly employs over 480K people in the US alone from over 73K firms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As it is labour intensive, it is also a job-creator; it directly employs over 480K people in the US alone from over 73K firms, [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "It is an important end of life strategy for automobile parts and is expected to drive sustainability in EVs and HEVs, as these become a major part of transportation across the globe due to their greenenergy ability in comparison to internal combustion-driven engines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is an important end of life strategy for automobile parts and is expected to drive sustainability in EVs and HEVs, as these become a major part of transportation across the globe due to their greenenergy ability in comparison to internal combustion-driven engines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Carrier grade networks can not afford outages due to internal link or router failures that are visible to their customers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Carrier grade networks can not afford outages due to internal link or router failures that are visible to their customers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, they require mechanisms to deviate affected traffic aggregates around the outage location.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, they require mechanisms to deviate affected traffic aggregates around the outage location.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast to Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) rerouting, these mechanisms have to react fast and they have to provide control over redirected traffic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) rerouting, these mechanisms have to react fast and they have to provide control over redirected traffic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fast failure detection is achieved by frequently exchanged \"Hello\" messages and fast reaction is done by switching the traffic onto pre-computed and pre-installed backup paths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fast failure detection is achieved by frequently exchanged \"Hello\" messages and fast reaction is done by switching the traffic onto pre-computed and pre-installed backup paths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is called protection switching.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is called protection switching [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In contrast, rerouting denotes the convergence of routing protocols in a narrow sense, i.e., reachability information is exchanged and the routing tables are calculated anew.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, rerouting denotes the convergence of routing protocols in a narrow sense, i.e., reachability information is exchanged and the routing tables are calculated anew.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since we focus only on path layout and load distribution and not on signaling details, we use the terms rerouting and protection switching synonymously in this work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since we focus only on path layout and load distribution and not on signaling details, we use the terms rerouting and protection switching synonymously in this work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]